EP1597387A1 - Procede de criblage de composes inhibiteurs de l'initiation de la retrotranscription de l'arn d'un virus vih-1 et moyens de mise en oeuvre du procede - Google Patents
Procede de criblage de composes inhibiteurs de l'initiation de la retrotranscription de l'arn d'un virus vih-1 et moyens de mise en oeuvre du procedeInfo
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- EP1597387A1 EP1597387A1 EP04712595A EP04712595A EP1597387A1 EP 1597387 A1 EP1597387 A1 EP 1597387A1 EP 04712595 A EP04712595 A EP 04712595A EP 04712595 A EP04712595 A EP 04712595A EP 1597387 A1 EP1597387 A1 EP 1597387A1
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- Prior art keywords
- rna
- sequence
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- complex
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
- G01N33/56983—Viruses
- G01N33/56988—HIV or HTLV
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/48—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/70—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving virus or bacteriophage
- C12Q1/701—Specific hybridization probes
- C12Q1/702—Specific hybridization probes for retroviruses
- C12Q1/703—Viruses associated with AIDS
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of preventive or curative treatment with regard to pathologies caused by human infection with the HIV-1 virus.
- It relates to methods making it possible to select compounds capable of inhibiting the course of an early stage of the infection of the organism by the HIV-1 virus, namely the stage of initiation of the transcription of the genome. viral, prior to the integration of viral sequences into the cell genome of the infected host organism.
- AIDS has become the most devastating disease worldwide, with an estimated 42 million people infected with HIV viruses to date. In 2002 alone, more than 3 million people contracted the virus, while 3 million died from the disease. Since the discovery, in 1983, of the main agent responsible for AIDS, the HIV-1 virus, considerable efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms of action of the virus and to develop preventive means and seek curative means against the disease. .
- the anti-HIV compounds used in therapy mainly target two enzymes playing a key role in the replicative cycle of the virus, the viral protease and retrotranscriptase respectively.
- seven protease inhibitor compounds are commonly used in therapy and other molecules directed against the protease are undergoing clinical trials.
- ten viral retrotranscriptase inhibitor compounds are currently used in therapy today, respectively seven nucleoside inhibitors and three non-nucleoside inhibitors, other inhibitors of retrotranscriptase being currently in clinical trials.
- Preliminary trials have also been performed with inhibitors active at different stages of HIV infection, including inhibitors of virus-cell fusion, zinc finger inhibitors of the nucleocapsid protein and inhibitors of integrase.
- multi-therapies for “Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy”.
- HAART for “Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy”.
- multi-therapies one generally combines a protease inhibitor and two retrotranscriptase inhibitors. These inhibitor cocktails significantly delay the progression of the disease and improve the lives of patients over a long period of time.
- the anti-AIDS therapeutic efficacy of preventive or curative pharmaceutical compositions could be increased by the use of active compounds against other targets than the only HIV protease and retrotranscriptase.
- the invention provides methods for screening for compounds useful in anti-AIDS therapy, and more specifically for active compounds for inhibiting or blocking an early stage of infection of a host organism by the HIV- 1, the retrotranscription step.
- the invention relates to methods for screening for compounds capable of inhibiting the first step of setting up the retrotranscription of the viral genomic RNA, namely the step of initiating the retrotranscription.
- the invention provides the means for implementing such screening methods in the form of RNA / RNA complexes between a primer RNA and a template RNA, in which the primer RNA does not comprise any post-transcriptional modification of the bases which up.
- the invention also relates to kits or kits for screening for compounds that inhibit the initiation of the retrotranscription of the RNA of an HIV-1 virus comprising a primer RNA / template RNA complex as defined above.
- Figure 1 Secondary structure model of the tRNA Met / ARMv r ⁇ et-ACl complex.
- Figure 1A Sequences corresponding to nucleotides 131 to 205 of the isolate Hxb2 from the genomic RNA of wild-type and adapted HIV-1.
- the adapted vRNA [Met-AC] has a PBS sequence complementary to the 18 nucleotides of the 3 'end of the tRNA and , a sequence upstream of the PBS complementary to the loop of the Met tRNA anticodon and additional mutations (encircled ) appeared after prolonged cell culture.
- Figure 1 B Secondary structure of the complex.
- the vRNA [Met-AC] is in black, the tRNA Met in white on a black background.
- the encircled nucleotides correspond to the mutations which appear after prolonged cell culture.
- Figure 2 Secondary structure model of the tRNA His / vRNA THis-AC-GACI complex.
- Figure 2A Sequences corresponding to nucleotides 131 to 205 of the Hxb2 isolate from wild-type HIV-1 genomic RNA (upper line) and adapted lower line).
- the adapted vRNA [His-AC-GAC] has a PBS sequence complementary to the 18 nucleotides of the 3 'end of the tRNA His , a CCACAA sequence upstream of the PBS complementary to the loop of the Hls tRNA anticodon and mutations additional (circled) appeared after prolonged cell culture.
- Figure 2B secondary structure of the complex
- the vRNA [His-AC-GAC] is in black, the tRNA His in white on a black background.
- the interaction between the Hls tRNA anticodon loop and the complementary region of the vRNA, upstream of the PBS, corresponds to the 6C helix and that of the 3 'end of the Hls tRNA with the PBS forms the 7F propeller.
- the nucleotides encircled correspond to the mutations which appear after prolonged culture.
- Figure 3 S1 nuclease mapping of single-strand regions of free His tRNA (the 3 tracks on the left) or hybrid with THis-AC-GACI vRNA (the following three tracks).
- Lanes 0 are incubation controls in the absence of S1 nuclease while tracks 7.5 and 15 correspond to incubations of 7.5 and 15 minutes respectively, in the presence of 200 U of S1 nuclease.
- Tracks T1 and L correspond respectively to RNase T1 sequencing and to a scale obtained by alkaline hydrolysis.
- Figure 4 Synthesis of “strong-stop” DNA (-) from natural or synthetic Hls tRNA.
- Figure 5A Synthesis of strong-stop DNA (-) from His tRNA, in the absence or in the presence of a trap, poly (rA) / oligo (dT) i8, allowing only one polymerization cycle .
- Two nM of template / primer complex are incubated in the presence of 20 nM of HIV-1 RT and the polymerization reaction is initiated by the addition of 50 ⁇ M of each dNTP, in the absence or in the presence of 1.66 ⁇ M of poly (rA ) / oligo (dT) ⁇ 8 .
- the reaction is stopped at variable times between 15 seconds and 30 minutes.
- Figure 5B Synthesis of strong-stop DNA (-) from ODNHIS, in the absence or presence of a trap, poly (rA) / oligo (dT) i8 allowing only one polymerization cycle .
- ODNHIS has the following sequence SEQ ID No. 5: 5'-ATCCGAGTCACGGCACCA-3 'Ten nM of template / primer complex are incubated in the presence of
- Figure 7 Synthesis of a product corresponding to the initiation of retrotranscription from the vRNA complex l ⁇ is-AC-GAC1 / tRNA biosinylated Hls .
- nM of preformed matrix / primer complex are transferred into the wells of a “Flasplate” (NEN) microplate and incubated in the presence of dGTP, dCTP, dTTP / dTTP [ 3 H] (5 ⁇ M final each), of ddA ( 20 ⁇ M), 90 nM of HIV-1 RT, in the absence or presence of AZTTP.
- the reaction takes place at 37 ° C for 20 minutes before being stopped in the presence of 25 mM EDTA.
- the synthesis of a product corresponding to the addition of 6 nucleotides to the primer is detectable by the proximity scintillation technique (SPA) on a type counter
- MicroBeta We measure a decrease in the signal in the presence of 0.1 and
- the invention provides methods of screening for compounds that inhibit the initiation of the retrotranscription of RNA in an HIV-1 virus.
- the development of screening methods according to the invention was made possible thanks to the preparation of new RNA / RNA complexes capable of mimicking the natural complex of initiation of retrotranscription, which is formed after the entry of the HIV-1 virus into the cell.
- Retrotranscription is a key stage in the replicative cycle of retroviruses, including HIV, in particular HIV-1.
- the first step in the transcription cycle is the synthesis of a strand of DNA, called strong-stop DNA (-).
- the synthesis of the strong-stop DNA strand (-) is carried out by elongation of the iso acceptor 3 of the lysine-specific transfer RNA (tRNA3 Lys ) of cellular origin, from the matrix consisting of viral genomic RNA.
- the eighteen nucleotides located at the 3 'end of tRNA 3 Lys are strictly complementary to the primer binding sequence (PBS) of the HIV-1 genomic RNA, located near the 5' end of the viral genome.
- PBS primer binding sequence
- HIV-1 reverse transcriptase uses the 3'-OH group of tRNA primer hybrid to viral genomic RNA to start the synthesis of the strong-stop DNA strand (-).
- the viral RNA / tRNA 3 Lys ) complex for initiating the retrotranscription of HIV-1 has specific structural and functional characteristics.
- the interaction between tRNA3 Lys and viral genomic RNA is not limited to the eighteen nucleotides of the primer binding sequence (PBS), but is accompanied by various intra- and inter-molecular structural rearrangements, allowing the formation of a very complex compact structure (ISEL et al., 1995; ISEL et al. 1996).
- the pairing between the A-rich loop of viral RNA and the tRNA 3 Lys anticodon loop plays a key role in stabilizing the structure of the retrotranscription initiation complex. It has been shown in particular that the stabilization of the additional interactions is strongly dependent on the presence of the bases modified by post-transcriptional intracellular modification of the natural transfer RNA (Isel et al., 1996; Isel et al., 1993, Skripkin and al., 1996).
- the structural specificity of the HIV-1 retrotranscription initiation complex corresponds to functional specificity.
- the initiation stage of the retrotranscription is distributive; it is characterized by a low rate of incorporation of a nucleotide and a high rate of dissociation of the reverse transcriptase from the template / primer complex (viral RNA / tRNA3 Lys ) (Lanchy et al., 1996).
- the elongation step corresponding to the addition of the subsequent nucleotides from a primer which has become a non-specific oligodeoxyribonucleotide primer, is processive; it is characterized by a high speed of incorporation of the nucleotides and a low speed of dissociation of the reverse transcriptase (Lanchy et al., 1996; Lanchy et al., 1998). Similarly, Isel et al.
- the experimental results obtained by Lanchy et al. indicate that the post-transcriptional intracellular modifications of the transfer RNA are required for the formation of a stable and active initiation complex.
- the results obtained show that the rates of extension of the primer obtained with purified natural 3 ys tRNA are approximately 32 to 35 times greater than the rates of extension of the primer obtained with tARN 3 Lys transcribed in in vitro, which does not include any post-transcriptional modifications and does not include therefore no basis changed.
- the bases modified by post-transcriptional modification of the natural cell transfer RNA are involved in the formation of the initiation complex and are capable of anchoring HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to the primer tRNA / viral RNA complex.
- matrix which explains the loss of specificity of the reverse transcriptase which is observed in the presence of a synthetic tRNA having no modified base.
- variants of the HIV-1 virus whose PBS has been mutated in order to be compatible with Hls tRNA or tRNA Met use these tRNA stably, provided that the loop A has been mutated simultaneously so as to be complementary to the 'anticodon of these tRNAs (Kang et al., 1997. Wakefield et al. 1998).
- Analysis of the mutants stably using the Hls tRNA showed that they contain, in addition to the mutations in PBS and the loop A (Zhang et al., 1996), three secondary mutations in U5, upstream of PBS, appeared during prolonged cultures and involved in the maintenance of Hls tRNA as a primer (Zhang et al., 1998).
- a primer RNA / viral template RNA complex mimicking the initiation complex of retrotranscription of the HIV-1 virus could be obtained between a viral template RNA and a primer RNA containing no post-transcriptional modification.
- the applicant was able to form a primer RNA / viral template RNA complex between a transfer RNA for histidine (hls tRNA) obtained by in vitro transcription and a viral RNA whose sequence has been adapted in order to be complementary to the Hls tRNA at the codon sequence and at the primer binding sequence (PBS) level, the ls tRNA comprising no base having a chemical modification identical to a natural post-transcriptional modification.
- hls tRNA transfer RNA for histidine
- PBS primer binding sequence
- the primer RNA / viral template RNA complex above is stable and makes it possible to effectively lengthen the primer RNA (the hls tRNA without modified base), according to the initiation / elongation model defined above, as represented in FIG. even, the applicant describes a RNA primer / template RNA complex with a transfer RNA for methionine ( Met tRNA) obtained by in vitro transcription and a viral RNA whose sequence has been adapted in order to be complementary to Met tRNA of the codon sequence and at the level of the primer binding sequence (PBS).
- Met tRNA transfer RNA for methionine
- primer transfer RNAs obtained by simple in vitro transcription of the DNA encoding the latter, and having consequently not undergone any post-transcriptional modification of their bases, are capable of forming a primer RNA / template RNA complex with a viral template RNA whose sequence has been adapted (i) at the level of the viral RNA sequence which is complementary to the anti-codon sequence of the primer (also called “Codon sequence” in the following description) and (ii) the primer binding sequence (PBS). It is also shown that, in the presence of reverse transcriptase, the primer RNA / viral template RNA complex is biologically active and is able to mimic the stages of initiation then of extension of the retrotranscription of the viral genome of HIV-1.
- RNA primer / RNA viral template complexes mimicking the initiation complex for retrotranscription of HIV-1.
- the synthesis of a primer RNA comprising no post-transcriptional modification can be carried out in large quantities and at low cost, for example by simple in vitro transcription of a DNA coding said primer RNA.
- the stable and active complexes for initiating the transcription of HIV-1 were formed, in the prior art, from a natural transfer RNA, obtained according to methods long, complex and highly expensive purification, especially from beef or chicken liver.
- primer RNA / viral template RNA complexes comprising no post-transcriptional modification and mimicking the activity of the natural initiation complex of HIV-1 retrotranscription finally makes it possible to use of these primer RNA / viral template RNA complexes to select on a large scale compounds inhibiting the activity of the natural initiation complex of HIV-1.
- RNA / viral template RNA complex in which the primer RNA is an in vitro transcription product comprising no post-transcriptional modification, when it is put in the presence of an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, made it possible to detect the inhibitory activity of a candidate compound, such as AZTTP, on the initiation step of the retrotranscription of the viral genomic RNA of HIV- 1.
- a candidate compound such as AZTTP
- the invention makes available for the first time to a person skilled in the art a method for screening for compounds which inhibit the initiation of the retrotranscription of HIV-1.
- the retrotranscription initiation complex therefore now constitutes, thanks to the invention, a new therapeutic target whose blocking or inhibition constitutes an additional anti-HIV-1 therapeutic strategy, which can be easily integrated in the context of multi HAART therapies.
- the introduction of inhibitor compounds from the initiation stage of the viral retrotranscription in the context of multi-therapies is likely to considerably reduce the probability of the development of resistant HIV-1 strains.
- RNA / RNA complexes mimicking the complex for initiating the retrotranscription of the RNA of an HIV-1 virus.
- a primer RNA / template RNA complex mimicking the initiation complex for the retrotranscription of the RNA of an HIV-1 virus is characterized in that it comprises a template RNA / primer RNA complex formed between :
- a primer RNA comprising, from the 5 ′ end to the 3 ′ end: - an intramolecular pairing sequence (109);
- a template RNA comprising, from the 5 ′ end to the 3 ′ end: - an intramolecular pairing sequence (115);
- the priming RNA consisting of:
- FIG. 2 illustrates this difference, which however makes it possible to achieve a structure similar to the previous one and which obeys the rules of the initiation complex defined by the inventors. This is the case of the primer RNA / template RNA complex illustrated in FIG. 2B.
- the above primer / template RNA complex is also characterized in that it mimics the step of initiating the retrotranscription of the viral genomic RNA of HIV-1, according to a kinetics which is characteristic of the initiation of the transcription of HIV-1.
- the functional characteristics of a primer RNA / template RNA complex of the invention, with regard to the initiation of retrotranscription are described in Example 2.
- a priming RNA as defined above, strong pauses are observed during the polymerization of the first 11 nucleotides, pauses which decrease over time.
- the retrotranscriptase during the polymerization of these first 11 nucleotides, is not very processive and tends to detach easily after the addition of a nucleotide.
- a trap polyrA / oligo dT
- all of the reverse transcriptase is "trapped by the trap” and the polymerization cannot take place.
- an oligonucleotide primer which makes it possible to mimic the elongation, the breaks are less important.
- the transcriptase reverse is very processive and can polymerize, in this system, around 200 nucleotides, without detaching from its substrate.
- a complex between a template RNA and a primer RNA according to the invention must also meet the following kinetic criteria: the synthesis of DNA from the primer RNA takes place in two phases: a phase of initiation, distributive, and an elongation, processive phase, the kinetics which can advantageously be measured as described by Lanchy et al.
- the primer RNA / template RNA complex above comprises respectively: (i) a primer RNA chosen from:
- a priming RNA produced by chemical synthesis or chemical hemi-synthesis the nucleotide sequence of which is that of a transfer RNA found naturally in human cells;
- a template RNA consisting of an RNA derived from a genomic RNA of the HIV-1 virus, optionally adapted at least in the codon sequence (102) and in the primer binding PBS sequence (108), so that the primer binding sequence (108) is strictly complementary to the sequence (107) of the primer RNA used and the anti-codon sequence (101) is strictly complementary to the codon sequence (102 ).
- the complementarity of the bases of the sequence (108) with the corresponding bases of the sequence (107) makes it possible to ensure the formation of a stable and functionally active primer RNA / template RNA complex to mimic the initiation of the retrotranscription d '' an HIV-1 virus, in the presence of an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
- a primer RNA is preferably 8 nucleotides in length; the sequence is preferably 2 nucleotides in length; the sequence is preferably 16 nucleotides in length the sequence is preferably 4 nucleotides in length; the sequence preferably has 11 nucleotides in length the sequence preferably has 3 nucleotides in length the sequence preferably has 4 nucleotides in length the sequence preferably has 6 nucleotides in length the sequence preferably has 4 nucleotides in length and the sequence has preferably 18 nucleotides in length
- sequence (115) preferably has 5 nucleotides of length; sequence (116) is 12 nucleotides in length sequence (106) is 5 nucleotides in length; the sequence (117) is preferably 10 nucleotides in length; sequence (104) is preferably 6 nucleotides in length; the sequence (102) has pre 'erence 13 nucleotides in length; the sequence (118) is preferably 3 nucleotides in length; the sequence (119) is preferably 3 nucleotides in length; the sequence (108) is preferably 18 nucleotides in length; the sequence (120) is preferably 13 nucleotides in length; the sequence (121) is preferably 6 nucleotides in length; and the sequence (122) is preferably 5 nucleotides in length.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate different embodiments of a primer RNA / template RNA complex according to the invention which mimics the initiation complex of the retrotranscription of the genomic RNA of the HIV-1 virus.
- the sequences of the template RNA more specifically the codon sequence (102) and the primer binding sequence (108), were adapted in order to optimize the base pairings with respectively the "Anti-codon sequences" (101) and primer (107) of the primer RNA, to form the helices (6C) and (7F) respectively.
- FIG. 1 represents the primer RNA / template RNA complex which has been formed between the primer RNA of sequence SEQ ID No. 3, which is an in vitro transcript, and the template RNA of sequence SEQ ID No. 4.
- FIG. 2 represents the primer RNA / template RNA complex which has been formed between the primer RNA of sequence SEQ ID No. 1, which is an in vitro transcript, and the template RNA of sequence SEQ ID No. 2.
- the primer RNA which is obtained by transcription in in vitro, the DNA coding for it, and which is therefore devoid of base having undergone post-transcriptional modifications, forms a stable complex with the corresponding template RNA. It has thus been shown that the primer RNA / stable template RNA complex thus obtained mimics the structural characteristics of the initiation complex of retrotranscription which characterize the complex obtained between the natural tRNA 3 Lys and the region of viral genomic RNA corresponding to l natural primer of tARN 3 Lys . In particular, it has been shown that the primer RNA / template RNA interactions include the pairing between the codon sequence (102) and the anti-codon sequence.
- a primer RNA / template RNA complex as defined above constitutes an object of the invention.
- a first complex primer RNA / template RNA according to the invention is the complex formed between: - the primer RNA of sequence SEQ ID No. 1, which does not comprise any base having undergone post-transcriptional modification; and - a template RNA comprising the sequence SEQ ID No. 2.
- a second primer RNA / template RNA complex preferred according to the invention is the complex formed between: - the RNA primer of sequence SEQ ID No. 3, which does not include any base having undergone post-transcriptional modification; and
- a template RNA comprising the sequence SEQ ID No. 2 or the sequence SEQ ID No. 4 can have a size of up to 10,000 nucleotides in length.
- Such a template RNA can for example be obtained according to the method comprising the following steps: a) amplification, for example by PCR, of the DNA sequence of interest of a clone containing a cDNA insert derived from the RNA genomics of the HIV1 virus, said cDNA insert containing the sequence corresponding to the 5 'end of the viral genome.
- the amplification is advantageously carried out using a pair of nucleotide primers of appropriate sequences, respectively a first primer hybridizing with a sequence of the cDNA insert, which is located downstream (on the 3 'side) of the primer binding sequence (PBS) and a second primer hybridizing with a predetermined sequence of the cDNA insert, which is located upstream (on the 5 'side) of the primer binding sequence (PBS) ).
- the respective sequences of the first and second primer are chosen so as to produce an amplified DNA, the sequence of which comprises at least the sequences (115) and (122) of the template RNA, which are complementary to each other and whose complementary bases are paired in pairs.
- the cDNA insert used can be the cDNA insert contained in the infectious molecular clone pHXB2 (His-AC-AGC) described by Li et al. (1997).
- the first nucleotide primer used comprises the sequence of a promoter which will be located, in the amplified DNA, upstream from the 5 ′ end of the DNA coding the primer RNA, said promoter being functional to allow in vitro transcription of the DNA encoding the template RNA.
- the promoter can in particular be the T7 promoter, as described in Example 1.
- the adaptation of the sequence of the template RNA obtained in step a) can be done, for example, by a directed mutagenesis technique, for example using primers carrying the desired mutation and used in PCR amplification.
- a directed mutagenesis technique for example using primers carrying the desired mutation and used in PCR amplification.
- Example 1 in vitro transcription of the DNA encoding the template RNA, for example as described in Example 1.
- a particular embodiment of the process for obtaining a primer RNA above is illustrated in Example 1
- the template RNA / primer RNA complex is preferably prepared from a primer RNA and a template RNA respectively, according to the technique described by Isel et al. (1993).
- the preparation of the primer RNA / template RNA complexes as defined above has enabled the applicants to develop a method for in vitro screening of compounds which inhibit the initiation of the retrotranscription of the RNA of an HIV-1 virus. .
- the availability, in very large quantities, of the primer RNA / template RNA complexes above, prepared using a primer RNA carrying no natural post-transcriptional modification of its bases, made possible the development of a screening process carried out entirely in vitro, which can therefore be implemented quickly, on a very large scale, at low cost, and with great simplicity, since no cell culture is required.
- the subject of the invention is therefore a method for screening in vitro, compounds which inhibit the initiation of the retrotranscription of the RNA of an HIV-1 virus, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) in contact, in a sample: (i) a primer RNA / template RNA complex as described above; with
- step b) compares the activity measured in step b) with the initiation activity of the retrotranscription measured in a control sample, for which step a) is carried out in the absence of said candidate compound.
- the above screening method may further comprise the following step: d) selecting the candidate compound for which the retrotranscription initiation activity measured in step b) is less than that measured in the control sample ; e) calculating the inhibitory activity of the candidate compound selected in step d).
- primer RNA / template RNA complex used in the screening method for inhibitors of the initiation of the retrotranscription of HIV-1 above is that the primer RNA of the complex does not comprise no post-transcriptional modification.
- the primer RNA of the primer RNA / template RNA complex constitutes the product of the in vitro transcription of a nucleic acid, preferably a DNA encoding the latter.
- the primer produced by in vitro transcription, can be synthesized from a DNA fragment encoding it, upstream of which is a promoter site for transcription, for example the T7 promoter.
- the primer RNA of the primer RNA / template RNA complex can be obtained by in vitro transcription of a DNA insert inserted into an expression vector, for example a plasmid, said vector also comprising at least the sequence a transcription promoter under whose control the DNA insert coding for the transfer RNA is placed.
- the primer RNA can also be obtained by chemical synthesis, according to any technique known to those skilled in the art. For example, the chemical synthesis of a primer RNA included in a primer RNA / template RNA complex according to the invention can be carried out by the techniques described by Micura et al. (2002).
- the primer RNA can be a semi-synthetic molecule obtained by ordered coupling of several RNA fragments constituting distinct parts of the primer RNA, each RNA fragment being either a product of transcription in vitro d 'DNA encoding said fragment, the final product of a chemical synthesis.
- the ordered coupling of the different successive RNA fragments in order to synthesize the primer RNA can be carried out by any technique known to those skilled in the art.
- the template RNA included in the primer RNA / template RNA complex is produced by in vitro transcription of a DNA encoding it, as defined previously in the present description.
- the DNA encoding the viral template RNA is inserted into an expression vector which also includes at least one transcription promoter sequence under the control of which this DNA is placed, as described in Example 1 .
- the DNA encoding the template RNA can be obtained by cloning a DNA fragment obtained by amplification, for example by PCR, of the DNA of an infectious viral clone, such as the cloning PHXB2 described by L1. et al. (1997).
- the “codon sequence” (102) and the PBS primer binding sequence (108) of the template RNA are adapted so as to be complementary respectively to the “anti-codon sequence” (101) and to the primer sequence (107) of the transfer RNA complex Primer RNA / template RNA in order to ensure the formation of the intermolecular helices (6C) and (7F) respectively of the RNA / RNA complex of the invention.
- the adaptation of the sequence of the viral template RNA to the primer RNA used to form the primer RNA / template RNA complex can be carried out by site-directed mutagenesis, as described for example by WAKEFIELD et al. (1994).
- the complex between the primer RNA and the template RNA is prepared according to the protocol described by ISEL et al. (1993).
- the hybridization conditions used to form the primer RNA / template RNA complex are as follows:
- the primer RNA for example a primer RNA carrying a ligand allowing thereafter the retention of the primer on the surface of a microplate, is incubated for 2 min at 90 ° C., 2 min in ice, then 20 min at 70 ° C, in 100 mM NaCl, in the presence of an excess of template RNA, ensuring total hybridization of the primer.
- the formation of the primer RNA / template RNA complex can be carried out at 37 ° C. in the presence of the nucleocapsid protein NCp7 according to the technique described by BRULE
- step a) is carried out in the presence of an appropriate mixture of deoxyribonucleotides triphosphate (dNTPs) and a dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (ddNTP), which allows the synthesis of a polynucleotide which corresponds exclusively to step initiation of the retrotranscription.
- dNTPs deoxyribonucleotides triphosphate
- ddNTP dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate
- the appropriate mixture of dNTPs / ddNTP allows the extension of the primer sequence (107) of the primer RNA resulting in the synthesis of a sequence corresponding to the product +6 corresponding to the initiation.
- step a) is carried out in the presence of only three of the four natural trioxy phosphate deoxyribonucleotides among A, T, G and C, the fourth nucleotide then being a dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate which is complementary to the nucleotide located in position -6 with respect to the 3 'end of the primer binding sequence (108) on the template RNA.
- the fourth nucleotide then being a dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate which is complementary to the nucleotide located in position -6 with respect to the 3 'end of the primer binding sequence (108) on the template RNA.
- step a) of the method is preferably carried out in the presence of the three deoxyribonucleotides T, G and C to which is added the dideoxyribonucleotide A, which is complementary to ribonucleotide U which is located on the sequence (118) in position - 6 with respect to the 3 'end of the PBS primer binding sequence (108) of the RNA.
- the same dideoxyribonucleotide A will be added to the three deoxyribonucleotides T, G and C when step a) is carried out with the suitable tRNA Met / vRNA complex represented in FIG.
- step a) an extension of the primer RNA of the primer RNA / template RNA complex corresponding specifically to the step of initiating the retrotranscription of the viral RNA of the HIV-1 virus.
- step a) is carried out in the presence of an appropriate mixture of dNTPs and a ddNTP.
- At least one of the natural deoxyribonucleotides or even the dideoxyribonucleotide used is labeled with a detectable molecule.
- the detectable molecule is a radioactive molecule chosen from 3 [H], 14 [C], 32 [P] and 33 [P].
- the above screening method is characterized in that the primer RNA / template RNA complex is immobilized on a support.
- At least one of the RNAs of the RNA / RNA complex comprises a ligand molecule capable of bind specifically to a receptor molecule present on the surface of the support.
- the 3 ′ end of the primer RNA of the primer RNA / template RNA complex must remain free to exercise its primer function during the initiation of the retrotranscription.
- the ligand molecule capable of binding specifically to a receptor molecule on the test support for example the surface of the well of a microplate, can be located on the 5 ′ end of the primer RNA or also on one of the 5 'or 3' ends of the template RNA of the primer RNA / template RNA complex.
- the primer RNA and / or the template RNA comprises the ligand molecule chemically linked to any of its bases, other than a base of the 5 ′ or 3 ′ end.
- the ligand molecule is a biotin.
- a biotinylated base into the primer RNA sequence of the primer RNA / template RNA complex of the invention, it is possible to transcribe the DNA coding for the primer transfer RNA with a reduced concentration. in ribonucleotide UTP and in the presence of the modified ribonucleotide biotin-16-UTP.
- any other modification of the primer RNA, or of the template RNA constituting the primer RNA / template RNA complex of the invention can be carried out according to techniques known per se.
- the primer RNA which comprises a ligand molecule.
- the pairs of ligand / receptor molecules are preferably chosen from:
- the ligand molecule is a biotin, which is capable of specifically binding to streptavidin.
- the immobilization of the RNA / RNA-biotin complex can be carried out on a support the surface of which has been previously coated with streptavidin molecules.
- the method for screening for inhibitors of the initiation of HIV-1 retrotranscription according to the invention is characterized in that step a) is carried out in a reaction vessel, for example the well of a test microplate, the surface of which constitutes an immobilization support for the RNAamorce / RNAmatrice complex.
- the surface of the reaction chamber for example the well of a microplate, is covered with a receptor molecule capable of specifically binding to a ligand molecule carried by the RNA / RNA complex.
- a receptor molecule capable of specifically binding to a ligand molecule carried by the RNA / RNA complex.
- the initiation activity of the retrotranscription is quantified by measuring the radioactivity present in the polynucleotide which is synthesized by extension of the RNA primer hybrid to the RNA matrix within the RNA / RNA complex, in the presence of the reverse transcriptase enzyme and of the dNTPs / ddNTP mixture.
- the measurement of radioactivity which corresponds to the detection of extension products of the primer transfer RNA, is carried out by using the principle of "proximity scintillation”. »Described in particular in US Pat. No. 4,568,649. According to this principle, only the radioactive molecules located near the surface of the test support, which also includes a product for detecting radioactivity by scintillation, generates the production of a scintillation signal.
- the radioactive molecules inducing the scintillation signal are the deoxyribonucleotides or radioactive dideoxyribonucleotides incorporated into the primer RNA by extending the primer sequence (107) which are located near the surface of the test support, for example the surface of the microplate well.
- radioactive deoxyribonucleotides or dideoxyribonucleotides which have not been incorporated into the transfer RNA by extension of the primer sequence (107) do not generate any detectable signal.
- This principle of proximity scintillation on suitable test microplates has been used in particular by EARNSHAW and POPE (2001), to which a person skilled in the art can advantageously refer to the implementation of the inhibitor screening method according to the invention .
- the RNA primer / template RNA complex comprises, respectively, the primer RNA of sequence SEQ ID No. 1, and the template RNA comprising the sequence SEQ ID No. 2.
- the primer RNA / template RNA complex comprises the primer RNA of sequence SEQ ID No. 3 and the template RNA respectively comprising the sequence SEQ ID N ° 4.
- a nucleoside inhibitor of retrotranscription such as AZTTP is capable of inhibiting the initiation of retrotranscription of the HIV-1 virus, with increased efficiency for increasing concentrations of this inhibitor compound.
- the results of the examples show that the values of inhibition of the step of initiating the retrotranscription obtained are in accordance with the expected theoretical values and that the screening method as defined above makes it possible to detect the synthesis of a primer RNA extension product corresponding to the initiation of HIV-1 retrotranscription and also makes it possible to measure the inhibition of l initiation of HIV-1 retrotranscription.
- the method for screening for inhibitors of HIV-1 retrotranscription as defined above is implemented with increasing concentrations of a candidate compound to be tested.
- the comparison of the level of activity of initiation of the retrotranscription measured in step b) with the level of activity of initiation of the retrotranscription measured in the absence of the inhibiting candidate compound is carried out by the introduction , in the same test, of a control sample comprising the primer RNA / template RNA complex, the reverse transcriptase enzyme and a mixture of dNTPs and a ddNTP which is identical to that used for the other samples of the test.
- the comparison carried out in step c) of the method is carried out with respect to a known value of the activity level of the initiation of the retrotranscription in a control sample in the absence of the candidate compound to be tested.
- the screening method according to the invention also comprises positive control samples in which known final concentrations of a known inhibitor, such as AZTTP, have been added to the combination of the primer RNA / template RNA complex of invention and reverse transcriptase.
- a candidate compound which has been selected as an inhibitor compound according to the screening method above has an exclusive and selective inhibitory activity of the only step of initiating the retrotranscription of the HIV-1 virus.
- said the process can also comprise the following steps: f) bringing into contact, in a sample:
- nucleotide primer for mimicking the elongation step which is complementary to a sequence of viral RNA, preferably complementary to the PBS sequence of viral RNA.
- a reverse transcriptase of VI H-1 a reverse transcriptase of VI H-1;
- step a) (iii) the dNTPs / ddNTP mixture used in step a) in the presence of the candidate compound tested in step a); g) measuring the elongation activity of the nucleotide primer; h) comparing the activity measured in step g) with the elongation activity measured in a control sample, for which step f) is carried out in the absence of the candidate compound; i) determining the inhibitory activity of the candidate compound from the activity comparison carried out in step h); j) compare the inhibitory activity of the same candidate compound determined in step e) with the inhibitory activity of the same compound determined in step i).
- step i) If, in step i), the comparison shows that the inhibitory activities of the candidate compound, respectively in step e) and in step i) are of the same order of magnitude, said candidate compound can be classified as a compound inhibitor of the initiation step of retrotranscription of the HIV-1 virus, but not specific to this initiation step. If, in step i), the comparison shows that the inhibiting activity of the candidate compound in step e) is greater than the inhibiting activity measured in step i) or alternatively that the candidate compound does not have d inhibitory activity in step i), said candidate compound can be classified as a specific inhibitor compound in the step of initiating the retrotranscription of the HIV-1 virus.
- a subject of the invention is also the use of a primer RNA / template RNA complex as defined above in a method for screening for compounds that inhibit the initiation of the retrotranscription of the RNA of an HIV virus.
- the subject of the invention is also a kit or kit for the screening of compounds which inhibit the initiation of the retrotranscription of the RNA of an HIV-1 virus, characterized in that it comprises a primer RNA / template RNA complex as defined above.
- the above screening kit or kit is characterized in that it comprises a reverse transcriptase enzyme, preferably an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme.
- the above screening kit or kit is characterized in that it comprises an appropriate mixture of dNTPs and a ddNTP allowing the synthesis of a polynucleotide produced by lengthening of the priming RNA during the retrotranscription initiation step.
- At least one of the deoxyribonucleotides contained in the screening kit or kit of the invention is labeled with a detectable molecule, preferably a radioactive molecule chosen from 3 [H], 14 [C ], 32 [P] and 33 [P].
- a detectable molecule preferably a radioactive molecule chosen from 3 [H], 14 [C ], 32 [P] and 33 [P].
- Example 1 Formation of a primer RNA / matrix RNA complex mimicking, in vitro, and structure of the initiation complex for retrotranscription of HIV-1.
- a primer RNA / template RNA complex mimicking the HIV-1 retrotranscription initiation complex can be formed in vitro from a transcript of Hls tRNA hybridized to its “adapted” vRNA (vRNA [His-AC-GAC] ).
- the plasmid comprising the sequence coding for the Hls tRNA, pltRNA Hls , was obtained by insertion, into the EcoRI and Xmal sites of Puc18, of a DNA fragment corresponding to the sequence of the Hls tRNA and having, upstream, the promoter site for phage T7 RNA polymerase. This fragment was created by hybridization and ligation of suitable oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
- the Hls tRNA transcript was obtained by in vitro transcription of the vector pItRNAHis previously digested with the restriction enzyme Nsil.
- the primer tRNA produced by in vitro transcription can carry a modification allowing, during the retrotranscription test, the retention of the template / primer complex extended on a support carrying a ligand of this modification.
- the modification may be a biotin or any other ligand or reagent allowing covalent or non-covalent anchoring for attachment of the complex to a solid support.
- a variety of methods can be considered for the modification of RNA (see for example (Hermanson, 1996)).
- biotinilated Hls tRNA primer the biotinilation being carried out during transcription in the presence of 40 mM Tris HCI, pH8 (37 ° C), 15 mM MgCI 2 , 50 mM NaCI, 1.6 mM spermidine, 50 U RNAsin, 5 mM DTE, 4 mM ATP, 4mM CTP, 4 mM GTP, 2.5 mM UTP, 0.4 mM biotin-16-UTP, 22.5 U of T7 RNA Polymerase.
- biotin-16-UTP is omitted and the concentration of UTP is reduced to 4 mM.
- the plasmid DNA is digested in the presence of DNAse I and the transcripts are purified on HPLC columns.
- the adapted vRNA [His-AC-GAC] used in our tests corresponds to the first 295 nucleotides of the 5 'end of the HxB2 isolate of HIV-1 and contains mutations making it possible to form the characteristic structure of initiation.
- retrotranscription (Fig. 1): the PBS site is mutated to be complementary to the 18 nucleotides of the 3 'end of the Hls tRNA; the nucleotides of the A-rich region upstream of the PBS site are mutated so as to be complementary to the loop of the Hls tRNA anticodon ; other nucleotides around the PBS are mutated, thus increasing the complementarity with the Hls tRNA (Zhang et al., 1998).
- the plasmid plHis-AC-AGC comprising the sequences coding for the adapted vRNA [His-AC-AGC] was constructed by insertion, in the EcoRI and Xmal sites of the vector Puc18, of a DNA fragment obtained by PCR at from the infectious molecular clone pHXB2 (His-AC-AGC) (Li et al., 1997), supplied by Dr C. Morrow (Birmimgham, USA), and comprising, before the transcription start site, the promoter T7.
- the PCR primers were designed to amplify the region corresponding to the 732 nucleotides of the 5 'end of the vRNA [His-AC-AGC].
- the first 295 nucleotides of the vRNA [His-AC-AGC] were obtained by in vitro transcription of the vector plHis-AC-AGC, previously digested with Rsal, according to the protocol previously described. and (Marquet et al., 1991). The RNA was purified as previously described.
- the Hls tRNA is labeled at its 5 ′ end.
- the Hls tRNA (15 ⁇ g) is incubated for 30 minutes at 37 ° C. in the CIP buffer (Calf Intestinal Phosphatase), in the presence of 15 U of CIP. After phenolic extraction and precipitation, the tRNA is purified on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The tRNA is then labeled at its 5 ′ end by transfer of the radioactive phosphate from [ ⁇ ⁇ ATP. The tRNA (3 ⁇ g) is incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C.
- the template / primer complex is prepared as described below and according to previously published protocols (Isel et al, 1993).
- the formation of the complex can be done at 37 ° C., in the presence of the nucleocapsid protein, NCp7 (Brûlé et al., 2002).
- [His-AC-AGC] with the aid of nuclease S1 is carried out according to the following protocol: 100,000 cpm of Hls tRNA labeled at its 5 ′ end with [f 2 P] are incubated in the absence or in the presence of 12 pmoles of vRNA [His-AC-AGC] for 2 min at 90 ° C, then 2 min in ice.
- RNAs are then incubated for 20 min at 70 ° C in 50 mM Sodium Cacodylate (pH 7.5), 300 mM KCI, then the complex is brought to room temperature for 5 minutes, in 50 mM Sodium Cacodylate (pH 7.5), 300 mM KCI, 5 mM MgCI 2 , 1 mM ZnCI 2 .
- the Hls tRNA, free and supplemented with 1 ⁇ g of tRNAtotal, or hybridized with the RNA [His-AC-AGC] is then incubated in the absence or in the presence of 200U of nuclease S1, for 7.5 or 15 minutes at 37 ° vs. The reaction is stopped by digestion of nuclease S1 with 20 ⁇ g of proteinase K, for 30 76689
- RNAs are precipitated with ethanol, centrifuged and separated by electrophoresis on 15% denaturing polyacrylamide gel.
- the tRNA Hls transcript devoid of modified bases, allows the formation of a stable complex which mimics the structural specificities of the initiation complex of the retrotranscription obtained with the natural tARN3 Lys and its complementary vRNA .
- the loop of the Hls tRNA transcript anticodon reactive to nuclease S1 in the absence of a template, is protected in the presence of the vRNA [His-AC-GAC], suggesting an interaction with the CCACAA loop of this RNA (Fig. 1 and 3).
- the protection of the anticodon zone of the primer at nuclease S1 constitutes one of the signatures of the initiation complex and represents one of the essential controls indicating that the matrix / primer interactions are not limited to the PBS region.
- the template / primer complex formed in vitro, and where the anticodon region of the primer interacts with a region of template RNA upstream of the PBS site, must be tested for its ability to meet the criteria of the initiation reaction. / extension of the retrotranscription as defined by the authors (Isel et al., 1996, Lanchy et al., 1996, Lanchy et al., 1998).
- Example 2 A lvis vRNA matrix-AC-GACI / Hls tRNA primer complex has the functional characteristics of a retrotranscription initiation complex
- the primers tRNA Hls and ODNH B must be radioactively labeled.
- the Hls tRNA is labeled according to the protocol described above.
- the ODNms is labeled by transfer of the radioactive phosphate from [- 32 ] ATP according to the following protocol: 0.1 nmole of ODNms are incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C. in the kinase buffer, in the presence of 100 ⁇ Ci of [- 32 ] ATP and 15 U of phage T4 polynucleotide kinase before being purified on denaturing polyacrylamide gel.
- the retrotranscription reaction is initiated by the addition of 50 ⁇ M of each dNTP and stopped at different times, from 15 seconds to 30 minutes, in the presence of 90 mM Tris-Borate pH 8.3, 25 mM EDTA.
- the reaction products are separated by electrophoresis on an 8% denaturing polyacrylamide gel.
- the functional study of the initiation complex by comparing the DNA synthesis profiles of strong-stop (-) DNA obtained in the presence of a tRNA primer or an oligodeoxyribonucleotide primer constitutes the functional control which makes it possible to validate a complex.
- matrix / primer as mime of the natural retrotranscription complex.
- Example 3 Initiation as a Target in a High-Flow Screening Test
- the matrix / primer complexes described above and mimicking the specific retrotranscription initiation complex can be used in a high-flow screening test for inhibitors of the retrotranscription, specifically targeting this initiation step.
- AC-GAC] / primer HRNA H s biotinilized is pre-formed according to the protocol described above and (Isel et al., 1993). Alternatively, the formation of the complex can be done at 37 ° C., in the presence of the nucleocapsid protein, NCp7 (Brûle et al., 2002).
- the complex in an appropriate retrotranscription buffer (Tris-HCI 50 mM pH 7.5; KCI 50 mM; MgCI 2 6 mM; DTE 1 mM and (Isel et al., 1996)), is then transferred to the wells. a microplate (for example “Flashpiate”, NEN).
- 10 nM of template / primer complex are lengthened by the RT of HIV-1, wild or mutated in its RNase H site, in the presence of 5 ⁇ M of each dNTP (dGTP, dCTP, dATP and dTTP / dTTP [ 3 H] (Specific activity: 121 Ci / mmol; Amersham)), in the absence or in the presence of retrotranscription inhibitors (AZTTP or d4TTP in the examples of Fig. 6 ), for 5, 15 and 30 minutes at 37 ° C.
- dNTP dGTP, dCTP, dATP and dTTP / dTTP [ 3 H]
- retrotranscription inhibitors AZTTP or d4TTP in the examples of Fig. 6
- Table I Comparison between the expected theoretical signals and the experimental signals during the synthesis of a product corresponding to the initiation of retrotranscription.
- the expected theoretical signal is calculated as a function of the ratio of the concentrations of AZTTP and dTTP present in the reaction medium and of the selectivity of incorporation of AZTTP with respect to dTTP (measured in initiation and in elongation (Rigourd et al., 2000)).
- KANG KANG, SM, ZJ ZHANG, and CD. MORROW 1997. Identification of a sequence within U5 required for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to stably maintain a primer binding site complementary to tRNA Met J. Virol.
- SKRIPKIN E et al. 1996, Nucleic acids Research, vol. 24: 509-514.
- Nucleotide sequences within the U5 region of the viral RNA genome are the major determinants for an human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to maintain a primer binding site complementary to tRNA (His) Virology, 226: 306-317.
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| FR0350029 | 2003-02-20 | ||
| FR0350029A FR2851577A1 (fr) | 2003-02-20 | 2003-02-20 | Procede de criblage de composes inhibiteurs de l'initiation de la retrotranscription de l'arn de virus vih-1 et moyens de mise en oeuvre du procede |
| PCT/FR2004/050068 WO2004076689A1 (fr) | 2003-02-20 | 2004-02-19 | Procede de criblage de composes inhibiteurs de l'initiation de la retrotranscription de l'arn d'un virus vih-1 et moyens de mise en oeuvre du procede |
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| EP2201118B1 (fr) | 2007-09-14 | 2012-04-18 | Trana Discovery | Compositions et procédés pour l'identification d'inhibiteurs d'une infection rétrovirale |
| EP2342339A4 (fr) * | 2008-09-29 | 2012-06-06 | Trana Discovery Inc | Procédés de criblage pour identifier des inhibiteurs spécifiques de staphylococcus aureus |
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