EP1616362A1 - Verfahren zur modellierung von stoff- und/oder wärmetransportvorgängen in einer vorrichtung sowie vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens - Google Patents
Verfahren zur modellierung von stoff- und/oder wärmetransportvorgängen in einer vorrichtung sowie vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrensInfo
- Publication number
- EP1616362A1 EP1616362A1 EP04727504A EP04727504A EP1616362A1 EP 1616362 A1 EP1616362 A1 EP 1616362A1 EP 04727504 A EP04727504 A EP 04727504A EP 04727504 A EP04727504 A EP 04727504A EP 1616362 A1 EP1616362 A1 EP 1616362A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- cell stack
- grid
- area
- fuel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2483—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by internal manifolds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
- H01M8/04074—Heat exchange unit structures specially adapted for fuel cell
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for modeling material and / or heat transport processes in a device, in particular in a device comprising at least two fluid spaces, such as a high-temperature fuel cell stack.
- the invention further relates to a computer system for performing the method.
- Devices in which mass and / or heat transport processes play a significant role are, for example, high-temperature fuel cells (solid oxide fuel cells, SOFC). They have an oxide-ceramic electrolyte, which is usually present as a thin, ion-conducting ceramic plate, on the underside and top of which the porous and electron-conducting electrodes are applied.
- the oxygen supplied on the cathode side is reduced to oxygen ions at the electrode.
- the oxygen ions migrate through the ceramic plate, which conducts ions from around 750 to 800 ° C, to the anode, where the oxidation of the fuel gas takes place.
- the electrons released flow back to the cathode via the external circuit.
- the reaction products are removed with the fuel gas stream.
- the heat balance is of major importance.
- An uneven temperature distribution leads to thermally induced stresses, in particular the comparatively brittle, ceramic ones Can destroy material components such as electrodes, electrolyte and glass soldering between the interconnector plates.
- the electrochemical reactions and the electrical current produce heat.
- This heat should advantageously arise and / or be distributed evenly, for example via thermal lines, and be dissipated quickly via the coolant.
- the high-temperature fuel cell this would be the air on the cathode side and to a lesser extent the fuel, which act as a suitable coolant. Air and fuel absorb the heat via convection and radiation.
- the internal reforming of fuels containing hydrocarbons plays a special role here. This makes use of the fact that the aforementioned fuels - mixed with water - spontaneously convert to hydrogen, carbon monoxide and certain proportions of carbon dioxide in the presence of the mostly nickel-containing anode in the SOFC. All of these reactions are endothermic and therefore absorb a portion of the heat that is produced by the electrochemical reactions and the current flow through the SOFC. So they cool the SOFC in addition to convection and radiation through their endothermic, i.e. H. heat-absorbing enthalpy of reaction.
- the internal reforming makes a further contribution to the internal heat balance of the SOFC.
- the modeling (simulation calculation) of SOFCs with internal reforming provides essential information for understanding the SOFCs operated in this way.
- the simulation calculation (possibly 3- dimensional or dynamic) provide decision support for the design of the fuel cell.
- Simulation calculations provide a decision-making aid for the design, ie choosing the design variant of the fuel cell, in order to regularly avoid complex and costly experiments.
- SOFC stack high-temperature fuel cell stack
- the temperature distribution can be used in a complementary model for the thermomechanical stresses to calculate the stress distribution in the stack. Together with experiments, the simulation calculations provide a deeper understanding of the very complex processes within the stack, which is only not accessible due to the experiments.
- the pure heat transfer between the fluids in the respective fluid spaces or flow paths on the anode and cathode side and the solid body consisting of electrodes, electrolyte and interconnector is involved.
- the fluids correspond to the fuels and the oxidizing agents.
- the electricity and heat production through the chemical and electrochemical reactions in the solid consisting of electrodes, electrolyte and interconnector in the SOFC are taken into account at the contact surfaces between two adjacent volume elements.
- the modeling of a SOFC stack is carried out as shown below.
- the geometry of the entire fuel cell stack is divided into the so-called core area, comprising fluid distribution structures (bipolar plates), anodes, cathodes and electrolytes, as well as inlets and outlets, also called manifolds, which comprise the edge area.
- a first abstraction step is usually carried out and only half of the fuel cell stack is taken into account.
- a level is usually considered within the core area of a fuel cell in which the mass and heat transport takes place.
- the size of the grid elements of the underlying computational grid is based on the real geometry of the so-called "smallest structures" that are still to be resolved within such a level.
- the fluid channels within a fluid distributor structure are used. If their hydraulic diameters are in the range of approx. 1 mm, a resolution is often solution, ie smallest dimensions of the grid elements, of 1/10, in this case a resolution of 0.1 mm. This ensures that this area is modeled with sufficient accuracy for the task.
- a plate In a second step of abstraction, all fluid spaces, for example the gas channels, are fictitiously combined in one plane to form a “porous plate”.
- This plate is assigned a specific porosity, which includes the material surrounding it in reality, for example the webs between the gas channels or the interconnector, as well as the flow resistance of the individual fluid channels.
- one porous plate for example the anode
- another porous plate for example the cathode.
- Each grid element in the first porous plate is given a corresponding, i.e. H. opposite grid element assigned in the second porous plate.
- These two plates thus determine the basis for the calculation of a single cell. This is based on the fact that a fuel cell stack is constructed from a large number of individual layers with a thickness of approximately 1 mm. Different fluids such as air or fuel gas flow through the individual layers (plates) separately. In principle, a further geometric abstraction is no longer possible.
- This process is then carried out for as many double-plate units as there are single cells in the fuel cell stack to be modeled.
- a disadvantage of the known prior art for the simulation of fuel cell stacks is that the computing grid resolution used in the models generally depends on the smallest structures to be resolved, in particular the fluxes. clear, hang in a fuel cell. These are, for example, the dimensions of the gas channels. This generally results in computing grids with grid elements that have a resolution of 0.1 mm for the core area. As a rule, this means that the modeling of a real fuel cell stack with 10 individual cells with the resolution typically required by a person skilled in the art requires a computing power of several days.
- a first object is achieved by a method for modeling material and / or heat transport processes in a device with the features of the main claim.
- the other tasks are solved by a computer program for executing the method and by a computer system comprising the computer program with the features of the subclaims.
- Advantageous embodiments of the method, the software tool and the computer system can be found in the claims that refer back to them.
- the key point and basic idea of the invention is to reduce the computing time required for the modeling of material and / or heat transport processes in a complex device in such a way that devices such as a fuel cell stack in the kW range can now also be sensibly modeled.
- the number of grid elements in the computing grid for the device on which the modeling is based is advantageously significantly reduced in the method according to the invention without the information about the material and / or heat transport necessary for the task being lost.
- the method according to the invention is described below using the example of modeling a high-temperature Fuel cell stack explained in more detail. In a figurative sense, however, the method can be applied to all complex devices with at least two rooms through which fluids flow, in which material and / or heat transfer processes take place and which are to be modeled.
- a number of grid elements in the range of 700,000 results for modeling for a fuel cell stack with 5 individual cells of the size 200 x 200 x 6 mm 3 and a resolution of the computing grid of 0.1 mm in the core area.
- the method according to the invention advantageously only requires approximately 20,000 grid elements for an identical fuel cell stack, which can typically be solved in a computing time of approximately 6 hours.
- An increase in the fuel cell stack to be modeled to, for example, 60 individual cells can advantageously be simulated with, for example,000 grid elements using the method according to the invention. This corresponds to less than half the number of grid elements that were previously required for a 5-line stack in conventional modeling.
- the solutions can advantageously be determined in a comparatively short computing time.
- the basis for the method according to the invention is a model in which - in the case of a fuel cell stack - the entire core area of the fuel cell stack with, for example, 60 individual cells and a construction volume of approx. 200 x 200 x 360 mm 3 is represented by two separate, virtual bodies, each of which be flowed through by a fluid.
- a first body is, for example, from the anode side with the fuel gas and the second body accordingly formed from the cathode side with the medium air.
- the two fictional bodies each take up the same volume (auxiliary volume) as the fuel cell stack, e.g. B. a volume of 200 x 200 x 360 mm 3 .
- the individual fluid spaces are surrounded by solid material, for example the webs of the gas distributor structures.
- Flow resistances also regularly occur in the individual fluid spaces.
- the great advantage of this method is that the size of the grid elements in the core area is no longer based on the 1 mm resolution of the real fluid spaces or gas channels.
- the grid elements of the edge area of a fuel cell can advantageously be subdivided into grid elements with relatively large dimensions, as is customary in the prior art, while the size of the grid elements in the core area are advantageously determined depending on the external conditions.
- Such a determination of the grid advantageously takes into account the strong temperature influence, which increases significantly in the upper and lower part of the core area.
- the two virtual bodies are coupled together by so-called "linked meshes".
- This means that the spatially separated bodies are coupled in terms of software by connecting each individual lattice element of the computing grid of the first virtual body to a corresponding lattice element of the computing grid of the second virtual body by means of pointers (references, links).
- pointers references, links.
- the references are used for the physical transport processes
- these transport processes are processes that are traditionally covered by the CFD or FE software used, for example convective heat transport. In this case, a certain additional effort is necessary for the implementation of the method according to the invention.
- Other transport processes that previously had to be programmed even with conventional use of the (CFD) software advantageously only require a modification of the self-programmed functions.
- the method according to the invention has particular advantages particularly for devices in which very small geometries of the fluid spaces, in particular narrow channels, occur.
- a complex heat exchange be with a complicated honeycomb structure or a chemical reactor with a large number of individual, separate reaction spaces.
- Figure 1 Porous fluid zones in the conventional CFD model with
- 1st abstraction step level with gas channels as a porous body
- 2nd abstraction step the interconnector is included in the porous body.
- Figure 2 Application of the invention to planar fuel cell stacks, transfer of the porous plates into fictitious auxiliary volumes.
- Figure 3 Computing grid in different CFD models, a) a cell from a 5-cell stack, fine computing grid with 700,000 grid elements, b) 5-cell stack, coarse computing grid with 20,000 grid elements, c) 60-cell stack, coarse Computing grid with 300,000 grid elements.
- the first stack models were, as is common practice, composed of repeating single cell units.
- the size of the stacks to be simulated was also limited to stacks with a maximum of 5 cells, as is generally the case, due to the requirements for storage space and computing time.
- This limitation could be overcome by combining the fluid channel structures in two porous volumes (auxiliary volumes) for the anode and cathode sides in accordance with the idea on which the invention is based.
- the frame area can be modeled in the usual, state-of-the-art procedure.
- the (CFD) software used provides so-called porous fluid zones. Its essential feature is the definition of the pressure loss along the spatial directions within the porous zone as a function of the fluid velocity. This means that the Navier-Stokes equations in this area do not have to be solved.
- the modeling of individual gas channels would lead to such large computing times due to the resulting large computing grids that large stacks composed of many (e.g. 60) such individual cells would be practically unpredictable.
- FIG. 1 shows how the geometric structure is simplified by the conventional use of the porous zones and thus smaller computing grids and shorter computing times are created. This corresponds to the state of the art of the SOFC model referred to below as the "old model".
- a limiting factor for the size of the grid elements in a computing grid is the height of the modeled porous zones, which corresponds to half the height of a fuel cell. With a 5-cell stack with cells 6 mm high and a size of the interconnector plate of approx. 200 x 400 mm 2, this led to a computing grid with 700,000 grid elements (more precisely: finite volume) and a computing time of regularly more than 72 hours ,
- the same section of the computing grid for three CFD models is shown in each part (a, b, c) of this figure.
- the core area of the SOFC is marked with (1), in which all transport processes take place.
- This part is also shown schematically in Figures 1 and 2.
- the individual fuel cells In the case of a stack, the individual fuel cells must be supplied with fuel and air by means of suitable distributor structures, so-called “manifolds”.
- a parallel flow involves mutually penetrating fluid spaces to which the new method according to the invention can be applied This area is identified in each case by (2) in FIG.
- FIG. 3a shows the computing grid for a single cell from a 5-cell stack, as is required for simulation in the old CFD model.
- FIG. 3b shows the computing grid of the same stack which was modeled using the new method according to the invention. This computing grid can be seen scaled up to a 60-cell stack in FIG. 3c. In the lower area, the finer gradation of the dimensions of the individual grid elements compared to the remaining grid elements can be clearly seen. This advantageously demonstrates the independence of the grid generation from the original height of the fuel cell stack.
- the new model can already be networked satisfactorily with 19,000 finite volumes.
- the computing time would be disadvantageously more than 5 weeks.
- the amount of data could not be recorded by a single PC, conventional design, so that a 60 cell stack with the old SOFC model could not be simulated with just one PC.
- the new model for a 60-line stack generally only requires 300,000 finite volumes in order to be able to make adequate statements. As can be seen from the table, the simulation could already take place in about 6 days.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10319062A DE10319062A1 (de) | 2003-04-25 | 2003-04-25 | Verfahren zur Modellierung von Stoff- und/oder Wärmetransportvorgängen in einer Vorrichtung, sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
| PCT/DE2004/000788 WO2004097969A2 (de) | 2003-04-25 | 2004-04-15 | Verfahren zur modellierung von stoff- und/oder wärmetransportvorgängen in einer vorrichtung sowie vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1616362A1 true EP1616362A1 (de) | 2006-01-18 |
Family
ID=33393927
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP04727504A Withdrawn EP1616362A1 (de) | 2003-04-25 | 2004-04-15 | Verfahren zur modellierung von stoff- und/oder wärmetransportvorgängen in einer vorrichtung sowie vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7627460B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1616362A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10319062A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2004097969A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20070150245A1 (en) * | 2005-12-28 | 2007-06-28 | Caterpillar Inc. | Method and apparatus for solving transport equations in multi-cell computer models of dynamic systems |
| US7590515B2 (en) * | 2005-12-28 | 2009-09-15 | Convergent Thinking, Llc | Method and apparatus for treating moving boundaries in multi-cell computer models of fluid dynamic systems |
| US7542890B2 (en) * | 2005-12-28 | 2009-06-02 | Convergent Thinking, Llc | Method and apparatus for implementing multi-grid computation for multi-cell computer models with embedded cells |
| US8010326B2 (en) * | 2005-12-28 | 2011-08-30 | Caterpillar Inc. | Method and apparatus for automated grid formation in multi-cell system dynamics models |
| CN110728088B (zh) * | 2019-09-27 | 2021-06-04 | 清华大学 | 工件三维热膨胀变形的跟踪仪转站参数优化方法及装置 |
| US20240256735A1 (en) | 2023-02-01 | 2024-08-01 | Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp. | Computer simulation methodology to analyze mass, momentum, energy and charge transport in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell |
| CN119203266B (zh) * | 2024-09-05 | 2025-04-15 | 浙江大学 | 一种适用于异形燃料的等效建模方法及系统 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8724543D0 (en) * | 1987-10-20 | 1987-11-25 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Demonstrating & studying operation of fuel cell |
| US20020006152A1 (en) * | 2000-06-14 | 2002-01-17 | Prasad Ajay K. | Transient heat conduction using thermocouples, thermochromic liquid crystals, and numerical simulation |
| US7024342B1 (en) * | 2000-07-01 | 2006-04-04 | Mercury Marine | Thermal flow simulation for casting/molding processes |
| US6981548B2 (en) * | 2001-04-24 | 2006-01-03 | Shell Oil Company | In situ thermal recovery from a relatively permeable formation |
-
2003
- 2003-04-25 DE DE10319062A patent/DE10319062A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2004
- 2004-04-15 WO PCT/DE2004/000788 patent/WO2004097969A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2004-04-15 EP EP04727504A patent/EP1616362A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-04-15 US US10/554,437 patent/US7627460B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE10319062A1 (de) | 2004-11-25 |
| US7627460B2 (en) | 2009-12-01 |
| WO2004097969A2 (de) | 2004-11-11 |
| US20070038423A1 (en) | 2007-02-15 |
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| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
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