Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • D21C1/00—Pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digesting
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
  • C08B30/00—Preparation of starch, degraded or non-chemically modified starch, amylose, or amylopectin
  • C08B30/12—Degraded, destructured or non-chemically modified starch, e.g. mechanically, enzymatically or by irradiation; Bleaching of starch
  • C08B30/14—Cold water dispersible or pregelatinised starch
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L3/00—Compositions of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
  • C08L3/02—Starch; Degradation products thereof, e.g. dextrin
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
  • D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
  • D21H17/28—Starch
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
  • C08L23/08—Copolymers of ethene
  • C08L23/0846—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons containing other atoms than carbon or hydrogen atoms
  • C08L23/0853—Vinylacetate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L33/24—Homopolymers or copolymers of amides or imides
  • C08L33/26—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylamide or methacrylamide
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/37—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
  • D21H17/375—Poly(meth)acrylamide
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/02—Agents for preventing deposition on the paper mill equipment, e.g. pitch or slime control
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/06—Paper forming aids
  • D21H21/10—Retention agents or drainage improvers

Definitions

• This invention relates to gelled starch compositions of the type suitable for use as a retention aid in the manufacture of paper, or as a clarifying aid for removing solids and other suspended materials from an aqueous dispersion.
• the invention also relates to methods for manufacturing such gelled starch compositions.
• Patent 6274,112 (Moffett, Simmons) present a continuous process for preparing silica microgels for use as a drainage and retention aid in paper making, as a flocculation agent in potable water purification plants, and in similar applications.
• U.S. Patent 6,238,520 (Greenwood) discloses a coagulated slurry containing undissolved starch particles, cationic polymeric flocculant and anionic microparticulate network agglomeration aid, such as bentonite.
• Patent 6,235,835 present a starch modified with at least one cationic polymer and the modified starch is prepared by a process in which a) an anionically modified starch is reacted with a cationic polymer or b) a natural starch or a starch which has not been anionically modified is reacted with the cationic polymer in the presence of an anionic modifier and the polymer-modified starch is used.
• Burnfield U.S. Patent 6,217,709 discloses a composition comprising of a cationic starch, cationic galactomannan gum and acid suitable as a drainage aid and strength additive.
• Patent 6,168,686 (Sutman, et al.) present a novel method for improving drainage rate and retention of fines comprising of adding a cationic or amphoteric starch, and a cationic polyelectrolyte followed by the addition of a high molecular weight anionic polyacrylamide copolymer.
• U.S. Patents 5,859,128 and 6,048,929 disclose a paper furnish containing a modified starch prepared by cooking at least one amphoteric starch, or cationic starch with at least one polyacrylamide as the retention aid under alkaline conditions.
• Patents 5,482,693 (Rushmere, J., Moffett, R), 5,176,891 (Rushmere, J.) and 4,954,220 (Rushmere, J.) present a process for producing water-soluble polyparticulate polyaluminosilicate microgels.
• U.S. Patent 5,178,730 (Bixler, H., Peats, S.) discloses that an improvement in retention can be achieved by adding a medium/high molecular weight cationic polymer or by adding a natural hectorite to the furnish.
• Patent 4,643,801 (Johnson, K.) reveals a binder comprising a cationic starch in combination with an anionic high molecular weight polymer and a dispersed silica to improve retention.
• U.S. Patent 4,388,150 (Sunden, O., et al.) discloses that an improvement could be found with the use of colloidal silicic acid and cationic starch.
• U.S. Patent 4,066,495 presents a method of adding cationic starch and an anionic polyacrylamide polymer to the pulp in a papermaking process to improve retention.
• Patent 4,954,220 (Rushmere) reveals the use of anionic polysilicate microgels with an organic polymer to flocculate pulp and filler fines, to improve water removal and fines retention.
• This invention relates to compositions obtained by cooking starch and combining the starch, before or after cooking with species which induce gelation.
• the resulting modified starch compositions may be used as a retention aid in the manufacture of paper or as a clarifying aid for removing solids and other suspending materials from an aqueous dispersion.
• a starch composition made by cooking a starch and a species which induces gelation.
• a starch composition made by cooking a starch, a polyacrylamide polymer and a species which induces gelation.
• a starch composition made by cooking a starch, anionic or potential anionic polymer and a species which induces gelation.
• a dry starch composition suitable for forming an additive for a paper furnish the starch composition comprising a starch and a species which induces gelation.
• a dry starch composition suitable for forming an additive for a paper furnish the starch composition comprising a starch, a polyacrylamide polymer and a species which induces gelation.
• a dry starch composition suitable for forming an additive for a paper furnish, the starch composition comprising a starch, an anionic or a potential anionic polymer and a species which induces gelation.
• a method of making a starch composition suitable for adding to a paper furnish comprising combining starch (with or without polyacrylamide and/or a anionic or potential anionic polymer) and one or more anionic, cationic or amphoteric inorganic colloidal species to form a starch composition, and cooking the starch composition to produce a gel.
• a method of making a starch composition suitable for adding to a paper furnish comprising cooking starch (with or without polyacrylamide) and combining the cooked starch with one or more anionic, cationic or amphoteric inorganic colloidal species with or without an anionic or potential anionic polymer, to form a gelled starch composition.
• a method of making a starch composition suitable for adding to a paper furnish comprising combining starch (with or without polyacrylamide and/or a anionic or potential anionic polymer) and one or more species capable of ionic or coordination bonding to form a starch composition, and cooking the starch composition to produce a gel.
• a method of making a starch composition suitable for adding to a paper furnish comprising cooking starch (with or without polyacrylamide) and combining the cooked starch with one or more species capable of ionic or coordination bonding with or without an anionic or potential anionic polymer, to form a gelled starch composition.
• a method of making a starch composition suitable for adding to a paper furnish comprising combining starch (with or without polyacrylamide and/or a anionic or potential anionic polymer) and one or more species capable of hydrogen bonding to form a starch composition, and cooking the starch composition to produce a gel.
• a starch composition suitable for adding to a paper furnish comprising cooking starch (with or without polyacrylamide) and combining the cooked starch with one or more species capable of hydrogen bonding with or without an anionic or potential anionic polymer, to form a gelled starch composition.
• the invention relates to solution clarification and in particular, the retention of cellulosic species, inorganic fillers, and hydrophobic suspensions such as pitch, fatty acids, sizing agents, organic fluorocarbons and other materials used in the papermaking process.
• the prior art has typically centered on the addition of cationic retention aids to the papermaking furnish.
• This invention relates to compositions obtained by cooking cationic or amphoteric starch with one or more anionic, cationic or amphoteric inorganic colloidal species.
• the starch should preferably have a degree of cationic substitution between about 0.01 to 0.30, and be cooked at a temperature above about 60°C in an aqueous solution for a time effective to modify the starch.
• the result of the cooking process will be a gelatinous product which may be added to a papermaking furnish as a retention aid, or used a clarifying aid for removing solids and other suspended materials from an aqueous dispersion.
• the composition may also contain polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer.
• cationic or amphoteric starch may be cooked separately and one or more anionic, cationic or amphoteric inorganic colloidal species combined with the starch solution after the cooking process to induce gelation.
• the starch should preferably have a degree of cationic substitution between about 0.01 to 0.30, and be cooked at a temperature above about 60°C in an aqueous solution for a time effective to modify the starch.
• Combining the inorganic colloidal species and the starch solution will result in a gelatinous product which may be added to a papermaking furnish as a retention aid, or used a clarifying aid for removing solids and other suspended materials from an aqueous dispersion.
• the composition may also contain polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer. This invention relates to compositions obtained by cooking cationic, anionic, non-ionic or amphoteric starch with one or more species capable of ionic or coordination bonding.
• the starch should be cooked at a temperature above about 60°C in an aqueous solution for a time effective to modify the starch.
• the result of the cooking process will be a gelatinous product which may be added to a papermaking furnish as a retention aid, or used a clarifying aid for removing solids and other suspended materials from an aqueous dispersion.
• the composition may also contain polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer.
• cationic, anionic, non-ionic or amphoteric starch may be cooked separately and one or more species capable of ionic or coordination bonding combined with the starch solution after the cooking process to induce gelation.
• the starch should be cooked at a temperature above about 60°C in an aqueous solution for a time effective to modify the starch.
• Combining the ionic or coordination bonding species and the starch solution will result in a gelatinous product which may be added to a papermaking furnish as a retention aid, or used a clarifying aid for removing solids and other suspended materials from an aqueous dispersion.
• the composition may also contain polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer.
• the species capable of ionic or coordination bonding may be selected from the subgroups of species containing multivalent ions, species containing multiple monovalent ions, and liganding coordination species.
• Such species may comprise or contain, but are not limited to, elements such as beryllium, magnesium, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, boron, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorous, carbon and silicon containing compounds or ions, alone or in combination.
• This invention relates to compositions obtained by cooking cationic, anionic, non-ionic or amphoteric starch with one or more species capable of hydrogen bonding.
• the starch should be cooked at a temperature above about 60°C in an aqueous solution for a time effective to modify the starch.
• the result of the cooking process will be a gelatinous product which may be added to a papermaking furnish as a retention aid, or used a clarifying aid for removing solids and other suspended materials from an aqueous dispersion.
• the composition may also contain polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer.
• cationic, anionic, non-ionic or amphoteric starch may be cooked separately and one or more species capable of hydrogen bonding combined with the starch solution after the cooking process to induce gelation.
• the starch should be cooked at a temperature above about 60°C in an aqueous solution for a time effective to modify the starch.
• Combining the hydrogen bonding species and the starch solution will result in a gelatinous product which may be added to a papermaking furnish as a retention aid, or used a clarifying aid for removing solids and other suspended materials from an aqueous dispersion.
• the composition may also contain polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer.
• the species capable of hydrogen bonding may include but are not limited to, inorganic species such as borates, silicates, aluminates and organic species such as glycol or polyol containing moieties including oligomers and polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide and other oligomers or polymers capable of hydrogen bonding such as polyvinyl acetate and poly(n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone), alone or in combination.
• the cationic, anionic, amphoteric or non-ionic starch may be any of those previously used in papermaking, or other suitable starches.
• Cationic starch may be derived from any of the common starch producing materials such as corn starch, potato starch, tapioca starch, and wheat starch.
• Cationization can be achieved by any suitable procedure, such as by the addition of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl- ammonium chloride, to obtain cationic starches with various degrees of nitrogen substitution.
• the degree of cationic substitution on the starches can range from about 0.01 to about 0.30, preferably between 0.02 and 0J5.
• Naturally occurring amphoteric starches such as potato starch, or synthetic amphoteric starches, also may be selected. It may be convenient for the cooking to be accomplished using a starch cooker at a paper mill. A batch cooker or continuous cooker, such as a jet cooker, may be selected.
• the solids content during cooking is preferably less than about 15%, but higher solids concentrations may be used if adequate mixing can be accomplished.
• Batch cooking generally is conducted at a temperature within the range of from about 60°C to about 100°C, and preferably at atmospheric pressure. Batch cooking at greater than atmospheric pressure can be practiced, thus enabling higher cooking temperatures.
• Continuous jet cooking typically is conducted at temperatures within the range of from about 60°C to about 130°C, and preferably at 1 atmosphere and higher pressures. Higher cooking temperatures can be used if decomposition of the starch is prevented. Cooking time of starch or combined starch and gelation inducing species solutions should be sufficient to allow the starch to at least partially solubilize.
• the selected cooking time will vary with the selected ingredients, cooking equipment and temperature, but typically will be a time within the range of from less than a second to about an hour. Longer cooking times are generally required at lower cooking temperatures.
• Solution pH may be adjusted with conventional acids, bases, or salts of acids or bases, such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide producing carbonic acid, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide.
• Aluminum compounds, such alum, polyaluminum chlorides, and aluminates, such as sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate, can be used to change pH and boost retention performance.
• the modified starch composition may be added to any suitable paper furnish as a retention aid to improve the retention of fines, fillers and other suspended material.
• the paper furnish may contain a variety of wood pulp and inorganic fillers, and typically has a pH within the range of from about 3 to about 10.
• chemical, mechanical, chemi-mechanical and semi-chemical pulps may be used together with clays, precipitated or ground calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, silica, talc and other inorganic fillers if desired.
• Such fillers typically are used at the 5 % to 30 % loading level, as a weight percent of the total paper weight, but may reach levels as high as 35%, or higher, for some specialty applications.
• One particular embodiment of the invention comprises a dry starch composition suitable for forming an additive for a paper furnish.
• the dry starch composition includes a starch, potentially polyacrylamide and/or anionic or potential anionic polymer and species which induces gelation.
• the dry starch composition of the invention can be prepared, transported and stored as a dry mixture. Any suitable liquid, such as water, can be added to the dry starch composition to make a wet solution suitable for cooking and adding as an additive to a paper furnish. Particularly advantageous results are obtained when the paper furnish also contains one or more anionic, cationic or amphoteric inorganic colloidal species.
• the colloidal species is an anionic colloid.
• colloidal species may include but are not limited to montmorillonite, bentonite, titania, silica sols, aluminum modified silica sols, aluminum silicate sols, polysilicic acid, polysilicate microgels and polyaluminosilicate microgels, separately or in combination.
• the dry starch composition, the wet starch composition, or the paper furnish also may contain other typical additives, such as internal sizing agents, wet and dry strength agents, biocides, aluminum compounds (such as alum, aluminates, polyaluminum chlorides, etc.), cationic polymers (retention aids and flocculants), anionic polymers, amphoteric polymers and/or separate additions of starch.
• the method of making a starch composition can be carried out by combining the starch, potentially polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer and one or more anionic, cationic or amphoteric inorganic colloidal species to make a starch composition and cooking the composition. Also, the method can be carried out by cooking a starch solution, potentially containing polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer, and combining the cooked starch solution with one or more anionic, cationic or amphoteric inorganic colloidal species to make a starch composition.
• the method can be carried out by combining the starch, potentially polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer and one or more species capable of ionic or coordination bonding to make a starch composition and cooking the composition. Also, the method can be carried out by cooking a starch solution, potentially containing polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer, and combining the cooked starch solution with one or more species capable of ionic or coordination bonding to make a starch composition. Also the method can be carried out by combining the starch, potentially polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer, and one or more species capable of hydrogen bonding to make a starch composition and cooking the composition.
• the method can be carried out by cooking a starch solution, potentially containing polyacrylamide and/or an anionic or potential anionic polymer, combining the cooked starch solution with one or more species capable of hydrogen bonding to make a starch composition.
• Example 1 This example demonstrates how blending a cooked starch and an anionic polyacrylamide in the presence of an anionic inorganic colloidal silica together prior to the addition to the paper furnish yields better retention values than adding the three additives separately.
• the cationic starch (Stalok 180 from A.E. Staley) was prepared by blending 20 dry grams of starch with 1980 grams of distilled water. The blend was then cooked in a Sensors and Simulations auto-batch starch cooker with a warm up cycle of 20 minutes and a cooking cycle of 30 minutes at 96 °C. After cooking, the starch was allowed to cool to room temperature.
• the anionic polyacrylamide (AN 923 from SNF Floger, Inc) was prepared at 0.1 % by hydrating 1 dry gram of polymer into 999 grams of distilled water. The 0.1 % PAM solution was agitated with a magnetic stirrer for 1 hour.
• the colloidal silica (N-8671), a product from Ondeo Nalco was prepared by mixing the equivalent of 1 dry gram of silica into 799 grams of water (0.125% solution).
• a blend was prepared by first adjusting the pH of 277 grams of 1% cooked starch to 5.0 with sulfuric acid. Next, 23 grams of 0.1% PAM was added to the starch and mixed thoroughly. The pH of the mixture was then increased with sodium aluminate to a pH of 7.8.
• silica was added to the starch/PAM mixture and thoroughly mixed.
• the starch and PAM were separately but simultaneously added to the paper furnish.
• the colloidal silica was added to the furnish 10 seconds after the addition of the starch and PAM.
• the dosage of starch, PAM and silica were 15 lb/ton, 0J25 lb/ton and 0J lb/ton, respectively.
• the starch/PAM/silica blend was added to the paper furnish at a rate of 15 lb/ton. The ash retention results are shown below in Table 1.
• Example 2 This example demonstrates the effects of combining a cationic starch and an anionic polyacrylamide in the presence of species capable of ionic bonding.
• Stalok 180 cationic starch and AN 923 anionic polyacrylamide were prepared using the same procedures as in Example 1.
• three starch/PAM gels were prepared in the presence of various ionic species. The pH of the cationic starch for each gel prepared was adjusted to 5.0 with sulfuric acid prior to mixing with the anionic polyacrylamide. The first gel was prepared by thoroughly mixing 277 grams of 1% cationic starch with 23 grams of 0.1% anionic polyacrylamide. The pH of the mix was then increased to 6.5 with sodium hydroxide.
• the second starch/PAM gel was prepared exactly like the first blend except calcium chloride was added to the starch prior to adding the PAM.
• the calcium chloride was added at a ratio of 1.6:1 Ca ion: PAM.
• the pH of the blend was then raised to 6.7 with sodium hydroxide.
• the third blend was prepared by thoroughly mixing 277 grams of cationic starch (pH 5) with 23 grams of 0.1% anionic polyacrylamide then adjusting the pH with sodium aluminate.
• the starch and PAM were separately but simultaneously added to the paper furnish.
• the dosage of starch and PAM were 15 lb/ton and 0.125 lb/ton, respectively.
• Example 3 demonstrates how blending a cooked starch and a species capable of hydrogen bonding together prior to the addition to the paper furnish yields better retention values than adding the additives separately.
• the cationic starch (S.L. 180) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
• the polymer used capable of hydrogen bonding in this case was a polyvinylacetate (PVAC) from Rohm and Haas (Polyco 2152) which was prepared at 0J % by hydrating 1 dry gram of polymer into 999 grams of distilled water.
• a blend was prepared by thoroughly mixing 277 grams of 1% cationic starch with 23 grams of 0J%> PVA solution.
• the starch and polyvinylacetate were separately but simultaneously added to the paper furnish.
• the dosage of starch and polyvinylacetate were 15 lb/ton and 0.125 lb/ton, respectively.
• the starch/PVAC blend was added to the paper furnish at a rate of 15 lb/ton.
• the ash retention results are shown below in Table 3.
• Example 4 This example demonstrates how cooking a blend of starch and a species capable of hydrogen bonding together prior to the addition to the paper furnish yields better retention values than adding the additives separately.
• the cationic starch (S.L. 180) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
• the polymer used capable of hydrogen bonding in this case was polyvinylacetate (PVAC) from Rohm and Haas (Polyco 2152) which was prepared at 0J % by hydrating 1 dry gram of polymer into 999 grams of distilled water.
• a blend was prepared by thoroughly mixing 20 dry grams of cationic starch with 1813.4 grams of distilled water. Next, 166.6 grams of 0J % PVAC was added to the starch slurry.
• the blend was then cooked in a Sensors and Simulations auto-batch starch cooker with a warm up cycle of 20 minutes and a cooking cycle of 30 minutes at 96 °C. After cooking, the starch blend was allowed to cool to room temperature.
• the starch and polyvinylacetate were separately but simultaneously added to the paper furnish. The dosage of starch and polyvinylacetate were 15 lb/ton and 0J25 lb/ton, respectively.
• the starch/PVAC blend was added to the paper furnish at a rate of 15 lb/ton. The ash retention results are shown below in Table 4.
• Ash retention trials for the following example were conducted using a simulated paper furnish comprised of 85 » Hammermill photo copy paper, 7.5% SAPPI Somerset Cover Gloss coated paper, 7.5% Tembec BCTMP, and 15% added virgin calcium carbonate. These components were blended together to obtain typical paper furnish properties such as zeta potential, filler content, conductivity, etc... often found at commercial paper mills producing alkaline wood-free coated papers.
• a drainage/retention apparatus developed by the University of Maine was used. The procedures used were similar to those described in TAPPI standard T-261.
• Example 5 Example 5 demonstrates that the ash retention performance is enhanced when a cationic starch and a polymer blend are cooked together in the presence of an aluminum compound.
• the anionic polymer, 7M CMC was prepared as described in the previous examples.
• the pH of this solution was then raised to 9.0 using the aluminum compound sodium aluminate.
• the solution was then cooked in a jet cooker at 255 °F.
• the starch and CMC were separately but simultaneously added to the paper furnish at a dosage of 20 lb/ton and 0.4 lb/ton respectively.
• the starch/CMC blend was added to the paper furnish at a rate of 20 lb/ton.
• the ash retention results are shown below in Table 5.
• the result shows the blend of starch and an anionic polymer, CMC, containing an aluminum compound before cooking outperformed the separate addition of starch and CMC to the paper furnish.

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