EP1668165B1 - Processing for cast components - Google Patents
Processing for cast components Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1668165B1 EP1668165B1 EP04781202A EP04781202A EP1668165B1 EP 1668165 B1 EP1668165 B1 EP 1668165B1 EP 04781202 A EP04781202 A EP 04781202A EP 04781202 A EP04781202 A EP 04781202A EP 1668165 B1 EP1668165 B1 EP 1668165B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- aluminum
- cast
- cooling
- percent
- wheel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Not-in-force
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
- B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/02—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working in inert or controlled atmosphere or vacuum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/043—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F3/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by special physical methods, e.g. treatment with neutrons
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/02—Selection of particular materials
- F04D29/023—Selection of particular materials especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
- F04D29/28—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps for radial-flow or helico-centrifugal pumps
- F04D29/284—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps for radial-flow or helico-centrifugal pumps for compressors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/10—Manufacture by removing material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
- F05D2230/21—Manufacture essentially without removing material by casting
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/40—Heat treatment
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/40—Heat treatment
- F05D2230/41—Hardening; Annealing
- F05D2230/411—Precipitation hardening
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/10—Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
- F05D2300/17—Alloys
- F05D2300/173—Aluminium alloys, e.g. AlCuMgPb
Definitions
- the present invention relates to improved processing methods for cast compressor wheels, especially for turbochargers, industrial compressors, and gas turbines, and also for any application in which improved fatigue strength and/or fracture toughness is desirable.
- turbocharged engine for internal combustion engines used in high performance applications such as on-highway trucks and off highway construction and agricultural applications and high performance automobile engines
- high performance applications such as on-highway trucks and off highway construction and agricultural applications and high performance automobile engines
- titanium it is known to forgo cast aluminum as the material of choice, and instead use titanium.
- the higher strength properties of titanium will restore adequate life to the compressor wheel, but only at a significant cost in light of the expense of the raw material, difficulties in machining, and other concerns. Therefore, some turbocharged engines use titanium compressor wheels which greatly increases the initial cost of the turbocharger.
- the use of titanium is "overkill", the titanium providing material properties far in excess of even some extreme environments.
- US 3 185 600 discloses cryogenically treating aluminium alloys for use in aircraft structural components to increase the tensile properties.
- the present invention relates to methods for casting a component with subsequent cryogenic processing.
- the cryogenic processing may be followed with other types of heat treatment, including precipitation hardening as one example.
- the present invention pertains to casting a rotating component from aluminum.
- the rotating component is cooled to a temperature less than about -150 degrees C. After the component is warmed to about room temperature, the component is machined.
- a castable composition for material, processing may comprise mainly aluminum. There is sufficient silicon added to the aluminum to improve castability.
- the composition includes from about 0.1 percent to about 1 percent by weight scandium, or from about 0.1 percent to about 1 percent lithium, or combination of scandium and lithium within those same ranges.
- Various embodiments of the present invention relate to improved materials or improved material processing, or the combination of both, that are applicable to cast aluminum. Yet other embodiments of the present invention relate to improvements in material processing for high strength, high temperature alloys such as Inconel (IN) 713C, IN713LC, IN-738, and IN-100 or GMR235, or related materials that are conventionally used for the turbine [hot side] of a turbocharger. It is thought that by cryogenically treating these components, and other marginally designed turbocharger components, that the overall reliability of the components and the turbocharger will be substantially improved. It has been found that cryogenic processing of a castable aluminum material, including those aluminum compositions with significant additions of silicon, provide greatly increased fatigue strength compared to non-cryogenically cast aluminum alloys.
- cryogenically processed cast aluminum can be considered a replacement for titanium in some applications.
- application of cryogenically processed cast aluminum as discussed herein can replace wrought or forged titanium in some turbocharger compressor wheels, thus avoiding the 10X to 15X cost penalty incurred by the use of titanium.
- Some embodiments of the present invention relate to processing methods which improve the material properties of cast aluminum, including the fatigue strength and/ or the fracture toughness of cast aluminum.
- Such processes can for example be applicable to a variety of static components, including cast aluminum housings such as for automatic transmissions and transfer cases, compressors, valve assemblies, and the like.
- These processes are for example also applicable to a variety of dynamic components, including rotating components, such as pinion gear carriers, automatic transmission clutch housings, air conditioner rotor, valves, piston pumps, centrifugal pumps, seals and seal carriers, and rotary and linear actuators.
- the cast aluminum may include percentages of silicon, magnesium, and other elements similar to that found in commercially available C355 aluminum, but also including up to about 1 percent lithium.
- the cast aluminum may include percentages of silicon, magnesium, and other elements similar to that found in commercially available C355 aluminum, but also including up to about 1 percent scandium.
- the cast aluminum may include percentages of silicon, magnesium, copper and other elements similar to that found in commercially available 354 or A354 aluminum, but also including up to about 1 percent lithium.
- the cast aluminum may include percentages of silicon, magnesium, copper and other elements similar to that found in commercially available 354 or A354 aluminum, but also including up to about 1 percent scandium. It is believed that the cryogenic processing described herein may also improve the fatigue strengths of castable, commercially available aluminum alloys such as A357, D357, A201, B201, and 203.
- the present invention there are various methods for processing cast aluminum. These methods apply to any type of cast aluminum, but in particular cast aluminum including amounts of silicon, magnesium, and other elements similar to C355, and also for cast aluminum including silicon, magnesium, copper, and other elements similar to the composition known as 354 or A354. Further, the processing methods are applicable to the compositions of cast aluminum including lithium, scandium, and combinations of lithium and scandium, as described herein.
- the method includes preparing a casting from the aluminum material, cryogenically processing the cast objects, and then machining the object.
- cryogenic processing occurs during exposure to temperatures reached by use of liquid nitrogen (LN2) at about ambient pressure.
- LN2 liquid nitrogen
- Cast aluminum objects processed according to this method have been shown to have higher, usable high cycle fatigue strength.
- the processing methods include one or more pre-cryogenic processing steps.
- a compressor wheel for a turbocharger there are processes used to cast and process a compressor wheel for a turbocharger.
- the compressor wheel is cast from any of the aluminum compounds described wherein, such as those including lithium, scandium, or lithium and scandium.
- the turbocharger wheel is cast from aluminum and is processed with any of the cryogenic processing methods described wherein.
- a turbocharger wheel is cast from any of the novel aluminum compounds described herein, and further processed according to any one of the cryogenic methods described herein.
- Processes may be used for casting and processing a turbine wheels for a turbocharger.
- the turbine wheel may be cast from a material such as Inconel 713C or GMR235, or other materials used for fabrication of cast or non-cast turbine wheels for turbochargers.
- the turbocharger turbine wheel may be cast from a material such as IN713C or GMR235 and is further processed with any of the cryogenic processing methods described herein.
- processing of compressor wheels it is understood that the present invention also applies to processing of turbine wheels, in as far as the compressor wheels are made of cast aluminium.
- FIGS. 1A, 1B , and 1C show various views of a compressor wheel 30 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Compressor wheel 30 includes a plurality of blades 32 which are cast integrally about a hub 34 and a back plate 36.
- compressor wheel 30 compresses ambient air for use in industrial applications including gas pipelines.
- compressor wheel 30 provides compressed air to an interval combustion engine, the compressor wheel being driven by a turbine, and being part of a turbocharger assembly (not shown).
- compressor wheel 30 provides compressed air to a second compressor and and/or combustor for a gas turbine engine, including both industrial gas turbines and aircraft engine.
- an object is cast from an aluminum alloy which includes up to about 1 percent by weight of lithium and more than about 0.1 percent by weight by lithium which can improve strength & toughness. In some embodiments, the addition of lithium improves the fracture toughness of the material. In other embodiments of the present invention, the object is cast from aluminum alloy which includes up to about 1 percent by weight of scandium and more than about 0.1 percent by weight of scandium. In other embodiments, an object is cast from an aluminum alloy containing up to about 1 percent by weight or lithium and up to about 1 percent by weight of scandium and more than about 0.1 percent by weight of lithium and more than about 0.1 percent by weight of scandium.
- the base cast aluminum alloy to which either lithium, scandium, or lithium and scandium, are added contains about 5 percent by weight silicon, about 1.2 percent by weight copper, and about 0.5 percent by weight magnesium and in some cases other elements.
- This base aluminum may be known by the trade name C355.
- the material includes about 9 percent by weight silicon, about 1.8 percent by weight copper, about 0.5 percent by weight magnesium, and other elements.
- This base material may be known by the trade name 354 or A354.
- the cryogenically processed castable aluminum includes more than about four percent by weight silicon and less than about ten percent by weight silicon.
- the cryogenically processed castable aluminum includes from about four and one-half percent by weight silicon to less than about nine percent by weight silicon.
- the cryogenically processed castable aluminum includes from about four and one-half percent by weight silicon to less than about seven and one-half percent by weight silicon.
- the alloys described herein especially when heat-treated and/or hot isostatic pressing (HIPped), exhibit improved yield strength and tensile strength associated with higher elongation and improved fatigue resistance.
- processing method 100 for producing cast aluminum objects with improved physical properties.
- the steps of methods 100 are applicable to the novel cast aluminum alloys described herein, and further are applicable to processing of wheels for centrifugal compressors.
- Method 100 includes a step 110 in which a castable aluminum alloy is provided.
- the aluminum alloy may be of the type known commercially as C355, 354 or A354, or their equivalents.
- the castable aluminum alloy can include any of the novel compositions described herein which include lithium, scandium, or lithium and scandium.
- various embodiments of the present invention are applicable to any cast aluminum alloy.
- Step 120 includes preparing a casting from the aluminum material.
- the present invention contemplates any method for casting, including casting from sand, lost wax, ceramic and/or plaster based materials and from permanent dies.
- the object simulated by the casting can be of any type, the present invention not being limited to any maximum part thickness or minimum part thickness.
- the cast aluminum is poured under a vacuum assist with dross-free metal.
- the castable aluminum material is conventional, whereas in other embodiments the castable aluminum is alloyed with lithium, scandium, or lithium and scandium.
- some embodiments include pre-cyrogenic processing, such as hot isostatic pressing (HIP).
- HIPping process includes process parameters of 2 to 4 hours at a pressure of about 105MPa at temperatures from about 480°C to about 530°C.
- the present invention is not limited to these parameters, and may be HIPped by equivalent methods.
- step 130 further includes solution heat treating the casting for 10 to 12 hours at about 520°C to about 530°C. Following solution heat treating, step 130 may further include quenching the part in water at about 60°C to about 80°C.
- step 130 of precryogenic processing has been described which includes HIPping, solution heat treating, and quenching, step 120 can also comprise only HIPping, or only solution heat treating followed by a quench.
- the object is cryogenically processed as indicated by step 150 which may occur after precryogenic processing step 130, or alternatively occur after the casting has been prepared at step 120.
- the cryogenic process includes process parameters of 8 to 48 hours at about -200°C to about -180°C.
- the cryogenic temperatures can be obtained by the use of liquid nitrogen at approximately ambient pressure.
- the object is cooled to cryogenic temperatures, and subsequently heated to ambient temperature, at the rate of about 50°C per hour.
- the present invention is not limited to these process parameters.
- small cast aluminum wheels can be processed with higher cooling and heating rates and for less time, based on the high thermal conductivity of aluminum and the high ratio of surface area to weight as exhibited in components such as wheels for centrifugal compressors.
- post-cryogenic processing step 160 includes annealing the cast object to relieve internal stresses.
- This stress relief anneal can include process parameters of 24 to 30 hours at about 130°C to 140°C.
- post-cryogenic processing step 160 includes a heat treat for precipitation hardening of the cast object. This heat treat can include process parameters of 8 to 12 hours at about 150°C to about 160°C.
- cryogenic processing step 170 there is a second cryogenic processing step 170 following step 160.
- This second cryogenic processing is performed with process parameters as previously described.
- the object is machined at step 180.
- the present invention contemplates any kind of machining methods, including machining methods that remove material such as, for example, grinding, boring, cutting, turning, and honing.
- some embodiments of the present invention include post-machining processing as indicated by step 190.
- Step 190 can include an annealing for stress relief, such as with the annealing process parameters described previously. It is thought that cryogenic processing improves the characteristics of a component, including the component's fatigue strength, by reducing residual stresses. For those applications in which the machining of a component induces residual stresses, step 190 can include an additional processing at cryogenic temperatures. However, some embodiments of the present invention do not include any further processing steps after machining step 180. Yet other embodiments of the present invention include either annealing or cryogenically treating, but not both steps.
- FIGS. 3 , 4 , and 5 depict the improvement demonstrated by various embodiments of the present invention.
- Test coupons were cast from 354 Aluminum which was heat treated in accordance with T61 (standard designations of the Aluminum Association).
- FIG. 3 shows a Weibull plot for coupons of a conventional aluminum alloy that were processed with a solution heat treat followed by aging. The data points are represented by dots within circles. A best-fit straight line 202 is shown on FIG. 3 .
- FIGS. 4 and 5 depict the effect of cryogenic processing of similar coupons in the same test procedure.
- the coupons were cryogenically treated for about 24 hours in a temperature range from about -190 degrees Centigrade to about -210 degrees Centigrade.
- FIG. 4 was prepared for coupons of the same aluminum alloy that were solution treated, aged, and then cryogenically treated. Best-fit straight line 204 is shown superimposed on the data set from this first type of cryogenic processing.
- FIG. 5 shows a best-fit straight line 206 superimposed on a data set from a second type of cryogenic processing.
- the coupons used for the data shown in FIG. 5 were prepared from the same aluminum alloy and were then solution treated, followed by cryogenic processing, followed by aging. Note that the best-fit straight line 206 is shifted to the right and downward relative to line 204, and that line 204 is shifted to the right and then downward relative to the line 202.
- These data shifts indicate that the processing of the coupons in FIG. 4 provides improved high cycle fatigue strength from the non-cryogenically processed coupons represented in FIG. 3 . Further, the modified cryogenic treatment of the coupons represented in FIG. 5 are likewise improved relative to the cryogenically treated coupons represented in FIG. 4 . Further, note that the data points of FIG.
- the present invention there is a method for processing an aluminum casting.
- the method comprises providing an aluminum casting, cryogenically treating the aluminum casting, and machining the aluminum casting after the cryogenic treatment.
- the method further comprises HIPping the casting before the cryogenic treatment.
- the method further comprises solution heat treating the casting before the cryogenic treatment.
- the casting is aged after this solution heat-treating and before the cryogenic processing.
- the method comprises aging the cast object after the cryogenic treatment and before the machining.
- a castable aluminum material may include silicon and magnesium. The material may further include up to about 1 percent lithium. The aluminum material may include up to about 1 percent scandium. The aluminum material may include up to about 1 percent lithium and up to about 1 percent scandium. The aluminum material may also include copper.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Turning (AREA)
- Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to improved processing methods for cast compressor wheels, especially for turbochargers, industrial compressors, and gas turbines, and also for any application in which improved fatigue strength and/or fracture toughness is desirable.
- The mechanical performance and cost of many objects are directly related to the methods employed in the design of the object and also to the materials chosen for fabrication of the object. Fabricating the same object from different materials can result in widely different performance and cost. As one example, in the field of centrifugal compressors for turbochargers, there are many applications in which the compressor wheel is cast from aluminum. However, commonly processed cast aluminum compressor wheels have certain limitations in terms of their longevity. As long as the operation of the turbocharger, such as in terms of rotating speed, maximum temperature, and temperature cycling, is within the limitations of the cast aluminum material, the user will experience satisfactory performance. However, some types of usage, such as a turbocharged engine for internal combustion engines used in high performance applications such as on-highway trucks and off highway construction and agricultural applications and high performance automobile engines, may impose operating conditions so severe that cast aluminum will fracture and fail as a result of low cycle fatigue and/or high cycle fatigue. In some of these more severe applications, it is known to forgo cast aluminum as the material of choice, and instead use titanium. The higher strength properties of titanium will restore adequate life to the compressor wheel, but only at a significant cost in light of the expense of the raw material, difficulties in machining, and other concerns. Therefore, some turbocharged engines use titanium compressor wheels which greatly increases the initial cost of the turbocharger. In many of these applications, the use of titanium is "overkill", the titanium providing material properties far in excess of even some extreme environments.
- What is needed is a manufacturing method which provides cast aluminum parts with material properties better than those obtained with commonly known cast aluminum, but without the expense of titanium. The present inventions do this in novel and unobvious ways.
-
US 3 185 600 discloses cryogenically treating aluminium alloys for use in aircraft structural components to increase the tensile properties. - According to the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a centrifugal compressor according to claim 1.
- Thus, the present invention relates to methods for casting a component with subsequent cryogenic processing. The cryogenic processing may be followed with other types of heat treatment, including precipitation hardening as one example.
- The present invention pertains to casting a rotating component from aluminum. The rotating component is cooled to a temperature less than about -150 degrees C. After the component is warmed to about room temperature, the component is machined.
- A castable composition for material, processing may comprise mainly aluminum. There is sufficient silicon added to the aluminum to improve castability. The composition includes from about 0.1 percent to about 1 percent by weight scandium, or from about 0.1 percent to about 1 percent lithium, or combination of scandium and lithium within those same ranges.
- These and other aspects of various embodiments of the present invention will be apparent from the description of the preferred embodiment, claims, and drawings to follow.
-
-
FIG. 1A is an end elevational view of a turbocharger compressor wheel according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 1B is a side elevational view of the compressor wheel ofFIG. 1A . -
FIG. 1C is a cross sectional view of the compressor wheel ofFIG. 1A . -
FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the order of various processes according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 3 is a Weibull plot of percent failure verses cycles to failure for a cast aluminum compound processed with prior art methods. -
FIG. 4 is a Weibull plot of percent failure verses cycles to failure for a cast aluminum compound processed according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG.5 is a Weibull plot of percent failure verses cycles to failure for a cast aluminum compound processed according to another embodiment of the present invention. - For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
- Various embodiments of the present invention relate to improved materials or improved material processing, or the combination of both, that are applicable to cast aluminum. Yet other embodiments of the present invention relate to improvements in material processing for high strength, high temperature alloys such as Inconel (IN) 713C, IN713LC, IN-738, and IN-100 or GMR235, or related materials that are conventionally used for the turbine [hot side] of a turbocharger. It is thought that by cryogenically treating these components, and other marginally designed turbocharger components, that the overall reliability of the components and the turbocharger will be substantially improved. It has been found that cryogenic processing of a castable aluminum material, including those aluminum compositions with significant additions of silicon, provide greatly increased fatigue strength compared to non-cryogenically cast aluminum alloys. The increases in fatigue strength were unexpected because of the many differences between ferrous v. nickel vs. aluminum alloys, or wrought vs. cast materials, or non-silicon bearing materials vs. silicon-bearing castable materials. Based on the results of coupon testing as documented herein, significant improvements in material properties are obtained with cryogenic processing, and cryogenically processed cast aluminum can be considered a replacement for titanium in some applications. As one example, application of cryogenically processed cast aluminum as discussed herein can replace wrought or forged titanium in some turbocharger compressor wheels, thus avoiding the 10X to 15X cost penalty incurred by the use of titanium.
- It is believed that adding up to about 1 percent lithium and/or up to 1 percent scandium improves the material properties of castable aluminum alloys which also include silicon-magnesium or silicon-magnesium-copper. For instance, the addition of lithium is thought to improve the fracture toughness of the castable aluminum.
- Some embodiments of the present invention relate to processing methods which improve the material properties of cast aluminum, including the fatigue strength and/ or the fracture toughness of cast aluminum. Such processes can for example be applicable to a variety of static components, including cast aluminum housings such as for automatic transmissions and transfer cases, compressors, valve assemblies, and the like. These processes are for example also applicable to a variety of dynamic components, including rotating components, such as pinion gear carriers, automatic transmission clutch housings, air conditioner rotor, valves, piston pumps, centrifugal pumps, seals and seal carriers, and rotary and linear actuators.
- The cast aluminum may include percentages of silicon, magnesium, and other elements similar to that found in commercially available C355 aluminum, but also including up to about 1 percent lithium. The cast aluminum may include percentages of silicon, magnesium, and other elements similar to that found in commercially available C355 aluminum, but also including up to about 1 percent scandium. The cast aluminum may include percentages of silicon, magnesium, copper and other elements similar to that found in commercially available 354 or A354 aluminum, but also including up to about 1 percent lithium. The cast aluminum may include percentages of silicon, magnesium, copper and other elements similar to that found in commercially available 354 or A354 aluminum, but also including up to about 1 percent scandium. It is believed that the cryogenic processing described herein may also improve the fatigue strengths of castable, commercially available aluminum alloys such as A357, D357, A201, B201, and 203.
- In another embodiment of the present invention, there are various methods for processing cast aluminum. These methods apply to any type of cast aluminum, but in particular cast aluminum including amounts of silicon, magnesium, and other elements similar to C355, and also for cast aluminum including silicon, magnesium, copper, and other elements similar to the composition known as 354 or A354. Further, the processing methods are applicable to the compositions of cast aluminum including lithium, scandium, and combinations of lithium and scandium, as described herein.
- In the present invention, the method includes preparing a casting from the aluminum material, cryogenically processing the cast objects, and then machining the object. In some embodiments the cryogenic processing occurs during exposure to temperatures reached by use of liquid nitrogen (LN2) at about ambient pressure. Cast aluminum objects processed according to this method have been shown to have higher, usable high cycle fatigue strength. In yet other embodiments of the present invention, the processing methods include one or more pre-cryogenic processing steps. In yet other embodiments of the present invention, there are one or more post-cryogenic processing steps. In yet further embodiments of the present invention, there are various processing steps after machining, including cryogenic processing.
- In still further embodiments, there are processes used to cast and process a compressor wheel for a turbocharger. In some embodiments, the compressor wheel is cast from any of the aluminum compounds described wherein, such as those including lithium, scandium, or lithium and scandium. In other embodiments, the turbocharger wheel is cast from aluminum and is processed with any of the cryogenic processing methods described wherein. In yet other embodiments, a turbocharger wheel is cast from any of the novel aluminum compounds described herein, and further processed according to any one of the cryogenic methods described herein.
- Processes may be used for casting and processing a turbine wheels for a turbocharger. The turbine wheel may be cast from a material such as Inconel 713C or GMR235, or other materials used for fabrication of cast or non-cast turbine wheels for turbochargers. The turbocharger turbine wheel may be cast from a material such as IN713C or GMR235 and is further processed with any of the cryogenic processing methods described herein. Although reference hereafter will be made to processing of compressor wheels, it is understood that the present invention also applies to processing of turbine wheels, in as far as the compressor wheels are made of cast aluminium.
-
FIGS. 1A, 1B , and1C show various views of acompressor wheel 30 according to one embodiment of the present invention.Compressor wheel 30 includes a plurality ofblades 32 which are cast integrally about ahub 34 and aback plate 36. In some embodiments of the present invention,compressor wheel 30 compresses ambient air for use in industrial applications including gas pipelines. In yet other embodiments of the present invention,compressor wheel 30 provides compressed air to an interval combustion engine, the compressor wheel being driven by a turbine, and being part of a turbocharger assembly (not shown). In yet other embodiments of the present invention,compressor wheel 30 provides compressed air to a second compressor and and/or combustor for a gas turbine engine, including both industrial gas turbines and aircraft engine. - In another embodiment, an object is cast from an aluminum alloy which includes up to about 1 percent by weight of lithium and more than about 0.1 percent by weight by lithium which can improve strength & toughness. In some embodiments, the addition of lithium improves the fracture toughness of the material. In other embodiments of the present invention, the object is cast from aluminum alloy which includes up to about 1 percent by weight of scandium and more than about 0.1 percent by weight of scandium. In other embodiments, an object is cast from an aluminum alloy containing up to about 1 percent by weight or lithium and up to about 1 percent by weight of scandium and more than about 0.1 percent by weight of lithium and more than about 0.1 percent by weight of scandium.
- As one example, the base cast aluminum alloy to which either lithium, scandium, or lithium and scandium, are added contains about 5 percent by weight silicon, about 1.2 percent by weight copper, and about 0.5 percent by weight magnesium and in some cases other elements. This base aluminum may be known by the trade name C355. As another example, , the material includes about 9 percent by weight silicon, about 1.8 percent by weight copper, about 0.5 percent by weight magnesium, and other elements. This base material may be known by the trade name 354 or A354. In one embodiment the cryogenically processed castable aluminum includes more than about four percent by weight silicon and less than about ten percent by weight silicon. In yet other applications, the cryogenically processed castable aluminum includes from about four and one-half percent by weight silicon to less than about nine percent by weight silicon. In yet other embodiments the cryogenically processed castable aluminum includes from about four and one-half percent by weight silicon to less than about seven and one-half percent by weight silicon.
- The alloys described herein, especially when heat-treated and/or hot isostatic pressing (HIPped), exhibit improved yield strength and tensile strength associated with higher elongation and improved fatigue resistance.
- Although the addition of lithium, scandium, or lithium and scandium into cast aluminum compounds similar to 354 or A354 and C355 has been described, the present invention is not so limited. The present invention contemplates the addition of lithium, scandium or lithium and scandium to any aluminum alloy used in casting processes.
- Referring to
FIG. 2 , there is aprocessing method 100 for producing cast aluminum objects with improved physical properties. In various embodiments of the present invention, the steps ofmethods 100 are applicable to the novel cast aluminum alloys described herein, and further are applicable to processing of wheels for centrifugal compressors. -
Method 100 includes astep 110 in which a castable aluminum alloy is provided. The aluminum alloy may be of the type known commercially as C355, 354 or A354, or their equivalents. Further, the castable aluminum alloy can include any of the novel compositions described herein which include lithium, scandium, or lithium and scandium. In addition, various embodiments of the present invention are applicable to any cast aluminum alloy. - Step 120 includes preparing a casting from the aluminum material. The present invention contemplates any method for casting, including casting from sand, lost wax, ceramic and/or plaster based materials and from permanent dies. The object simulated by the casting can be of any type, the present invention not being limited to any maximum part thickness or minimum part thickness. In one embodiment the cast aluminum is poured under a vacuum assist with dross-free metal. In some embodiments of the present invention the castable aluminum material is conventional, whereas in other embodiments the castable aluminum is alloyed with lithium, scandium, or lithium and scandium.
- In
step 130, some embodiments include pre-cyrogenic processing, such as hot isostatic pressing (HIP). In one embodiment the HIPping process includes process parameters of 2 to 4 hours at a pressure of about 105MPa at temperatures from about 480°C to about 530°C. However, the present invention is not limited to these parameters, and may be HIPped by equivalent methods. - In other embodiments of the present invention, step 130 further includes solution heat treating the casting for 10 to 12 hours at about 520°C to about 530°C. Following solution heat treating,
step 130 may further include quenching the part in water at about 60°C to about 80°C. Although astep 130 of precryogenic processing has been described which includes HIPping, solution heat treating, and quenching, step 120 can also comprise only HIPping, or only solution heat treating followed by a quench. - The object is cryogenically processed as indicated by
step 150 which may occur afterprecryogenic processing step 130, or alternatively occur after the casting has been prepared atstep 120. In one embodiment, the cryogenic process includes process parameters of 8 to 48 hours at about -200°C to about -180°C. The cryogenic temperatures can be obtained by the use of liquid nitrogen at approximately ambient pressure. Further, the object is cooled to cryogenic temperatures, and subsequently heated to ambient temperature, at the rate of about 50°C per hour. However, the present invention is not limited to these process parameters. In particular, small cast aluminum wheels can be processed with higher cooling and heating rates and for less time, based on the high thermal conductivity of aluminum and the high ratio of surface area to weight as exhibited in components such as wheels for centrifugal compressors. - Following a first cryogenic processing at
step 150, some embodiments of the present invention include apost-cryogenic processing step 160. For example, this post-cryogenic processing can include annealing the cast object to relieve internal stresses. This stress relief anneal can include process parameters of 24 to 30 hours at about 130°C to 140°C. In other embodiments of the present invention,post-cryogenic processing step 160 includes a heat treat for precipitation hardening of the cast object. This heat treat can include process parameters of 8 to 12 hours at about 150°C to about 160°C. - Although it has been shown and described as post-cryogenic processing that includes annealing and precipitation hardening, some embodiments of the present invention include only one of these processing substeps. Yet other embodiments of the present invention do not include any heat treating of the object after
cryogenic processing step 150 and before machiningstep 180. - In some embodiments of the present invention, there is a second
cryogenic processing step 170 followingstep 160. This second cryogenic processing is performed with process parameters as previously described. However, in those embodiments of the present invention in which there is nopost-cryogenic processing step 160, there is also no secondcryogenic processing step 170. - Following
post-cryogenic processing step 160 and/or cryogenic processing steps 150 or 170, the object is machined atstep 180. The present invention contemplates any kind of machining methods, including machining methods that remove material such as, for example, grinding, boring, cutting, turning, and honing. Following machining, some embodiments of the present invention include post-machining processing as indicated bystep 190. Step 190 can include an annealing for stress relief, such as with the annealing process parameters described previously. It is thought that cryogenic processing improves the characteristics of a component, including the component's fatigue strength, by reducing residual stresses. For those applications in which the machining of a component induces residual stresses, step 190 can include an additional processing at cryogenic temperatures. However, some embodiments of the present invention do not include any further processing steps after machiningstep 180. Yet other embodiments of the present invention include either annealing or cryogenically treating, but not both steps. - An improvement in material properties after cryogenic treating of a cast aluminum alloy according to one embodiment of the present invention has been demonstrated with test coupons in a high-cycle fatigue test. Fatigue test bars of a conventional cast aluminum alloy were prepared and tested in accordance with the R.R. Moore test procedure.
-
FIGS. 3 ,4 , and5 depict the improvement demonstrated by various embodiments of the present invention. Test coupons were cast from 354 Aluminum which was heat treated in accordance with T61 (standard designations of the Aluminum Association).FIG. 3 shows a Weibull plot for coupons of a conventional aluminum alloy that were processed with a solution heat treat followed by aging. The data points are represented by dots within circles. A best-fitstraight line 202 is shown onFIG. 3 . -
FIGS. 4 and5 depict the effect of cryogenic processing of similar coupons in the same test procedure. The coupons were cryogenically treated for about 24 hours in a temperature range from about -190 degrees Centigrade to about -210 degrees Centigrade.FIG. 4 was prepared for coupons of the same aluminum alloy that were solution treated, aged, and then cryogenically treated. Best-fitstraight line 204 is shown superimposed on the data set from this first type of cryogenic processing. -
FIG. 5 shows a best-fitstraight line 206 superimposed on a data set from a second type of cryogenic processing. The coupons used for the data shown inFIG. 5 were prepared from the same aluminum alloy and were then solution treated, followed by cryogenic processing, followed by aging. Note that the best-fitstraight line 206 is shifted to the right and downward relative toline 204, and thatline 204 is shifted to the right and then downward relative to theline 202. These data shifts indicate that the processing of the coupons inFIG. 4 provides improved high cycle fatigue strength from the non-cryogenically processed coupons represented inFIG. 3 . Further, the modified cryogenic treatment of the coupons represented inFIG. 5 are likewise improved relative to the cryogenically treated coupons represented inFIG. 4 . Further, note that the data points ofFIG. 5 appear to have less data scatter than the data points ofFIG. 4 orFIG. 3 , indicating that not only is the high cycle fatigue improved, but that the high cycle fatigue properties are statistically more uniform. The coupons in these tests were run in a tension-axial fatigue stress (3000 to 30,000 psi) with a stress ratio of 0.1. These coupons have demonstrated an improvement in the fatigue life of the cast aluminum of about 2.5 times the non-cryogenically processed fatigue limit, with about 90 percent confidence. - In the present invention, there is a method for processing an aluminum casting. The method comprises providing an aluminum casting, cryogenically treating the aluminum casting, and machining the aluminum casting after the cryogenic treatment.
- In another embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprises HIPping the casting before the cryogenic treatment. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprises solution heat treating the casting before the cryogenic treatment. In yet another embodiment, the casting is aged after this solution heat-treating and before the cryogenic processing. In yet embodiment of the present invention, the method comprises aging the cast object after the cryogenic treatment and before the machining. In yet another embodiment, there is a second cryogenic processing after the aging. In a further embodiment, there is a third cryogenic treatment after the machining.
- A castable aluminum material may include silicon and magnesium. The material may further include up to about 1 percent lithium. The aluminum material may include up to about 1 percent scandium. The aluminum material may include up to about 1 percent lithium and up to about 1 percent scandium. The aluminum material may also include copper.
- While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiment has been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the scope of the invention, are desired to be protected.
Claims (20)
- A method for manufacturing a centrifugal compressor, comprising:casting a compressor wheal from aluminum;cooling the cast wheel to a temperature less than -150 degrees Centigrade; andmachining the wheel after said cooling.
- The method of claim 1 which further comprises heating the compressor wheel to precipitation harden the aluminum after said cooling.
- The method of claim 2 which further comprises beating the cast wheel to a solution heat treatment temperature before said cooling.
- The method of clam 1 which further comprises heating the compressor wheel to precipitation harden the aluminum before said cooling.
- The method of claim 4 which further comprises heating the cast wheel to a solution heat treatment temperature before said heating.
- The method of claim 3 or claim 5 wherein the aluminum is selected from the troop including C355, 354, and A354.
- The method of claim t wherein said cooling includes maintaining a temperature less than -150 degrees Centigrade for more than eight hours.
- The method of claim 7 wherein said cooling is to a temperature less than -180 degrees Centigrade and greater than -200 degrees Centigrade.
- The method of claim 1 or claim 6 which further comprises hot isostatic processing of the wheel before said cooling.
- the method of claim 1 which further comprises heating the cast wheel to a solution heat treatment temperature before said cooling.
- The method of claim 1 which further comprises beat treating the cast wheels after said cooling and before said machining
- The method of claim 11 wherein said heat treating is chosen from the group of annealing at a temperature less than 145 degrees Centigrade and precipitation hardening at a temperature greater than 145 degrees Centigrade.
- The method of claim 11 wherein said cooling is a first cooling of the cast wheel and which further comprises a second cooling of the cast wheel to a temperature less than -150 degrees Centigrade after said heat treating and before said machining
- The method of claim 1 which further comprises:precipitation hardening the compressor wheel after said cooling.
- The method of claim 1 or claim 14 wherein the metal is a castable aluminum containing more than four percent by weight of silicon.
- The method of claim 1 or claim 14 wherein the aluminum is a castable aluminum that includes more than one-tenth percent by weight of lithium.
- The method of claim 1 or claim 14 wherein the aluminum is a castable aluminum, that includes more than one-tenth percent by weight of scandium.
- The method of claim 14 wherein said precipitation hardening includes heating the cast object to more than 145 degrees Centigrade.
- The method of claim 14 wherein said casting is with aluminum material chosen from the group of C355, 354, and A354.
- The method of claim 1, wherein said wheel is cast from a castable composition comprising from four percent by weight to twelve percent by weight silicon, more than eighty percent by weight aluminum, and more than 1 percent and less than 1 percent chosen from the group including scandium and lithium.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US49507903P | 2003-08-14 | 2003-08-14 | |
US49760103P | 2003-08-25 | 2003-08-25 | |
US57705504P | 2004-06-04 | 2004-06-04 | |
PCT/US2004/026480 WO2005016577A2 (en) | 2003-08-14 | 2004-08-16 | Processing for cast components |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1668165A2 EP1668165A2 (en) | 2006-06-14 |
EP1668165A4 EP1668165A4 (en) | 2007-12-26 |
EP1668165B1 true EP1668165B1 (en) | 2009-05-27 |
Family
ID=34198971
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04781202A Not-in-force EP1668165B1 (en) | 2003-08-14 | 2004-08-16 | Processing for cast components |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070023112A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1668165B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE432377T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602004021273D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005016577A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7676897B2 (en) * | 2005-03-17 | 2010-03-16 | Keate Robert A | Process of refurbishing brake components |
WO2008005726A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | System and method for designing a die to yield a desired coating uniformity |
US8118556B2 (en) | 2007-01-31 | 2012-02-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | Compressor wheel for a turbocharger system |
IT1397705B1 (en) * | 2009-07-15 | 2013-01-24 | Nuovo Pignone Spa | PRODUCTION METHOD OF A COATING LAYER FOR A COMPONENT OF A TURBOMACCHINA, THE SAME COMPONENT AND THE RELATED MACHINE |
CN104862626B (en) * | 2015-05-06 | 2017-02-01 | 江苏科技大学 | Thermal-cold cycling treatment method for high-speed train body structure material |
CN105220090B (en) * | 2015-07-23 | 2017-04-05 | 中北大学 | A kind of vacuum high-pressure pack alloy heat treating castings method |
ITUA20165254A1 (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2017-12-28 | Antonino Rinella | CRIOTEMPRATI METALLIC MATERIALS, EQUIPPED WITH A HIGH ABILITY TO ABSORB ENERGY OF ELASTIC DEFORMATION, INTENDED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PROTECTIVE REINFORCEMENT FOR PERFORATING RESISTANT TIRES AND LACERATIONS. |
US11319814B2 (en) * | 2019-05-03 | 2022-05-03 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Manufacturing thin-walled castings utilizing adaptive machining |
CN111733370A (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2020-10-02 | 苏州镭翼精工科技有限公司 | Aluminum alloy super-deep cooling stress removing method |
CN112662967A (en) * | 2020-12-03 | 2021-04-16 | 天津众达精密机械有限公司 | Heat treatment method of aluminum alloy casting for precision machining |
CN112795856B (en) * | 2020-12-25 | 2021-10-08 | 国家高速列车青岛技术创新中心 | Heat treatment method for cast aluminum alloy casting and cast aluminum alloy casting obtained by heat treatment method |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3185600A (en) * | 1963-06-13 | 1965-05-25 | Grumman Aircraft Engineering C | Cryogenic quenching method |
JPS5433815A (en) * | 1978-08-14 | 1979-03-12 | Toyota Motor Corp | Aluminum alloy for use in casting |
US4975243A (en) * | 1989-02-13 | 1990-12-04 | Aluminum Company Of America | Aluminum alloy suitable for pistons |
ES2288503T3 (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2008-01-16 | Aleris Aluminum Koblenz Gmbh | WELDING WELDING PRODUCT AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A ASSEMBLY USING THE WELDING WELDING PRODUCT. |
-
2004
- 2004-08-16 DE DE602004021273T patent/DE602004021273D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-08-16 WO PCT/US2004/026480 patent/WO2005016577A2/en active Application Filing
- 2004-08-16 AT AT04781202T patent/ATE432377T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-08-16 US US10/568,256 patent/US20070023112A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-08-16 EP EP04781202A patent/EP1668165B1/en not_active Not-in-force
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2005016577A2 (en) | 2005-02-24 |
EP1668165A4 (en) | 2007-12-26 |
EP1668165A2 (en) | 2006-06-14 |
ATE432377T1 (en) | 2009-06-15 |
US20070023112A1 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
WO2005016577A3 (en) | 2005-05-26 |
DE602004021273D1 (en) | 2009-07-09 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US11215090B2 (en) | High performance iron-based alloys for engine valvetrain applications and methods of making and use thereof | |
US4435226A (en) | Wear resistant cast iron alloy with spheroidal graphite separation and manufacturing method therefor | |
EP1668165B1 (en) | Processing for cast components | |
CA2695472C (en) | Secondary-hardening gear steel | |
JP4321066B2 (en) | Metal gasket, material thereof and method for producing the same | |
CN87104497A (en) | The method of a kind of protection top-end of titanium blade and welding top-end | |
RU2003105549A (en) | THIN PRODUCTS FROM BETA-TITANIUM ALLOYS OR QUASI-BETA-TITANIUM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SUCH PRODUCTS BY FORGING METHOD | |
GB2264079A (en) | Coated components of the intermetallic phase titanium aluminide | |
CN1079840C (en) | Iron-nickel superalloy of type in 706 | |
JPH0672294B2 (en) | Stainless steel casting alloy and manufacturing method thereof | |
US5106434A (en) | Method for producing a metal and ceramic heat-connected body | |
JP7477278B2 (en) | New austenitic alloys for turbochargers | |
AU2762602A (en) | Heat resistant AI die cast material | |
JP2002206143A (en) | High strength low thermal expansion casting steel and ring-shaped parts for blade ring of gas turbine and for seal ring holding ring consisting of the high strength low thermal expansion casting steel | |
US4125417A (en) | Method of salvaging and restoring useful properties to used and retired metal articles | |
JPH0689428B2 (en) | Method for producing heat-resistant aluminum alloy having excellent tensile strength, ductility and fatigue strength | |
JP2002097537A (en) | Co-ni based heat resistant alloy and manufacturing method | |
KR100526690B1 (en) | Method for Manufacturing Parts Consisted of Two Types of Ni-Based Superalloys | |
JPH0539507A (en) | Rotor for oil pump made of aluminum alloy and production thereof | |
US5616192A (en) | Coil retainer for engine valve and preparation of the same | |
JPH0116293B2 (en) | ||
Dowling et al. | Development of TiAl-based automotive engine valves | |
JP2746390B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of aluminum alloy with excellent tensile and fatigue strength | |
CN114807796A (en) | Heat treatment process for improving high-temperature plasticity of GH2909 alloy | |
JP2001003117A (en) | Production of crank shaft |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20060314 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
A4 | Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched |
Effective date: 20071126 |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20080228 |
|
GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
GRAS | Grant fee paid |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 602004021273 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 20090709 Kind code of ref document: P |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: AT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 Ref country code: FI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 |
|
NLV1 | Nl: lapsed or annulled due to failure to fulfill the requirements of art. 29p and 29m of the patents act | ||
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090827 Ref country code: SI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 Ref country code: PL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090907 Ref country code: EE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 Ref country code: CZ Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 Ref country code: DK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 Ref country code: RO Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BG Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090827 Ref country code: MC Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20090831 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20090827 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20090831 Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20090831 |
|
26N | No opposition filed |
Effective date: 20100302 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST Effective date: 20100430 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20090816 Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20090831 Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20100302 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090828 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20090827 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20090816 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: HU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20091128 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: TR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CY Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20090527 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20091027 |