EP1642303A2 - Procede concernant la surete des systemes nucleaires hybrides couples, et dispositif mettant en oeuvre ce procede - Google Patents
Procede concernant la surete des systemes nucleaires hybrides couples, et dispositif mettant en oeuvre ce procedeInfo
- Publication number
- EP1642303A2 EP1642303A2 EP04767864A EP04767864A EP1642303A2 EP 1642303 A2 EP1642303 A2 EP 1642303A2 EP 04767864 A EP04767864 A EP 04767864A EP 04767864 A EP04767864 A EP 04767864A EP 1642303 A2 EP1642303 A2 EP 1642303A2
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- Prior art keywords
- energy
- neutrons
- nuclear
- particles
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C1/00—Reactor types
- G21C1/30—Subcritical reactors ; Experimental reactors other than swimming-pool reactors or zero-energy reactors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D3/00—Control of nuclear power plant
- G21D3/04—Safety arrangements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for controlling a sub-critical hybrid nuclear system having a controlled source of external neutrons and to a device implementing this method, in particular for improving the safety of hybrid nuclear systems, whether they are used for the production of energy and / or for the transmutation of certain transuranic chemical elements present in nuclear waste ("waste incineration"). It also relates to a hybrid nuclear system applying this process.
- a system is qualified as subcritical when the number of neutrons emitted by fission is lower than the number of neutrons disappearing by absorption and by leakage.
- the number of fissions observed during successive time intervals decreases and the nuclear reaction decreases in intensity.
- the behavior of these systems is generally characterized by the multiplication factor k which represents the value average of the number of new fissions induced by neutrons from an initial fission. It can be expressed, for a given time interval, by the ratio between the number of neutrons produced by fissions and the number of disappeared neutrons. If this coefficient takes account of neutron leaks to neighboring fuel assemblies or outside the reactor, the latter is qualified as effective and denoted fa.
- fa is less than 1, but close to 1 (typically of the order of 0.95 to 0.995).
- fa is equal to 1. Its variations around the critical value of 1 are represented by reactivity, dimensionless quantity defined by: Its value being very small, it is generally expressed in one hundred thousandths, taking the unit of pcm (per hundred thousand). In a reactor, the reactivity is zero when it is critical, positive if it is over-critical and negative if it is sub-critical.
- a sub-critical reactor must use an external source of neutrons in order to maintain the nuclear reaction. The neutrons provided by this source are called external neutrons.
- This external source of neutrons is intense, it is generally carried out by nuclear reactions, mainly spallation, induced by the impact of charged high-energy particles (0.6 to 1.2 GeV), generally protons or deuterons, on a target preferably made up of heavy elements such as lead, bismuth or uranium.
- These external neutrons must however have an energy of the same order of magnitude as the neutrons maintaining the reaction of the heart in order to have optimal efficiency, which is easy to achieve with spallation neutrons; if they are too fast, they can be slowed down by techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- the spallation target is generally in the form of a lead-bismuth liquid contained in a reservoir placed in the center of the heart in order to optimize the probability of reaction with the combustible material.
- This mixture behaves from the point of view of generation of neutrons such as lead, maize has the advantage of a greater ability to liquefy under the effect of the energy brought by the particle beam (lower liquefaction temperature) to the target.
- the use of a lead-bismuth target improves the thermal behavior of this target for the nominal operation of the reactor. If the dimensions of this target are sufficient, it can be estimated that a 1 GeV proton projected onto a lead or lead-bismuth target can thus generate 20 to 25 neutrons usable by the reactor.
- Protons can be accelerated by any means capable of imparting to them an energy of the order of a few tens of megaelectronvolts (MeV) to a few tens of gigaelectronvolts (GeV).
- These means generally include an accelerator located outside the reactor, the beam of which is directed to the spallation target located in the heart.
- any other source of neutrons may be suitable.
- photo-nuclear reactions the conversion efficiency of which is much lower than that of spallation reactions.
- the neutrons produced have a comparable energy, adequate for the functioning of a hybrid system.
- Photonuclear reactions are here considered globally, that is to say composed of two successive reactions. The first is a Bremsstrahlung reaction, where electrons react to give rise to high energy photons in a linear cross section as a function of the energy of the electrons. The energy spectrum of the photons produced is very wide, between zero and the energy of the incident electrons.
- the second reaction produced is the photo-nuclear reaction proper, this second reaction involving phenomena analogous to a spallation reaction.
- These photonuclear reactions deliver lower intensities of neutrons produced (currently, up to about 5.10 15 neutrons / s, while spallation allows up to some 10 18 neutrons / s). However, they involve very lower costs for the generation and acceleration of electrons (investment of the installation approximately ten times lower), and for use due to high reliability and lower qualification level of the personnel. The installation will be much more compact, but the energy consumption per neutron produced will be approximately thirty times higher.
- Hybrid reactors are a priori known for their ability to receive part of their nuclear waste in their hearts, in particular long-lived radioactive elements such as transuranic elements or certain fission products, in order to "incinerate” them (ie - say transmute them into stable or short-lived radioactive nuclei).
- long-lived radioactive elements such as transuranic elements or certain fission products
- the introduction of the transuranium elements leads to a serious degradation of certain properties which are very important for the safety of the nuclear reactor, in particular a reduction in the fraction of delayed neutrons and a reduction in the Doppler effect.
- This Doppler effect is due to the variation of the relative speed of a neutron moving in the matter compared to the nuclei, which are not immobile but subjected to a thermal agitation.
- the value of the fraction of delayed neutrons ⁇ is extremely important for the safety and for the control of a nuclear reactor, because this parameter (with the average time of appearance of the delayed neutrons) defines the natural period of the reactor. This must be large enough to allow control of the system.
- This significant deterioration of the safety parameters described above makes the transmutation of nuclear waste in conventional critical reactors very problematic. It acts very differently depending on the functional type to which the system is attached, so that each one has its own faults and qualities. It is recalled for this purpose that the subcritical nuclear systems can be functionally divided into two types shown diagrammatically with the aid of FIGS.
- a reactor 102 on which a reactor 102 is represented, in subcritical regime, receiving external neutrons 104 products by nuclear reaction (in particular spallation) on a target 108 using a beam of charged particles 106 (for example protons) coming from an accelerator 100, powered by the electrical network 110.
- This same network also receives the electrical energy produced from the heat generated by the subcritical reactor 102.
- ADS Accelerator Driven System
- the intensity of the external source of neutrons is independent of the power of the heart, and the energy necessary to supply this source is taken from an electrical network as shown in figure la.
- the intensity of the external source which defines the power of the nuclear installation
- the subcritical core only serves to amplify the external neutrons and the energy deposited via the fission reaction.
- the level of subcriticality being predetermined in the nominal state, for example as a function of the safety conditions which are set, of the fuel, and of the desired thermal power. It can be adjusted during the operation of the reactor.
- the intensity of the particle beam is predetermined according to the operating conditions requested from the reactor, then adjusted during operation by an operator.
- ADS decoupled systems require a large source of neutrons.
- the intensity of the external source of neutrons depends directly on the power of the heart and it is chosen in real time so that the whole system is in a critical state.
- safety depends in particular on the following parameters: feedback coefficients, fraction of delayed neutrons and level of subcriticality.
- the piloting of the reactor can no longer be carried out as in the previous case by action of the operator on the correspondence between the power of the core and the intensity of the external source of neutrons;
- the piloting will be carried out by other means such as for example the reactor control rods, or a modification of the fraction of the power of the core allocated to the supply of the accelerator, or even the possible addition of '' a second source of external neutrons (optional), of much weaker power.
- a main difference between these two systems is that, in a coupled system (ACS), the amount of external neutrons produced is predetermined in order to maintain the chain reaction in the heart, while in a decoupled system (ADS) , this intensity varies in real time in order to obtain the exact value of the power desired for the reactor.
- ACS coupled system
- ADS decoupled system
- the entire nuclear system consisting of the nuclear reactor, the accelerator, the target and all of the ancillary means ensuring their functional cooperation then behaves like a critical reactor of which it has all the functional advantages, and in particular the benefit of effects of known internal feedback reactions for the latter (eg the Doppler effect, the expansion of nuclear fuel, etc.), the list of which depends on the embodiments of the nuclear reactor considered.
- each of the two hybrid systems has its advantages and disadvantages.
- the behavior of coupled systems is preferable from the point of view of thermo-hydraulic accidents
- decoupled hybrid systems ADS
- ADS decoupled hybrid systems
- the pros and cons of these two types functionalities of hybrid systems are studied in the document “The accelerator coupled system dynamics” by A. D'angelo et al., Accelerator Driven Transmutation Technologies and Applications Conference, 2001, but also and above all in the document “Coupling of reactor power with accelerator current in ADS Systems ”by A. Gandini, M. Salvatores and I.
- FIG. 2 Slessarev, Accelerator Driven Transmutation Technologies and Applications Conference, June 7-11, 1999, Prague and Annals of Nuclear Energy, 27 (13) 1147 (2000). They are shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2 in which the ordinate axis 200 represents the intensity of a source of charged particles and, the abscissa axis 202 represents the power of the core of the nuclear reactor.
- the intensity of the source is constant regardless of the power of the heart.
- P n the intensity of the source does not increase, which limits any uncontrolled increase in the power supplied by the heart.
- Such a hypothetical embodiment has a major drawback linked to a possible electronic or human failure in the control of the particle accelerator.
- the invention aims to achieve an ACS system whose ideal behavior in the event of an unprotected accident would be: below its nominal power, the behavior of a known ACS system, and above its nominal power, the behavior of a known ADS system.
- the invention aims to propose a new control method which intrinsically improves the safety of a coupled system.
- the present invention aims to provide a system combining the security advantages of intrinsically coupled systems, that is to say without requiring manual or automatic intervention. Disclosure of the invention The present invention results from the observation that, for a known accelerator of particles of a hybrid system, the intensity of the source is supposed to be proportional to the power of the reactor.
- the invention alternatively aims to extend the reactor cycle and reduce the amount of waste generated by a nuclear power plant.
- the amount of waste produced by a nuclear power plant is proportional to the rate of combustion of its fuel, this rate being lower the higher the safety threshold applied against an accidental transient. Consequently, by providing a nuclear system having an intrinsically increased degree of safety, the invention makes it possible to maintain, for a nuclear system, an identical degree of safety with a higher combustion rate, potentially reducing the amount of waste produced by an industrial type reactor, such as those used for the production of electricity.
- the present invention thus aims to solve the various problems mentioned above, by allowing a self-regulating and reliable operation of a coupled system even in the presence of a large amount of actinides, which makes it possible to secure a nuclear system intrinsically. and therefore to use nuclear fuel with a higher utilization rate, or to recycle nuclear fuel.
- the invention is based not only on the choice of an operating point minimizing the energy necessary for the production of neutrons, but more fundamentally still on the methods of adjusting the number of neutrons produced in order to control the reactor and in particular to adapt it at all times to a set power, this adjustment being made no longer by controlling the intensity of the particle beam but the energy of each of its particles.
- This choice of the operating point (which comes down to the choice of the operating energy) naturally aims to maximize the energy efficiency of the nuclear installation by minimizing the energy cost of producing a neutron. It conforms, in the most general embodiment of the invention, to what is established in the case of spallation reactions by the document “Neutron production in bombardments of thin and thick W, Hg, Pb targets by 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.8 and 2.5 GeV protons "by A. Letourneau, J. Galin, F. Goldenbaum et al in “Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research” B 170 (2000) pp. 299-322.
- the set of these two successive reactions does indeed have an overall curve analogous to that of a spallation, but with appreciably different numerical values (in particular for E p x ), as shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b.
- This property of existence of optimal energy although it is known, has no proper name.
- the adjustment of the accelerator in an ACS is done by acting on the intensity of the beam I p , at constant energy of the particles, which has various advantages for the person skilled in the art: the beam acceleration and deflection structures being preset, it was possible to choose for these preliminary adjustments (configuration) operating conditions corresponding to better energy efficiency.
- the essence of the invention consists, after having chosen the operating point minimizing the energy necessary for the production of neutrons, to continuously adjust the particle accelerator not by the beam intensity as in the prior art, but by the energy of the particles emitted. More generally, the contribution of external neutrons varies as a function of the energy of the incident particles E p charged according to a curve in FIG. 8 of the document by S. Leray cited above.
- the power consumed in the particle accelerator P ( constant ) is kept constant, while simultaneously varying the energy of the particles and the intensity of the particle beam, as shown in FIG. 3a.
- this value of the power P ⁇ ns will be chosen so that the power of the nuclear reactor is equal to the set value that Ton was initially set.
- the experiment shows, in all cases, an optimal energy E p Max of the production of neutrons.
- the invention therefore consists of a method for controlling a coupled nuclear system (ACS) comprising a nuclear reactor operating in subcritical regime and a neutron generator device using a beam of accelerated charged particles, the neutron generator providing the quantity of neutrons necessary for the maintenance of the nuclear chain reaction in the core, and the operating point of the system being chosen substantially around the optimal point where the ratio of the number of external neutrons produced, divided by the energy of the proton beam having served to produce them is maximum, this process being characterized in that the adjustment of the number of external neutrons as a function of operating fluctuations in the power of the nuclear reactor is carried out by acting on the energy of the charged particles E p generated and accelerated by the accelerator.
- this process comprises the following stages:
- the intensity of the neutron source will be related to the beam current value: In ⁇ ipV-v (7)
- ⁇ * is the importance of neutrons
- E fe is the energy delivered during a fission reaction
- v is the average number of fission neutrons.
- the thermal power of the subcritical core (if the energy released in the target is not taken into account) is:
- this optimal point may be slightly marked due to a very slight slope at the highest particle energies, and possibly the inaccuracy of the measurements. .
- T “effect Y n ” it is possible to accentuate this maximum, and therefore T “effect Y n ”, by optimizing the geometry of the target, for example in the direction of an increase in the losses of particles incident in the target. Although this decreases the efficiency of neutron production, it allows in return to benefit more from
- T "effect Y n " we can also increase T "effect Y n " by modifying the target, either by reducing its dimensions, or by surrounding it with a possible "buffer” (buffer), the most transparent possible to neutrons already created and whose neutron conversion efficiency is lower than that of the target, or again by a combination of these two conditions.
- This conversion efficiency must be as low as possible, and preferably less than half the conversion efficiency of the target itself.
- 5b shows by way of example that the shapes of curves are globally the same, with three configurations corresponding to: - curve A (top): uranium 238 target, in the form of cylindrical pellet of axis of symmetry confused with Tax of the particle beam, this pellet having a diameter of 4 cm and a height of 4 cm, this target being surrounded by a "absorbent" buffer "of lead, in the shape of a cylinder axis of symmetry merged with Tax of the particle beam, this cylinder having a diameter of 40 cm and a height of 80 cm, and having an axial bore of 4 cm allowing the beam to reach the target proper located in the center of this cylinder shock absorber, - curve B (in the middle): uranium 238 target, in the form of a cylindrical pellet with an axis of symmetry merged with the particle beam tax, this pellet having a diameter of 4 cm and a height of 2 cm, this target being ent with an absorbent lead buffer identical to that of the configuration corresponding to curve A, -
- the ACS systems according to the prior art responded by an action increasing the intensity of the proton beam, which caused the number of external neutrons to increase relatively rapidly, in accordance with curve 404 in FIG. 4.
- the system according to the invention responds by an increase in the energy of the particles in accordance with curve 406 of FIG. 4.
- the rise in power of the reactor is slower and, taking into account self-regulating effects such as the Doppler effect, the final value of the power of the reactor will be less, compared with the prior art.
- this system is provided with an intrinsic safety means in addition to the other feedback effects known in the prior art since, in the event of an uncontrolled increase in the power of the core beyond the nominal operating point (that is to say corresponding to the initial conditions), the energy of the incident particles increases sufficiently to remove this operating point from its optimal value, corresponding to the maximum efficiency of the conversion . So the number of neutrons increase, but much less rapidly than it would in the case of an ACS system regulated by the intensity of the beam of charged particles. Consequently, the increase in power of the reactor is both slower and clearly more limited in amplitude than for the ACS systems according to the prior art.
- FIG. 5a in addition to highlighting a value maximizing the yield of nuclear reactions producing neutrons, FIG. 5a shows that the invention makes it possible to define three operating regimes of the neutron source, these schemes corresponding graphically to three areas of the figure.
- a second zone known as “potential instability” is located in the vicinity of the accelerator optimum.
- the efficiency of nuclear reactions producing neutrons is optimal, which optimizes the energy balance of the hybrid system.
- this regime can switch to the "dangerous" regime.
- an evolution towards the “dangerous” regime does not compromise the security of the system because this evolution occurs during a drop in power produced by the reactor.
- the system can become unstable in relation to negative power fluctuations, which is undesirable for the control of the system.
- 3 - A third zone, called the “Doppler effect”, corresponds to a zone where the yield of nuclear reactions producing neutrons is very close to its optimal value, but decreases as the power required increases. This negative slope of the curve of FIG.
- the invention also relates to a hybrid coupled nuclear system (ACS), comprising a nuclear reactor operating under regime -critical, a source of external neutrons, this source comprising an accelerated beam of charged particles, the source of neutrons providing the quantity of neutrons necessary for the maintenance of the nuclear reaction, and means capable of generating electricity from the heat produced by the nuclear core, this system being characterized in that the number of neutrons induced by the accelerator is controlled by acting on the energy E p of the particles, at constant intensity of the particle beam.
- ACS hybrid coupled nuclear system
- the particles are protons directed in a beam at the center of the heart, and the heart comprises a spallation target.
- the control of this system can be done according to the prior art, for example with the control rods as well as according to other possibilities with the accelerator (the energy being supplied by network).
- the present invention is capable of being applied to any type of nuclear reactor, since during at least part of its operating cycle, it is capable of operating in a subcritical state, made critical by the contribution of external neutrons produced. from accelerated charged particles.
- the reactor can be fast or with thermal neutrons. It can also have critical operation during most of its operation, and have sub-critical operation, as described above, only temporarily or occasionally.
- the invention applies to any type of subcritical nuclear reactor supplied by means of an external source having an optimum value of efficiency in its production of neutrons, and using a particle accelerator making it possible to control the energy of the particles. .
- a particle accelerator making it possible to control the energy of the particles.
- the invention applies to any type of subcritical nuclear reactor supplied by means of an external source having an optimum value of efficiency in its production of neutrons, and using a particle accelerator making it possible to control the energy of the particles.
- the invention applies to any type of subcritical nuclear reactor supplied by means of an external source having an optimum value of efficiency in its production of neutrons, and using a particle accelerator making it possible to control the energy of the particles.
- the invention applies to any type of subcritical nuclear reactor supplied by means of an external source having an optimum value of efficiency in its production of neutrons, and using a particle accelerator making it possible to control the energy of the particles.
- the invention applies to any type of subcritical nuclear reactor supplied by means of an external source having an optimum value of efficiency in its
- FIG. 1 Figures la and lb, already described, are functional diagrams of systems nuclear hybrids
- FIG. 2 already described, is a diagram representing the relationships between the intensity of the spallation neutron source and the power of the core of a nuclear reactor for different hybrid systems
- FIG. 2 is a diagram representing the relationships between the intensity of the spallation neutron source and the power of the core of a nuclear reactor for different hybrid systems
- FIG. 3a is a diagram 300 representing , according to ordinate tax 302, the variation of the particle current emitted by an accelerator as a function of the energy E p (abscissa axis 304) of these particles, this figure 3a thus being a diagram relating to the current J p of the particles produced by an accelerator as a function of the energy of these particles for a given value of the power consumed by the accelerator,
- FIG. 3b e st is a diagram relating to the production yield of neutrons for different combinations of energy of the particles generating these neutrons and of beam intensity, these combinations being defined with power consumed by fixed accelerator
- FIG. 4 is a diagram comparing the increase in power d a nuclear system coupled according to the prior art with a system according to the invention
- FIGS. 5a and 5b are diagrams representing the number of external neutrons produced standard by the energy used to produce them (y axis), as a function of the energy incident particles (x axis) an application of two embodiments of the invention: with spallation reactions for FIG. 5a, and with photonuclear reactions for FIG. 5b.
- Figures 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d are diagrams showing the efficiency of a process according to the invention. Detailed description of the preferred embodiment: a hybrid molten salt system with spallation source
- an ACS coupled system is provided with a molten salt core (fast spectrum with fuel circulating with Thorium support). It is assumed that the efficiency of the accelerator ⁇ a does not depend on the energy E p . According to this condition, the energy of the charged particles is proportional to the power produced.
- the effect of reducing the excursion of the power is less important if the parameter A ⁇ increases.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0307920A FR2856836A1 (fr) | 2003-06-30 | 2003-06-30 | Procede d'ameliorartion de la surete des systemes nucleaires hybrides couples, et dispositif mettant en oeuvre ce procede |
| FR0310540A FR2856837A1 (fr) | 2003-06-30 | 2003-09-05 | Procede d'amelioration de la surete des systemes nucleaires hybrides couples, et dispositif mettant en oeuvre ce procede |
| PCT/FR2004/050302 WO2005004166A2 (fr) | 2003-06-30 | 2004-06-30 | Procede concernant la surete des systemes nucleaires hybrides couples, et dispositif mettant en oeuvre ce procede |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1642303A2 true EP1642303A2 (fr) | 2006-04-05 |
Family
ID=33518425
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP04767864A Withdrawn EP1642303A2 (fr) | 2003-06-30 | 2004-06-30 | Procede concernant la surete des systemes nucleaires hybrides couples, et dispositif mettant en oeuvre ce procede |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20070064859A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1642303A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2007520690A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20060103819A (fr) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0412008A (fr) |
| EA (1) | EA200600127A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2856837A1 (fr) |
| IL (1) | IL172867A0 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2005004166A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2561514B1 (fr) * | 2010-03-29 | 2014-04-23 | Jacobs U.K. Limited | Système nucléaire entraîné par accélérateur avec commande de coefficient de multiplication de neutron efficace |
| US20110286564A1 (en) * | 2010-05-19 | 2011-11-24 | Johnson Rolland P | Accelerator driven power generation |
| DE102010035925A1 (de) * | 2010-08-31 | 2012-03-01 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Kontrolle der Energiedichte in einem 'Target eines Teilchenbeschleunigers |
| RU2689778C2 (ru) * | 2013-03-15 | 2019-05-29 | Сатерленд Кук ЭЛЛВУД | Система управляемого ускорителем подкритического реактора |
| US9368244B2 (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2016-06-14 | Robert Daniel Woolley | Hybrid molten salt reactor with energetic neutron source |
| RU2557616C1 (ru) * | 2014-12-10 | 2015-07-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Инжектор" | Способ преобразования ядерной энергии в тепловую и устройство для его осуществления (варианты) |
| ES2873507T3 (es) | 2016-05-19 | 2021-11-03 | European Spallation Source Eric | Método para proporcionar una fuente de neutrones |
| US11246210B2 (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2022-02-08 | Iron Oak Llc | Laser wake-field acceleration (LWFA)-based nuclear fission system and related techniques |
| CN116884664B (zh) * | 2023-07-12 | 2024-03-01 | 上海交通大学 | 基于子群燃耗技术的稀缺同位素精细化能谱辐照生产方法 |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3604869A1 (de) * | 1986-02-15 | 1987-08-20 | Hochtemperatur Reaktorbau Gmbh | Gasgekuehlter kernreaktor mit einer stationaeren schuettung kugelfoermiger betriebselemente |
| WO1995012203A1 (fr) * | 1993-10-29 | 1995-05-04 | Carlo Rubbia | Amplificateur d'energie destine a la production d'energie nucleaire 'propre' grace a un accelerateur de faisceau de particules |
| US6738446B2 (en) * | 2000-02-24 | 2004-05-18 | General Atomics | System and method for radioactive waste destruction |
-
2003
- 2003-09-05 FR FR0310540A patent/FR2856837A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2004
- 2004-06-30 EP EP04767864A patent/EP1642303A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-06-30 EA EA200600127A patent/EA200600127A1/ru unknown
- 2004-06-30 JP JP2006516358A patent/JP2007520690A/ja active Pending
- 2004-06-30 KR KR1020057025131A patent/KR20060103819A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-06-30 BR BRPI0412008-6A patent/BRPI0412008A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-06-30 WO PCT/FR2004/050302 patent/WO2005004166A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2004-06-30 US US10/561,937 patent/US20070064859A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2005
- 2005-12-28 IL IL172867A patent/IL172867A0/en unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2005004166A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20070064859A1 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
| IL172867A0 (en) | 2006-06-11 |
| FR2856837A1 (fr) | 2004-12-31 |
| WO2005004166A2 (fr) | 2005-01-13 |
| EA200600127A1 (ru) | 2006-08-25 |
| BRPI0412008A (pt) | 2006-08-15 |
| JP2007520690A (ja) | 2007-07-26 |
| KR20060103819A (ko) | 2006-10-04 |
| WO2005004166A3 (fr) | 2005-08-18 |
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