Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/13—Amines
  • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
  • A61K31/343—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide condensed with a carbocyclic ring, e.g. coumaran, bufuralol, befunolol, clobenfurol, amiodarone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/454—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pimozide, domperidone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the combination of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) and a histamine 3 (H ) receptor antagonist. Accordingly, the present invention relates to the use of certain compounds, and to compositions of compounds having serotonin reuptake inhibiting activity and H 3 antagonistic, partial agonistic or inverse agonistic activity for the treatment of depression and other affective disorders.
• SRI serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• H histamine 3
• the combined serotonin reuptake inhibiting effect and the H antagonistic, partial agonistic or inverse agonistic effect may reside within the same chemical entity or in two separate chemical entities.
• SSRIs Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• Augmentation of antidepressant therapy may be accomplished through the co-administration of mood stabilizers such as lithium carbonate or triiodothyronin or by the use of electroshock.
• mood stabilizers such as lithium carbonate or triiodothyronin
• electroshock an augmentation strategy with pindolol was described by Artigas et al. in Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1993, 14, p 262-263. Artigas' idea is based on intracerebral microdialysis experiments in animals.
• Histamine is an important neurotransmitter in the brain. It has been implicated in the regulation of numerous important activities of the central nervous system as arousal, cognition, circadian rythms and neuroendocrine regulation (Fernandez-No voa L., Cacabelos R. Behav. Brain Res., vol 124 (2), pp. 213-233 (2001)). Histamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin are all under inhibitory control of the histmaminergic system via H3 auto- and heteroceptors (Schlicker et al. Naunyn Schiedebergs Arch Pharmacol., vol 377 (5): 588-590 (1988), DiCarlo G., Ghi P., Orsetti M. Prog.
• H 3 antagonist will augment the effect of an SRI, in particular an SSRI, on extracellular 5-HT levels.
• an SRI in particular an SSRI
• a H 3 antagonist or a molecule which has both 5-HT reuptake inhibitory and H 3 antagonistic properties, would have a better efficacy and faster onset than an SRI, in particular an SSRI, alone.
• This invention covers both SSRI plus H 3 antagonist in separate or the same molecule.
• the present invention thus provides: The use of a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition to be used in combination with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI).
• SRI serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and another compound, which is a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder, eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, phobias, dysthymia, premenstrual syndrome, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse or any other disorder responsive to serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
• a compound which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• another compound which is a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress
• the present invention also relates to the use of a H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition useful for augmenting and/or providing faster onset of the therapeutic effect of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
• the invention relates to the use as above wherein the serotonin reuptake inhibitor is used for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder or social anxiety disorder, eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, phobias, dysthymia, premenstrual syndrome, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse and any other disorder responsive to a SRI.
• generalized anxiety disorder including panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder or social anxiety disorder
• eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, phobias, dysthymia, premenstrual syndrome, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse and any other disorder responsive to a SRI.
• the invention relates to the use of a) a compound which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist, or b) a combination of a compound, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and a compound, which is a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition or kit (kit-of-parts) useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder, eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, phobias, dysthymia, premenstrual syndrome, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse or any other disorder responsive to serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
• kit-of-parts useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders, such as generalized anxiety
• the invention relates to the use of a compound, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and a compound, which is a H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist, for the preparation of a: (a) pharmaceutical composition, or (b) kit useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder, eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, phobias, dysthymia, premenstrual syndrome, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse or any other disorder responsive to serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
• a pharmaceutical composition or (b) kit useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder, eating disorders such as bulimia, anore
• the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition or kit comprising: a) a compound, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and a H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist, or b) a combination of a compound, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and another compound, which is a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist, and optionally pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents.
• the invention relates to either a pharmaceutical composition or a kit comprising a compound, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and another compound, which is a H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist, and optionally pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents.
• the invention relates to a method for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder, eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, phobias, dysthymia, premenstrual syndrome, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse or any other disorder responsive to serotonin reuptake inhibitors comprising administering to a person in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a) a compound, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist, or b) a combination of a compound, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a compound, which is a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist.
• a compound which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• a compound which is a H 3
• each of the options a) a compound, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist, and b) a combination of a compound, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a (or another) compound, which is a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist are intended to be individual embodiments. Accordingly, each of them may be claimed individually.
• Each of the medical indications depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder or social anxiety disorder, eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, phobias, dysthymia, premenstrual syndrome, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse and any other disorder responsive to a SRI is intended to be an individual embodiment. Accordingly, whenever mentioned in the present description, each of the indications specified above may be claimed individually.
• depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder or social anxiety disorder, eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, phobias, dysthymia, premenstrual syndrome, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse and any other disorder responsive to a SRI are mentioned in relation to use of a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and an SRI, a pharmaceutical composition, a kit, a method of treatment and a method for the identification of compounds useful for treatment it is intended to be an individual embodiment. Accordingly, each of the indications specified above may individually be claimed together with said use of a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and an SRI, pharmaceutical composition, kit, method of treatment and method for the identification of compounds useful for treatment.
• a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is used according to the invention.
• a compound, which is selective for the H receptor is used according to the invention.
• a compound which is an antagonist, an inverse agonist at the H 3 receptor is used according to the invention.
• the pharmaceutical composition or kit according to the invention may be administered by simultaneous administration.
• simultaneous administration means, that the H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and the SRI are administered with a time separation of no more than 15 minutes, such as at most 10 minutes, such as at most 5 minutes or such as at most 2 minutes.
• the H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and the SRI may be contained in the "same unit dosage form" or in "discrete dosage forms".
• the term “same unit dosage form” means a dosage form comprising both the SRI and the H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist.
• discretrete dosage form means that the H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist is comprised in one dosage form and that the SRI is comprised in another dosage form.
• Simultaneous administration of H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and the SRI is optionally combined with administration of supplementary doses of H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist.
• the supplementary doses of H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist may be given for instance 1, 2, 3 or 4 times a day whereas the SRI and the H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist which are administered by "simultaneous administration" may be given one or more times a day, e.g. once daily or e.g. twice daily.
• the H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and the SRI may be administered by simultaneous administration once daily and supplementary doses of H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist may be administered 1, 2, 3 or 4 times a day, such as 1, 2 or 3 times a day, such as once or twice daily, such as twice daily or such as once daily, or • the H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and the SRI may be administered by simultaneous administration twice daily and supplementary doses of H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist may be administered 1, 2, 3 or 4 times a day, such as 1, 2 or 3 times a day, such as once or twice daily, such as twice daily or such as once daily.
• the pharmaceutical composition or kit according to the invention is administered by sequential administration.
• sequential administration means that 1 or more daily doses of H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and 1 or more daily dose H s of SRI are administered with a time separation between two administered doses of more than 15 minutes and less than 4 hours, such as more than 2 hours and less than 4 hours, such as more than 15 minutes and less than 2 hours, such as more than 1 hour and less than 2 hours, such as more than 30 minutes and less than 1 hour, such as more than 15 minutes and less than 30 minutes.
• the SRI or the H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist may be administered first.
• H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and the SRI are contained in discrete dosage forms, optionally contained in the same container or package. Typically, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 daily doses of H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and 1 or 2 daily doses of SRI may be administered.
• the H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and the SRI may be administered once daily and the H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist may be administered 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times a day, such as 1, 2, 3 or 4 times a day, such as 1 , 2 or 3 times a day, such as once or twice daily, such as twice daily or such as once daily, or • the H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist and the SRI may be administered twice daily and the H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist may be administered 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times a day, such as 1, 2, 3 or 4 times a day, such as 1, 2 or 3 times a day, such as once or twice daily, such as twice daily or such as once daily.
• the pharmaceutical composition or kit according to the invention may be adapted for simultaneous administration of the active ingredients, or it may be adapted for sequential administration of the active ingredients.
• the active ingredients may be contained in the same unit dosage form.
• the pharmaceutical composition or kit is adapted for sequential administration, the active ingredients are contained in discrete dosage forms, optionally contained in the same container or package.
• an "active ingredient” means an SRI or a H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist.
• a kit (kit-of-parts) comprises a preparation of the H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist in a first-unit dosage form, and the SRI in a second-unit dosage form, and container means for containing said first and second dosage forms.
• the present invention relates to the use of, and to pharmaceutical compositions or kits comprising the following combinations:
• GR 168320 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• GR 175737 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• Perceptin (GT 2331) and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imistrian, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• VUF 5000 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• AQ 0145 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• GSK189254A and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• GT 2016 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• GT 2104 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• GT 2209 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• GT 2232 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• GT 2390 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• GT 2349 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• GT 2355 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• GT 2394 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• SCH 79687 and an SRI selected from citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• the present invention relates to a method for the identification of compounds useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and other affective disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder, eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, phobias, dysthymia, premenstrual syndrome, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse or any other disorder responsive to serotonin reuptake inhibitors, comprising, in any order: (a) measuring the ability of test compounds to inhibit serotonin reuptake and selecting the compounds that have an IC 50 value below 50 nM; (b) measuring the affinity of test compounds to the H 3 receptor and selecting the compounds. and thereafter measuring the efficacy of the selected compounds at the H 3 receptor and selecting the compounds which are antagonists, inverse agonists at the receptor.
• affective disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder
• Preferred H 3 ligands show affinity of below 0,5 ⁇ M, whereas other preferred ligands show affinity of below 0,1 ⁇ M and yet other preferred ligands show affinity of below 50 nM. Even more preferred are compounds with affinity below 10 nM.
• assays for the selection / detection of H 3 antagonists, inverse agonists or partial agonists are for example the following:
• Binding assay for the detection of compounds with affinity for H 3 receptors are described in Wulff B., Shastrup S., Rimvall K., European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 453., pp 33-41 (2002).
• Efficacy assay for the detection of antagonists, partial agonists or inverse agonists at the H 3 receptors are for example: Wulff B., Shastrup S., Rimvall K., European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 453., pp 33-41 (2002).
• the invention also covers compounds identified according to this method, but is not limited to these assay methods. According to the invention, it has been found that co-administration of H receptor antagonist or inverse agonist and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor produces a significant increase in the level of serotonin in terminal areas, as measured in microdialysis experiments, compared to the administration of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor alone.
• H receptor antagonist or inverse agonist may provide fast onset of therapeutic effect of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and potentiate the anxiolytic potential of serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
• H 3 receptor antagonist inverse agonist or partial agonist
• a serotonin reuptake inhibitor may greatly reduce the amount of serotonin reuptake inhibitor necessary to treat depression and other affective disorders and may thus reduce the side effects caused by the serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
• the combination of a reduced amount of SRI and a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist may reduce the risk of SRI-induced sexual dysfunction and sleep disturbances.
• H receptor antagonist inverse agonist or partial agonist
• a serotonin reuptake inhibitor may also be useful for the treatment of refractory depression, i.e. depression, which cannot be treated appropriately by administration of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor alone.
• H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist may be used as add-on therapy for the augmentation of the response to SRIs in patients where at least 40-60% reduction in symptoms has not been achieved during the first 6 weeks of treatment with an SRI.
• Compounds which are both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and H 3 receptor antagonists, inverse agonists or partial agonists may have the same pharmacological advantages as the combination of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a H 3 receptor antagonists, inverse agonists or partial agonists, with respect to reduction of side effects, fast onset and in the treatment of treatment resistant patients.
• Any pharmacologically active compound which primarily or partly exerts its therapeutic effect via inhibition of serotonin reuptake in the CNS, may benefit from augmentation with a H 3 receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist.
• the following list contains a number of serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which may benefit from augmentation with a H receptor antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist: citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, R-fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, desmethylvenlafaxine, duloxetine, dapoxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, imipramine N-oxide, desipramine, pirandamine, dazepinil, nefopam, befuraline, fezolamine, femoxetine, clomipramine, cianoimipramine, litoxetine, cericlamine, seproxetine, WY 27587, WY 27866, imeldine, ifoxetine, indeloxazine, tiflucarbine, viqualine, milnacipran, tiflucarbine, viqualine
• H receptor antagonists include compounds, which cause an elevation in the extracellular level of 5-HT in the synaptic cleft, although they are not serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
• One such compound is tianeptine.
• SRIs which are particularly preferred according to the present invention, include citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, vilazodone, nefazodone, imipramine, femoxetine and clomipramine.
• SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• SSRI means an inhibitor of the monoamine transporters, which has stronger inhibitory effect at the serotonin transporter than the dopamine and the noradrenaline transporters.
• Particularly preferred SSRIs according to the invention are citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, duloxetine, vilnazodone and paroxetine.
• citalopram or escitalopram is used.
• H 3 antagonists partial agonists or inverse agonists, which may be used according to the invention:.
• H antagonists, partial agonists or inverse agonists specified above is intended to be an individual embodiment. Accordingly, each of them may be claimed individually.
• H 3 antagonist means H 3 receptor antagonist, partial H 3 receptor agonist and inverse H 3 receptor agonist.
• H receptor antagonist means H 3 receptor antagonist, partial H 3 receptor agonist and inverse H 3 receptor agonist.
• a particular embodiment relates to a H 3 receptor antagonist and the use thereof.
• compositions according to the invention may be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents as well as any other known adjuvants and excipients in accordance with conventional techniques such as those disclosed in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19 Edition, Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, 1995.
• compositions may be specifically formulated for administration by any suitable route such as the oral, rectal, nasal, pulmonary, topical (including buccal and sublingual), transdermal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous and intradermal) route, the oral route being preferred. It will be appreciated that the preferred route will depend on the general condition and age of the subject to be treated, the nature of the condition to be treated and the specific active ingredient or active ingredients chosen.
• compositions for oral administration include solid dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, dragees, pills, lozenges, powders and granules. Where appropriate, they may be prepared with coatings such as enteric coatings or they may be formulated so as to provide controlled release of one or more active ingredient such as sustained or prolonged release according to methods well known in the art.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• compositions for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous and nonaqueous injectable solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders to be reconstituted in sterile injectable solutions or dispersions prior to use. Depot injectable formulations are also contemplated as being within the scope of the present invention.
• Suitable administration forms include suppositories, sprays, ointments, cremes, gels, inhalants, dermal patches, implants etc.
• compositions of this invention or those which are manufactured in accordance with this invention may be administered by any suitable route, for example orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, syrups, etc., or parenterally in the form of solutions for injection.
• suitable route for example orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, syrups, etc.
• parenterally in the form of solutions for injection.
• methods well known in the art may be used, and any pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or other additives normally used in the art may be used.
• a typical oral dosage of each of the active ingredients is in the range of from about 0.001 to about 100 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably from about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg body weight per day, and more preferred from about 0.05 to about 10 mg/kg body weight per day administered in one or more dosages such as 1 to 3 dosages.
• the exact dosage will depend upon the frequency and mode of administration, the sex, age, weight and general condition of the subject treated, the nature and severity of the condition treated and any concomitant diseases to be treated and other factors evident to those skilled in the art.
• parenteral routes such as intravenous, intrathecal, intramuscular and similar administration
• typically doses are in the order of about half the dose employed for oral administration.
• the compounds of this invention are generally utilized as the free substance or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• One example is a base addition salt of a compound having the utility of a free acid.
• salts are prepared in a conventional manner by treating a solution or suspension of a free acid of the active ingredient with a chemical equivalent of a pharmaceutically acceptable base.
• solutions of one or more active ingredient in sterile aqueous solution aqueous propylene glycol, aqueous vitamin E or sesame or peanut oil may be employed.
• aqueous solutions should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose.
• the aqueous solutions are particularly suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration.
• the sterile aqueous media employed are all readily available by standard techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• Solutions for injections may be prepared by dissolving one or more active ingredients and possible additives in a part of the solvent for injection, preferably sterile water, adjusting the solution to a desired volume, sterilising the solution and filling it in suitable ampules or vials. Any suitable additive conventionally used in the art may be added, such as tonicity agents, preservatives, antioxidants, etc.
• Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include inert solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous solution and various organic solvents.
• solid carriers are lactose, terra alba, sucrose, cyclodextrin, talc, agar, pectin, acacia, stearic acid and lower alkyl ethers of cellulose corn starch, potato starch, talcum, magnesium stearate, gelatine, lactose, gums, and the like.
• any other adjuvants or additives usually used for such purposes such as colourings, flavourings, preservatives etc. may be used provided that they are compatible with the active ingredient or ingredients used.
• liquid carriers examples include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, phospho lipids, fatty acids, fatty acid amines, polyoxyethylene and water.
• the carrier or diluent may include any sustained release material known in the art, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or mixed with a wax.
• compositions formed by combining one or more active ingredients of the invention with the pharmaceutical acceptable carriers are then readily administered in a variety of dosage forms suitable for the disclosed routes of administration.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form by methods known in the art of pharmacy.
• the active ingredients of the invention may be formulated in similar or dissimilar pharmaceurical compositions and unit forms thereof.
• the preparation may be tablette, placed in a hard gelatine capsule in powder or pellet form or it may be in the form of a troche or lozenge.
• the amount of solid carrier will vary widely but will usually be from about 25 mg to about 1 g.
• the preparation may be in the form of a syrup, emulsion, soft gelatine capsule or sterile injectable liquid such as an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspension or solution.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise one or more active ingredients in combination with further pharmacologically active substances such as those described in the foregoing.
• mice Male albino rats of a Wi star-derived strain (285-320 g; Harlan, Zeist, The Netherlands) were used for the experiments. Upon surgery, rats were housed individually in plastic cages (35 x 35 x 40 cm), and had free access to food and water. Animals were kept on a 12 h light schedule (light on 7:00 a.m.). The experiments are concordant with the declarations of Helsinki and were approved by the animal care committee of the faculty of mathematics and natural science of the University of Groningen.
• Citalopram hydrobromide Thioperamide (Sigma, St Louis, USA).
• Ciproxifan sinthesized at Lundbeck A/S).
• Microdialysis of brain serotonin levels was performed using home made I-shaped probes, made of polyacrylonitrile / sodium methyl sulfonate copolymer dialysis fiber (i.d. 220 ⁇ m, o.d. 300 ⁇ m, AN 69, Hospal, Italy).
• Preceding surgery rats were anaesthetised using isoflurane (O 2 /N 2 O; 300/300ml/min). Lidocaine-HCl, 10 % (m/v) was used for local anaesthesia.
• Rats were placed in a stereotaxic frame (Kopf, USA), and probes were inserted into Ventral Hippcampus (V.
• Rats were allowed to recover for at least 24 h. Probes were perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing 147 mM NaCl, 3.0 mM KC1, 1.2 mM CaCl 2 , and 1.2 mM MgCl 2 , at a flow-rate of 1.5 ⁇ l / min (Harvard apparatus, South Natick, Ma., USA). 15 minute microdialysis samples were collected in HPLC vials containing 7.5 ⁇ l 0.02 M acetic acid for serotonin analysis.
• 5-HT was detected amperometrically at a glassy carbon electrode at 500 mV vs Ag/AgCl (Antec Leyden, Leiden, The Netherlands). The detection limit was 0.5 fmol 5-HT per 20 ⁇ l sample (signal to noise ratio 3).

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