EP1722187A1 - Method of prooducing a penetrator - Google Patents

Method of prooducing a penetrator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1722187A1
EP1722187A1 EP06008936A EP06008936A EP1722187A1 EP 1722187 A1 EP1722187 A1 EP 1722187A1 EP 06008936 A EP06008936 A EP 06008936A EP 06008936 A EP06008936 A EP 06008936A EP 1722187 A1 EP1722187 A1 EP 1722187A1
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Prior art keywords
penetrator
tungsten
blank
alloy
layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP06008936A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Cornelis Taal
Rene Oudelhoven
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH
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Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH
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Publication of EP1722187A1 publication Critical patent/EP1722187A1/en
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C1/00Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/045Alloys based on refractory metals
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/24After-treatment of workpieces or articles
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/16Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for explosive shells
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42BEXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/24After-treatment of workpieces or articles
    • B22F2003/248Thermal after-treatment

Definitions

  • the recrystallization of the near-surface boundary layer of the penetrator blank takes place by means of the induction annealing process.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

Producing a penetrator from a tungsten/heavy metal alloy with a high tungsten content by compressing, sintering and optionally heat-treating a tungsten-containing powder mixture and cold-working the resulting blank comprises heating the surface layer of the blank to a temperature above the recrystallization temperature of the alloy so that the surface layer recrystallizes.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Penetrators aus einer Wolfram-Schwermetall-Legierung mit hohem Wolframanteil, wobei eine wolframhaltige Pulvermischung gepresst, gesintert und gegebenenfalls einer Wärmebehandlung unterzogen wird und der Penetratorrohling anschließend kalt umgeformt und gegebenenfalls warm ausgelagert wird.The invention relates to a method for producing a penetrator made of a tungsten-heavy metal alloy with a high tungsten content, wherein a tungsten-containing powder mixture is pressed, sintered and optionally subjected to a heat treatment and the penetrator blank is then cold-formed and optionally hot-aged.

Penetratoren aus einer Wolfram-Schwermetall-Legierung besitzen üblicherweise einen hohen Wolframanteil (90 bis ca. 97 Gew.-%), da diese Werkstoffe aufgrund ihrer hohen Massen gute Penetrationsleistungen bei senkrechtem Aufprall auf einfache gepanzerte Ziele besitzen. Allerdings führt der hohe Wolframanteil zu einer Versprödung des Werkstoffes, so dass es bei schräg angeordneten Zielen sowie bei Mehrplattenzielen häufig bereits vor Durchdringen des Zieles zu einem Auseinanderbrechen des Penetrators kommt. Die kinetische Energie der dabei entstehenden relativ kurzen Bruchstücke reicht aufgrund ihrer geringen Masse in der Regel nicht aus, um die verbleibende(n) Zielplatte(n) zu durchdringen.Tungsten-heavy metal alloy penetrators typically have a high tungsten content (90 to about 97% by weight), because of their high masses, these materials have good penetration performance on normal impact on simple armored targets. However, the high proportion of tungsten leads to embrittlement of the material, so that it often comes before the penetration of the target to a breakup of the penetrator with obliquely arranged targets and multi-plate targets. The kinetic energy of the resulting relatively short fragments is usually insufficient due to their low mass to penetrate the remaining target plate (s).

Die Sprödigkeit bekannter WSM-Penetratoren nimmt häufig noch dadurch zu, dass bei der mechanischen Bearbeitung, beispielsweise durch Drehen oder Schleifen, Anrisse der oberflächennahen Wolframkörner auftreten, die im Belastungsfall dann durch Rissfortpflanzung zu einem frühzeitigen Versagen des Penetrators führen können.The brittleness of well-known WSM penetrators often increases by the fact that in the mechanical processing, for example by turning or grinding, cracks of the near-surface tungsten grains occur, which then can lead to premature failure of the penetrator in the load case by crack propagation.

Aus der DE 41 13 177 C2 ist es bekannt, zur Erhöhung der Zähigkeit von mechanisch bearbeiteten Penetratoren die äußeren Wolfram-Schichten des jeweiligen in seiner Geometrie endbearbeiteten Penetrators durch Ätzen zu entfernen. Es hat sich nämlich gezeigt, dass durch ein derartiges Abätzen der äußeren Wolfram-Schichten die Kerbschlagzähigkeit des entsprechenden Penetrators wesentlich (d.h. bis zu 20 %) erhöht wird.From the DE 41 13 177 C2 For improving the toughness of mechanically processed penetrators, it is known to remove the outer tungsten layers of the respective penetrators finished in their geometry by etching. It has been found that such an etch of the outer tungsten layers substantially (ie, up to 20%) increases the impact value of the corresponding penetrator.

Nachteilig bei diesem bekannten Verfahren ist allerdings, dass Säuren verwendet werden müssen, die anwendungs- und umweltunfreundlich sind. Außerdem ist die Herstellung derartiger Penetratoren relativ aufwendig, weil durch den Ätzvorgang die vorgegebenen Maße des Penetrators nicht beeinflusst werden dürfen.A disadvantage of this known method, however, is that acids are used that are application and environmentally unfriendly. In addition, the production of such penetrators is relatively expensive, because the predetermined dimensions of the penetrator may not be affected by the etching process.

Aus der DE 40 16 051 C2 ist ferner ein Penetrator bekannt, bei dem ein z.B. aus Wolfram-Schwermetall bestehender bruchempfindlicher Penetratorkern mittels einer duktilen Hülle geschützt wird. Hierzu wird die z.B. aus Stahl bestehende duktile Hülle nach Fertigung des Wolframkerns durch Drückwalzen formschlüssig auf den Penetratorkern aufgebracht. Auch dieses bekannte Verfahren ist relativ zeit- und kostenaufwendig.From the DE 40 16 051 C2 Furthermore, a penetrator is known in which a fracture-sensitive penetrator core consisting, for example, of tungsten heavy metal is protected by means of a ductile sheath. For this purpose, the ductile casing, which consists for example of steel, is applied to the penetrator core in a form-fitting manner after the tungsten core has been produced by pressure-rolling. This known method is relatively time consuming and expensive.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein gegenüber vergleichbaren bekannten Verfahren einfacheres Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Penetrators mit sprödem Penetratorkern und duktilem Mantel anzugeben.The invention has for its object to provide a comparison with other known methods simpler method for producing a penetrator with brittle penetrator core and ductile jacket.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 gelöst. Ein weiteres, besonders vorteilhaftes Verfahren offenbart der Unteranspruch.This object is achieved by the features of claim 1. Another, particularly advantageous method discloses the dependent claim.

Der Erfindung liegt im wesentlichen der Gedanke zugrunde, die oberflächennahe Randschicht des Penetratorrohlings nach der Kaltumformung auf eine Temperatur oberhalb der Rekristallisationstemperatur der Wolframlegierung zu erhitzen, so dass diese Schicht rekristallisiert, zu einer Verfeinerung der Binderkörner führt und sich dadurch eine Erhöhung der Zähigkeit des Penetrators in seinem Randbereich ergibt.The invention is based essentially on the idea to heat the near-surface surface layer of the penetrator blank after cold working to a temperature above the recrystallization temperature of the tungsten alloy, so that this layer recrystallizes, leads to a refinement of the binder grains and thereby increasing the toughness of the penetrator in its edge area results.

Durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren wird ein Penetrator mit einem relativ spröden Kern hoher Dichte und einem duktilen und kraftschlüssig mit dem Penetratorkern verbundenen äußeren Mantel (Randbereich) erzeugt, wobei der äußere Mantel ein Brechen bei schrägem Zielaufprall verhindert. In Abhängigkeit der endballistischen Anforderungen sowie der Konstruktionsmerkmale sollte die Tiefe der zähen Randschicht zwischen 10 % und 20 % des Penetratorrohlings betragen. Die Herstellung einer separaten Hülle und ein aufwendiges Befestigen einer derartigen Hülle an dem Penetratorkern, wie im Falle der vorstehend erwähnten DE 40 16 051 C2 , kann entfallen.By the method according to the invention, a penetrator with a relatively brittle core of high density and a ductile and non-positively connected to the penetrator outer sheath (edge region) is generated, wherein the outer sheath prevents breakage at oblique target impact. Depending on the end ballistic requirements and the design features, the depth of the tough edge layer should be between 10% and 20% of the penetrator blank. The production of a separate shell and a complicated attachment of such a shell to the penetrator core, as in the case of the aforementioned DE 40 16 051 C2 , can be omitted.

Bei einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der Erfindung erfolgt die Rekristallisation der oberflächennahen Randschicht des Penetratorrohlings mittels des Induktionsglühverfahrens.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the recrystallization of the near-surface boundary layer of the penetrator blank takes place by means of the induction annealing process.

Weitere Einzelheiten und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus dem folgenden anhand von vier Figuren erläuterten Ausführungsbeispiel. Es zeigen:

Fig.1
die Seitenansicht eines in einer Induktions-Glühanlage befindlichen Penetratorrohlings und
Fig.2
eine vergrößerte Ansicht des in Fig.1 mit II bezeichneten Bereiches des Penetratorrohlings im Schnitt nach Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens.
Fig. 3 a, b
eine Vergrößerung des mit III bezeichneten Bereiches aus Fig. 2.
Further details and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following explained with reference to four figures embodiment. Show it:
Fig.1
the side view of a present in an induction annealing Penetratorrohlings and
Fig.2
an enlarged view of the designated in Figure 1 with II area of the Penetratorrohlings in section after performing the method according to the invention.
Fig. 3 a, b
an enlargement of the area designated III in FIG. 2.

In Fig.1 ist mit 1 ein aus einer Wolfram-Schwermetall (WSM-) Legierung bestehender Penetratorrohling bezeichnet, der einen Wolframanteil von 95 Gew.-% besitzt. Außerdem weist die WSM-Legierung Nickel und Cobalt im Gewichtsverhältnis 9:1 auf. Der Penetratorrohling 1 ist innerhalb einer Spule 2 angeordnet, die in einen hohlzylinderförmigen Stützkörper 3 aus einem elektrisch isolierenden Material eingebettet ist. Die Spule 2 ist mit einem Frequenzgenerator 4 über eine elektrische Leitung 5 verbunden. Die Spule wird z. B. mit 100 Hz und einer elektrischen Leistung von z. B. 10 kW betrieben. Gleichzeitig wird sie mit einer Geschwindigkeit v, z. G. 10 mm/sec, am Penetratorrohling 1 entlang geführt.In Fig. 1, denoted by 1 is a tungsten heavy metal (WSM) alloy penetrator blank having a tungsten content of 95% by weight. In addition, the WSM alloy has nickel and cobalt in a weight ratio of 9: 1. The penetrator blank 1 is arranged within a coil 2, which is embedded in a hollow cylindrical support body 3 made of an electrically insulating material. The coil 2 is connected to a frequency generator 4 via an electrical line 5. The coil is z. B. with 100 Hz and an electrical power of z. B. 10 kW operated. At the same time it is at a speed v, z. G. 10 mm / sec, led along Penetratorrohling 1 along.

Bei Aktivierung des Frequenzgenerators 4 erzeugt die Spule 2 ein starkes elektromagnetisches Wechselfeld, welches in der Randschicht 6 des Penetratorrohlings 1 (Fig.2) einen elektrischen Strom induziert, so dass sich die Randschicht 6 derart stark erwärmt, dass die Rekristallisationstemperatur, z. B. 800°C, der WSM-Legierung in diesem Bereich erreicht wird.Upon activation of the frequency generator 4, the coil 2 generates a strong alternating electromagnetic field which induces an electric current in the boundary layer 6 of the penetrator blank 1 (FIG. 2), so that the boundary layer 6 heats up to such an extent that the recrystallization temperature, e.g. B. 800 ° C, the WSM alloy is achieved in this area.

Die Fig. 3a, b zeigen das Gefüge des Randbereiches des Penetratorrohlings vor und nach der Durchführung der induktiven Glühung, d.h., Fig. 3a zeigt das Gefüge der 2-phasigen W-Legierung vor der induktiven Glühung. Neben der reinen W-Phase (10) gibt es eine monokristalline W-Ni-Co-Binderphase (II). Durch die induktive Glühbehandlung rekristallisiert diese monokristalline W-Ni-CO-Binderphase und es entsteht eine Kornverfeinerung (Bild 3b).3a, b show the structure of the edge region of the penetrator blank before and after the inductive annealing, that is, Fig. 3a shows the structure of the 2-phase W alloy before the inductive annealing. In addition to the pure W phase (10), there is a monocrystalline W-Ni-Co binder phase (II). Inductive annealing recrystallizes this monocrystalline W-Ni-CO binder phase and results in grain refinement (Figure 3b).

Dieses führt zu einer Zunahme der Zähigkeit der WSM-Legierung in der Randschicht 6, so dass sich ein Penetratorrohling 1 mit einem unveränderten, relativ spröden Penetratorkern 7 und einer duktilen Randschicht 6 ergibt. Letztere verhindert beim Auftreffen des endbearbeiteten Penetrators auf ein Schräg- und/oder Aktivziel ein Brechen des Penetrators.This leads to an increase in the toughness of the WSM alloy in the edge layer 6, so that a penetrator blank 1 with an unchanged, relatively brittle penetrator core 7 and a ductile edge layer 6 results. The latter prevents breakage of the penetrator upon impact of the finished penetrator with an oblique and / or active target.

Da mit zunehmender Frequenz die Tiefe 8 der erwärmten Randschicht 6 infolge des Skin-Effektes geringer wird, kann durch Wahl der Frequenz unter Berücksichtigung der Leistung und der Vorschubgeschwindigkeit v der Rekristallisationsbereich sehr genau eingestellt werden.Since with increasing frequency the depth 8 of the heated edge layer 6 becomes smaller as a result of the skin effect, the recrystallization range can be set very precisely by selecting the frequency taking into account the power and the feed rate v.

BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

11
PenetratorrohlingPenetratorrohling
22
HochfrequenzspuleRF coil
33
Stützkörpersupport body
44
HochfrequenzgeneratorHigh-frequency generator
55
elektrische Leitungelectrical line
66
Randschichtboundary layer
77
Penetratorkernpenetrator
88th
Tiefe (Randschicht)Depth (boundary layer)
99
Penetratorrohling DurchmesserPenetrator blank diameter
1010
W-KörnerW grains
1111
W-Ni-Co-haltige BinderphaseW-Ni-Co-containing binder phase

Claims (2)

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Penetrators aus einer Wolfram-Schwermetall-Legierung mit hohem Wolframanteil, wobei eine wolframhaltige Pulvermischung gepresst, gesintert und gegebenenfalls einer Wärmebehandlung unterzogen wird und der Penetratorrohling (1) anschließend kalt umgeformt und gegebenenfalls warm ausgelagert wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die oberflächennahe Randschicht (6) des Penetratorrohlings (1) nach der Kaltumformung auf eine Temperatur oberhalb der Rekristallisationstemperatur der Wolframlegierung erhitzt wird, so dass diese Schicht (6) rekristallisiert und sich dadurch eine Erhöhung der Zähigkeit des Penetrators (1) in seinem Randbereich ergibt.A process for producing a tungsten-heavy metal alloy tungsten-containing high density tungsten entanglement wherein a tungsten-containing powder mixture is pressed, sintered and optionally subjected to a heat treatment, and the penetrator blank (1) is cold-worked and optionally hot-aged, characterized in that the near-surface Edge layer (6) of the Penetratorrohlings (1) is heated after cold working to a temperature above the recrystallization temperature of the tungsten alloy, so that this layer (6) recrystallized and thereby results in an increase in the toughness of the penetrator (1) in its edge region. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Rekristallisation der oberflächennahen Randschicht (6) des Penetratorrohlings (1) mittels eines Induktionsglühverfahrens erfolgt.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the recrystallization of the near-surface edge layer (6) of the Penetratorrohlings (1) by means of an induction annealing.
EP06008936A 2005-05-12 2006-04-28 Method of prooducing a penetrator Withdrawn EP1722187A1 (en)

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DE200510021982 DE102005021982B4 (en) 2005-05-12 2005-05-12 Process for the preparation of a penetrator

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009018902A1 (en) * 2007-08-09 2009-02-12 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Method and device for producing a tubular solid body from a refractory tungsten-heavy metal alloy, particularly as a semi-finished product for the production of a penetrator for a kinetic energy projectile with fragmentation effect
CN107848036A (en) * 2015-07-22 2018-03-27 康·伯克兹公司 The manufacture method of penetration device comprising the core surrounded by ductility sheath and this penetration device

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009018902A1 (en) * 2007-08-09 2009-02-12 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Method and device for producing a tubular solid body from a refractory tungsten-heavy metal alloy, particularly as a semi-finished product for the production of a penetrator for a kinetic energy projectile with fragmentation effect
CN107848036A (en) * 2015-07-22 2018-03-27 康·伯克兹公司 The manufacture method of penetration device comprising the core surrounded by ductility sheath and this penetration device
CN107848036B (en) * 2015-07-22 2020-04-14 康·伯克兹公司 Penetrator comprising a core surrounded by a malleable sheath and method of manufacturing such penetrator

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DE102005021982A1 (en) 2006-11-16

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