EP1711201A2 - Verwendung von niedrig dosiertem erythropoietin zur behandlung von akuter oder chronischer niereninsuffizienz und zur behandlung von wunden - Google Patents

Verwendung von niedrig dosiertem erythropoietin zur behandlung von akuter oder chronischer niereninsuffizienz und zur behandlung von wunden

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Publication number
EP1711201A2
EP1711201A2 EP05715203A EP05715203A EP1711201A2 EP 1711201 A2 EP1711201 A2 EP 1711201A2 EP 05715203 A EP05715203 A EP 05715203A EP 05715203 A EP05715203 A EP 05715203A EP 1711201 A2 EP1711201 A2 EP 1711201A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
erythropoietin
progenitor cells
week
endothelial progenitor
diseases
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP05715203A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Ferdinand Hermann Bahlmann
Hermann Haller
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Epoplus GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Epoplus GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Epoplus GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Epoplus GmbH and Co KG
Priority to EP09014673A priority Critical patent/EP2156843A3/de
Publication of EP1711201A2 publication Critical patent/EP1711201A2/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
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    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • A61K38/1816—Erythropoietin [EPO]
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of, in particular low-dose, erythropoietin (EPO) alone or in combination with other chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents for stimulating the physiological mobilization, proliferation and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells, for stimulating vasculogenesis, for the therapy of Diseases associated with dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells and for the production of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of such diseases, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising erythropoietin and other suitable active substances for stimulating endothelial progenitor cells and for organ protection, organ regeneration, in particular vascular and tissue regeneration and slowing progression organ damage.
  • EPO erythropoietin
  • the present invention also relates to the use of erythropoietin, in particular in the low doses according to the invention, and / or suitable active ingredients for, preferably topical, use in the context of a cosmetic treatment, that is to say in the sense of “beauty care”, in particular of the human or animal body for the prophylaxis or reduction of wrinkles and fine lines, strengthening the connective tissue, for protecting such as for tightening the skin, especially the facial skin, against harmful environmental factors and as a make-up base.
  • the topical use of erythropoietin according to the invention counteracts the development and development of age spots, refines the complexion, supports the skin's renewal process and accelerates hair growth.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of, preferably low-dose, erythropoietin, that is to say EPO, preferably metered as defined in the following paragraph “Dosage according to the invention by EPO”, suitable for producing a pharmaceutical composition and intended for application in adaptation to its natural circadian rhythm Human or animal body
  • EPO erythropoietin
  • the endogenous erythropoietin production in humans has its acrophase (daily maximum) in the late afternoon, therefore the low-dose erythropoietin as defined above is preferably administered in the morning, in particular in the period from 6:00 to 10:00, around In this period, the EPO can be administered as a single dose or in multiple doses.
  • This use as a single dose or in multiple doses is particularly preferred according to the invention beaten for all uses mentioned in accordance with the present teaching, in particular for the cosmetic and therapeutic treatment of the human and animal body or cell.
  • erythropoietin provides for endothelial progenitor cells to be used at the same time as other cell therapy-employable to be administered with prior incubation with, preferably low-dose, erythropoietin in vitro and / or local or systemic application of, preferably low-dose, erythropoietin in vivo, in order to ensure the healing of the cell-therapeutic tissue cells with sufficient connection to the vascular system.
  • the invention therefore also relates to the use of, preferably low-dose, erythropoietin in vivo, preferably for an application in the morning in a period from 06:00 to 10:00, in the application of endothelial progenitor cells with at least one cell therapeutically usable cell population to improve healing the cell population that can be used for therapeutic purposes with sufficient connection to the vascular system.
  • the invention also relates to the use of, preferably low-dose, erythropoietin in vitro for incubation with endothelial progenitor cells and at least one cell population which can be used for therapeutic purposes to improve the healing of the cell population which can be used for therapeutic purposes with sufficient connection to the vascular system.
  • the invention also relates to the use of erythropoietin, in particular in low doses, in particular for the production of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit for the prophylaxis or treatment of diseases or used in the context of transplantations or implantations, in sequential, sequential administration with at least one other chemical, thermal, mechanical or biological agent, in particular pharmacological active ingredient, to increase the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells and / or to regenerate on or to slow the progression of tissue damage.
  • the invention also relates to the use of erythropoietin, in particular for the production of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit, for the prophylaxis or treatment of diseases or used in the context of transplantations or implantations, in particular in low doses, for the simultaneous administration of erythropoietin and at least one other chemical, thermal, mechanical or biological agent to increase the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells and / or to regenerate or slow the progression of tissue damage.
  • the invention therefore relates to the preferably sequential, chronologically sequential or simultaneous administration of low-dose erythropoietin and, in a preferred embodiment, one or more other pharmacological active ingredients, for example VEGF; GM-CSF, M-CSF, thrombopoietin, SDF-1, SCF, NGF, PIGF, an HMG co-reductase inhibitor, an ACE inhibitor, an AT-1 inhibitor and a NO donor, so as to increase the number and To increase the function of endothelial progenitor cells and / or to bring about regeneration or slowing down of tissue damage.
  • VEGF vascular endoietin
  • M-CSF thrombopoietin
  • SDF-1 thrombopoietin
  • SCF thrombopoietin
  • NGF thrombopoietin
  • PIGF an HMG co-reductase inhibitor
  • ACE inhibitor an AT-1 inhibitor
  • NO donor a
  • the invention therefore also relates, in particular in vivo and in vitro, to the sequential, chronologically successive or simultaneous administration of low-dose erythropoietin according to the invention and optionally one or more other chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents, in order to increase the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells increase / or induce and regeneration or progression slowing of tissue damage, optionally and preferably in the above loading ⁇ written use in adaptation to the natural circadia- NEN rhythm of the body's EPO production, that is in an application form suitable for a dose in the period from 6:00 to 10:00 in the morning is suitable and determined.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of low-dose erythropoietin according to the invention for stimulating the physiological mobilization, proliferation and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells, for stimulating vasculogenesis, for the therapy of diseases which are associated with dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells, and for the production of pharmaceutical compositions for Treatment of such diseases and of pharmaceutical compositions containing erythropoietin and other suitable active substances for stimulation.
  • dothelial progenitor cells from or for patients with a) dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells and b) with at least one cardiovascular risk factor such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, increased asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) values, insulin resistance, hyperhomocysteinemia and c) at least one end organ damage such as Hypertrophy, micro-albuminuria, cognitive dysfunction, increase in intima media thickness in the carotid artery, proteinuria or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ⁇ 80 ml / min, in particular 30, preferably 40 to 80 ml / min.
  • the invention preferably relates to the use of low-dose EPO in the above-mentioned patient group defined in a) to c) in an embodiment which is suitable and intended to carry out the EPO application in a period from 6:00 to 10:00 in the morning ,
  • the vascular endothelium is a layer of cells that lines the blood vessels.
  • the endothelium separates the blood from other vascular layers, whereby the endothelium is not only a passive barrier, but actively intervenes in the regulation of the vascular tone. Accordingly, an endothelium-dependent vasodilation is also spoken of. Due to its location, the endothelium is permanently exposed to hemodynamic stress and metabolic stress.
  • EDRF endothelin Production
  • High plasma levels of endothelin lead to abnormal cell coalescence, inflammation, vascular growth and severe vasoconstriction.
  • Endothelial dysfunction is also characterized by an increased production of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, as a result of which platelets and monocytes adhere to the endothelium to an increased extent. This leads to an increase in vascular tone.
  • Endothelial cells are also involved in the formation of new blood vessels.
  • Blood vessel formation is important in a variety of processes, such as embryogenesis, the female reproductive cycle, wound healing, tumor growth and neovascularization of ischemic areas. Origin- Borrowed postnatal blood vessel formation, i.e. blood vessel formation after birth, was mainly attributed to angiogenic processes.
  • Angiogenesis means the formation of new blood vessels through the sprouting of capillaries from an already existing vascular system. In angiogenesis, the basement membrane surrounding the blood vessels is first broken down using proteolytic enzymes and the extracellular matrix is fragmented in the perovascular space.
  • the angiogenic stimuli released in the process cause already existing differentiated endothelial cells to migrate in the direction of the chemotactic stimulus, whereby they proliferate and are converted at the same time.
  • the endothelial cells are then juxtaposed to form new vascular loops with a capillary-shaped lumen. Then the synthesis of a new basement membrane begins.
  • Vasculogenesis is understood to mean the formation of new vessels from endothelial progenitor cells that differentiate in situ.
  • the dogma that vasculogenesis is restricted to embryogenesis has been refuted by the detection of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in the peripheral blood of healthy people and animals.
  • EPC endothelial progenitor cells
  • EPC endothelial progenitor cells
  • CD34 + cells or cultured endothelial progenitor cells have also been shown to accelerate blood flow restoration in diabetic mice (Schatteman et al., J. Clin. Invest, 106 (2000), 571-578) and neovascularization in vivo improved (Asahara et al., Circ. Res., 85 (1999), 221-228; Crosby et al., Circ. Res., 87 (2000), 728-730; Murohara et al., J. Clin. Invest ., 105 (2000), 1527-1536).
  • neovascularization induced by CD34 + cells improves cardiac function (Kocher et al., Nat. Med., 7 (2001),. 430-436).
  • CD34-negative mononuclear blood cells can also serve as a source for endothelial progenitor cells by appropriate transdifferentiation.
  • VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
  • VEGF-R1 flt-1
  • VEGF-R2 flk-1
  • VEGF vascular endothelial progenitor
  • GM-CSF Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor
  • PIGF placenta growth factor
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors especially statins, which are used as lipid-lowering drugs and reduce the morbidity and mortality of a coronary disease, are endothelial progenitor cells can mobilize.
  • statins such as atorvastatin and simvastatin differentiated the differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells into mononuclear cells and CD34 + stem cells which were isolated from peripheral blood. significantly improve in vitro and in vivo.
  • statins such as atorvastatin and simvastatin differentiated the differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells into mononuclear cells and CD34 + stem cells which were isolated from peripheral blood. significantly improve in vitro and in vivo.
  • the treatment of mice with statins led to an increased number of differentiated endothelial progenitor cells, with statins having the same potent effect as VEGF.
  • the present invention is based on the technical problem of providing means and methods for improved stimulation of endothelial progenitor cells and for the therapy of diseases, in particular in connection with endothelial dysfunction Precursor cells are available as well as means and methods for the protection and regeneration of different tissues.
  • the present invention solves this technical problem by teaching, in particular low-dose, erythropoietin and / or its derivatives for stimulating the physiological mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells, the proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells, the differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells to endothelial cells and / or the migration of endothelial progenitor cells Use direction of an angiogenic or vasculogenic stimulus in a human or animal body.
  • the stimulation of the mobilization and / or differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells according to the invention represents an important new therapeutic strategy for increasing postnatal neovascularization, in particular vasculogenesis, and for the treatment of diseases which are associated with dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells and / or endothelial cells, and the Protection and regeneration of different tissues through harmful chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents.
  • the present invention also solves this technical problem through the teaching of using low-dose erythropoietin and / or its derivatives for the therapy of diseases or pathological conditions which are associated with dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells and / or endothelial cells.
  • the present invention also solves this technical problem by teaching that low-dose erythropoietin and / or its derivatives for the protection and regeneration of different tissue types in the state of diseases or pathological conditions. to use those related to dysfunction of the specific tissue function.
  • the underlying technical problem is also solved by the sequential, temporally successive or simultaneous administration of low-dose erythropoietin and one or more other chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents.
  • the invention therefore relates in particular to the following embodiments A) to K) in each case alone and / or in combination:
  • erythropoietin preferably in combination with embodiment A), in particular for the production of a pharmaceutical composition for the prophylaxis or treatment of diseases, the pharmaceutical composition in its low dosage being suitable and intended for the prophylaxis or treatment of a human or animal
  • erythropoietin preferably in combination with embodiment A), B) or A) and B), for the cosmetic treatment of the human or animal body, in particular for the treatment of wrinkles, for strengthening the connective tissue, for protecting and tightening the Skin, to protect against damaging environmental effects, to treat age spots, to accelerate re-epithelialization, to accelerate hair growth and / or as a make-up base.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising E. rythropoietin and a mixture of endothelial progenitor cells with at least one cell therapeutically usable cell population for the regeneration of tissue or vessels in a human or animal body, the mixture having been brought into contact with erythropoietin in vitro before application.
  • erythropoietin preferably in combination with one or more of the embodiments according to A), B), C), D) or E), and / or a mixture of endothelial progenitor cells with at least one cell therapeutically usable cell population for producing a pharmaceutical composition , containing erythropoietin and / or a mixture of endothelial progenitor cells with at least one cell therapeutically usable cell population for the regeneration of tissues or vessels in a human or animal body, erythropoietin being administered to the animal or human body before, after or simultaneously with the application of the mixture ,
  • G) Use of erythropoietin, preferably in combination with one or more of the embodiments according to A) to F), and / or at least one chemical, thermal, mechanical or biological agent, in particular a pharmacological active ingredient, for the production of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit , containing erythropoietin and the at least one chemical, thermal, mechanical or biological agent for the prophylaxis or treatment of diseases, the pharmaceutical composition or the kit being suitable and intended for the sequential, sequential or simultaneous application of the erythropoietin with the at least one chemical , thermal, mechanical or biological agent.
  • the invention therefore also relates to the use of erythropoietin in the manner referred to under G above, the mechanical agents being endoprostheses, preferably implant implants. tion body for the tooth, bone or ligament / tendon replacement.
  • the invention also relates to the use of erythropoietin in the manner described above under G), the biological agents being solid organs such as the liver, kidney, heart, pancreas or skin. In this context, biological agents are also understood to mean hair implants.
  • the present invention therefore relates to the use of erythropoietin for the production of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit for systemic or local application to an implantation site of a biological agent of the aforementioned type or an endoprosthesis, in particular an implantation body such as a tooth, dentures , Dental implant, bone replacement, bone implant, for example hip joint prosthesis, ligament / tendon replacement, for example cruciate ligament, the erythropoietin being applied systemically or locally, for example a few weeks before the implantation of the biological or mechanical agent mentioned, that is to say for example the endoprosthesis the implantation and then the implantation.
  • an implantation body such as a tooth, dentures , Dental implant, bone replacement, bone implant, for example hip joint prosthesis, ligament / tendon replacement, for example cruciate ligament
  • Another embodiment also provides for the implantation of the biological or mechanical agent mentioned, for example the endoprosthesis, at the same time as the use of erythropoietin.
  • the erythropoietin is carried out after the implantation of the endoprosthesis or mechanical or biological agent mentioned.
  • the tissue or the body structure into which the implant, for example the tooth or the bone prosthesis is implanted is mobilized or conditioned, and thus enables a considerably better and thus also Faster integration, for example the growth or ingrowth of the biological or mechanical agent, for example implant into the body structure.
  • erythropoietin according to one or more of the embodiments according to A) to H) in a pharmaceutical composition, the erythropoietin in a low, non-erythropoietically effective dose being suitable and intended for the prophylaxis, treatments or therapies mentioned, in particular in one Dose of 0.001 lU / kg body weight / week to 90, in particular 50 lU / kg body weight / week is used.
  • erythropoietin according to one or more of the embodiments according to A) to I), wherein the disease hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, endothelium-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases, endotheliosis including reticuloendotheliosis, atherosclerosis, age-related cardiovascular disease, ischemic Diseases of the extremities, preeclampsia, Raynaud's disease, liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, acute or chronic liver failure, bone and cartilage diseases or injuries, mucosal diseases or injuries, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, pregnant shaft-induced hypertension, chronic or acute renal insufficiency, especially end-stage renal insufficiency, renal function restrictions with glomerular filtration rates of 30 to 80 ml / min, microalbuminuria, proteinuria, conditions with increased ADMA levels or wounds and secondary diseases thereof.
  • the invention also relates to the production of a kit containing erythropoietin, endothelial progenitor cells and at least one cell population which can be used for cell therapy, the erythropoietin preferably being present in low doses.
  • the low-dose erythropoietin treatment increases the ability of the endothelial precursor cell cells to adhere to the patients with chronic kidney disease with a glomerular filtration rate of 30, preferably 40 to 80 ml / min, for adhesion, in healthy subjects and / or patients by two to three times.
  • the ability of differing endothelial progenitor cells or of endothelial cells for adhesion is one of the basic requirements for the formation of new tissues and / or vessels.
  • erythropoietin can induce neovascularization, in particular vasculogenesis, in tissues or organs, for example in particular in kidneys, in which corresponding vasculogenic or angiogenic stimuli are released.
  • low-dose erythropoietin can be used to stimulate the physiological mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells, the proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells, the differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells to endothelial cells and / or for the migration of endothelial progenitor cells in the direction of a vasculogenic or angiogenic stimulus, in particular a human or a human body adult organism.
  • low-dose erythropoietin can therefore advantageously be used to stimulate the formation of new vessels by vasculogenesis in tissues or organs who have pathological vascular changes.
  • low-dose erythropoietin Due to the stimulation of endothelial progenitor cells by low-dose erythropoietin, the formation of endothelial tissue can also be induced. According to the invention, low-dose erythropoietin can therefore also be used for the treatment of diseases of the human or animal body which are associated with a dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells and / or endothelial cells.
  • Patient populations with such a dysfunction usually show cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, hyperhomocysteinemia, increased ADMA levels, and end organ damage such as left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, proteinuria or a glomerular filtration rate (preferably 40 GFR) , up to 80 ml / min.
  • cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, hyperhomocysteinemia, increased ADMA levels
  • end organ damage such as left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, proteinuria or a glomerular filtration rate (preferably 40 GFR) , up to 80 ml / min.
  • the invention also relates to the use of low-dose erythropoietin for the protection and regeneration of tissue at risk of functioning due to the action of chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents.
  • the topical application of low-dose erythropoietin also relates to the prophylaxis and reduction of existing wrinkles in the skin, in particular the facial skin, and the protection of the skin and the reduction of age spots.
  • low-dose erythropoietin or a descendant can be used sequentially, sequentially in time or simultaneously with one or more other chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents.
  • low-dose erythropoietin can be used therapeutically in adaptation to its circadian rhythm in order to achieve a maximum biological effect.
  • Endothelial progenitor cells In a preferred embodiment, according to the invention, they are administered simultaneously with other cell populations that can be used in therapy, with prior incubation with low-dose erythropoietin in vitro and / or local and systemic application of low-dose erythropoietin in vivo, in order to heal the cell-therapeutic tissue cells with sufficient connection to the Ensure vascular system.
  • erythropoietin or “EPO” is understood to mean a substance which controls the growth, differentiation and maturation of stem cells via erythroblasts to erythrocytes in correspondingly high doses.
  • Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein that has 166 amino acids, three glycosylation sites and a molecular weight of approximately 34,000 Da.
  • globin synthesis is induced and the synthesis of the heme complex and the number of ferritin receptors are increased. This allows the cell to absorb more iron and synthesize functional hemoglobin.
  • Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the mature erythrocytes. The erythrocytes and the hemoglobin they contain play a key role in the oxygen supply to the body.
  • erythropoietin used here encompasses EPO of any origin, in particular human or animal EPO.
  • the term used here covers not only the naturally occurring, that is to say wild-type forms of EPO, but also its derivatives, analogs, modifications, muteins, mutants or Other, as long as they show the biological effects of wild-type erythropoietin.
  • derivatives are understood to mean functional equivalents or derivatives of erythropoietin which are obtained while maintaining the basic structure of erythropoietin by substitution of one or more atoms or molecular groups or residues, in particular by substitution of sugar chains such as ethylene glycol, and / or whose amino acid sequences differ from that of the naturally occurring human or animal erythropoietin protein in at least one position, but which essentially have a high degree of homology at the amino acid level and comparable biological activity.
  • Derivatives of erythropoietin such as can be used for example in the present invention, are known, inter alia, from WO 94/25055, EP 0 148 605 B1 or WO 95/05465.
  • Homology means in particular a sequence identity of at least 80%, preferably at least 85% and particularly preferably at least more than 90%, 95%, 97% and 99%.
  • the term “homology” known to the person skilled in the art thus denotes the degree of relationship between two or more polypeptide molecules, which is determined by the agreement between the sequences. There can be a match both mean an identical match as well as a conservative amino acid exchange.
  • the term “derivative” also includes fusion proteins in which functional domains of another protein are present on the N-terminal part or on the C-terminal part.
  • this other protein can be, for example, GM-CSF, VEGF, PIGF, a statin or another factor which has a stimulating effect on endothelial progenitor cells.
  • the other protein can also be a factor that has a stimulating effect on differentiated endothelial cells, for example angiogenin, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) or bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor). It is known from bFGF and VEGF that this growth factor exerts a strong mitogenic and chemotactic activity on endothelial cells.
  • erythropoietin derivative and native erythropoietin may have arisen, for example, from mutations such as deletions, substitutions, insertions, additions, base changes and / or recombinations of the nucleotide sequences encoding the erythropoietin amino acid sequences.
  • erythropoietin (EPO-) alpha, (EPO-) beta, Aranesp (darbepoetin alpha) or Gera (continuous erythropoietin receptor agonist) is preferably used.
  • derivatives therefore also includes mutated erythropoietin molecules, ie erythropoietin muteins.
  • peptide or protein analogs of erythropoietin can also be used.
  • the term “analogs” encompasses compounds which do not have an amino acid sequence identical to the erythropoietin amino acid sequence, but whose three-dimensional structure is very similar to that of erythropoietin and which therefore have a comparable biological activity.
  • Erythropoietin analogs can be For example, these are compounds which contain the amino acid residues responsible for the binding of erythropoietin to its receptors in a suitable conformation and which can therefore mimic the essential surface properties of the erythropoietin binding region.
  • the EPO used according to the invention can be produced in various ways, for example by isolation from human urine or from the urine or plasma (including serum) from patients suffering from aplastic anemia nten (Miyake et al., JBC 252 (1977), 5558).
  • Human EPO can, for example, also from tissue cultures of human kidney cancer cells (JA-OS 55790/1979), from human lymphoblast cells which have the ability to produce human EPO (JA-OS 40411/1982) and from a hybridoma culture obtained by cell fusion of a human cell line be won.
  • EPO can also be produced by genetic engineering techniques by the desired protein is genetically produced by means of suitable DNA or RNA which codes for the corresponding amino acid sequence of the EPO, for example in a bacterium, a yeast, a plant, animal or human cell line. Such methods are described for example in EP 0 148 605 B2 or EP 0 205 564 B2 and EP 0411 678 B1.
  • the present invention relates in particular to the use of low-dose erythropoietin and / or derivatives thereof for stimulating the physiological mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells, the proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells, the differentiation of the endothelial progenitor cells to endothelial cells and / or for the migration of endothelial progenitor cells in the direction of a vascular or logical one angiogenic stimulus in a human or animal body, especially an adult organism.
  • the invention further relates to the sequential use of low-dose erythropoietin and at least one further suitable chemical, thermal, mechanical or biological agent or active substance, in particular pharmacological active substance, which increases the function and number of endothial progenitor cells, and the organ-protective and regenerative action of low-dose Erythropoietin increased.
  • the invention therefore preferably relates to the sequential, chronologically successive or simultaneous administration of low-dose erythropoietin and one or more other pharmacologically active substances, for example VEGF; GM-CSF, M-CSF, thrombopoietin, SCF, SDF-1, NGF, PIGF, an HMG co-reductase inhibitor, an ACE inhibitor, an AT-1 inhibitor and one NO donor in order to increase the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells and / or to bring about regeneration or slowing down of tissue damage.
  • the present invention thus relates to the simultaneous as well as time-delayed application of endothelial progenitor cells and one or more cell therapeutically usable cell populations, in particular hepatocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes or islet cell transplants, after prior incubation with low-dose erythropoietin in vitro and / or local and systemic application of low dosed erythropoietin in vivo, which improves and accelerates the function, the healing as well as the vascularization and the connection to the bloodstream of the recipient of these cell therapeutically used cell populations.
  • cell therapeutically usable cell populations in particular hepatocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes or islet cell transplants
  • the present invention relates to the use of erythropoietin, in particular in a low dose, or suitable active ingredients for topical use in the sense of "beauty care", in particular prophylaxis or prompt reduction of wrinkles and fine lines, strengthening of the connective tissue, protection and tightening of the skin, in particular the facial skin , against harmful environmental factors and as a make-up base.
  • topical application of erythropoietin counteracts the development and development of age spots, refines the complexion and supports the renewal process of the skin, especially re-epithelialization.
  • erythropoietin accelerates hair growth.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of low-dose erythropoietin suitable for the production of a pharmaceutical composition and intended for use in adapting to its circadian rhythm.
  • Endogenous erythropoietin production has its acrophase (daily maximum) in the late afternoon, so low-dose erythropoietin should preferably be given in the morning, in particular between 6:00 and 10:00, in order to achieve a maximum biological, therapeutic or cosmetic effect.
  • the present invention relates to the use of low-dose erythropoietin for stimulating physiological mobilization, or / and for the proliferation and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells, or / and for stimulating vasculogenesis, or / and for the therapy of diseases associated with dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells are related, and / or for the production of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of such diseases and pharmaceutical compositions, which comprise erythropoietin and other suitable active substances for stimulating endothelial progenitor cells, in patients who a) at least one dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells, and b) at least one cardiovascular risk factor such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, hyperhomocysteinemia, increased ADMA levels and c) at least end organ damage such as left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, cognitive dysfunction, increase in intimal media thickness in the carotid artery, proteinuria or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • the invention also relates to the sequential, chronologically successive or simultaneous administration of low-dose erythropoietin and one or more other chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents, so as to increase the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells and / or the regeneration or Slowing progression of tissue damage.
  • the mechanical agents can be endoprostheses, preferably implant bodies, for example for the tooth, bone or ligament / tendon replacement.
  • the biological agents can be solid organs, such as the liver, kidney, heart, pancreas or skin, or else hair implants.
  • the invention therefore provides that EPO is used in particular in a low dose manner in order to allow, at the same time, subsequently or previously implanted mechanical agents, such as endoprostheses or biological agents, to grow or integrate better, faster and more efficiently into the surrounding body structure.
  • the invention therefore also relates to the use of erythropoietin for the production of a pharmaceutical composition or Kits for improving, in particular for promoting and / or accelerating, the integration of biological agents or endoprostheses in surrounding body structures, in particular teeth, dentures, dental implants or other endoprostheses, such as bone replacements, bone implants, in particular hip joint prostheses or ligament / tendon replacements, such as cruciate ligaments , If necessary, provision can be made for the erythropoietin to be used together with cell populations suitable for cell therapy and / or endothelial progenitor cells.
  • erythropoietin for the production of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit for the improvement, in particular promotion and / or acceleration of the integration of biological or mechanical agents in target structures, in particular target tissue, target bone or target cartilage of a patient
  • the mechanical agents to be used are made, for example, of steel, ceramic, plastic or another matrix material.
  • cell populations, osteoblasts, cells with osteogenic potential, platelets, blood cells or the like which are suitable as cell therapy are used in the use mentioned.
  • the mechanical agent to be used is contained in the pharmaceutical composition or the pharmaceutical kit together with organic adhesive, for example a fibrin adhesive.
  • endothelial progenitor cells (endothelial progenitor cells; EPC) are understood to mean cells circulating in the bloodstream which have the ability to differentiate into endothelial cells
  • Endothelial progenitor cells occurring in embryonic development are angioblasts.
  • the endothelial progenitor cells occurring in the adult organism are angioblast-like cells which can be obtained from mononuclear cells, in particular CD34-CD14 + monocytes, and / or CD34 + stem cells which have been isolated from peripheral blood.
  • “mobilization” or “physiological mobilization” means the process of activating stem cells and / or progenitor cells from the bone marrow or from alternative “stem cell” niches by means of growth factors, the stem cells or progenitor cells in the Blood circulation, especially in the peripheral blood.
  • proliferation is understood to mean the ability of cells to enlarge and subsequently divide into two or more daughter cells.
  • the EPO-mediated stimulation of endothelial progenitor cells thus relates in particular to the number and thus the division behavior of endothelial progenitor cells.
  • endothelial progenitor cells are understood to mean the development of mononuclear cells originating from the bone marrow or tissue-resistant niches via endothelial progenitor cells to endothelial cells.
  • Endothelial cells are understood to mean the cells that make up the endothelium, that is to say the single-layered cell Lining vessels and serous cavities.
  • Endothelial cells are characterized by the fact that they contain vascular active substances, release, for example, vasodilators such as EDRF (endothelial derived relaxing factor) or constricting substances such as endothelin, factors for inhibiting or activating blood coagulation and factors for regulating vascular permeability. Endothelial cells also synthesize components of the subendothelial connective tissue, in particular collagens of type IV and V, cell adhesion proteins such as laminin, fibronectin and thrombospondin, growth factors, for example for smooth muscle cells, and factors for the formation of new vessels.
  • vasodilators such as EDRF (endothelial derived relaxing factor) or constricting substances such as endothelin
  • endothelin factors for inhibiting or activating blood coagulation and factors for regulating vascular permeability. Endothelial cells also synthesize components of the subendothelial connective tissue, in particular collagens of type IV and V
  • vasculogenic stimulus means one chemical stimulus understood in a tissue or blood vessel of a human or animal body which acts specifically on endothelial progenitor cells and causes their migration to the location of the body from which the chemical stimulus originates. In this way, the process of vasculogenesis is induced by the vasculogenic stimulus.
  • angiogenic stimulus is understood to mean a chemical stimulus in a tissue or blood vessel of a human or animal body which acts specifically on differentiated endothelial cells and causes them to migrate to the location of the body from which the chemical stimulus originates. The angiogenic stimulus causes thus inducing angiogenesis.
  • erythropoietin is used in particular to improve the ability of endothelial progenitor cells for adhesion, that is to say for cell-cell adhesion.
  • the adhesion of differentiating endothelial progenitor cells or differentiated endothelial cells is one of the basic prerequisites for the formation of new vessels or a new endothelial tissue. Cell adhesion is mediated by protein molecules.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of low-dose erythropoietin for stimulating new vascularization, in particular the stimulation of vasculogenesis.
  • vasculogenesis is understood to mean the formation of new vessels from endothelial progenitor cells that differentiate in situ.
  • the use of low-dose erythropoietin means that endothelial progenitor cells are increasingly involved in new vessel formation or local vascular formation
  • the invention provides that the use of low-dose erythropoietin and / or its derivatives promotes the formation of new blood vessels and / or the replacement of damaged vascular areas by local formation of new blood vessels.
  • the use of low-dose erythropoietin and / or derivatives thereof is provided for the stimulation of endothelial progenitor cells for the formation of endothelial tissue.
  • the use of low-dose erythropoietin and / or derivatives thereof is provided for the therapy of disease states or diseases of the human or animal body which are associated with a dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells or of secondary diseases thereof.
  • “diseases”, “disease states” or “diseases” are understood to mean disturbances in life processes in organs or in the entire organism with the result of subjectively perceived or objectively ascertainable physical, mental or mental changes diseases which are associated with a dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells, that is to say diseases which are either the result of such a dysfunction of these cells or which are mediated by these cells.
  • “diseases”, “disease states” or “ Diseases” “Disorders of life processes in organs or in the whole organism understood, which can be slowed down or slowed down in particular by the administration of low-dose erythropoietin or suitable active substances.
  • “Subsequent diseases” are understood to be secondary diseases, that is to say a second disease that is added to a primary clinical picture.
  • a "dysfunction" of endothelial progenitor cells is a disruption of essential cell functions such as metabolic performance, stimulus response, motility, division behavior or differentiation behavior. understood these cells.
  • Dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells can consist, for example, in that these cells do not proliferate or only inadequately. Since the use of erythropoietin stimulates the proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells, the deficient division behavior of both endothelial progenitor cells and already differentiated endothelial cells can be compensated and the number of endothelial progenitor cells or endothelial cells increased.
  • Dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells can consist, for example, of the impaired ability of these cells to differentiate into endothelial cells.
  • the dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells may also be due to their impaired ability to adhere and / or their ability to migrate towards an angiogenic or vasculogenic stimulus.
  • Such dysfunctions of endothelial progenitor cells can lead, for example, to impairing or preventing the formation of new endothelial tissue and / or vasculogenesis.
  • Dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells can also be pathogenic, for example due to hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, increased ADMA blood levels, uremia or diabetes.
  • NO NO synthases
  • the diseases associated with dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells are, in particular, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, endothelium-mediated chronic inflammation.
  • diseases such as vascular inflammation, endotheliosis including reticuloendotheliosis, atherosclerosis, age-related cardiovascular disease, ischemic diseases of the extremities, Raynaud's disease, preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, chronic or acute renal insufficiency, in particular terminal renal insufficiency with renal insufficiency 30 / min, preferably 40 to 80 ml / min, microalbuminuria, proteinuria, increased ADMA levels, wound healing and secondary diseases thereof.
  • “Hypercholesterolemia” is characterized by increased concentrations of cholesterol in the blood. By far the most common form of primary hypercholesterolaemia is polygenic hypercholesterolaemia. Secondary hypercholesterolaemia often occurs in diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism and liver diseases.
  • AGE-RAGE Advanced Glycation End Products
  • AGEs Advanced Glycation End Products
  • reducing sugars for example glucose
  • the binding of AGEs leads to oxidative stress, to activation of the transcription factor NF- ⁇ B and thus to a disruption of endothelial homeostasis.
  • Insulin resistance is understood to mean the disturbed signal transmission in various body cells that ignore the physiological signaling cascade of insulin and so affected patients do not have a normal glucose metabolism.
  • Endothelium-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases are diseases or conditions of a human or animal body which are based on a defense reaction of the organism and its tissues to harmful stimuli, with certain signaling molecules changing the properties of endothelial cells so that, in conjunction with the activation of other cell types, leukocytes stick to the endothelial cells, eventually penetrate into the tissue and cause inflammation there.
  • An example of an endothelium-mediated inflammation is leukocytic vasculitis.
  • the transcription factor NF-B plays a central role in the activation of an endothelium-mediated inflammatory event another system that leads to the development of endothelial cell-mediated chronic inflammation is the AGE-RAGE system.
  • Endotheliosis is understood to mean degenerative and proliferative endothelial changes in the non-thrombopenic purpura.
  • Reticuloendotheliosis means diseases of the reticulohistiocytic system, such as reticulum, reticulosis, reticulohistiocytosis and Hand-Schüller-Christian disease.
  • Raynaud's disease is understood to mean ischemic states of the arteries of the fingers caused by vasoconstriction, that is to say vascular spasms.
  • the primary Raynaud's disease is a purely functional disturbance of the small supplying vessels of the acra, during the secondary Rynaud's disease a other underlying disease, such as vascular inflammation.
  • Preeclampsia is an endothelial and vascular disease of the maternal organism and appears to be the effect of endotheliotropic substances from the placenta.
  • Preeclampsia is a multi-system disease that can lead to dysfunction of numerous organs and can manifest itself in a variety of symptoms.
  • the circulatory disorders that are typical of the disease are the result of increased vascular resistance, which can vary locally.
  • endothelial dysfunction is a central component of the pathogenesis.
  • renal insufficiency is understood to mean the limited ability of the kidneys to excrete substances that require urine, with the ability to regulate the electrolyte, water and acid-base balance to be lost in advanced stages. Terminal renal insufficiency is caused by a Breakdown of excretory and endocrine renal function characterized.
  • renal insufficiency can be acute renal insufficiency, which is also referred to as acute kidney failure, shock kidney or shock anuria.
  • Acute renal insufficiency is characterized by a sudden partial or total loss of excretory kidney function as a result of mostly reversible kidney damage.
  • the cause can be reduced perfusion due to hypovolemia, hypotension and dehydration as a result of blood loss (polytrauma, gastrointestinal or postpartum bleeding, major surgical interventions on the heart, vessels, abdomen or prostate ta), shock (myocardial infarction, embolism), severe infections (sepsis, peritonitis, cholecystitis), hemolysis (hemolytic-uraemic syndrome, paroxysmal hemoglobinuria, transfusion incident), myolysis (crush syndrome, rhabdomyolysis), myositis, burns Loss of water and electrolytes (massive vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, hay, acute pancreatidis).
  • nephrotoxins such as exogenous toxins, for example aniline, glycol compounds, methanol and the like, or endogenous toxins, for example myoglobin and oxalates.
  • Other causes of acute renal insufficiency are kidney diseases, for example inflammatory nephropathies or rejection reactions after kidney transplantation.
  • Acute renal failure can also be caused by urinary congestion as a result of urinary drainage problems.
  • the treatment of acute renal insufficiency according to the invention with, preferably low-dose, erythropoietin leads, according to the invention, to preventing or at least reducing the progression of acute renal insufficiency.
  • renal failure can also be chronic renal failure.
  • Chronic renal insufficiency is caused by vascular, glomerular and tubo-interstitial kidney diseases, infections and congenital or acquired structural defects.
  • causes of chronic renal failure include chronic glomerulopathy, chronic pyelonephritis, analgesic nephropathy, obstructive uropathy, and arteriosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis.
  • Chronic renal failure ends in uremia.
  • the treatment of chronic renal insufficiency according to the invention with low-dose erythropoietin leads, according to the invention, to a reduction in the progression of chronic renal insufficiency.
  • the invention therefore relates to the use of preferably low-dose EPO for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing, reducing or slowing the damage to kidney tissue and / or for regenerating damaged kidney tissue in the case of acute or chronic renal failure.
  • kidney function restriction means conditions in which the glomerular filtration rate has already fallen below 80 ml / min.
  • the impairment of kidney function therefore refers to the early phase of glomerular, tubulointerstial and vascular kidney diseases.
  • the treatment according to the invention of kidney function restrictions with low-dose erythropoietin leads, according to the invention, to a reduction in progression and to regeneration of the onset of kidney tissue and / or functional damage.
  • microalbuminuria is understood to mean a clinical picture in which affected patients have an unphysiological excretion of albumin in the urine of more than 30 mg / 24 h. This increased excretion of albumin is and is an early sign of an onset of renal function deterioration Result of the first pathological remodeling processes in the kidney, accompanied by structural changes in the kidney architecture.
  • proteinuria is understood to mean a clinical picture in which affected patients have an unphysiological excretion of proteins of more than 150 mg / 24 h. This increased excretion of protein Urine (> 150mg / 24h) is considered pathological and requires further medical clarification and therapy.
  • “high ADMA values” is understood to mean a clinical picture in which the affected patients have an unphysiologically high ADMA blood concentration of more than 1.3 ⁇ mol / l. This increased ADMA concentration is associated with endothelial dysfunction and is a consequence metabolic dysfunctions in the breakdown or excretion processes of this molecule.
  • wound healing is understood to mean the physiological processes for the regeneration of destroyed tissue or for closing a wound, in particular the new formation of connective tissue and capillaries.
  • the wound healing can be a primary wound healing (sanatio per primam intentionem) , which is characterized by a quick and uncomplicated closure and extensive restitution ad integrum due to minimal formation of connective tissue between the well-perfused and possibly adapted wound edges of a clean wound.
  • the latency phase in turn, it is divided into the exudative phase with scab formation, especially in the first hours after the wound, and the resorptive phase with catabolic autolysis, which extends over a period of one to three days after the wound occurs.
  • the proliferation phase is through an anabolic repair characterized by formation of collagen by fibroblasts and occurs on the fourth to seventh day after the wound has occurred.
  • the repair phase which is characterized by the transformation of the granulation tissue into a scar, begins on the eighth day after the wound has developed.
  • a wound is understood to mean an interruption of the connection between body tissues with or without substance loss, which is caused by mechanical injury or physically-induced cell damage.
  • a wound is also referred to as a disease mechanical wounds, thermal wounds, chemical wounds, radiation-related wounds and illness-related wounds.
  • Mechanical wounds are caused by external violence and occur primarily as cuts and stab wounds, bruises, lacerations, tears and abrasions, scratches and bites and bullet wounds.
  • Thermal wounds are caused by the action of heat or cold.
  • Chemical wounds are particularly caused by acid or alkali burns.
  • Radiation-related wounds are caused, for example, by the action of actinic and ionizing radiation.
  • Wounds caused by illness are particularly congestion-related wounds, traumatic wounds, diabetic wounds, etc. According to the invention, it is particularly provided that for wound healing low-dose erythropoietin is preferably applied topically or intravenously.
  • the present invention relates to the use of low-dose erythropoietin for the therapy of hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, endothelium-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases, endotheliosis including reticuloendotheliosis, atherosclerosis, age-related cardiovascular diseases, ischemic diseases of the extremities, Raynaud disease diseases, preeclampsia Liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, acute or chronic liver failure, bone and cartilage diseases or injuries, mucosal diseases or injuries, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, pregnancy-induced hypertension, chronic or acute renal insufficiency, especially terminal renal insufficiency, particularly with terminal renal insufficiency, especially with renal insufficiency, renal insufficiency, especially with terminal renal insufficiency, especially with end-stage renal insufficiency Filtration rates ⁇ 80 ml / min, in particular
  • erythropoietin is administered to a patient in a therapeutically effective dose which is sufficient to cure or to prevent the state of a aforementioned disease, in particular a disease which is associated with a dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells, the progression stop such an illness and / or relieve the symptoms of such an illness.
  • the dose to be administered to a patient depends on many factors, such as the age, body weight and gender of the patient, the severity of the diseases, etc.
  • erythropoietin is preferably used in all uses, methods and compositions of the present teaching in small amounts, which are below the known amounts used for the therapy of renal anemia, in the sense of the present teaching under a low or low dose or dosage, in particular in vivo, ie per patient, EPO doses from 1 to 2000, preferably 20 to 2000, units (IU; International Units) / week, preferably doses from 20 to 1500 lU / week, in particular doses from 20 to 1000 lU / week, in particular doses from 20 to 950 IU / week, in particular doses from 20 to 900 lU / week, in particular doses from 20 to 850 lU / week, in particular doses from 20 to 800 lU / week, in particular doses from 20 to 750 IU / week, in particular doses of 20 to 700 IU / week, in particular doses of 20 to 650 IU / week, in particular doses of 20 to 600 IU / week
  • doses of 1 to 450, preferably 1 to 9, lU / week are also to be used.
  • All of the above doses provided according to the invention for example from 1 to 2000 units (IU) / week and per patient, in particular for example from 500 to 2000 IU / week and per patient, are subpolycythemic doses, that is to say doses which do not lead to an increase in the hematocrit value, in particular compared to the hematocrit value before the treatment with EPO, do not lead to an increase in the hematocrit value of more than 10%, in particular 5%, preferably 2%.
  • the subpolycythemic doses provided according to the invention correspond to weekly doses of approximately 1 to 90 units (IU) EPO / kg body weight, in particular 1 to 45, in particular 1 to 30 IU EPO / kg body weight, in particular 1 to 20 IU EPO / kg body weight, in particular 1 to 15 IU EPO / kg body weight, in particular 1 to 10 IU EPO / kg body weight, in particular 1 to 4 IU EPO / kg body weight, or a comparable weekly dose of Aranesp of 0.001 to 0.4 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.001 to 0.3 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.001 to 0.25 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.001 to 0.2 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.001 to 0.15 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.001 to 0.1 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.001 to 0.09 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.001 to 0.08 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.001 to
  • erythropoietin is particularly preferred in all uses, methods and compositions of the present teaching in small amounts that are known to be below Amounts used for the therapy of renal anemia are used, EPO doses of 0.001 to 90, preferably 0.001 to 50, units being used in the sense of the present teaching under a low or low dose or dosage, in particular in vivo, ie per patient.
  • IU; International Units) per kilogram of body weight and week in particular doses from 0.05 to 45 lU / kg / week, in particular doses from 0.05 to 40 IU / kg / week, in particular doses from 0.05 to 35 lU / kg / Week, in particular doses from 0.05 to 33 lU / kg / week, in particular doses from 0.05 to 31 lU / kg / week, in particular doses from 0.05 to 29 lU / kg / week, in particular doses from 0 , 05 to 27 lU / kg / week, in particular doses from 0.05 to 25 lU / kg / week, in particular doses from 0.05 to 23 lU / kg / week, in particular doses from 0.05 to 21 lU / kg / week / Week, in particular doses from 0.05 to 20 lU / kg / week, in particular doses from 0.05 to 19 lU / kg / week, in particular doses from
  • doses of 0.001 to 20, preferably 0.05 to 10 lU / kg / week are also used. All of the above doses provided according to the invention, for example from 0.01 to 90 units (IU) / kg / week and per patient, in particular for example from 0.01 to 50 units IU / kg / week and per patient, are subpolycythemic doses, that is Doses which do not lead to an increase in the hematocrit value, in particular compared to the hematocrit value before treatment with EPO, do not lead to an increase in the hematocrit value of more than 10%, in particular 5%, preferably 2%.
  • the subpolycythemic doses provided according to the invention correspond to weekly doses of approximately 0.001 to 90 units (IU) EPO / kg body weight, in particular 0.001 to 50, in particular 0.001 to 45 IU EPO / kg body weight, in particular 1 to 15 IU EPO / kg body weight, in particular 1 to 10 IU EPO / kg body weight, in particular 1 to 4 IU EPO / kg body weight, or a comparable weekly dose of Aranesp from 0.000005 to 0.45 ⁇ g per kg body weight, 0.00025 to, 250 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.00025 to, 225 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.00025 to 0.2 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.00025 to 0.175 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.00025 to 0.165 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.00025 to 0.155 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0, 00025 to 0.145 ⁇ g / kg body weight, 0.00025 to 0.135 ⁇ g /
  • Aranesp is a double PEG-ylated EPO.
  • the abovementioned low doses for example the dose of 0.001 to 90 units / kg / week per patient, in particular for example from 0.001 to 50 units / kg / week and per patient, for the treatment according to the invention of diseases or disease states that are associated with dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells is 90-150 lU / kg body weight / week (usually starting at 4000-8000 lU / week, compared to the starting dose usually used for the treatment of renal anemia). if the result of the therapy is unsatisfactory, however, also significantly higher) very low
  • the stated doses are single doses to be administered weekly, but can also be divided into several single doses in one week, that is to say they can be used as multiple doses.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention relates to the use of low-dose erythropoietin and / or its derivatives as defined in the above section “Dosage of EPO according to the invention” and / or derivatives thereof as an active ingredient for the production of a pharmaceutical composition or a medicament for the therapy of disease states or diseases with a dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells.
  • an “active substance” is understood to mean an endogenous or foreign substance that influences specific functions of tissues, organs or organisms in a differentiated manner upon contact with target molecules or target cells or target tissues.
  • erythropoietin as an active ingredient of the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention upon contact with endothelial progenitor cells, influences their proliferation, differentiation and / or migration behavior in a human or animal organism in such a way that dys- functions of endothelial progenitor cells are balanced and the diseases arising from these dysfunctions can be effectively combated, alleviated or eliminated or these diseases can be effectively prevented, and that the use of low-dose erythropoietin can be used both for organ regeneration and to slow the progression of functional restrictions in different organs and organ systems leads.
  • a “pharmaceutical composition” or a “medicament” is understood to mean a mixture used for diagnostic, therapeutic and / or prophylactic purposes, that is to say a mixture which promotes or restores the health of a human or animal body and which comprises at least one natural or comprises synthetically produced active ingredient that produces the therapeutic effect.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be both a solid and a liquid mixture.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the active ingredient can contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable components.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may include additives commonly used in the art, for example stabilizers, manufacturing agents, release agents, disintegrants, emulsifiers or other substances commonly used to manufacture pharmaceutical compositions.
  • erythropoietin in preferably low doses and / or a derivative thereof as an active ingredient for the manufacture of a medicament for the therapy of hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, endo- thel-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases such as vascular inflammation, endotheliosis including reticuloendotheliosis, atherosclerosis, age-related cardiovascular disease, ischemic diseases of the extremities, Raynaud's disease, liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, acute or chronic liver failure, bone or cartilage disorders, bone or cartilage disorders or injuries, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, acute or chronic renal failure, especially terminal renal failure, kidney function restrictions with glomerular filtration rates ⁇ 80 ml / min, in particular 30, preferably 40 to 80 ml / min , Microalbuminuria, proteinuria, increased
  • composition according to the invention can be suitable for topical as well as for systemic administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is used for parenteral, in particular intravenous, intramuscular, intracutaneous or subcutaneous administration.
  • the drug containing erythropoietin is preferably in the form of an injection or infusion.
  • the pharmaceutical composition containing erythropoietin is administered orally.
  • the drug containing erythropoietin is in a liquid dosage form such as a solution, suspension or emulsion, or a solid dosage form such as a tablet.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for pulmonary administration or for inhalation.
  • the invention therefore provides that erythropoietin is administered directly to the patient's lungs in a therapeutically effective manner.
  • This form of administration of erythropoietin enables a rapid delivery of an erythropoietin dose to a patient without the need for an injection.
  • erythropoietin is absorbed through the lungs, considerable amounts of erythropoietin can be released into the bloodstream via the lungs, which leads to increased amounts of erythropoietin in the bloodstream.
  • the pharmaceutical composition to be absorbed via the lungs is an aqueous or non-aqueous solution or a dry powder.
  • the erythropoietin-containing medicament to be administered pulmonally is in the form of a dry powder, this preferably comprises particles containing erythropoietin, the particles having a diameter of less than 10 ⁇ m, so that the medicament can also reach distal regions of the patient's lungs.
  • the medicament to be administered pulmonally is in the form of an aerosol.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention relates to the use of erythropoietin for the production of a pharmaceutical composition for the therapy of diseases which are associated with a dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells.
  • the pharmaceutical composition contains in addition to erythropoietin as an active ingredient at least one additional active ingredient for stimulating endothelial progenitor cells.
  • the further active ingredient is preferably an active ingredient which, in particular, stimulates the physiological mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells from the bone marrow or “other stem cells” niches.
  • the further active ingredient can also be an active ingredient which in particular the division behavior
  • the further active substance particularly stimulates the differentiation behavior and / or the migration behavior of endothelial progenitor cells.
  • the further active substance that stimulates endothelial progenitor cells is particularly preferably VEGF, PIGF, GM - CSF, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in particular a statin such as simvastatin, mevastatin or atorvastatin, an ACE inhibitor such as enalapril, ramipril or trandolapril, an AT-1 blocker such as irbesartan, Japanartan or olmesaratan and / ora NO donor, especially L-arginine.
  • a statin such as simvastatin, mevastatin or atorvastatin
  • an ACE inhibitor such as enalapril, ramipril or trandolapril
  • AT-1 blocker such as irbesartan, diartan or olmesaratan and / ora NO donor, especially L-arginine.
  • the at least one further active ingredient stimulates in particular differentiated endothelial cells, that is to say their proliferation and / or migration, but not endothelial progenitor cells. It is particularly preferably bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) or angiogenin.
  • a further embodiment of the invention relates to the use of erythropoietin and / or derivatives thereof as an active ingredient for producing a pharmaceutical composition for stimulating tion of endothelial progenitor cells, in particular to stimulate mobilization, proliferation, differentiation to endothelial cells and / or to migrate in the direction of a vasculogenic or angiogenic stimulus.
  • the use of erythropoietin and / or its derivatives is furthermore provided as an active ingredient for producing a pharmaceutical composition for stimulating vasculogenesis and / or endothelial formation, in particular in the adult human or animal organism.
  • the present invention therefore also relates to pharmaceutical compositions for stimulating endothelial progenitor cells, in particular for stimulating their mobilization, proliferation, differentiation to endothelial cells and / or migration in the direction of a vasculogenic or angiogenic stimulus, for stimulating vasculogenesis and / or endothelial formation and for treating Diseases of the human or animal body associated with dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells and / or endothelial cells.
  • the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions or medicaments which comprise erythropoietin as an active ingredient and at least one further active ingredient for stimulating endothelial progenitor cells and / or differentiated endothelial cells.
  • the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing erythropoietin and at least one further active ingredient selected from the group consisting of VEGF, PIGF, GM-CSF, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in particular a statin such as simvastatin, mevastatin or atorvastatin, an ACE inhibitor such as enalapril, ramipril or trandolapril, an AT-1 blocker such as irbesartan, diartan or olmesaratan, an NO donor, in particular L-arginine, bFGF and angiogenin.
  • VEGF erythropoietin
  • PIGF PIGF
  • GM-CSF GM-CSF
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor in particular a statin such as simvastatin, mevastatin or atorvastatin
  • an ACE inhibitor such as enalapril, ramipril or
  • Another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to the use of erythropoietin for the production of a transplantable endothelial cell preparation.
  • endothelial cells are produced in vitro by cultivating endothelial progenitor cells in the presence of erythropoietin and then transplanted into a recipient organism, in particular an organism suffering from a disease which is associated with a dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells.
  • mononuclear cells can be isolated from blood by means of density gradient centrifugation and cultured in suitable culture media in vitro.
  • the MNCs are cultivated in the presence of erythropoietin and at least one further substance which stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells.
  • VEGF, PIGF, GM-CSF, an NO donor such as L-arginine, an ACE inhibitor such as Enapril, Ramipril or Trandolapril, an AT-1 blocker such as Irbesartan, Lorsartan or Olmesaratan or a are particularly preferred as a further substance HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor such as a statin, in particular simvastatin, mevastatin or atorvastatin, is used.
  • endothelial progenitor cells are administered simultaneously with other cell therapeutically usable cell populations, such as hepatocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes or islet cells, to corresponding patients with previous incubation with low-dose erythropoietin in vitro and / or local and systemic application of low-dose Erythropoietin in vivo, in order to ensure the healing of the cell-therapeutic tissue cells with sufficient connection to the vascular system.
  • other cell therapeutically usable cell populations such as hepatocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes or islet cells
  • Another preferred application of the invention also relates to the use of erythropoietin for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit for the sequential, sequential or simultaneous administration of low-dose erythropoietin and one or more other chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents to specific locations the body of a patient, for example to mobilize implantation target sites in order to increase the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells and / or to bring about the regeneration or slowing down of progression of tissue damage.
  • the mechanical agents can be, for example, endoprostheses, preferably implant bodies, for example for the tooth, bone or ligament / tendon replacement.
  • the biological agents can be solid organs, such as the liver, kidney, heart, pancreas or skin, or else hair implants.
  • the invention therefore provides that EPO is used in particular in a low dose manner in order to better, faster and more efficiently, simultaneously, subsequently or previously implanted mechanical agents such as endoprostheses or biological agents, grow into the surrounding body structure. to have it integrated.
  • the invention therefore also relates to the use of erythropoietin for the production of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit for the improvement, in particular for the promotion and / or acceleration, of the integration of biological agents or endoprostheses in surrounding body structures, in particular of teeth, dentures, dental implants or other endoprostheses , such as bone replacements, bone implants, in particular hip joint prostheses or ligament / tendon replacements, such as cruciate ligaments. If necessary, provision can be made for the erythropoietin to be used together with cell populations suitable for cell therapy and / or endothelial progenitor cells.
  • erythropoietin for the production of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit for the improvement, in particular promotion and / or acceleration of the integration of biological or mechanical agents in target structures, in particular target tissue, target bone or target cartilage of a patient
  • the mechanical agents to be used for example made of steel, ceramic, plastic or another material.
  • cell populations, osteoblasts, cells with osteogenic potential, platelets, blood cells or the like which are suitable as cell therapy are used in the use mentioned.
  • the mechanical agent to be used is contained in the pharmaceutical composition or the pharmaceutical kit together with organic adhesive, for example a fibrin adhesive.
  • erythropoietin or suitable active ingredients for topical use in the sense of "beauty care", in particular prophylaxis or prompt reduction of wrinkles and fine lines, strengthening of the connective tissue, protection and tightening of the skin, in particular the facial skin, against harmful environmental factors and as a make-up base
  • the topical application of erythropoietin is intended to counteract the development and development of age spots, to refine the complexion, and to support the skin's renewal process, preferably through accelerated re-epithelialization but also hair growth.
  • the administration of low-dose erythropoietin is provided in adaptation to its circadian rhythm. Endogenous erythropoietin production has its acrophase (daily maximum) in the late afternoon, so low-dose erythropoietin should preferably be given in the morning, especially between 6:00 and 10:00, in order to achieve a maximum biological effect.
  • the use of low-dose erythropoietin is provided for the pretreatment and / or further treatment of tissues or organs to be transplanted.
  • the grafts are treated with low-dose erythropoietin before the transplant, preferably immediately before, in the donor organism.
  • the recipient organism can also be treated with low-dose erythropoietin from the time of the transplant.
  • the organ or tissue grafts are treated with low-dose erythropoietin in combination with at least one further factor which stimulates endothelial progenitor cells before transplantation.
  • This factor is preferably a substance selected from the group consisting of VEGF, PIGF, GM-CSF, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, for example a statin, in particular simvastatin, mevastatin or atorvastatin, an ACE inhibitor such as enalapril , Ramipril or trandolapril, an AT-1 blocker such as irbesartan, Japanartan or olmesaratan or an NO donor, in particular L-arginine.
  • the organ or tissue grafts are treated before transplantation in addition to erythropoietin with a further substance that stimulates the proliferation and migration of differentiated endothelial cells.
  • This substance is particularly preferably angiogenin or bFGF.
  • Another particularly preferred embodiment of the invention provides that low-dose erythropoietin is used for the production of implantable or transplantable, cell-containing in vitro organs or tissues.
  • the organ or tissue produced in vitro is treated with low-dose erythropoietin in vitro before the transplant or implantation in order to stimulate the endothelial progenitor cells present in the body of the recipient organism, in particular their physiological mobilization, migration, proliferation and differentiation ,
  • the recipient organism is preferably treated further with low-dose erythropoietin in the doses according to the invention.
  • the invention achieves that in the in vitro organ or tissue system after transplantation or implantation into a body induced vasculogenesis quickly form new blood vessels and these newly formed blood vessels are quickly connected to the blood system of the recipient organism.
  • the formation of endothelia and thus reendothelialization is also quickly achieved in this way.
  • Treatment of the in vitro organ or tissue systems with low-dose erythropoietin thus causes these systems to grow into the body more quickly, thereby reducing the risk of rejection. ß is significantly reduced, and serves to protect the graft.
  • an “in vitro organ or tissue system” is understood to mean a transplantable or implantable cell-containing tissue or organ that is produced in vitro using defined cells and / or defined tissue and under defined culture conditions.
  • an “implantable in vitro "Organ or tissue system” means a system which, in addition to cells, comprises foreign materials.
  • a “transplantable in vitro organ or tissue system” is understood in particular to mean a cell-containing system which, in addition to cells, tissues or organs of the same or another individual, contains endogenous substances.
  • In vitro organs or tissue are particularly characterized in that they largely correspond in their structure to the native organs or tissues to be replaced and can therefore take over the function of the replaced native organs or tissues in vivo.
  • the in vitro organ or tissue systems are treated with erythropoietin in combination with at least one further factor which stimulates endothelial progenitor cells before transplantation or implantation.
  • This factor is preferably one or more substances selected from the group consisting of VEGF, PIGF, GM-CSF, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in particular simvastatin, mevastatin or atorvastatin, an ACE inhibitor such as enalapril , Ramipril or trandolapril, an AT-1 blocker such as irbesartan, minorartan or olmesaraatan, and an NO donor.
  • the in vitro organ or tissue systems are treated before transplantation or implantation in addition to erythropoietin with another substance that stimulates the proliferation and migration of differentiated endothelial cells.
  • This substance is particularly preferably angiogenin or bFGF.
  • the in vitro organ or tissue systems additionally contain isolated and possibly in vitro expanded endothelial progenitor cells.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to the use of low-dose erythropoietin for the production of vascular prostheses or heart valves, the vascular prostheses or heart valves being coated with erythropoietin before insertion into a body, in particular a human body.
  • vascular prostheses or heart valves By coating the vascular prostheses or heart valves with erythropoietin, endothelial progenitor cells in the body of the recipient organism are stimulated, in particular their mobilization from the bone marrow, their proliferation, their differentiation to endothelial cells and their migration to the vascular prostheses or heart valves used .
  • the vascular prosthesis or heart valves thus produced After the vascular prosthesis or heart valves thus produced have been introduced into a body, the latter can be treated further with erythropoietin, in particular in the doses according to the invention. This results in the formation of endothelial layers on the vascular prostheses used and ingrowth into the affected areas of the body more quickly.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for stimulating endothelial cell formation in vitro, comprising
  • the cell populations can be cultivated in the presence of a further substance which stimulates endothelial progenitor cells.
  • the present invention further relates to a method for the treatment of diseases associated with dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells by administration of erythropoietin in a low dose as explained in the paragraph "Dosage according to the invention of EPO", alone or in combination with at least one other chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents to a patient with such a disease
  • the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for the treatment of diseases of the human body such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, endothelium-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases such as vascular inflammation, endotheliosis including reticuloendotheliosis, atherosclerosis, age-related cardiovascular disease, ischemic diseases of the extremities, Raynaud's disease, liver diseases such as hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, acute or chronic liver failure, bone and cartilage diseases or injuries, mucous membrane diseases or injuries, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, preeclampsi
  • the patient has at least one further active ingredient selected from the group consisting of VEGF, PIGF, GM-CSF, in addition to erythropoietin HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and an NO donor is administered.
  • the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor administered is preferably a statin such as simvastatin, mevastatin or atorvastatin.
  • the administered ACE inhibitor is an active ingredient such as enalapril, ramipril or trandolapril
  • the administered AT-1 blocker is an active ingredient such as irbesartan, quarterartan or olmesaratan.
  • the NO donor administered is preferably L-arginine.
  • endothelial progenitor cells are isolated from the blood of a human organism, expanded and expanded in vitro using low-dose erythropoietin en- to differentiate dothelial cells and, after purification and isolation of the differentiated endothelial cells or the differentiating endothelial progenitor cells, to transplant them specifically into an area of the body, a tissue or an organ of a patient that is damaged due to the dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells and / or endothelial cells to induce local endothelial regeneration there.
  • This embodiment of the method according to the invention for the treatment of diseases which are associated with dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells comprises the following steps:
  • the transplantation of the differentiated endothelial cells into a body with a disease which is associated with a dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells can be treated with erythropoietin, in particular in the low doses provided according to the invention, that is to say in the doses defined in the section “Dosage according to the invention by EPO”, for example 1, preferably 0.001 to 90 lU / kg / week or 20 to 2000 lU / week.
  • the cell populations containing endothelial progenitor cells can be selected in vitro in the presence of at least one further active ingredient selected from the group consisting of VEGF, PIGF, GM-CSF, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, an ACE inhibitor, an AT-1 blocker and one NO donor can be cultivated.
  • the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used for the cultivation is preferably a statin such as Simvastatin, Mevastatin or Atorvastatin
  • the ACE inhibitors are substances such as Enalapril, Ramipril or Trandolapril
  • the AT-1 blocker is substances such as Irbsartan , Lorsartan or olmesaratan.
  • cell populations containing endothelial progenitor cells can be treated with a sequential, chronologically successive or simultaneous administration of low-dose erythropoietin and one or more other chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents, so as to increase the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells and / or regeneration or to slow the progression of tissue damage.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a method for the treatment of vascular diseases, comprising: a) isolation of cell populations containing endothelial progenitor cells from blood by means of density gradient centrifugation,
  • the latter can be treated with erythropoietin, preferably in the low doses according to the invention, that is to say in the doses defined in the paragraph “Dosage according to the invention by EPO” of, for example, 0.001 to 90 units / kg / week or 20 IU / Week up to 2000 IU / week.
  • the cell populations containing endothelial progenitor cells in the presence of at least one further active substance selected from the group consisting of VEGF, PIGF, GM-CSF, an ACE inhibitor, an AT-1 blocker and / or an HMG-CoA Cultivate reductase inhibitor.
  • at least one further active substance selected from the group consisting of VEGF, PIGF, GM-CSF, an ACE inhibitor, an AT-1 blocker and / or an HMG-CoA Cultivate reductase inhibitor.
  • the ACE inhibitor used for cultivation is preferably substances such as enalapril, ramipril or trando- lapril, in the AT-1 blocker used for the cultivation for substances such as irbesartan, degreeartan or olmesaratan and in the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used in the cultivation for a statin such as simvastatin, mevastatin or atorvastatin.
  • cell populations containing endothelial progenitor cells can be treated with a sequential, chronologically successive or simultaneous administration of low-dose erythropoietin and one or more other chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological agents, in order to increase the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells and / or regeneration or to slow the progression of tissue damage.
  • the mechanical agents can be endoprostheses, preferably implant bodies for the tooth, bone or ligament / tendon replacement.
  • the biological agents can be solid organs, such as the liver, kidney, heart, pancreas or skin, or else hair implants.
  • the invention therefore also provides that EPO is used, in particular, in a low-dose manner in order to allow, at the same time, subsequently or previously implanted mechanical agents such as endoprostheses or biological agents to grow or integrate better, faster and more efficiently into the surrounding body structure.
  • the invention therefore also relates to the use of erythropoietin for the production of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit for the improvement, in particular for the promotion and / or acceleration, of the integration of biological agents or endoprostheses in surrounding body structures, in particular of teeth, dentures, dental implants or others Endoprostheses, such as bone replacements, bone implants, in particular right hip prostheses or ligament / tendon replacement, such as cruciate ligaments.
  • the erythropoietin is used together with cell populations suitable for cell therapy and / or endothelial progenitor cells.
  • the mechanical agents to be used are made, for example, of steel, ceramic, plastic or another material.
  • cell populations, osteoblasts, cells with osteogenic potential, platelets, blood cells or the like which are suitable as cell therapy are used in the use mentioned.
  • the mechanical agent to be used together with organic adhesive for example a fibrin adhesive
  • the method according to the invention for the treatment of vascular diseases therefore provides for isolating endothelial progenitor cells from the blood of a human organism, expanding them in vitro using low-dose erythropoietin and differentiating them into endothelial cells and after purifying and isolating the differentiated endothelial cells or the differentiating endothelial cells Precursor cells then target these into a damaged blood vessel or an ischemic loading to transplant richly to induce local neovascularization. In this way, a more targeted and faster treatment of damaged blood vessels or ischemic tissue is possible.
  • vascular diseases such as ischemia, in particular cerebral ischemia, ischemic diseases of the extremities, stroke, acute artery occlusion, arterial occlusive disease, Raynaud's disease and ergotism.
  • FIG. 1 shows the results of a FACS analysis of circulating CD34 + stem cells (cSC).
  • A-D patient samples
  • E-F isotypic controls.
  • cSC were identified from the additional expression of the CD34 marker (B and F), from the characteristic low to medium CD45 antigen expression (C and G) and from the characteristic light scattering properties (D and H). The absolute number of cSC was calculated per 100,000 mono- and lymphocytes.
  • FIG. 2 shows a quantitative determination of circulating stem cells using flow cytometry.
  • the figure shows the time-dependent effect of an erythropoietin treatment using rhEPO (recombinant human erythropoietin) after 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks.
  • n 11, the values correspond to mean values +/- standard deviation.
  • FIG. 3 shows a quantitative determination of cultured endothelial progenitor cells (EPC).
  • EPC cultured endothelial progenitor cells
  • FIG. 4 shows the quantitative determination of cultured endothelial progenitor cells (EPC).
  • EPC cultured endothelial progenitor cells
  • FIG. 5 shows the quantitative determination of cultured endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in healthy young subjects.
  • the figure shows that treatment with rhEPO treatment (30IU epoetin beta per kg body weight and week) increases the relative number of EPCs.
  • EPCs were isolated before treatment with rhEPO and weekly after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks after treatment with rhEPO and based on their adhesiveness and the two markers acLDL-Dil and UEA-1 FITC chara - ketrized.
  • n 4 the values correspond to mean values +/- standard deviation.
  • FIG. 6 shows a quantitative determination of cultured endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs).
  • EPCs cultured endothelial progenitor cells
  • FIG. 7 shows a quantitative determination of cultured endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in 46 uremic patients with impaired kidney function compared to 46 age- and sex-matched subjects as boxplots (90s / 75s / 50s / 25s and 10s percentiles as well as the mean).
  • the number of endothelial progenitor cells is significantly reduced in the uraemics compared to the healthy volunteers. Patients with impaired kidney function therefore show a clear EPC dysfunction compared to control persons.
  • Figure 8 shows the effect of erythropoietin on wound healing.
  • the figure shows that when a standardized skin wound, which had been placed in a mouse using a tissue punch, was treated with erythropoietin, the wound was completely closed after seven to eight days, whereas when the wound was treated with physiological saline (saline), the wound only after was completely closed for thirteen to fourteen days.
  • Treatment with erythropoietin or physiological saline started 7 days before the skin wound was placed.
  • FIG. 9 shows that erythropoietin reduces the loss of kidney function after acute kidney failure (acute renal failure).
  • Practice Dawley rats 250-300 g were included in the study. The rats were anesthetized with ketamine (120 mg / kg) and rompun (10 mg / kg).
  • One of the test groups received Aranesp 0.1 ⁇ g / kg body weight once on the day before induction of acute kidney failure.
  • By placing an artery clamp on the right renal artery the blood flow in the kidney interrupted for 45 minutes. During this time, a left side nephrectomy was performed.
  • a sham operation was performed on another control group.
  • the abdomen was opened, the left renal artery was freely prepared, but the blood supply was not interrupted and the contralateral right kidney was removed. All animals were anesthetized for 60 min and sacrificed 24 h after the operation.
  • the 45-minute ischemia with subsequent reperfusion of the remaining right kidney led to a massive acute loss of kidney function in the animals treated with saline. This is reflected in a serum creatinine value which is 24 times 24 hours after the ischemia reperfusion than the value before the ischemia reperfusion (p ⁇ 0.05).
  • the animals treated with the erythropoietin analog Aranesp showed only a four-fold increase in the serum creatinine values one day after induction of the ischemia-reperfusion damage. There was no increase in retention values in the left nephrectomized animals with sham operated right kidney.
  • the figure shows the creatinine concentration in the serum of EPO-treated animals (IR + EPO), NaCI-treated animals (IR) and sham-operated animals (sham-OP) before ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and 24 hours after.
  • the figure shows that the serum creatinine concentration in the Aranesp-treated animals is almost halved 24 hours after the ischemia-reperfusion injury compared to the control without (NaCI treatment).
  • FIG. 10 shows the Kaplan- Mayer survival curves of two test groups after induction of chronic renal failure, which were treated with either Aranesp or NaCl.
  • 8 week old Spraque Dawley rats were included in the study. The rats were treated with ketamine (120 mg / kg) and rompun (10 mg / kg) anesthetized. The right kidney was removed from them on day 0, which was immediately fixed in formalin for histological examination. In the left kidney, the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney poles were ligated. This leads to a kidney infarction in the corresponding kidney areas and only the middle third of the kidney remains functional.
  • FIGS. 11-18 show light microscopic kidney sections 6 weeks after induction of chronic kidney failure of two test groups, which were treated with either Aranesp or NaCl and whose Kaplan- Mayer survival curves are shown in FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 11 shows the histological changes in a Spraque-Dawley rat with chronic kidney failure after NaCl treatment once a week, starting immediately after induction of chronic kidney failure for a period of 6 weeks.
  • Chronic renal failure results from the removal of the right kidney and the ligation of the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney pole, the left kidney.
  • the figure shows a medium-sized preglomerular artery with characteristic onion skin-like vascular wall proliferation in the case of severe hypertensive damage, a so-called malignant nephrosclerosis with endarteritis Fahr.
  • FIG. 11 shows the histological changes in a Spraque-Dawley rat with chronic kidney failure after NaCl treatment once a week, starting immediately after induction of chronic kidney failure for a period of 6 weeks.
  • Chronic renal failure results from the removal of the right kidney and the ligation of the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney pole, the left kidney.
  • the figure shows a medium-sized preglomerular artery
  • FIG. 12 shows the histological changes in a Spraque-Dawley rat with chronic renal failure after NaCl treatment once a week, starting immediately after induction of chronic renal failure for a period of 6 weeks.
  • Chronic renal failure results from the removal of the right kidney and the ligation of the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney pole, the left kidney.
  • the figure shows active focal segment mental glomerulosclerosis as a so-called proliferative FSGS (right glomerulum).
  • the other glomerulum (left) shows ischemic collapse of the loop bundle.
  • At the bottom of the picture is a small vessel with severe endothelial damage.
  • the observed histological changes correspond to hypertensive organ damage or changes in the context of overload nephropathy after 5/6 nephrectomy.
  • FIG. 13 shows the histological changes in a Spraque-Dawley rat with chronic renal failure after NaCl treatment once a week, starting immediately after induction of chronic renal failure for a period of 6 weeks.
  • Chronic renal failure results from the removal of the right kidney and the ligation of the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney pole, the left kidney.
  • the figure shows an almost complete sclerosis or destruction of a compensatory enlarged glomerulus with pronounced hyalinosis or fibrinoid necrosis of the associated afferent arterioles.
  • FIG. 14 shows the histological changes in a Spraque-Dawley rat with chronic renal insufficiency after every one time Weekly NaCl treatment starting immediately after induction of chronic renal failure for a period of 6 weeks.
  • Chronic renal failure results from the removal of the right kidney and the ligation of the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney pole, the left kidney.
  • the figure shows a small preglomerular artery with characteristic onion-shell-like vascular wall proliferation and wall necrosis with severe hypertensive damage, a so-called malignant nephrosclerosis (see picture on the right). On the left you can see a normal (not yet damaged) arteriole.
  • FIG. 15 shows the histological changes in a Spraque-Dawley rat with chronic renal failure after Aranesp (EPO) treatment (0.1 mg / kg Aranesp) treatment once a week, starting immediately after induction of chronic renal failure for a period of 6 weeks.
  • Chronic renal failure results from the removal of the right kidney and the ligation of the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney pole, the left kidney.
  • the figure shows a regular glomerulum with a delicate afferent vessel. No pathological finding can be found in the tubulointerstitium.
  • FIG. 16 shows the histological changes in a Spraque-Dawley rat with chronic renal insufficiency after Aranesp (EPO) treatment (0.1 mg / kg Aranesp) treatment once a week, beginning immediately after induction of chronic renal insufficiency for a period of 6 weeks.
  • EPO Aranesp
  • Chronic renal failure results from the removal of the right kidney and the ligation of the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney pole, the left kidney.
  • the figure shows a regular glomerulum with delicate afferent vessel (630x magnification). No pathological findings can be found in the tubo interstitium.
  • FIG. 17 shows the histological changes in a Spraque-Dawley rat with chronic kidney insufficiency after Aranesp (EPO) treatment (0.1 mg / kg Aranesp) treatment once every week, starting directly after induction of chronic renal failure for a period of 6 weeks , Chronic renal failure results from the removal of the right kidney and the ligation of the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney pole, the left kidney.
  • EPO Aranesp
  • FIG. 18 shows the histological changes in a Spraque-Dawley rat with chronic renal failure after Aranesp (EPO) treatment (0.1 mg / kg Aranesp) treatment once a week, starting immediately after induction of chronic renal failure for a period of 6 weeks.
  • Chronic renal failure results from the removal of the right kidney and the ligation of the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney pole, the left kidney.
  • the figure shows a regular glomerulum with a delicate afferent vessel (630x magnification). No pathological finding can be found in the tubolointerstitium.
  • Figure 19 shows the effect of EPO on the wound healing process.
  • erythropoietin in patients with renal anemia (Hb ⁇ 10.5 g / dl) as a result of end-stage renal disease (premature renal failure; creatinine clearance ⁇ 35 ml / min) was examined.
  • 11 patients were treated with erythropoietin at weekly doses of 5000 IU rhE-PO (recombinant human erythropoietin) on average intravenously or subcutaneously over a period of at least 8 weeks.
  • endothelial progenitor cells in the blood of the patients were examined over a period of 20 weeks, with endothelial progenitor cells being counted after 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks with regard to their number and also their differentiation status by means of flow cytometry and a culture test were analyzed.
  • Circulating peripheral blood stem cells are a small cell population that express both the CD34 antigen and the CD45 antigen.
  • a test for determining the number of CPBSC by means of flow cytometry was developed (Sutherland et al., J. Hematother., 5 (1996), 213-226). Using this test, both the expression pattern of CD34 and CD45 cells and the morphology of the stem cells were determined. In this way, both the absolute number of CPBSC per ⁇ l and the percentage of CPBSC in the total number of leukocytes were determined.
  • Figure 1 shows the results of a FACS analysis of circulating CD34 + stem cells based on the ISHAGE guidelines.
  • FIG. 2 shows the number of CD34 + stem cells determined by means of FACS analysis over a period of 8 weeks.
  • PBMCs Mononuclear peripheral blood cells
  • Flow cytometry was used to determine that in patients with end stage renal disease, the number of circulating CD34 + - Stem cells corresponds to the number of circulating CD34 + stem cells in the blood of healthy volunteers. After starting erythropoietin treatment, the number of CD34 + stem cells in the bloodstream increases significantly by more than 50%. Using the cell culture test, it was determined that after treatment with erythropoietin, the number of cells that develop an endothelial phenotype increases dramatically. In a functional cell culture test, the severely impaired ability of endothelial progenitor cells increased more than 3-fold.
  • FVB / N mice were anesthetized by inhalation anesthesia with isofloran. The hair of the two hind legs was removed with the help of a depilatory lotion and disinfected with 70% alcohol. A skin wound was placed on the right flank of the mice using a sterile, 4 mm disposable biopsy tissue punch. The opposite side served as an internal control. Postoperative antibiotic shielding with penicillin G (20,000 units / kg) was performed once. Subcutaneous injections of recombinant human erythropoietin analog Aranesp (0.1 ⁇ g / kg body weight) were administered once a week over the entire study period over the entire study period. Treatment started seven days before the tissue punch was removed. The results are shown in Figure 8.
  • FIG. 19 shows the effect of erythropoietin on wound healing.
  • the figure shows that when a standardized skin wound, which had been set in a mouse using a tissue punch, was treated with low-dose erythropoietin (20 IU EPO / kg / week), the wound was completely closed after seven to eight days, while when the wound was treated with physiological saline (saline) the wound was only completely closed after thirteen to fourteen days.
  • Treatment of the test animals with high-dose erythropoietin 200IU EPO / kg / week
  • Spraque-Dawley rats Eight week old Spraque-Dawley rats were anesthetized with ketamine (120 mg / kg) and Rompun (10 mg / kg). The right kidney was removed from the rats on day 0, which was fixed in formalin for histological examination immediately after removal. In the left kidney, the segment arteries that supply the upper and lower kidney poles were ligated. This leads to one Renal infarction of the corresponding kidney areas, whereby only the middle third of the kidney remains functional. The rats received the erythropoietin analog Aranesp once a week in a dose of 0.1 ⁇ g / kg body weight or injected subcutaneously (SC) as a control.
  • SC subcutaneously
  • Figure 10 shows the Kaplan- Mayer survival curve of both test groups.
  • the Aranesp-treated animals have a significantly improved survival compared to the saline-treated control animals.
  • FIGS. 15-18 show that after treatment with erythropoietin the kidney tissue shows no pathological changes, whereas after treatment with NaCl severe pathological changes are visible (see FIGS. 8-11). Further histological studies showed that a significantly higher vessel density (CD31) can be observed in animals treated with Aranesp than in animals treated with saline (data not shown).
  • Spraque-Dawley rats with a body weight of 250 to 300 g were used for this investigation.
  • One of the test groups received Aranesp once at the dose before induction of acute kidney failure in a dose of 0.1 ⁇ g / kg body weight.
  • the rats were treated with ketamine (120 mg / kg body weight) and rompun (10 mg / kg) anesthetized.
  • a sham operation was performed on another control group. Here the abdomen was opened, the left renal artery was dissected, but the blood supply was not interrupted, and the contralateral right kidney was removed. All animals were anesthetized for 60 minutes and sacrificed 24 hours after surgery.

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