EP1606574A1 - 5.56mm small arms ammunition - Google Patents

5.56mm small arms ammunition

Info

Publication number
EP1606574A1
EP1606574A1 EP04720915A EP04720915A EP1606574A1 EP 1606574 A1 EP1606574 A1 EP 1606574A1 EP 04720915 A EP04720915 A EP 04720915A EP 04720915 A EP04720915 A EP 04720915A EP 1606574 A1 EP1606574 A1 EP 1606574A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
projectile
diameter
main body
combination
grooves
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP04720915A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1606574B1 (en
Inventor
Derek Booth
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BAE Systems PLC
Original Assignee
BAE Systems PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BAE Systems PLC filed Critical BAE Systems PLC
Publication of EP1606574A1 publication Critical patent/EP1606574A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1606574B1 publication Critical patent/EP1606574B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/76—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing
    • F42B12/78—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing of jackets for smallarm bullets ; Jacketed bullets or projectiles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body

Definitions

  • This invention relates to ammunition for use in a weapon having a rifled barrel, and especially to an improved form of projectile for small arms ammunition.
  • a projectile When a projectile is fired from a rifled barrel, the projectile must deform as it travels along the barrel so that material forming part of the projectile is forced into the spaces between the lands forming the rifling. This process is called engraving, and causes a spin to be imparted to the projectile by virtue of the longitudinal twist of the rifling.
  • the deformation of the projectile, its travel along the barrel effectively as a force fit to the rifling, the high linear acceleration imparted by the gun propellant on firing, and the consequent high rate of angular acceleration and associated force acting between rifling and projectile all contribute to substantial wear on the barrel. If this wear rate can be reduced, substantial benefits follow, including increased barrel life, higher muzzle velocity and hence increased accuracy and lethality.
  • a 7.62mm bullet formed from a steel alloy, having a forward body portion whose diameter corresponds to that of the rifling lands of an associated gun, and a rearward body portion having a greater diameter, and provided with annular grooves.
  • the body is provided with a coating which can be of copper.
  • the copper coating acts as a lubricant, and is less thick than the depth of the rifling.
  • the rifling therefore cuts through the copper coating so that the steel body of the bullet is engraved by the rifling.
  • the steel of the body must be soft, so as to permit this engraving to occur without undue barrel wear.
  • the maximum value for the hardness of the steel body mentioned in the disclosure is 210 Brinell, which equates to a Vickers Hardness of 213, i.e. very much less than the desirable minimum value of 550 Vickers Hardness.
  • the bullet disclosed in US Patent No 5686693 will lack the desirable target penetration capability.
  • the projectile will also have an ogival nose portion of the body forward of said forward body portion, although other forms are possible.
  • the main body of the projectile should normally have a diameter which is not greater than that defined by the roots of the grooves of the rifling.
  • the knurl lines or splines are designed to deform into the groove air gaps corresponding to said splines or knurl lines, and thus engaging with the lands, inducing spin in the projectile due to the twist of the rifling.
  • This deformation gives the body an interference fit with the rifling so as also to provide effective obturation by restricting or preventing the escape of propellant gases past the projectile via the rifling grooves.
  • the length and precise diameter of the body should be designed with these factors in mind.
  • the depth of said grooves of knurl lines should preferably be between about 1% and 10% of the nominal diameter of the projectile, and an optimum design may be between 2% and 6%.
  • the material selected for the projectile body will depend partly upon the function which the projectile is to perform, but in the case of High Performance Ammunition should not usually be below a Vickers Hardness of 550 HV.
  • steel is a suitable material, as it is inexpensive and can be readily formed into the desired shape, eg. by a cold-forming process.
  • Tungsten is another possible material because hardness is an important characteristic for target defeat, as are alloys of tungsten, and tungsten carbide.
  • the invention is particularly but not exclusively applicable to small arms weapons systems, having a nominal calibre of 20mm or less, especially 9mm or less.
  • Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of a round of small arms ammunition incorporating grooves of knurl lines projectile for use in combination with a gun having a rifled barrel, in accordance with the invention
  • Figures 2A and 2B each shows a cross sectional elevation A-A through the projectile shown in Figure 1 , additionally depicting the envelope of said projectile.
  • a small arms ammunition projectile 1 comprising a main body portion 2, a tip portion 3 and along the main body a plurality of grooves or knurl lines 4 producing corresponding splines 5 and air gaps 6.
  • the projectile body is of elongate form and is cold formed from steel having a Vickers Hardness of at least 550. It can subsequently be given a heat treatment to provide the desired hardness or other physical properties.
  • the projectile comprises a body 2 of substantially cylindrical form.
  • the projectile Because of the substantial hardness of the projectile body material, the projectile is highly effective at penetration of targets such as titanium/kevlar body armour. Moreover, the hardness also serves to minimise ablation of the projectile tip profile, thus further contributing to its effectiveness in target penetration.
  • FIGs 2A and 2B show representative cross sections A-A on Figure 1.
  • the detail of the knurl lines 9 and associated 'groove' air gaps 6 of the projectile body core 7 is shown when the projectile body core 7 is located within surrounding jacket material 11.
  • the splines 5 and associated 'groove' air gaps 8 of the projectile body core 7 is shown when the projectile body core 7 is located within surrounding jacket material 11.
  • the jacket material 11 deforms into the corresponding groove air gaps 6, 8 corresponding to the splines 5 or knurl lines 9.
  • the internal diameter 10 of the jacket material 11 should preferably be substantially equal to or less than the diameter of any rifling grooves (not shown).
  • the presence of the grooves 6, 8 facilitates the necessary deformation of the jacket material 11, thus enabling the rifle engraving to take place with a substantially reduced axial force.
  • the fact that the jacket material 11 can deform into the grooves 6, 8 contributes considerably to a dramatic reduction in the axial force required for engraving to occur.
  • the projectile which forms part of the combination of gun and ammunition tile according to the invention is also considerably less expensive to manufacture than a corresponding conventional projectile in, for example, a gilding metal jacket.
  • the optimum design parameters for the projectile according to the invention can be determined by those skilled in the art, based on the teaching contained herein.
  • the invention is particularly but not exclusively applicable to small arms ammunition.
  • the invention has been successfully applied to 5.56mm gun and ammunition.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Ladders (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Structure Of Telephone Exchanges (AREA)
  • Fishing Rods (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
  • Telescopes (AREA)

Abstract

Described herein is a round of ammunition for firing from a gun having a rifled barrel, especially a small arms weapon. The round comprises a body core (7) which has a plurality of knurl lines (9) and associated grooves (6) formed over a portion of the body core (7). Jacket material (11) is provided over the body core (7) such that the inner diameter (10) of the jacket material (11) makes contact with the knurl lines (9). During firing of the round, the jacket material (11) deforms into the grooves (6) formed between the knurl lines (9) enabling the rifle engraving to take place with a substantially reduced axial force.

Description

5 . 56MM SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION
This invention relates to ammunition for use in a weapon having a rifled barrel, and especially to an improved form of projectile for small arms ammunition. When a projectile is fired from a rifled barrel, the projectile must deform as it travels along the barrel so that material forming part of the projectile is forced into the spaces between the lands forming the rifling. This process is called engraving, and causes a spin to be imparted to the projectile by virtue of the longitudinal twist of the rifling. The deformation of the projectile, its travel along the barrel effectively as a force fit to the rifling, the high linear acceleration imparted by the gun propellant on firing, and the consequent high rate of angular acceleration and associated force acting between rifling and projectile all contribute to substantial wear on the barrel. If this wear rate can be reduced, substantial benefits follow, including increased barrel life, higher muzzle velocity and hence increased accuracy and lethality.
For this reason, low friction, readily deformable materials are normally selected for small arms bullets, for example lead. In order to increase the overall density of the bullet, it has also been proposed to use steel. However, steel is not readily deformable, and causes unacceptable barrel wear. On the other hand, hardness is a very desirable characteristic for the bullet material, in order to minimise nose tip ablation during penetration of hardened targets such as, for example, titanium/kevlar body armour. For these purposes, a Vickers Hardness of at least 550 (using a 10kg load) is the minimum desirable.
In seeking to overcome these problems, it has been common practice to make a small arms bullet from a steel core, enclosed in a gilding metal jacket.
This latter solution is practical, but results in a bullet having a relatively expensive construction. This is a very significant disadvantage since small arms ammunition is consumed in large quantities, and the market for such ammunition is highly competitive.
In US Patent No 5686693 there is disclosed a 7.62mm bullet formed from a steel alloy, having a forward body portion whose diameter corresponds to that of the rifling lands of an associated gun, and a rearward body portion having a greater diameter, and provided with annular grooves. The body is provided with a coating which can be of copper. In use, the copper coating acts as a lubricant, and is less thick than the depth of the rifling. When fired from the rifled barrel, the rifling therefore cuts through the copper coating so that the steel body of the bullet is engraved by the rifling. In the disclosure it is stressed that the steel of the body must be soft, so as to permit this engraving to occur without undue barrel wear. The maximum value for the hardness of the steel body mentioned in the disclosure is 210 Brinell, which equates to a Vickers Hardness of 213, i.e. very much less than the desirable minimum value of 550 Vickers Hardness. As a result, the bullet disclosed in US Patent No 5686693 will lack the desirable target penetration capability.
It would therefore be a considerable advantage if a way could be found to utilise steel or other metal having a Vickers Hardness equal to at least 550 (using a 10kg load) as the principal component of a small arms projectile, while enabling the projectile to be engraved by the rifling and not introducing unacceptable friction or wear, and avoiding the expensive construction of applying a jacket to the projectile.
According to the present invention there is provided the combination of a gun having a rifled barrel and a round of ammunition; the rifling of the barrel comprising rifling grooves which are separated by lands extending helically along the length of the barrel; the round of ammunition comprising a projectile; the projectile having a body comprising at substantially cylindrical body comprising a plurality of extending splines or knurl lines producing a corresponding plurality of grooves along a section of the main diameter of the body; a deformable jacket means substantially surrounding a proportion of the diameter of the main body corresponding to the section of the main body comprising said splines or knurl lines; wherein the main body of the projectile is formed from a metal having a Vickers Hardness of not less than 550 HV, and the maximum diameter of said main body comprising said splines or knurl lines being substantially equal to or less than the minimum internal diameter of the weapon barrel.
Normally, the projectile will also have an ogival nose portion of the body forward of said forward body portion, although other forms are possible.
The main body of the projectile should normally have a diameter which is not greater than that defined by the roots of the grooves of the rifling. Upon engagement with the rifling the knurl lines or splines are designed to deform into the groove air gaps corresponding to said splines or knurl lines, and thus engaging with the lands, inducing spin in the projectile due to the twist of the rifling. This deformation gives the body an interference fit with the rifling so as also to provide effective obturation by restricting or preventing the escape of propellant gases past the projectile via the rifling grooves. The length and precise diameter of the body should be designed with these factors in mind.
Regard must also be taken to ensure that the force required to effect the deformation of the jacket material and to propel the projectile along the barrel is not excessive, and this is the reason why the diameter of the body should not normally be greater than that of the rifling groove. This force is substantially reduced by the presence of the air gaps between the knurl lines or splines allowing the material to deform into said groove air gaps during the passage of the body along the barrel.
The depth of said grooves of knurl lines should preferably be between about 1% and 10% of the nominal diameter of the projectile, and an optimum design may be between 2% and 6%.
The material selected for the projectile body will depend partly upon the function which the projectile is to perform, but in the case of High Performance Ammunition should not usually be below a Vickers Hardness of 550 HV. For a warshot ammunition nature to be used in combat conditions, steel is a suitable material, as it is inexpensive and can be readily formed into the desired shape, eg. by a cold-forming process. Tungsten is another possible material because hardness is an important characteristic for target defeat, as are alloys of tungsten, and tungsten carbide.
The invention is particularly but not exclusively applicable to small arms weapons systems, having a nominal calibre of 20mm or less, especially 9mm or less.
The invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:-
Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of a round of small arms ammunition incorporating grooves of knurl lines projectile for use in combination with a gun having a rifled barrel, in accordance with the invention; and
Figures 2A and 2B each shows a cross sectional elevation A-A through the projectile shown in Figure 1 , additionally depicting the envelope of said projectile.
As shown in Figure 1 , a small arms ammunition projectile 1 , comprising a main body portion 2, a tip portion 3 and along the main body a plurality of grooves or knurl lines 4 producing corresponding splines 5 and air gaps 6. The projectile body is of elongate form and is cold formed from steel having a Vickers Hardness of at least 550. It can subsequently be given a heat treatment to provide the desired hardness or other physical properties. The projectile comprises a body 2 of substantially cylindrical form.
Because of the substantial hardness of the projectile body material, the projectile is highly effective at penetration of targets such as titanium/kevlar body armour. Moreover, the hardness also serves to minimise ablation of the projectile tip profile, thus further contributing to its effectiveness in target penetration.
Figures 2A and 2B show representative cross sections A-A on Figure 1. In Figure 2A, the detail of the knurl lines 9 and associated 'groove' air gaps 6 of the projectile body core 7 is shown when the projectile body core 7 is located within surrounding jacket material 11. Similarly, in Figure 2B, the splines 5 and associated 'groove' air gaps 8 of the projectile body core 7 is shown when the projectile body core 7 is located within surrounding jacket material 11. When the body 9 and associated coating 13 passes from the gun chamber into the rifled part of the barrel, by virtue of its greater diameter, the jacket material 11 deforms into the corresponding groove air gaps 6, 8 corresponding to the splines 5 or knurl lines 9. The internal diameter 10 of the jacket material 11 should preferably be substantially equal to or less than the diameter of any rifling grooves (not shown).
The presence of the grooves 6, 8 facilitates the necessary deformation of the jacket material 11, thus enabling the rifle engraving to take place with a substantially reduced axial force. The fact that the jacket material 11 can deform into the grooves 6, 8 contributes considerably to a dramatic reduction in the axial force required for engraving to occur.
Therefore, despite the hardness of the material forming the main part of the projectile body, barrel wear from this factor is minimised.
It will be evident to the skilled addressee that all of these factors reducing the engraving force will also result in reduced barrel wear, higher muzzle velocity, and hence increased lethality and accuracy.
The projectile which forms part of the combination of gun and ammunition tile according to the invention is also considerably less expensive to manufacture than a corresponding conventional projectile in, for example, a gilding metal jacket. The optimum design parameters for the projectile according to the invention can be determined by those skilled in the art, based on the teaching contained herein.
The invention is particularly but not exclusively applicable to small arms ammunition. In one particular example, the invention has been successfully applied to 5.56mm gun and ammunition.

Claims

Claims
1. The combination of a gun having a rifled barrel and a round of ammunition; the rifling of the barrel comprising rifling grooves which are separated by lands extending helically along the length of the barrel; the round of ammunition comprising a projectile; the projectile having a body comprising at substantially cylindrical body comprising a plurality of splines or knurl lines producing a corresponding plurality of grooves which extend along the length of a section of the main diameter of the main body; a deformable jacket means substantially surrounding a proportion of the diameter of the main body corresponding to the section of said main body comprising said splines or knurl lines; wherein the body of the projectile is formed from a metal having a Vickers Hardness of not less than 550 HV, and the maximum diameter of said main body comprising said splines or knurl lines being substantially equal to or less than the minimum internal diameter of the weapon barrel.
2. A combination according to claim 1 wherein the projectile has an ogival nose portion of the body forward of said forward body portion.
3. A combination according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the depth of said grooves is between about 1 % and 10% of the nominal diameter of the projectile.
4. A combination according to claim 3 wherein the depth of said grooves is between about 2% and 6% of the nominal diameter of the projectile.
5. A combination according to any one preceding claim wherein the projectile body is made of a material selected from the group comprising steel, tungsten, alloys of tungsten, and tungsten carbide.
6. A combination of gun and ammunition according to any one preceding claim wherein the diameter of the main body is less than or equal to the diameter defined by the roots of the said rifling grooves.
7. A combination of gun and ammunition according to claim 6 wherein the diameter of the main body is substantially the same as the diameter defined by the roots of the said rifling grooves.
8. A combination of gun and ammunition according to any one preceding claim wherein the diameter of the body portion is less than or equal to the diameter defined by the said lands.
9. A projectile for use in a combination as claimed in any one preceding claim; the projectile having a main body comprising a substantially cylindrical body portion, and a plurality of longitudinally extending knurl lines or splines resulting in corresponding grooves along said main body; wherein the body of the projectile is formed from a metal having a Vickers Hardness of not less than 550, and the maximum diameter of said main body comprising said splines or knurl lines being substantially equal to or less than the minimum internal diameter of the weapon barrel.
10. A projectile according to claim 9 wherein the depth of the said annular groove is between about 1 % and 10% of the nominal diameter of the projectile.
11. A projectile according to any one preceding claim wherein the projectile body is made of a material selected from the group comprising steel, tungsten, alloys of tungsten, and tungsten carbide.
12. A projectile according to any one preceding claim having nominal calibre of 9mm or less.
13. A projectile according to claim 12 wherein the said nominal calibre is 5.56mm.
14. The combination of a gun and a round of ammunition substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
15. A projectile substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
EP04720915A 2003-03-27 2004-03-16 5.56mm small arms ammunition Expired - Lifetime EP1606574B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB0307274.1A GB0307274D0 (en) 2003-03-27 2003-03-27 5.56 small arms ammunition
GB0307274 2003-03-27
PCT/GB2004/001108 WO2004085953A1 (en) 2003-03-27 2004-03-16 5.56mm small arms ammunition

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1606574A1 true EP1606574A1 (en) 2005-12-21
EP1606574B1 EP1606574B1 (en) 2008-01-02

Family

ID=29286765

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04720915A Expired - Lifetime EP1606574B1 (en) 2003-03-27 2004-03-16 5.56mm small arms ammunition

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US20050000385A1 (en)
EP (1) EP1606574B1 (en)
JP (1) JP4249219B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE382843T1 (en)
DE (1) DE602004011031T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2295839T3 (en)
GB (1) GB0307274D0 (en)
WO (1) WO2004085953A1 (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050183617A1 (en) * 2004-02-23 2005-08-25 Macdougall John Jacketed ammunition
JP5244010B2 (en) * 2009-03-30 2013-07-24 旭精機工業株式会社 Bullet for small firearms
US11231257B2 (en) * 2010-11-10 2022-01-25 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Method of making a metal injection molded ammunition cartridge
ITMI20110506A1 (en) * 2011-03-29 2012-09-30 Fiocchi Munizioni Spa BULLET FOR FIRE WEAPON, AND ITS ARMA
US8857343B2 (en) * 2012-05-29 2014-10-14 Liberty Ammunition, Llc High volume multiple component projectile assembly
US9581402B2 (en) * 2014-06-04 2017-02-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Projectile for use with a tapered bore gun
WO2017015665A1 (en) 2015-07-23 2017-01-26 Vista Outdoor Operations Llc Cartridge with improved penetration and expansion bullet
US11808551B2 (en) 2015-07-23 2023-11-07 Federal Cartridge Company Cartridge with improved penetration and expansion bullet
US10551154B2 (en) 2017-01-20 2020-02-04 Vista Outdoor Operations Llc Rifle cartridge with improved bullet upset and separation
US11333472B1 (en) * 2018-07-16 2022-05-17 Vista Outdoor Operations Llc Reduced stiffness barrel fired projectile
CN109446737B (en) * 2018-12-19 2024-06-28 南京工业大学 Bullet head with negative poisson ratio effect and design method thereof
DE102019121112A1 (en) * 2019-08-05 2021-02-11 Ruag Ammotec Ag Projectile, method for producing a projectile, stamp for producing a projectile and method for rotationally securing a projectile core with respect to a projectile jacket of a projectile
DE102022121811A1 (en) 2022-08-29 2024-02-29 Rws Gmbh Bullet with reduced barrel loading

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DE309293C (en) *
GB697172A (en) * 1950-06-17 1953-09-16 Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd Improvements in or relating to armour-piercing cores for projectiles
US3349711A (en) * 1964-12-07 1967-10-31 Remington Arms Co Inc Process of forming jacketed projectiles
DE2839120C2 (en) * 1978-09-08 1983-09-08 Diehl GmbH & Co, 8500 Nürnberg Bullet with a tubular body
FR2540239A1 (en) * 1983-02-02 1984-08-03 Antoine Robert Projectile having a core and a ductile covering and cartridge comprising such a projectile
BR8406941A (en) * 1983-06-22 1985-06-04 Branscomb Corp Nv MUNICIPAL PIECE
US5686693A (en) 1992-06-25 1997-11-11 Jakobsson; Bo Soft steel projectile
EP1007898B1 (en) * 1997-08-26 2001-07-25 RUAG Munition Jacketed projectile with a hard core
US6305293B1 (en) * 1998-04-14 2001-10-23 Laser Ii, Llc Multiple-component projectile with non-discarding sabot sleeve

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Title
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP4249219B2 (en) 2009-04-02
EP1606574B1 (en) 2008-01-02
DE602004011031T2 (en) 2009-01-02
DE602004011031D1 (en) 2008-02-14
US20050000385A1 (en) 2005-01-06
WO2004085953A1 (en) 2004-10-07
ES2295839T3 (en) 2008-04-16
ATE382843T1 (en) 2008-01-15
JP2006515056A (en) 2006-05-18
GB0307274D0 (en) 2003-10-29

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