EP1660817A1 - Sheathed-element glow plug comprising a specially embedded contact element - Google Patents

Sheathed-element glow plug comprising a specially embedded contact element

Info

Publication number
EP1660817A1
EP1660817A1 EP04738757A EP04738757A EP1660817A1 EP 1660817 A1 EP1660817 A1 EP 1660817A1 EP 04738757 A EP04738757 A EP 04738757A EP 04738757 A EP04738757 A EP 04738757A EP 1660817 A1 EP1660817 A1 EP 1660817A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
glow plug
contact element
housing
plug according
plastic sleeve
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP04738757A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1660817B1 (en
Inventor
Christoph Haluschka
Rainer Bach
Peter Sossinka
Alexander Klonczynski
Laurent Jeannel
Andreas Gaiser
Susanne Blank
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP1660817A1 publication Critical patent/EP1660817A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1660817B1 publication Critical patent/EP1660817B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
    • F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
    • F23Q7/001—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
    • F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    • F02P19/00—Incandescent ignition, e.g. during starting of internal combustion engines; Combination of incandescent and spark ignition

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a glow plug for a fuel engine, consisting of a candle housing, a connector part arranged on the plug housing for the electrical
  • Electricity and a pen heater usually a pipe with an embedded heating element.
  • the connecting part and the heating element are electrically coupled via a connecting bolt and a contact element.
  • the contact element forms the so-called positive contact with the connection bolt and the connection area of the pin heater inside the housing.
  • the invention relates in particular to designs in which the contact is produced by an elastic conductor element, such as a graphite jolette.
  • ceramic adapter sleeves are used for insulation and fixation. These cover the connecting bolt and the graphite tablet and thus prevent contact with the housing. At the same time, they ensure that the contact element remains in a defined position in which good contact with the pin heater or with the heating element is ensured.
  • Glow plugs with small diameters are often required. Since the electrical properties are determined by the pin heater and the connecting bolt or their dimensions, there is little space between the connecting bolt and the housing.
  • the clamping sleeves must therefore be manufactured with a small wall thickness, which is associated with high manufacturing and cost expenditure for ceramic materials.
  • the object of the invention is to propose a glow plug which shows a stable fixation of the contact element and in which the fixation and insulation of the contact element can be produced inexpensively.
  • the solution to the problem is that the connecting bolt and the contact element are at least partially surrounded by an electrically insulating plastic sleeve within the housing.
  • a sleeve preferably a plastic adapter sleeve
  • very simple electrical insulation from the housing is achieved.
  • the plastic sleeves have the advantage over ceramic sleeves that they can be manufactured more simply and therefore more cost-effectively. This applies in particular to sleeves with thin walls, as are often required in glow plugs.
  • Plastics can provide good insulation even with thin walls and are at the same time robust enough to withstand further processing steps. If, for example, a support tube surrounding the heating element is connected to the housing, which is done by pressing, hammering, soldering or welding, strong forces sometimes also act on the plastic sleeve.
  • Plastic sleeves can easily be of various dimensions and
  • Molds are made.
  • An advantageous embodiment is the production of the plastic sleeve as an adapter sleeve.
  • the contact element To make good contact, the contact element must have as large an area as possible on the heating element and the connecting bolt. couple the zen. For a tubular component such as the glow plug, a cylindrical shape of the contact element is therefore appropriate. In order to ensure adequate insulation from the housing, the plastic sleeve must therefore completely surround the cylinder jacket.
  • plastics can also be provided with elastic properties.
  • the plastic sleeve has an elasticity in the radial and or longitudinal direction. The elasticity increases the robustness of the component and reduces the likelihood of breakage during assembly or during loads during operation.
  • the plastic sleeve can be made in one piece or, in a further advantageous embodiment, also in multiple pieces. The individual parts can then be combined in a modular principle for glow plugs of different types.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic representation of part of a glow plug, in section. Description of the embodiment
  • This glow plug 1 shows the parts of a glow plug 1 on which the invention is based.
  • This glow plug 1 consists of a plug housing 2 and a connection area 3 of a pin heater 4, not shown.
  • connection bolt 5 is provided within the housing 2.
  • a contact element 6 is provided between these two elements. This is preferably elastic.
  • Such a contact element 6 can be, for example, a graphite tablet.
  • a plastic sleeve 7 is inserted into the housing 2 according to the invention, within which the connecting pin 4 is arranged.
  • This plastic sleeve 7 can be easily and inexpensively manufactured with a small wall thickness 8.
  • a recess 9 is provided in the connection area 3, into which the contact element 6 can be inserted at least in part.
  • the sleeve 7 is preferably formed in one piece. It is designed as an adapter sleeve and thus lies against the inner wall 10 of the housing 2.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a sheathed-element glow plug (1) for an internal combustion engine. Said plug consists of a plug housing (2), a connection part for the electrical current that is located on said plug housing (2), in addition to a sheathed-element heater (4), which usually takes the form of a tube comprising an embedded heating element. The connection part and the heating element are electrically coupled by means of a connection bolt (5) and a contact element (6). According to the invention, the connection bolt (5) and the contact element (6) are at least partially surrounded inside the housing (2) by an electrically insulating plastic sleeve (7).

Description

Glühstiftkerze mit besonders eingebettetem KontakteleτnentGlow plug with specially embedded contact element
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Glühstiftkerze für eine Brennstoff kraftmaschine, bestehend aus einem Kerzengehäuse, einem an dem Kerzengehäuse angeordneten Anschlussteil für den elektrischenThe invention relates to a glow plug for a fuel engine, consisting of a candle housing, a connector part arranged on the plug housing for the electrical
Strom sowie einem Stiftheizer, in der Regel ein Rohr mit einem eingebetteten Heizelement . Das Anschlussteil und das Heizelement sind über einen Anschlussbolzen und ein Kontakt element elektrisch gekoppelt .Electricity and a pen heater, usually a pipe with an embedded heating element. The connecting part and the heating element are electrically coupled via a connecting bolt and a contact element.
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Das Kontakt element bildet mit dem Anschlussbolzen und dem Anschlussbereich des Stiftheizers im Gehäuseinneren den sogenannten Pluskontakt . Zur Fixierung des Kontakt elements innerhalb des Gehäuses der Glühstiftkerze sowie dessen Isolierung gegenüber dem Gehäuse sind aus dem Stand der Technik unterschiedliche Verfahren bekannt .The contact element forms the so-called positive contact with the connection bolt and the connection area of the pin heater inside the housing. To fix the contact element within the housing of the glow plug and its insulation from the Different methods are known from the prior art of housings.
Die Erfindung bezieht sich insbesondere auf Ausführungen, in denen der Kontakt durch ein elastisches Leitungselement, wie eine Gra- phittaJolette, hergestellt wird. Zur Isolation und Fixierung nutzt man in diesen Ausführungen keramische Spannhülsen. Diese -umhüllen den Anschlussbolzen und die Graphittablette und verhindern so den Kontakt mit dem Gehäuse. Gleichzeitig sorgen sie dafür, άass das Kontakvtelement in einer definierten Position verbleibt, in der ein guter Kontakt mit dem Stiftheizer, bzw. mit dem Heizelement gewährleistet ist.The invention relates in particular to designs in which the contact is produced by an elastic conductor element, such as a graphite jolette. In these versions, ceramic adapter sleeves are used for insulation and fixation. These cover the connecting bolt and the graphite tablet and thus prevent contact with the housing. At the same time, they ensure that the contact element remains in a defined position in which good contact with the pin heater or with the heating element is ensured.
Nachteile des Standes der TechnikDisadvantages of the prior art
Häufig- werden Glühstiftkerzen mit geringen Durchmessern gefordert. Da die elektrischen Eigenschaften durch den Stiftheizer und den Anschlussbolzen, bzw. deren Abmassung vorgegeben ist, bleibt zwischen Anschlussbolzen und Gehäuse wenig Platz. Die Spanntrülsen müssen, daher mit geringer Wandstärke gefertigt werden, was bei keramischen Materialien mit einem hohen Fertigungs- und Kostenaufwand verbunden ist .Glow plugs with small diameters are often required. Since the electrical properties are determined by the pin heater and the connecting bolt or their dimensions, there is little space between the connecting bolt and the housing. The clamping sleeves must therefore be manufactured with a small wall thickness, which is associated with high manufacturing and cost expenditure for ceramic materials.
Aufgab>e der ErfindungObject of the invention
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine Glühstiftkerze vorzuschlagen, die eine stabile Fixierung des Kontaktelements zeigt und -bei der die Fixierung und Isolation des Kontaktelements preisgünstig herstellbar sind. Lösung der AufgabeThe object of the invention is to propose a glow plug which shows a stable fixation of the contact element and in which the fixation and insulation of the contact element can be produced inexpensively. Solution of the task
Die Losung der Aufgabe besteht darin, das der Anscnlussbolzen und das Kontaktelement zumindest teilweise von einer elektrisch isolierenden Kunststoffhülse innerhalb des Gehäuses umgeben werden.The solution to the problem is that the connecting bolt and the contact element are at least partially surrounded by an electrically insulating plastic sleeve within the housing.
Vorteile der Erfindung Durch, das Verwenden einer Hülse, vorzugsweise eine Kunststoff- spannhülse wird eine sehr einfache elektrische Isolierung gegenüber dem Gehäuse erreicht. Die Kunststoffhülsen haben gegenüber keramischen Hülsen den Vorteil, dass sie einfacher und damit auch kostengünstiger herstellbar sind. Das gilt insbesondere für Hülsen mit geringer Wandstärke, wie sie in Glühstiftkerzen häufig benötigt werden.Advantages of the invention By using a sleeve, preferably a plastic adapter sleeve, very simple electrical insulation from the housing is achieved. The plastic sleeves have the advantage over ceramic sleeves that they can be manufactured more simply and therefore more cost-effectively. This applies in particular to sleeves with thin walls, as are often required in glow plugs.
Kunststoffe können auch bei geringen Wandstärken für eine gute I- solierung sorgen und sind gleichzeitig robust genug, um auch wei- tere Verarbeitungsschritte aushalten zu können. Wenn zum Beispiel ein das Heizelement umgebendes Stützrohr mit dem Gehäuse verbunden wird, was durch Pressen, Hämmern, Löten oder Schweißen geschieht, wirken auch auf die Kunststoffhülse zum Teil starlke Kräfte.Plastics can provide good insulation even with thin walls and are at the same time robust enough to withstand further processing steps. If, for example, a support tube surrounding the heating element is connected to the housing, which is done by pressing, hammering, soldering or welding, strong forces sometimes also act on the plastic sleeve.
Kunststoffhülsen können leicht in verschiedenen Abmessungen undPlastic sleeves can easily be of various dimensions and
Formen hergestellt werden. Eine vorteilhafte Ausg-estaltung ist die Herstellung der Kunststoffhülse als Spannhülse.Molds are made. An advantageous embodiment is the production of the plastic sleeve as an adapter sleeve.
Zur Herstellung eines guten Kontakts muss das Kontaktelement mit möglichst großen Flächen an das Heizelement und den Anschlussbol- zen ankoppeln. Für ein rohrformiges Bauteil wie die Glühstiftkerze bietet sich daher eine zylinderartige Form des Kontaktelements an. Um eine ausreichende Isolation gegenüber- dem Gehäuse zu gewährleisten, muss die Kunststoffhülse daher clen Zylindermantel voll- ständig umgeben.To make good contact, the contact element must have as large an area as possible on the heating element and the connecting bolt. couple the zen. For a tubular component such as the glow plug, a cylindrical shape of the contact element is therefore appropriate. In order to ensure adequate insulation from the housing, the plastic sleeve must therefore completely surround the cylinder jacket.
Im Gegensatz zu keramischen Materialien können Kunststoffe auch mit elastischen Eigenschaften zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Xn einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform besitzt die Kunststoffhülse eine Elastizität in radialer und oder Längsrichtung. Die Elastizität erhöht die Robustheit des Bauteils und verringert die Bruchwahrscheinlichkeit bei der Montage oder bei Belastungen während des Betriebs .In contrast to ceramic materials, plastics can also be provided with elastic properties. In an advantageous embodiment, the plastic sleeve has an elasticity in the radial and or longitudinal direction. The elasticity increases the robustness of the component and reduces the likelihood of breakage during assembly or during loads during operation.
Die KunstStoffhülse kann einteilig oder in einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführung auch mehrteilig ausgebildet sein. Die einzelnen Teile können dann im Baukastenprinzip für Glühstiftkerzen verschiedenen Typs kombiniert werden.The plastic sleeve can be made in one piece or, in a further advantageous embodiment, also in multiple pieces. The individual parts can then be combined in a modular principle for glow plugs of different types.
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen gehen aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung sowie den Ansprüchen hervorr.Further advantageous embodiments emerge from the following description and the claims.
Zeichnung Es zeigt:Drawing It shows:
Figur 1 eine schematische Darstellung eines Teils einer Glühstiftkerze, im Schnitt. Beschreibung des AusführungsbeispielsFigure 1 is a schematic representation of part of a glow plug, in section. Description of the embodiment
In Fig. 1 sind die der Erfindung zugrundeliegenden Teile einer Glühstiftkerze 1 dargestellt. Diese Glühstiftkerze 1 besteht aus einem Kerzengehäuse 2 sowie aus einem Anschlussbereich 3 eines nicht näher dargestellten Stiftheizers 4.1 shows the parts of a glow plug 1 on which the invention is based. This glow plug 1 consists of a plug housing 2 and a connection area 3 of a pin heater 4, not shown.
Innerhalb des Gehäuses 2 ist ein Anschlussbolzen 5 vorgesehen. Um den elektrischen Kontakt zwischen dem Anschlussbolzen 5 und dem Anschlussbereich 3 des Heizers herzustellen, ist zwischen diesen beiden Elementen ein Kontaktelement 6 vorgesehen. Dieses ist vorzugsweise elastisch. Bei einem derartigen Kontaktelement 6 kann es sich beispielsweise um eine Graphittablette handeln.A connection bolt 5 is provided within the housing 2. In order to establish the electrical contact between the connecting bolt 5 and the connection area 3 of the heater, a contact element 6 is provided between these two elements. This is preferably elastic. Such a contact element 6 can be, for example, a graphite tablet.
Um die Fixierung des Kontaktelements 6 und die Isolierung von Kon- taktelement und Anschlussbolzen 5 gegenüber dem Gehäuse 2 zu erreichen, wird in das Gehäuse 2 erfindungsgemäss eine Kunststoffhülse 7 eingebracht, innerhalb derer der Anschlussbolzen 4 angeordnet ist. Diese Kunststoffhülse 7 lässt sich einfach und preisgünstig mit geringer Wandstärke 8 fertigen.In order to achieve the fixation of the contact element 6 and the insulation of the contact element and the connecting pin 5 with respect to the housing 2, a plastic sleeve 7 is inserted into the housing 2 according to the invention, within which the connecting pin 4 is arranged. This plastic sleeve 7 can be easily and inexpensively manufactured with a small wall thickness 8.
In dem Anschlussbereich 3 ist eine Ausnehmung 9 vorgesehen, in die das Kontaktelement 6 zumindest zum Teil einführbar ist .A recess 9 is provided in the connection area 3, into which the contact element 6 can be inserted at least in part.
Die Hülse 7 ist vorzugsweise einteilig ausgebildet. Sie ist als Spannhülse ausgebildet und legt sich so an die Innenwandung 10 des Gehäuses 2 an. The sleeve 7 is preferably formed in one piece. It is designed as an adapter sleeve and thus lies against the inner wall 10 of the housing 2.

Claims

AN S P R U C H E EXPECTATIONS
1. Glühstiftkerze für eine Brennstoffkraftmaschine, bestehend aus einem Kerzengehäuse, einem an dem Kerzengehäuse angeordneten Anschlussteil für den elektrischen Strom sowie einem Rohr mit einem eingebettetem Heizelement, wobei der An- schlussbereich und das Heizelement über einen Anschlussbolzen und ein Kontaktelement elektrisch gekoppelt sind, dadurch ge- kennzeichnet, dass der Anschlussbolzen (5) und das Kontaktelement (6) zumindest teilweise von einer elektrisch isolierenden KunstStoffhülse (7) innerhalb des Gehäuses (2) umgeben werde . 1. Glow plug for a fuel engine, consisting of a candle housing, a connection part arranged on the candle housing for the electrical current and a tube with an embedded heating element, the connection area and the heating element being electrically coupled via a connection bolt and a contact element, thereby ge - Indicates that the connecting bolt (5) and the contact element (6) are at least partially surrounded by an electrically insulating plastic sleeve (7) within the housing (2).
2. Glühstiftkerze nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Kunststoffhülse (7) eine Spannhülse ist.2. glow plug according to claim 1, characterized in that the plastic sleeve (7) is an adapter sleeve.
3. Glühstiftkerze nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Kontaktelement (6) eine zylin- derartige Form hat und der Mantel vollständig von der Kunst- Stoffhülse (7) umgeben ist.3. Glow plug according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the contact element (6) has a cylindrical shape and the jacket completely from the art Cloth sleeve (7) is surrounded.
4. Glühstiftkerze nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Kunststoffhulse (7) elastische Eigenschaften besitzt.4. Glow plug according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the plastic sleeve (7) has elastic properties.
5. Glühstiftkerze nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Kunststoffhülse (7) mehrteilig ausgebildet ist.5. Glow plug according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the plastic sleeve (7) is constructed in several parts.
6. Glühstiftkerze nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Kontaktelement (6) elastisch ist .6. glow plug according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the contact element (6) is elastic.
7. Glühstiftkerze nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Kontaktelement (6) eine Graphittablette ist. 7. glow plug according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the contact element (6) is a graphite tablet.
EP04738757.6A 2003-08-28 2004-06-23 Sheathed-element glow plug comprising a specially embedded contact element Expired - Lifetime EP1660817B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10339641A DE10339641A1 (en) 2003-08-28 2003-08-28 Pencil-type glow plug for an internal combustion engine comprises a connecting pin and a contact element that are partly surrounded by an electrically insulating plastic sleeve within the plug housing
PCT/DE2004/001308 WO2005026619A1 (en) 2003-08-28 2004-06-23 Sheathed-element glow plug comprising a specially embedded contact element

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1660817A1 true EP1660817A1 (en) 2006-05-31
EP1660817B1 EP1660817B1 (en) 2017-03-15

Family

ID=34202148

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04738757.6A Expired - Lifetime EP1660817B1 (en) 2003-08-28 2004-06-23 Sheathed-element glow plug comprising a specially embedded contact element

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20070084845A1 (en)
EP (1) EP1660817B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2006528761A (en)
KR (1) KR20060125690A (en)
BR (1) BRPI0413442A (en)
DE (1) DE10339641A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2005026619A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3025153B1 (en) * 2014-09-01 2016-12-09 Bosch Gmbh Robert GLOW PLUG
DE102014220036A1 (en) 2014-10-02 2016-04-07 Robert Bosch Gmbh glow plug

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3231781A1 (en) * 1982-08-26 1984-03-01 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart GLOW PLUG FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
DE8427789U1 (en) * 1984-09-21 1986-01-23 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Sheathed-element glow plugs for internal combustion engines
JPS62731A (en) * 1985-06-27 1987-01-06 Jidosha Kiki Co Ltd Glow plug for diesel engine
DE4335292A1 (en) * 1993-10-15 1995-04-20 Beru Werk Ruprecht Gmbh Co A Glow plug
IT1285043B1 (en) * 1996-03-29 1998-06-03 Cooper Ind Italia GLOW PLUG, PARTICULARLY FOR DIESEL ENGINES
JPH10208853A (en) * 1996-11-19 1998-08-07 Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd Ceramic heater and manufacture thereof
DE10020328A1 (en) * 1999-08-27 2001-03-01 Bosch Gmbh Robert Ceramic glow plug
CZ300980B6 (en) * 1999-08-27 2009-09-30 Robert Bosch Gmbh Sheathed-type glow plug
ATE265023T1 (en) * 1999-08-27 2004-05-15 Bosch Gmbh Robert CERAMIC GLOW PIN CANDLE
EP1162407B1 (en) * 2000-08-11 2002-01-30 Federal-Mogul Ignition Srl Glow plug for internal combustion engines
US7115836B2 (en) * 2004-06-29 2006-10-03 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. Glow plug

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO2005026619A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE10339641A1 (en) 2005-03-24
KR20060125690A (en) 2006-12-06
EP1660817B1 (en) 2017-03-15
US20070084845A1 (en) 2007-04-19
BRPI0413442A (en) 2006-10-17
WO2005026619A1 (en) 2005-03-24
JP2006528761A (en) 2006-12-21

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