Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
  • A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
  • A23K10/33—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from molasses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
  • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
  • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
  • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

Definitions

• the present invention is directed toward animal feeds, and more particularly to animal feeds for ruminants containing slowly digestible starch.
• Feeder cattle and lactating dairy cows have a high energy demand and are often fed diets containing cereal grains.
• the primary cereal fed is corn while in other countries wheat and barley are more popular.
• Starch is the primary energy component in these grains and it is common to process grains to maximize starch utilization. Cereal grains may be ground, rolled, steam flaked, cracked or otherwise processed to render the starch components more available for digestion. However, these processes typically increase the ease with which rumen bacteria can ferment the starch.
• the presence of rapidly fermentable starch (RFS) can reduce rumen pH levels and depress fiber digestion.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,686,125 discloses a feed for dry cows in which anionic salts are combined with a carrier and a binder, namely wheat and lignin sulfate, respectively. This mix is granulated by pelleting, which involves heating to 80°C for about one minute. This processing is not sufficient to reduce the susceptibility of wheat starch to fermentation by rumen microbes. The fact that this feed was specifically targeted to dry cows that do not require high-energy rations further indicates this mixture was not intended to and would not be expected to protect the starch component in the rumen.
• U.S. Patent No. 5, 120,565 teaches preparation of a high-energy feed for dairy cattle by extrusion/cooking of a mixture containing lipid and at least 20% starch, preferably from corn or wheat. This method requires that the starch be finely ground and that it be gelatinized in the process.
• the main purpose of the invention is to provide a protective matrix to contain lipid that would otherwise interact with and interfere with the normal function of rumen microbes.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,789,001 teaches that processing of soybeans with lignin sulfonate to reduce the degradability of native protein by rumen microbes also reduces the disappearance of oil during incubation within the rumen.
• oilseeds are claimed in this method, practical experience has shown that protection of oil is most effective in soybeans where the protein to oil ratio is 2:1. As the ratio of protein to oil declines, the level of protection of the oil also decreases. Because of this trend, and the fact that cereal grains are relatively low in protein, it was not anticipated that treatment of grains with lignin sulfonate would protect significant quantities of nutrients other than the protein itself.
• the present invention provides a feed for ruminants in which the starch component of cereal grain has been altered in such a way as to reduce its rate of digestibility by rumen microbes.
• This feed is produced by mixing a reducing carbohydrate with comminuted cereal grain, heating the mixture to form a reaction product of the starch and the reducing carbohydrate, and then drying.
• the result of this treatment is to reduce the impact that feeding rapidly fermentable starch in cereal grains can have on rumen pH and fiber digestion, to provide a more even flow of fermentable starch to support microbial metabolism, and to increase the proportion of starch from cereal grains fed to ruminants that is ultimately delivered to the small intestine.
• Non-enzymatic browning of the in situ starch material contained within the cereal grains.
• the non-enzymatic browning is a principally reversible early or intermediate Maillard reaction.
• Non-enzymatic browning renders the starch material resistant to bacterial degradation by forming starch-sugar linkages in a protective matrix.
• the process comprises applying reducing sugars to cereal grains and heating to induce non-enzymatic browning.
• the process includes comminuting the cereal grain to insure penetration of the reducing sugars into the interior of the grain before the browning reaction is initiated.
• ne P resent invention thus provides a feed for ruminant animals which comprises a mixture of organic materials including a cereal grain containing at least one reaction product of in situ starch within the cereal grain and a reducing carbohydrate (sugar).
• the percentage of reducing carbohydrate on grain may be in the range of about 0.1% to about 6% by weight depending upon the cereal used and carbohydrate employed.
• the actual percentage of reducing carbohydrate on cereal depends on the particular carbohydrate or sugar used and on the starch itself with a more preferred dosage comprising about 0.5% to about 3% by weight while the most preferred dosage is about 1% to about 2% by weight.
• the cereal grain may be selected from those sources having sufficient starch for use in conventional ruminant feeds, and which include wheat, barley, oats, flour, triticale, maize (corn), sorghum, rice and rye.
• the reducing carbohydrate comprises a reducing sugar selected from xylose, glucose, fructose, mannose, lactose, ribose, hemicellulose extracts and their hydrolysates, sugars contained in spent sulfite liquor, molasses and its hydrolysates and corn products and their hydrolysates, as well as mixtures of the above carbohydrates.
• Xylose is the preferred reducing carbohydrate.
• the reducing carbohydrate is a component of spent sulfite liquor or dried spent sulfite liquor.
• Spent sulfite liquor typically includes about 10% to about 40% reducing carbohydrates as a component thereof.
• the percentage of spent sulfite liquor solids on cereal grain is about 2% to about 40%.
• the spent sulfite liquor employed in the present invention is typically obtained from the pulping of hardwoods and/or softwoods.
• the method of making a ruminant animal feed comprises the steps of selecting a desired cereal grain, comminuting the cereal grain by any means, such as by grinding, rolling, cracking, flaking or the like to fracture the seed coat, applying a reducing sugar to the comminuted cereal grain, allowing the sugar to penetrate into the interior of the grain, and thereafter heating the mixture at a temperature, pH and percent moisture for a time sufficient to cause non-enzymatic browning of the starch material in the cereal grain to form a protective matrix of starch-sugar linkages that are resistant to microbial attack in the rumen, but break down in the low pH conditions of the abomasum of the animal.
• Comminuting may be accomplished in any conventional manner such as mechanically by a roller mill or a grinding mill, steam flaking, cracking or any other well-known method to fracture the seed coat.
• Application of the sugar is preferably as a solution and may also be done in any conventional manner such as spraying, dripping, mixing or the like.
• steam is employed to cause the reducing sugar to penetrate the comminuted cereal grain.
• other methods resulting in sugar penetration may also be employed such as allowing a mixture of the sugar and cereal grain to steep, with or without heat, so that the sugar penetrates the interior of the grain and is positioned so that a sufficient amount of reducing sugar reaches the interior of the cereal grain to cause an early or intermediate Maillard reaction between the starch and the reducing carbohydrate.
• the mixture is heated, preferably by steam, to result in non-enzymatic browning at a pH of from about 2 to about 10.5, a percent moisture from about 6% to about 40%, a temperature of from about 20°C to about 150°C, and for a time of from about 20 minutes to about 72 hours.
• the steam not only causes the sugars to penetrate the grain but thereafter the steam results in maintenance of an appropriate amount of heat to cause non-enzymatic browning.
• the cereal grain could be dried either before or after comminuting in order to enhance the penetration of the sugar into the interior of the grain.
• the improved feed may be used as an additive in standard ruminant feeds, or may be substituted for part or all of the feed supplied to the animal.
• a particularly desired end result is to improve efficiency of milk production in dairy cows.
• increased milk production yields in dairy cows may be obtained with the same feed levels, or the same milk production yields may be obtained at reduced feed levels.
• the feed of the present invention and its method of making and using it with ruminant animals have several advantageous.
• Cereal grains treated by this method exhibit a starch that is more slowly digestible in the rumen, which provides a more stable pH environment of fibrolytic bacteria.
• an increased proportion of the starch passes through the rumen intact which allows it to be digested in the small intestine.
• Post-rumen digestion is more efficient since the glucose can be absorbed directly into the blood stream through the intestinal wall.
• the starch is better utilized by the animal, and results in improved quantity of milk.
• the animal feed of the present invention includes cereal grains that contain a significant amount of starch that has been modified by non-enzymatic browning to form a reaction product of the starch and a reducing carbohydrate which results in a starch-sugar matrix that is resistant to microbial attack in the animal's rumen, but breaks down in the low pH conditions of the abomasum.
• the cereal grains used to form this feed are those found in high quality cereal grains such as wheat, barley, oats, flour, triticale, maize (corn), sorghum, rice and rye.
• the term "protection” refers to the reduced rate of digestibility of the starch- sugar reaction product in the rumen of the animal. This enables more of the "protected” starch to reach the abomasum. As noted above, this reaction product is the result of reacting reducing sugars (also referred to herein as reducing carbohydrates) with the starch in cereal grain to induce non-enzymatic browning to form the protective matrix.
• reducing sugars also referred to herein as reducing carbohydrates
• reducing sugars and/or "reducing carbohydrates” refers to sugars such as xylose, glucose, fructose, mannose, lactose, ribose, hemicellulose extracts and their hydrolysates, sugars contained in spent sulfite liquor, molasses and its hydrolysates and corn products and their hydrolysates, as well as mixtures of the above carbohydrates.
• the reducing sugars used are those from economical sugar sources such as spent sulfite liquor which is a byproduct of some wood industries and a source of xylose, which is the preferred reducing sugar.
• mixtures of the above reducing sugars are appropriate and may be utilized herein.
• the animal feed of the present invention may be used as an additive to supplement standard feeds fed to ruminants, or may be used to replace some or all of the standard feed itself.
• standard feed means the organic material found in feeds normally and conventionally fed to ruminants. Such feeds are well known in the art and include high quality protein feeds as well as other feeds of lesser protein quality.
• Such feeds include soybean meal, cottonseed meal, feather meal, blood meal, silages, meat and bone meal, sunflower seed meal, canola meal, peanut meal, safflower meal, linseed meal, sesame meal, early bloom legumes, fish products, byproduct protein feedstuffs like distillers and brewers grains, milk products, poultry products, maize (corn), wheat, alfalfa, barley, milo, sorghum, oats, flour, triticale, rice, rye and mixtures thereof.
• reaction products of reducing sugars and starches i.e. termed non- enzymatic browning, herein means a condensation product obtained by reacting a starch useful in feeding ruminants and commonly found in standard ruminant feeds, and a reducing carbohydrate selected for its efficiency in reduction reaction with the starch.
• This reaction is well known in the art, and it is believed that the extent of the reaction forming the present feed corresponds to what has been described in the literature as early and/or intermediate Maillard reactions.
• Maillard reactions are well known by those skilled in the art so that pH, temperature, moisture and time required to carry out the reaction to its optimum extent can readily be determined with little experimentation by those skilled in the art.
• the pH of the reaction is from about 2 to about 10.5.
• the temperature of the reaction ranges from about 20°C to about 150°C with 80 C to about lOO C preferred.
• the time of the reaction ranges from about 20 minutes to about 72 hours with 30 minutes to 120 minutes preferred, 40 minutes to 80 minutes more preferred, and 50 minutes to 60 minutes most preferred.
• the amount of moisture affects the reaction, and the percent moisture ranges from about 6% to about 40% with 15% to 25% preferred.
• the ruminant feed of the present invention may be prepared in several different ways utilizing different starches and different reducing carbohydrates as raw materials.
• the percentage of reducing carbohydrate on cereal grain ranges from about 0.1% to about 6% by weight depending upon the cereal grain and sugar employed. Preferably, an amount of about 0.5% to about 3% by weight is used, and most preferably an amount of about 1% to about 2% by weight is appropriate.
• the preferred source of reducing sugar is spent sulfite liquor. Spent sulfite liquor is that portion of the wood solublized in the acid sulfite pulping of hardwoods and/or softwood plant material. This well-known process is commonly used in making cellulose pulp for the manufacture of paper products.
• Spent sulfite liquors are comprised of about 40% to about 70% lignosulfonates, about 5% to about 30% reducing sugars, and about 2% to about 20% of oligosaccharides.
• Reducing sugars contained in spent sulfite liquor are typically a mixture comprised of glucose, mannose, xylose, galactose and arabinose. The relative proportions among the sugars vary depending upon the exact pulping conditions and the plant material used in the process.
• the animal feed is prepared by first selecting the desired cereal grain or mixture of cereal grains, and then comminuting or breaking the grain cuticle by a mechanical process.
• comminuting can be accomplished by grinding, rolling, flaking, cracking, breaking, or otherwise processing to open or fracture the grain cuticle or coat. Any method of comminuting the grain cuticle may be employed to render the starch components contained within the grain more available for reacting with the reducing sugars.
• the grain is treated with a reducing carbohydrate by applying the sugar, preferably in solution, in any conventional manner to the exterior of the cereal grain.
• the reducing carbohydrate may be applied by spraying the solution thereon, dripping the solution thereon, direct mixing of the ingredients, or other means.
• the sugars in the mixture are caused to penetrate the interior of the grain. This can be accomplished with or without heat. If no heat is utilized, the mixture is typically allowed to steep anywhere from about 1 minute to 1 hour to insure penetration of the sugars into the interior of the grain.
• Heat may also be utilized to cause the sugars to penetrate the cereal grain. If heat is employed, steam is preferred. Heating with steam causes a net migration of moisture from the surface of the cereal grain to its center which thus carries the sugar along with it into the interior of the cereal grain. This penetration of heat and sugar at the same time contributes to a more uniform non-enzymatic browning throughout the cereal grain. Thus, when the cereal grain is thereafter ground, as for example mastication by the animal, there is no loss in starch protection.
• the cereal grain and reducing carbohydrate is heated at a temperature, pH, moisture level and time sufficient to cause non-enzymatic browning to produce the starch-sugar protective matrix. If steeping was employed, the mixture can be roasted with hot air or heated with steam. Likewise, if steam was employed to cause penetration of the sugars, heating with steam is thereafter maintained to result in non-enzymatic browning. Again, either roasting with hot air or heating with steam may be employed to cause non-enzymatic browning, but if steam was employed to cause penetration of the sugars, it is desirable to use steam as economically more efficient to result in non-enzymatic browning.
• the cereal grains may optionally be dried before or after cracking. Typically, this is accomplished by heating with hot air.
• the advantage of drying the grain prior to application of the sugar solution is that dried grain will more readily absorb the sugars into the interior of the grain since the low moisture content of the grain tends to draw the sugar solution into its interior.
• drying increases production costs and thus is not essential to protecting the sugar in accordance with the present invention.
• the amount of protected starch in a feed can be tailored to the situation, if desired. By tailoring the amount of heat, the particular reducing sugar used, and the cereal grain used, grains having different degrees of protection corresponding to different stages of the Maillard reaction may be provided. Thus, various end products can be manufactured and specifically tailored toward desired markets.
• Coarsely ground wheat was split into identical batches of 200 g each. Four of these samples were treated with solutions containing various sugars such that approximately 15% water was added onto the wheat with the sugar. Following thorough mixing, the samples were placed in loosely covered jars and transferred to a 105°C oven for 90 or 150 minutes, depending on the expected reactivity of the sugar. The samples were then spread on paper to cool and dry overnight. Samples were tested for rumen undigested starch (RUS) by incubation in the rumen for 2, 4, and 16 hours, after which the residual starch was measured and reported as a percentage of the original starch placed in the bags.
• RUS rumen undigested starch
• Results show that treatment reduced the amount of starch that was digested for every cereal tested; the greatest gains were in wheat and barley. Corn was slowly digested in the untreated sample, but treatment further reduced the loss. Oat starch, which was digested very rapidly, was also improved by treatment.
• Table B Particle size analyses of ground cereal grains U.S. Sieve Wheat Wheat No.
• Ground wheat was split into two batches, the first being the control (Control) and the second being processed according to the invention (Test).
• Test wheat was combined with 5% lignin sulfonate (dry basis) and heated by direct addition of steam such that the temperature increased to about 105°C and moisture content increased to about 20%. This mixture was held at that temperature for 40 minutes. The mixture was then returned to ambient temperature by evaporative cooling under a stream of forced air. This cooling process also reduced the moisture content to below 15%. Samples were analyzed for nutrient composition (Table D).
• NDF neutral detergent fiber
• DEG disappearance at time t corrected for small particles
• b fraction of the component that is insoluble but degradable in the rumen
• c a rate of disappearance of the fraction
• b t time of incubation
• L a lag phase
• k is the estimated rate of outflow from the rumen and other parameters remain as described earlier. In this case an outflow rate of 8% per hour was used. Rumen undigestable protein (RUP) and rumen undigestable starch (RUS) was calculated as 100% minus ED. The invention resulted in doubling the level of both RUP and RUS (Table F).
• the experimental design was a 4 by 4 Latin-Square with four week feeding periods. Cows were supplied with grass silage ad libitum, 4.5 kg of 24% dairy concentrate twice daily at milking, and a single mid-day meal consisting of 3 kg of the test cereal grains. Feed intakes, milk yields, and milk components were measured during the last week of each period. Milk yield was lowest with the negative control, CW-UK. Milk yields with the treated wheats were similar to that of the positive CM control.
• Cows fed UK treated wheat (TW-UK) had a significantly lower concentration of fat (33.8g/L) than those fed untreated UK wheat (CW-UK) or German Xylig treated wheat (36.4 and 35.9g/L, respectively).
• Cows fed the ground maize diet (CM) had a lower milk fat concentration, 34.2g/L, than those fed untreated UK wheat (CW-UK), with a milk fat content of 36.4g/L. It should also be noted that there was an improvement in milk yield of about 1 L/cow/day between untreated and treated feeds, which represents a significant increase in milk yield.

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• 2003
  • 2003-09-18 AU AU2003263439A patent/AU2003263439A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2003-09-18 EP EP03818627A patent/EP1662894A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2003-09-18 WO PCT/IB2003/004033 patent/WO2005025323A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation

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