Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
  • G01N33/56983—Viruses

Definitions

• the invention is related to the detection of West Nile Virus (WNV) infections in animals.
• WNV West Nile Virus
• Flavivirus Known as a Flavivirus, the West Nile virus was first identified in 1937 in Africa and first found in North America in 1999. Migratory birds are considered the primary means whereby infection is spread within and between countries. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that have acquired infection by feeding on viremip birds. The virus is then amplified during periods of adult mosquito blood-feeding. Infected mosquitoes then transmit the virus to humans and animals upon feeding thereon.
• West Nile virus is the causative agent for West Nile Virus disease, particularly West Nile encephalitis, predominately in humans, other mammals and birds.
• the chief concern in both the United States and foreign countries is the lack of effective treatment for West Nile virus disease.
• Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to combat swelling of central nervous system tissues, but beyond that no medical intervention is currently available.
• the West Nile fever virus also affects horses, particularly in North America and Europe (Cantile C. et al., Equine Vet. J., 2000, 32 (1), 31-35). These horses reveal signs of ataxia, weakness ofthe rear limbs, paresis evolving towards tetraplegia and death. Horses and camels are the main animals manifesting clinical signs in the form of encephalitis.
• the virions ofthe West Nile fever virus are spherical particles with a diameter of 50 nm constituted by a lipoproteic envelope surrounding an icosahedric nucleocapsid containing a positive polarity, single-strand NA.
• a single open reading frame encodes all the viral proteins in the form of a polyprotein.
• the cleaving and maturation of this polyprotein leads to the production of several different viral proteins.
• the structural proteins are encoded by the 5' part ofthe genome and correspond to the nucleocapsid designated C (14 kDa), the envelope glycoprotein designated E (50 kDa), the pre-membrane protein designated prM (23 kDa), and the membrane protein designated M (7 kDa).
• the non-structural proteins are encoded by the 3' part ofthe genome and correspond to the proteins NSl (40 kDa), NS2A (19 kDa), NS2B (14 kDa), NS3 (74 kDa), NS4A (15 kDa), NS4B (29 kDa), and NS5 (97 kDa).
• Vaccines for WNV are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2003/0148261A1, 2003/0104008 Al and 2003/0091595 Al, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• Publication No. 2003/0091595 describes a WNV vaccine that includes an inactivated whole or subunit WNV.
• Publication No. 2003/0104008 discloses a vector, such as recombinant avipox virus, containing and expressing exogenous polynucleotide(s) from WNV to induce an immune response against WNV.
• These recombinant WNV vaccines include a vector containing a polynucleotide having single encoding frame corresponding to, for example, prM-E, M-E and prM-M-E.
• the vector may include several separate polynucleotides encoding the different proteins (e.g. prM and/or M and E).
• the vector can also include polynucleotides corresponding to more than one WN virus strain, for example, two or more polynucleotides encoding E or prM-M-E of different strains.
• the vector can include one or more nucleotide sequences encoding immunogens of other pathogenic agents and/or cytokins. Publication No.
• 2003/0148261 describes various WNV polypeptides and immunogenic fragments for use in WNV vaccines. These vaccines are produced recombinantly using various vectors encoding WNV polypeptides and the vectors are expressed by a variety of host cells.
• Martin et al describe the currently accepted CDC method, known generally as a MAC -ELISA, for detecting IgM produced by an animal in response to an exposure to a WNV antigen.
• this method involves contacting goat anti-IgM coated plates with a sample and incubating the plate overnight. Following the incubation, the plate, having bound IgM from the sample, is then contacted with WNV antigen from virus infected suckling mouse brain or unpurified C6/36 cell culture supernates. This is followed by the addition of flavivirus group reactive monoclonal antibody conjugated to HRP and a further incubation. Bound conjugate is detecting by adding TMB substrate and A 45 Q is measured.
• the CDC MAC-ELISA takes between 24 and 72 hours to complete, with at least one overnight incubation. While this assay can effectively detect exposure to a WNV antigen, the assay cannot detect whether a positive result is due to a natural WNV infection or vaccination ofthe animal. Therefore, asymptomatic animals that have an unknown vaccination status testing positive for the MAC-ELISA may incorrectly be diagnosed as positive for WNV infection when, in fact, the animal has developed antibodies to WNV as a result of vaccination. Thus, what is needed is a rapid method of detecting exposure to a WNV antigen. Also, a method is needed that can distinguish between animals that have been naturally infected with WNV from animals that have been vaccinated.
• the invention is directed to a method for detecting antibodies to West Nile Virus (WNV) in a biological sample.
• the method includes contacting the biological sample with an immobilized anti-IgM antibody and a labeled WNV E polypeptide, and detecting whether the polypeptide substantially binds to an antibody in the sample.
• the polypeptide may be synthetic or isolated, and it may be a recombinant polypeptide.
• the biological sample may be obtained from a horse and the anti-IgM antibody may be anti-horse IgM.
• the invention also provides for optimizing the method so that the method will detect WNV antibodies in a sample from animals that have been naturally infected but the method will not detect antibodies in a sample from animals that have been vaccinated.
• the method may be optimized by diluting the sample and/or adjusting the concentration ofthe polypeptide.
• the method may include incubating the sample with a solid phase having an immobilized anti-IgM antibody simultaneously with the polypeptide or incubating the sample with a solid phase having an immobilized anti-IgM antibody prior to contacting the sample with the polypeptide.
• the invention is directed to a device and a kit for detecting antibodies to West Nile Virus (WNV) in a biological sample.
• WNV West Nile Virus
• polypeptide refers to a compound of a single chain or a complex of two or more chains of amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds.
• the chain(s) may be of any length and may consist of a fusion protein.
• protein is often used in reference to relatively large polypeptides
• peptide is often used in reference to small polypeptides, usage of these terms in the art overlaps and varies.
• polypeptide as used herein thus refers interchangeably to peptides, polypeptides, or fusion proteins unless otherwise noted.
• amino acid refers to a monomeric unit of a peptide, polypeptide or protein.
• a "derivative" of a WNV polypeptide, or a polypeptide that is “derived from” a WNV polypeptide refers to a polypeptide in which the native form has been purified, modified or altered. Such modifications include, but are not limited to: amino acid substitutions, modifications, additions or deletions; alterations in the pattern of lipidation, glycosylation or phosphorylation; reactions of free amino, carboxyl, or hydroxyl side groups ofthe amino acid residues present in the polypeptide with other organic and non-organic molecules; and other modifications, any of which may result in changes in primary, secondary or tertiary structure.
• Substantial binding refers to an amount of binding or recognizing between molecules in an assay mixture under particular assay conditions.
• the differentiation between one molecule's incapability of binding or recognizing another molecule and capability of binding or recognizing a third molecule is sufficient to allow a meaningful assay to be conducted under a particular set of assay conditions, which includes the relative concentrations ofthe molecules.
• one molecule is substantially incapable of binding or recognizing another molecule in a cross-reactivity sense where the first molecule exhibits a reactivity for a second molecule that is less than 25%, preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5% of the reactivity exhibited toward a third molecule under a particular set of assay conditions, which includes the relative concentration ofthe molecules.
• a "biological sample” is any sample from an animal that is expected to contain immunoglobulins. Generally, these samples are whole blood and blood components, but in some circumstances may include saliva, urine, tears, other bodily fluids, tissue extracts or cellular extracts. Test subjects include any animal that may become infected with WNV or are likely to be vaccinated against WNV, and in particular equines. In addition, humans may ultimately be vaccinated against WNV.
• a sample donor animal refers to a test subject that provides the biological sample.
• An "infection,” such as in a WNV infection, means that an animal has been exposed to WNV, regardless of whether the animal exhibits clinical symptoms of WNV.
• a natural infection refers to an exposure that occurs as a result of one ofthe natural transmission methods for WNV, such as a mosquito bite.
• An infection does not include an exposure to WNV through vaccination.
• a "label” is any molecule that is bound (via covalent or non-covalent means, alone or encapsulated) to another molecule or solid support and that is chosen for specific characteristics that allow detection ofthe labeled molecule.
• labels are comprised of, but are not limited to, the following types: particulate metal and metal-derivatives, radioisotopes, catalytic or enzyme-based reactants, chromogenic substrates and chromophores, fluorescent and chemiluminescent molecules, and phosphors.
• the utilization of a label produces a signal that may be detected by means such as detection of electromagnetic radiation or direct visualization, and that can optionally be measured.
• the invention is directed to a rapid method for screening biological samples for antibodies to WNV.
• Animals providing biological samples having WNV antibodies have been exposed to WNV antigens, either through a natural infection or through vaccination.
• the method includes contacting a biological sample from an animal with a solid phase having immobilized thereon a species specific anti-IgM antibody. This antibody will capture IgM in the biological sample, if any.
• a synthetic or isolated WNV E protein having a label is added. The labeled protein will bind to any WNV specific IgM captured on the solid phase.
• the label can be detected by procedures well known in the art of immunoassays.
• the invention provides for a method for detecting sample IgM that is a component of an animal's immune response to a WNV vaccine or a natural infection.
• the method includes obtaining a biological sample from an animal and contacting the sample with a solid phase having immobilized thereon a species specific monoclonal or polyclonal anti-IgM antibody.
• the solid phase is commonly a microtiter plate or a solid phase matrix of a lateral flow device, but the invention is capable of being practiced in all of formats generally known in the immunoassay arts. Attachment ofthe antibody to the solid phase can be accomplished by procedures well known to those of skill in the art of antibody immobilization.
• the capture and detection of sample IgM that is an animal's immune response to a natural infection or a vaccination can be accomplished in a method referred to herein as a Rapid MAC ELISA.
• the method includes one or two incubation steps.
• the sample and a labeled WNV polypeptide (conjugate) are simultaneously contacted with a solid phase having an immobilized anti-IgM antibody.
• the sample is incubated, typically for about one hour, before the solid phase is washed to remove unbound reactants. The label is then detected.
• the sample is contacted with the solid phase and incubated for about one hour. Following a washing step to remove the unbound sample components, the solid phase is then contacted with a labeled WNV polypeptide (conjugate) and again incubated, typically for about one hour. Following another washing step, the label can be detected.
• a labeled WNV polypeptide conjugate
• the invention provides a method for distinguishing between animals that have been infected with WNV and animals that have been vaccinated with a WNV vaccine or have not been infected.
• the method exploits the difference between an animal's immune response to a WNV vaccination and an animal's immune response to a WNV infection.
• animals that have been naturally infected with WNV usually have a higher titer in serum of IgM antibodies to WNV than animals that have been vaccinated.
• the method can be optimized so that the assay will be sensitive enough to detect the animal's immune response to a natural infection but will not detect an animal's immune response to a vaccination.
• the method is optimized by diluting the sample.
• serum samples diluted less than about 1:150 will provide a positive result in the single incubation step Rapid MAC ELISA for animals that have been either infected or vaccinated.
• a positive result refers to the detection ofthe label that is bound to the WNN polypeptide.
• the sample can be further substantially diluted and provide similar results.
• samples for the dual incubation step can be diluted about twice as much, about 1:300, as samples for the single incubation step protocol.
• the samples can be diluted to about 1 : 150 for a single incubation step protocol.
• Serum samples from vaccinated animals usually do not have a high enough titer of antibodies to W ⁇ N to provide a positive result when the sample is diluted about 1 : 150 or greater.
• the dual incubation step protocol can use a higher dilution as describe above.
• the exact dilution at which a sample from a vaccinated animal will no longer provide a positive result depends in part on the working concentration ofthe conjugate.
• the appropriate working concentration ofthe conjugate can be determined based on a maximum signal for a positive control at a specific dilution and a minimal signal for a negative control at that dilution.
• the typical range for OD650 for the negative control is about 0.04 - 0.18
• the typical range for OD650 for the positive control is about 0.46 - 1.0.
• the typical range for OD650 for the negative control is about 0.035 - 0.238 and the range for the positive control is about 0.67 - 1.4.
• the dilution at which a vaccinated sample will not provide a positive result can be determined by titrating control sera from vaccinated animals in the Rapid MAC ELISA.
• the method ofthe invention can be optimized by adjusting the concentration ofthe working conjugate. For example, a lower sample dilution should not provide a positive result for vaccinated animals when the conjugate concentration is relatively low. Likewise, a higher sample dilution should still provide a positive result for vaccinated animals when the conjugate concentration is relatively high.
• One of skill in the art could readily adjust the sample dilution and/or the concentration ofthe conjugate to optimize the method so that the assay will be sensitive enough to detect the animal's immune response to a natural infection but will not detect an animal's immune response to a vaccination.
• Additional ways of optimizing the method ofthe invention include adjusting time and temperature ofthe incubation periods.
• the incubation is at room temperature and the time ofthe incubation is kept to the shortest period possible.
• the method ofthe invention can be optimized in many ways and one of skill in the art could simultaneously adjust the dilutions, concentrations, temperatures and times used in the method to accomplish a differential detection of serum having antibodies to a WNV infection or vaccination.
• the WNV E polypeptide used in the invention contains at least six amino acids, usually at least nine amino acids, and more usually twelve or more amino acids found within the natural WNV E polypeptides and mimitopes and variants thereof. While it is expected that variants of a WNV E polypeptide will have varying binding affinities for WNV antibodies in infected or vaccinated animals, the method ofthe invention can be optimized to account for the various binding affinities. For example, if polypeptides have a low binding affinity for the sample antibody are used, dilutions less that 1:150 may be used in addition to an increased conjugate concentration. The exact WNV E polypeptide is not a critical feature ofthe invention as long as the method can be optimized to account for the binding affinity ofthe polypeptide for the sample WNV antibodies.
• WNV variants within the scope ofthe invention may comprise conservatively substituted sequences, meaning that one or more amino acid residues of the WNV polypeptide are replaced by different residues that do not alter the secondary and/or tertiary structure ofthe WNV polypeptide.
• substitutions may include the replacement of an amino acid by a residue having similar physicochemical properties, such as, for purposes of example only, substituting one aliphatic residue (He, Val, Leu, or Ala) for another, or substitution of basic residues Lys and Arg, acidic residues Glu and Asp, amide residues Gin and Asn, hydroxyl residues Ser and Tyr, or aromatic residues Phe and Tyr.
• WNV variants that retain substantially the antigenicity ofthe WNV polypeptides are also contemplated as well as those where the amino acid substitutions are made in the area outside the antibody recognition regions ofthe protein.
• Fusion proteins comprising two or more polypeptide sequences of WNV are also within the scope ofthe invention provided the sequences provide the appropriate antigenicity.
• Such polypeptides will generally correspond to at least one epitope or mimitope that is characteristic of WNV. By characteristic, it is meant that the epitope or mimitope will allow immuno logic detection of antibody directed to WNV in a physiological sample with reasonable assurance. Usually, it will be desirable that the epitope or mimitope, variant or fusion protein be immunologically distinct from (i.e., not cross-reactive with antibodies which recognize) viruses other than WNV.
• the WNV polypeptides used as detection reagents may be natural, i.e., isolated from a natural source, or may be synthetic.
• the natural proteins may be isolated from the whole virus that is obtained as described above by conventional techniques, such as affinity chromatography.
• Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies may be used to prepare a suitable affinity column by well-known techniques.
• Proteins that are immunologically cross-reactive with a natural WNV protein can be chemically synthesized. For example, polypeptides having fewer than about 100 amino acids, more usually fewer than about 80 amino acids, and typically fewer than about 50 amino acids, may be synthesized by the well-known Merrifield solid-phase synthesis method where amino acids are sequentially added to a growing chain. Merrifield, 1963, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 85:2149-2156). Recombinant proteins can also be used. These proteins may be produced by expression in cultured cells of recombinant DNA molecules encoding a desired portion ofthe WNV genome. The portion ofthe WNV genome may itself be natural or synthetic, with natural genes obtainable from the isolated virus by conventional techniques.
• RNA the genome of WNV is RNA, and it will be necessary to transcribe the natural RNA into DNA by conventional techniques employing reverse transcriptase.
• Polynucleotides may also be synthesized by well-known techniques. For example, short single-stranded DNA fragments may be prepared by the phosphoramidite method described by Beaucage and Carruthers, 1981, Tett. Letters 22:1859-1862. Double-stranded fragments may then be obtained either by synthesizing the complementary strand and then annealing the strands together under appropriate conditions, or by adding the complementary strand using DNA polymerase with an appropriate primer sequence.
• the natural or synthetic DNA fragments coding for the desired WNV protein or fragment may be incorporated in a DNA construct capable of introduction to and expression in in vitro cell culture.
• the DNA constructs will be suitable for replication in a unicellular host, such as yeast or bacteria. They may also be intended for introduction and integration within the genome of cultured mammalian or other eukaryotic cells.
• DNA constructs prepared for introduction into bacteria or yeast will include a replication system recognized by the host, the WNV DNA fragment encoding the desired polypeptide product, transcriptional and translational initiation regulatory sequences joined to the 5 '-end ofthe WNV DNA termination regulatory sequences joined to the 3'-end ofthe fragment.
• the transcriptional regulatory sequences will include a heterologus promoter that is recognized by the host.
• a variety of suitable expression vectors are commercially available for a number of hosts.
• the complete nucleotide sequence for WNV is available from GenBank as accession number AF196835.
• the polypeptides are obtained in a substantially pure form, that is, typically from about 50% w/w or more purity, substantially free of interfering proteins and contaminants.
• the WNV polypeptides are isolated or synthesized in a purity of at least 80% w/w, and more preferably, in at least about 95% w/w purity.
• polypeptide compositions of at least about 99% w/w purity can be obtained.
• the proteins may be purified by use ofthe antibodies described hereinafter using the immunoabsorbant affinity columns described hereinabove.
• the method of the invention may be accomplished using immunoassay techniques well known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, using microplates and lateral flow devices.
• immunoassay techniques well known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, using microplates and lateral flow devices.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,726,010 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes an example of a lateral flow device useful in the present invention.
• the device ofthe invention can be used to detect one or more antibodies to WNV polypeptides.
• Immobilization of one or more analyte capture reagents, e.g., anti-IgM antibody, onto a device or solid support is performed so that an analyte capture reagent will not be washed away by the sample, diluent and/or wash procedures.
• One or more analyte capture reagents can be attached to a surface by physical adsorption (i.e., without the use of chemical linkers) or by chemical binding (i. e. , with the use of chemical linkers). Chemical binding can generate stronger attachment of specific binding substances on a surface and provide defined orientation and conformation of the surface-bound molecules.
• Another embodiment ofthe invention provides a device that is suitable for a lateral flow assay.
• a test sample is added to a flow matrix at a first region (a sample application zone).
• the test sample is carried in a fluid flow path by capillary action to a second region ofthe flow matrix where a label capable of binding and forming a first complex with an analyte in the test sample.
• the first complex is carried to a third region ofthe flow matrix where an anti-IgM is immobilized at a distinct location.
• a second complex is formed between the immobilized analyte capture reagent and the first complex including the antibody from the sample.
• a first complex comprising a gold sol particle and a WNV protein bound to a WNV antibody will specifically bind and form a second complex with an immobilized second antibody directed to WNV antibodies.
• the label that is part ofthe second complex can be directly visualized.
• an anti-IgM antibody can be bound to the solid support in a fluid flow path.
• the sample is added to the flow path and carried to a region having mobilizable labeled WNV polypeptide that binds to sample IgM.
• This complex is carried to the region having the bound anti-IgM antibody, thus binding the labeled polypeptide to the flow path.
• the label can be detected.
• the invention includes one or more labeled specific binding reagents that can be mixed with a test sample prior to application to a device of the invention. In this case it is not necessary to have labeled specific binding reagents deposited and dried on a specific binding reagent pad in the device.
• a labeled specific binding reagent, whether added to a test sample or pre-deposited on the device, can be for example, a labeled WNV polypeptide or an antibody that specifically binds an antibody for WNV.
• kits Any or all ofthe above embodiments can be provided as a kit.
• a kit would include a device complete with specific binding reagents (e.g., a non-immobilized labeled specific binding reagent and an immobilized analyte capture reagent) and wash reagent, as well as detector reagent and positive and negative control reagents, if desired or appropriate.
• other additives can be included, such as stabilizers, buffers, and the like.
• the relative amounts ofthe various reagents can be varied, to provide for concentrations in solution ofthe reagents that substantially optimize the sensitivity ofthe assay.
• the reagents can be provided as dry powders, usually lyophilized, which on dissolution will provide for a reagent solution having the appropriate concentrations for combining with a sample.
• the device may also include a liquid reagent that transports unbound material (e.g., unreacted fluid sample and unbound specific binding reagents) away from the reaction zone (solid phase).
• a liquid reagent can be a wash reagent and serve only to remove unbound material from the reaction zone, or it can include a detector reagent and serve to both remove unbound material and facilitate analyte detection.
• the detector reagent includes a substrate that produces a detectable signal upon reaction with the enzyme-antibody conjugate at the reactive zone.
• a device can comprise a liquid reagent that acts as a wash reagent and a liquid reagent that acts as a detector reagent and facilitates analyte detection.
• Recombinant West Nile Virus E-Protein was obtained from L2 Diagnostics, LLC (Haven, CT). The apparent molecular weight reported by the vendor and determined by SDS-PAGE is 48 kDa. Protein received from vendor has estimated purity of 95% also based on SDS-PAGE and is stored in 19.6 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 30.4 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.0.
• Recombinant WNV-E protein was conjugated to horse radish peroxidase (HRPO) using the sodium meta-periodate method.
• the conjugation reaction was done at a 1 : 1 or a 2: 1 molar ratio of recombinant WNV-E to HRPO and at an overall protein concentration of 1-3 mg/ml.
• the reaction was stopped with sodium borohydride and the final conjugate was diluted to 1 mg/ml in an enzyme conjugate diluent containing buffer salts, protein, and preservatives.
• the working conjugate concentration for each lot of reagents was determined by titration of the stock conjugate when testing a 1 : 150 dilution of positive and negative control sera on the solid phase.
• the appropriate working concentration determined based on maximum signal for positive control and minimal signal for negative control.
• the typical range for negative control OD650 is 0.04 - 0.18 and the typical range for positive control OD650 is Q.46 - 1.0.
• the typical range for negative control OD 650 is 0.035 - 0.238 and the typical range for the positive control OD 650 is 0.67 - 1.4.
• samples and controls are diluted 1:150 in sample diluent containing buffers, salts and preservatives, and added to microtiter plates, 50 ul well, prepared as in Example 2.
• the rWNNE:HRPO conjugate is then added to the microtiter plate, 50 ul per well, to same wells containing the diluted sera.
• Conjugate and sample are then mixed by aspirating and dispensing several times with a multichannel pipet. Conjugate/sample mixture is incubated in the microtiter plate at room temperature for 1 hour. After 8 washes with PBS/TWEEN® 20, 75 ul per well of TMB substrate is added to each well.
• Substrate is incubated for 5-15 minutes at room temperature.
• the optical density at 650 nm is read for each well.
• the positive control and negative control mean OD is determined.
• a Sample/Negative Control (S/N) ratio is determined for each sample well. S/N ratios greater than or equal to 2.0 are considered positive for IgM and S/N ratios less than 2.0 are considered negative for IgM. Examples of sample data shown in Table 1.
• samples and controls are diluted 1 :300 in sample diluent and added to a microtiter plate at 75 ul/ well. Positive and negative controls are run in duplicate. Controls and samples are then incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature. Following 8 washes with PBS-Tween- 20, working conjugate (Example 3) is then added to the microtiter plate, 75 ul per well. Conjugate is incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. After 8 washes with
• S/N Sample/Negative Control
• Results obtained with the single incubation step protocol according to Example 4 are shown in Table 3.
• Results obtained with the dual incubation step protocol according to Example 5 are shown in Table 4. These results show that the IgM response of vaccinated animals is not strong enough to detect in either the single or dual incubation step protocols ofthe rapid MAC ELISA at sample dilutions of 1:150 and 1:300, respectively.
• the rWNVE based MAC- ELISA will be able to detect IgM in vaccinated and unvaccinated horses.
• Vaccinated horses exhibit a very low or nondetectable IgM titer when exposed to WNV mosquito challenge.
• Unvaccinated control horses exhibit high IgM titer when exposed to WNV mosquito challenge. Accordingly, serum samples from five control horses and nine horses receiving the recombinant vaccine expressing the WNV prM-E antigens
• samples obtained from Merial were tested prior to vaccination (day 0), three weeks after the first vaccination (sample taken on day 21), two weeks after the second vaccination on day 35 (sample taken on day 49), and two weeks after a mosquito challenge with WNV on day 49 (sample taken on day 63). None ofthe vaccinated horses, while all ofthe unvaccinated control horses, tested positive for IgM following the mosquito challenge with WNV.
• This example demonstrates the ability of a recombinant West Nile Virus envelope protein (rWNV-E) to selectively bind antibodies isolated from unvaccinated mosquito challenged horses but not vaccinated mosquito challenged horses.
• the recombinant WNV vaccine obtained from Merial expresses prM-E antigens.

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