EP1570283A1 - Kontrastmittelverstärkte magnetresonanzbildgebung mit flussdephasierung zur darstellung pathologischer strukturen angrenzend an blutgefässe - Google Patents
Kontrastmittelverstärkte magnetresonanzbildgebung mit flussdephasierung zur darstellung pathologischer strukturen angrenzend an blutgefässeInfo
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- EP1570283A1 EP1570283A1 EP03782298A EP03782298A EP1570283A1 EP 1570283 A1 EP1570283 A1 EP 1570283A1 EP 03782298 A EP03782298 A EP 03782298A EP 03782298 A EP03782298 A EP 03782298A EP 1570283 A1 EP1570283 A1 EP 1570283A1
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- dephasing
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
- G01R33/48—NMR imaging systems
- G01R33/54—Signal processing systems, e.g. using pulse sequences ; Generation or control of pulse sequences; Operator console
- G01R33/56—Image enhancement or correction, e.g. subtraction or averaging techniques, e.g. improvement of signal-to-noise ratio and resolution
- G01R33/5601—Image enhancement or correction, e.g. subtraction or averaging techniques, e.g. improvement of signal-to-noise ratio and resolution involving use of a contrast agent for contrast manipulation, e.g. a paramagnetic, super-paramagnetic, ferromagnetic or hyperpolarised contrast agent
Definitions
- the invention relates to an imaging arrangement and a method for spatially resolved image display, in particular of human or animal bodies.
- the arrangement and the method are particularly suitable for magnetic resonance (MR) tomography on the human and animal body.
- MR magnetic resonance
- lymphatic vessels in the mammalian and human bodies have been visualized using X-ray procedures with direct puncture of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes with simultaneous administration of X-ray contrast media (direct lymphography). These interventions are very painful for the patient and often lead to side effects.
- Magnetic resonance imaging can also be used to display lymphatic tissue instead of X-ray diagnostics.
- This technique like the X-ray technique, is generally well suited for imaging the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes due to the multi-planar layer guidance and the high soft tissue contrast.
- contrast media result in unfavorable contrast properties, namely a negative contrast (signal drop in the target organ) and susceptibility artifacts.
- very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles coated with dextran can be used.
- the particles are stored in phagocytes in functional lymph node tissue, but not in metastatic tissue in which phagocytosis does not take place.
- Maximum concentration of this contrast medium within the lymph nodes is only reached after about 24-48 h after the administration.
- the target structures are dark, since these substances, as negative contrast agents, significantly reduce the spin-spin relaxation time T 2 and in particular T 2 * due to their susceptibility effect.
- plaques The display of arteriosclerotic deposits in the vascular wall, so-called plaques, is also of particular interest. Since the mostly intravascular contrast media cause an increase in the signal inside the blood vessels, it is almost impossible to define a plaque in the vessel wall immediately after the administration of the contrast media. The arteriosclerotic deposits are very difficult to distinguish from the blood vessels immediately after administration to the blood system. It is therefore necessary, as for the imaging of lymph nodes, to allow a long waiting time to elapse between administration of the contrast agent and imaging using an imaging technique. Special contrast media can be used to display the plaques. In order to differentiate the plaques from the inside of the blood vessel, it can be used that the contrast medium remains in the plaques longer than in the
- a measurable signal sequence also with a gradient pulse sequence (gradient echo method ) be achieved.
- a gradient pulse is first switched, for example in the x direction.
- a gradient pulse is then applied in the -x direction, ie with an inverted gradient sign.
- the initially dephased spins refocus into a measurable signal that can be represented as a sum vector in a coordinate system rotating with ⁇ o.
- the nuclear spins For the spatially resolved representation of the nuclear spins in a field of view to be examined (FOV: field-of-view) in a body, the nuclear spins must be assignable to individual spatial elements.
- the effect is used that the Larmor frequency ⁇ (x, t) is dependent on the magnetic field strength B (x, t).
- a slice scanning using a magnetic field gradient in the form of a gradient pulse during the 90 ° pulse in the z direction, only a thin layer (“slice”) is excited in which the magnetic field strength B 0 just corresponds to the Larmor frequency ⁇ 0.
- a simple assignment of nuclei for example in the z direction, is achieved, which are located within the layer under resonance conditions.
- gradient circuits are inserted in successive pulse sequences, which are successively increased or decreased in increments, the p ⁇ ase gradients with gradient slopes can be varied between two maximum values + G and -G.
- a first gradient circuit is inserted in the x direction (“read”), which contains the required information about the spatial resolution of the nuclear spins in the x direction.
- a second read gradient circuit with different polarity is then the first inserted, which after a dephasing of the spins in the xy plane due to the first reac / gradient circuit leads to a refocusing of the nuclear spins due to the switching of the second pulse, so that a response signal is generated, since the rea gradient circuit depending on the location in x- In the direction of different magnetic fields in the range Bo ⁇ ⁇ B during the refocusing, the signals originating from different locations can be separated on the basis of the different frequencies in the range ⁇ o ⁇ A ⁇ (frequency coding).
- the FT analysis is used for the location display.
- the measurement can be accelerated by exciting the nuclear spins with an RF pulse, which leads to a tilt of the net magnetization of less than 90 ° (flip angle a ⁇ 90 °).
- a three-dimensional representation of a body to be examined can also be generated in a single pulse sequence without layering (3D-FT): For this, the aforementioned pulse sequences for the phase and the rea ouf gradient pulse applied.
- the s // ce gradient pulse during the RF pulse is additionally followed by a downstream s // ce gradient pulse with inverted polarity, the second s // ce gradient pulse in successive pulse sequences in increments between two maximum values + G and -G is increased or decreased.
- angiography angiography
- signal carriers moving nuclear spins
- Angiography succeeds in a few seconds.
- the spin echo method is used to visualize blood vessels, which is made even more efficient by built-in dephasing gradients (Black Blood Angiography), or the rephase / dephase meihode, which is mainly used for positive imaging of the peripheral Arteries is used. Both techniques have not been used in combination with contrast agents. Rather, the intrinsic contrast of the moving blood to the blood vessel representation has an effect here. With the rephase / dephase method, this means that in the subtraction of the two data sets, vessels only appear bright if enough fresh blood flows into the measurement layer.
- Angiography should offer the advantage over Bright Blood Angiography that malfunctions can be displayed very precisely.
- a 2D spin echo method was used to represent lesions in Black Blood Angiography, since gradient echo sequences were not suitable for suppressing the moving nuclear spins, even though the examined layers were saturated. In order to achieve suppression, the echo time TE should have been extended. However, this would have led to a reduction in the dissolution of the structures on the blood vessels and to a reduced contrast between the blood vessel and muscle tissue.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to find means with which, in particular, small pathological structures can be recognized and displayed without problems.
- a high-contrast, overlay-free and clear representation of non-moving structures adjacent to blood vessels in the human or animal body should be possible.
- metastases in the lymphatic tissue and in plaques should be easily and quickly recognizable and representable.
- magnetic field gradient echo pulse sequences are switched in a certain spatial direction, this means that the sequences can be switched in any one or two or all three spatial directions.
- the statement that the magnetization of flowing medium can be weakened in one spatial direction means that the magnetization can be weakened in any one or two spatial directions or in all three spatial directions.
- a magnetic resonance (MR) contrast medium which is absorbed by the body to be examined, is used to display pathological structures with microscopic dimensions in the lymphatic system and in the blood vessels using magnetic resonance imaging.
- a magnetic resonance imaging device is used to obtain data for a spatially resolved image display of the magnetic resonance behavior of the atomic nuclei in a selected viewing area in a body.
- the device is designed and programmed such that the body transmits high-frequency and magnetic field gradient echo pulse sequences through the device can be exposed to generate a magnetization in the body.
- lymph nodes of a specific region in the human or animal body or the entire body can be displayed with high spatial resolution, since on the one hand the moving signal carriers from the blood vessels are suppressed and on the other hand the target structures are displayed more intensely by contrast media, so that these stand out particularly well.
- the signal intensity originating from the blood vessels is selectively suppressed according to the invention, so that, for example, the lymph nodes in the immediate vicinity of large blood vessels can also be shown and delimited against the vessel.
- arteriosclerotic deposits so-called plaques, in the blood vessel walls.
- MR contrast agents are used to display, in particular, lymphatic tissue and arteriosclerotic deposits in blood vessels, which may be advantageously tailored to the respective application.
- the contrast media should preferably meet the following conditions:
- coated iron oxide particles in the form of the USPIO are suitable for detecting metastases of the lymphatic system.
- coated iron oxide particles take a longer time to accumulate in the lymph nodes.
- these contrast media are not suitable for displaying the lymphatic vessels.
- gadolinium complexes provided with polar residues, for example sugar residues, and fluorinated side chains, which are aggregated to micelles with a size of 4-6 nm.
- polar residues for example sugar residues
- fluorinated side chains which are aggregated to micelles with a size of 4-6 nm.
- Such connections are described, for example, in WO 02/14309 A1.
- the MR examination can be carried out within a few minutes to an hour after administration.
- These special gadolinium compounds can also be used to display arteriosclerotic deposits (plaques).
- Compounds of other paramagnetic metal ions can also be used, for example compounds of Mn (II), Dy (III) and Fe (III).
- Gd (III), Mn (II) and Fe (III) compounds act as positive contrast agents, since these agents reduce the longitudinal relaxation time Ti, so that those parts in an MR image into which the contrast agent has been recorded are lightened.
- Dy (III) compounds like iron oxide particles, act as negative contrast agents, since their susceptibility effect reduces T 2 and in particular T 2 *, so that the parts in an MR image into which these contrast agents have been recorded , appear darker. In this respect, the latter compounds are not as suitable as Mn (II) and Fe (III) compounds.
- contrast media instead of the aforementioned contrast media, other types of contrast media can also be used, for example nitrogen oxides which, like the metal ions mentioned, are paramagnetic. Furthermore, gas-filled microbubbles are also proposed, which can be filled with nitrogen or perfluoropropane, for example. Such systems are described by way of example in US Pat. No. 6,315,981 A.
- diamagnetic compounds can also be used as contrast agents which do not contain 1 H but other signal carriers, for example fluorocarbon compounds.
- 1 H-MR tomography a 19 F-MR tomography is carried out in this case, since the 19 F atom core also has a nuclear spin of VT.
- the gyromagnetic ratio for 19 F is significantly different from that for H, so that these atomic nuclei form an image contrast in the MR image.
- These should be those connections that are included in the target structures. If these compounds have a long residence time in the blood, the target structures can be made selectively visible with the present invention without the blood vessels preventing the recognition of these structures.
- the MR contrast medium can in particular be administered intravenously to the human or animal body.
- the contrast medium can also be administered intraarterially, percutaneously, in particular subcutaneously, furthermore orally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly or in some other way.
- the effect is used according to the invention that the spins of the atomic nuclei contained in the observation area in the body to be examined dephase during the movement, while this does not apply to spins that are not moving.
- This can be achieved by suitable switching of the magnetic field gradient pulses.
- To determine the conditions under which the signals are attenuated use the following equation for the phase of the the respective nuclear spins, which is location and time dependent and which is a function of the location x within a gradient field, the time dependent gradient field strength G (t) and the time t after excitation of the atomic nuclei with a high frequency pulse:
- the constant y is the gyromagnetic ratio and is 2 / 7-42.577 MHz / T in practical units for the protons mainly used in magnetic resonance imaging.
- equation [1] can be reformulated as follows:
- x 0 is the starting point of the atomic nucleus when moving during a gradient pulse sequence
- v 0 is the constant velocity of the flowing one Medium.
- y is the gyromagnetic ratio of the atomic nuclei
- G (t ') is a time-dependent gradient field strength in this spatial direction
- t is the time elapsed since the irradiation of a high-frequency pulse to excite the atomic nuclei.
- the magnetization of the medium flowing in the at least one spatial direction in the body is weakened by dephasing the spins in that gradient moments of the i-th order Mj (t), in particular gradient moments of the first order M ⁇ (t), in this spatial direction can be maximized.
- a predetermined gradient circuit will have a non-vanishing gradient torque of the first order Mi, so that the gradient circuit is not flow-compensated.
- Gradient circuits of this type are usually used to accommodate non-moving signal carriers.
- gradient moments are required that are not achieved by typical imaging gradients.
- the nuclear spins can be dephased in a spatial direction by switching a gradient pulse with the time integral A by a certain amount.
- a second gradient pulse with the time integral -A in the same spatial direction, non-moving signal carriers are completely rephased, but not moving signal carriers.
- the selected pulse times for the gradient moments must be very short, since the relaxation times are very short due to the use of the contrast media.
- very short gradient pulses are used, a correspondingly high gradient field strength must be switched in the short period of time that is available.
- Gradient systems that consist of current-carrying coils are used to generate gradient pulses. These coils are driven by a current amplifier. These amplifiers can only provide finite power, so that the amount of the gradient field strength is limited in practice.
- the gradient field strength in clinical magnetic resonance tomographs is limited, for example, to 30-40 mT / m:
- equations [6a] and [6b] can, for example, be realized simply by using a flow dephasing gradient pulse sequence with long pulses.
- the first order gradient moment Mi for a bipolar gradient pulse can be given by
- the gradient pulses for flow dephasing should be kept as short as possible for contrast medium-assisted examinations according to the invention.
- the gradient pulses additionally used for the flow dephasing should be as short as possible, since a shortening of the longitudinal relaxation time Ti caused by the contrast medium inevitably also leads to a shortening of the transverse relaxation time T 2 . If long gradient pulses were switched under these conditions, the echo times TE for signal readout would be extended, so that consequently an accelerated T 2 decay would result in a strong signal loss for both moving and stationary signal carriers.
- the gradient pulse sequence comprises flow dephasing gradient pulses in the three spatial directions (orthogonal to one another in the Cartesian coordinate system).
- the gradient echo pulse sequences in the respective spatial directions are formed by inserting the flow dephasing gradient pulses into imaging gradient echo pulse sequences.
- flow dephasing gradient pulses can also be inserted in only one or only two spatial directions in imaging gradient echo pulse sequences. This can be advantageous, for example, if flowing medium is not to be weakened in the spatial directions in which the flow dephasing gradient pulses are not inserted. It may be of particular interest to suppress the aorta by switching flow dephasing gradient pulses in the z direction.
- the time required to insert the additional flow dephasing gradient pulses should be short in order to minimize the echo times of the sequence. This is necessary because the signals of all structures enriching a contrast medium in a body have a shortened T 2 decay, which would lead to a massive signal loss with long echo times.
- bipolar gradient pulses are between the actual ones in the frequency and phase coding direction before the signal readout and in the slice selection direction after the high-frequency excitation
- the gradient echo pulse sequence can be programmed, for example, so that with increasing echo time TE> TEmin symmetrical plateau times t P ] a t ea u in accordance
- the first order gradient moment Mi according to equation [7] and the speed v max above which massive suppression of the signals can be expected can thus be set indirectly via the echo time TE according to equation [4].
- the entire imaging gradients of a given pulse sequence which are used between high-frequency excitation and signal reading, are recalculated so that the additional gradient contributions for maximizing the first-order gradient moment M ⁇ are a first-order gradient moment that is predetermined via a limit velocity v max Realize Mi and at the same time do not change the zero order gradient moment Mo of the original gradient train (see FIG. 1c). It is often necessary to extend the echo time TE of the gradient train. However, the echo trains realized with this implementation are always shorter than the trains described under 1., since here imaging and flow dephasing gradient pulses are played out simultaneously and not in succession. The shortest gradient timing given given given boundary conditions according to equations [6a] and [6b] is found in such an approach by numerical optimization.
- the difference between the two methods is greatest at high limit speeds v m3X of nuclear spins, which can be dephased with relatively short and weak gradient pulses, while the flux dephasing gradient pulse sequences make the essential contribution to the imaging gradient echo pulse sequences at low speeds Deliver gradient timing so that the echo times differ only slightly.
- the gradient echo pulse sequences to be used comprise flow dephasing gradient pulse sequences in at least one spatial direction
- the gradient echo pulse sequences in the respective spatial direction by inserting respective flow dephasing gradient pulses into imaging gradient gradients are formed or calculated according to the aforementioned boundary conditions.
- Nuclear spins that move in the spatial directions in which the flux dephasing gradient pulses are effective are dephased by the inserted or newly calculated sequences.
- An advantageous pulse sequence is the so-called FLASH sequence (Fast Low Angle Shot), in which an excitation pulse with a flip angle a ⁇ 90 °, for example 25 °, is irradiated and gradient pulses are used for refocusing. Additional gradients are used for imaging and river dephasing. The time required for data acquisition is reduced if the excitation pulse is irradiated with a flip angle a ⁇ 90 °.
- Multipulse sequences can also be used to accelerate the acquisition, for example EPI (echo planar imaging).
- EPI echo planar imaging
- these sequences only one excitation pulse is irradiated and a large number of gradient pulses are switched in succession for spatially resolved imaging, so that refocusing signals are obtained with each reac / otrt gradient pulse.
- There- can be used in a gradient echo pulse sequence to record data, for example, for a row or an entire matrix in k-space (measurement data obtained before the conversion into the location-coded image data by Fourier transformation).
- EPI is advantageous from the point of view that the data is scanned quickly. In this case, however, there is the disadvantage that artefacts which reveal modifications, for example segmented EPI, become apparent when taking pictures of many body regions, in particular in the abdominal area.
- the data are recorded point by point with separate gradient echo pulse sequences in such a way that a new excitation pulse is irradiated for each point.
- This procedure is somewhat more time-consuming than the methods in which multi-pulse sequences are used.
- the method is much more robust than a method with multipulse sequences.
- EPI also has the disadvantage that image smearing and signal loss occur during the relatively long echo times when contrast agents are used that accelerate the T 2 * decay.
- the magnetization thus stored in the z-direction is thus imprinted with an additional contrast, the dephasing, so that it can be read out with any imaging sequence.
- this embodiment has the disadvantage that the rapid Ti relaxation caused by the contrast agents is impressed on the one in the z direction Contrast leveled again.
- the data acquisition can also be reduced by not recording the maximum database in a data matrix to be subjected to the Fourier transformation in k-space. For example, in one embodiment, only half of the amount of data can be recorded and the other half can be filled with zeros. In another embodiment, only 80% of the lines are recorded in k-space. The rest of the part is filled with zeros. In all such cases, a limited resolution of the image is accepted. In many cases, however, this is sufficient for clinical diagnostics, at least for an initial orientation examination.
- the device according to the invention has the following essential features:
- a static magnet in particular a superconducting electromagnet
- Gradient devices for generating gradient pulses in three orthogonally spaced spatial directions are formed by coils through which current flows, a transmitting device for generating high-frequency signals, in particular an RF transmitting coil,
- a receiving device for high-frequency signals it is preferably an RF reception coil
- a device for controlling the gradient devices and the transmitting device these are amplifiers, and also programmable devices with which the gradient pulse sequences can be generated, and there are also programmable devices with which the transmitting and receiving coils can be controlled
- the transmitting device and the receiving device can be realized by a common device.
- a changeover switch is additionally provided, which is used to control these devices and toggles between the transmit mode and the receive mode.
- 1 a schematic representation of a gradient echo pulse sequence
- 2a a schematic representation of a flow-compensated gradient echo pulse sequence for recording two-dimensional MR data without special gradient circuits for suppressing moving MR signal carriers
- 2b shows a schematic representation of a gradient echo pulse sequence for recording two-dimensional MR data in a first embodiment according to the invention with inserted flow dephasing gradient pulses (marked in dark);
- 2c a schematic representation of a gradient echo pulse sequence for recording two-dimensional MR data in a second embodiment according to the invention with newly calculated flow Flow dephasing gradient pulses, which are used simultaneously for imaging and for suppressing moving MR signal carriers;
- Fig. 6 High-resolution gradient echo MR images as in Fig. 5, 28 h after administration of the plaque-common MR contrast agent.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a gradient echo pulse sequence to illustrate the parameters G b i p0 iar. ramp, t p ⁇ a teau and t sep are shown in a plot of G (t) (gradient field strength) over time t. The meaning of the individual parameters is explained in more detail above.
- FIG. 2a shows a sequence that does not have any flux dephasing gradient pulses for dephasing moving nuclear spins, but rather a sequence with flux compensation, ie a sequence in which M 0 and Mi are each zero.
- the representation shows the gradient switching in the three spatial directions over time.
- G s / ; ce the gradient pulse sequence for the slice selection in the z direction is shown.
- An excitation RF pulse is radiated in during the first gradient pulse.
- a specific slice is generated by this s // ce gradient pulse
- the subsequent pulses in the z direction with the opposite or the same polarity are used to refocus the defocusing caused by the first pulse and to set the condition that both M 0 and Wed zero.
- pulses for phase encoding the nuclear spins are shown schematically. With each repetition of the pulse sequence shown, the size and polarity of this p ⁇ ase gradient pulse is incrementally changed between two extreme values -G p ase and + G p , ase .
- the nuclear spins are frequency-coded depending on their location by the reac / otrt gradient pulses, and during the last pulse the nuclear spin signal is generated in the xy plane by refocusing, which is recorded.
- FIG. 2b shows a schematic representation of the gradient echo pulse sequence for recording two-dimensional MR data in a first embodiment according to the invention.
- this sequence contains the sequence from FIG. 2a, which does not have any flow dephasing gradient pulse sequences, but only flow-compensated imaging gradient echo pulse sequences.
- gradient circuits are shown in dark color, which have also been inserted into the imaging sequences and which serve to dephasize the nuclear spins in moving media without the imaging gradient echo pulse sequences being influenced.
- the first-order gradient moments Mi were directions (slice, phase and readout) are inserted so that the signals of nuclear spins are suppressed, which move in any spatial direction during the measurement.
- FIG. 2c shows a schematic illustration of the gradient echo pulse sequence for recording two-dimensional MR data in a second embodiment according to the invention.
- the imaging gradient echo pulse sequences originally shown in FIG. 2a can no longer be recognized separately in this sequence.
- These gradient echo pulse sequences have arisen from recalculation taking into account flow dephasing gradient pulse sequences.
- a 3D FLASH sequence was used as the starting sequence, the parameters of which were optimized for the imaging of small animals (high spatial resolution).
- a Copenhagen rat with stimulated lymph nodes was administered with a contrast agent in an animal experiment.
- the contrast medium was chosen so that it remained in the blood stream for a long time and massively reduced the relaxation times Ti and T 2 there .
- echo time TE 14.0 ms
- size of the field of view FOV 60 x 120 mm 2
- Layer thickness SL 0.32 mm
- Matrix 104 x 256
- BW 150 Hz / pixel
- flip angle a 15 °
- Recording time TA 3 min 42 s.
- the inguinal lymph nodes of the rat are clearly visible through strong contrast enhancement (arrows). It can be seen that blood vessels that run in the direction of the inserted gradient pulses are shown with a low signal. Since the contrast medium used was absorbed by the lymphatic system, in which the speed of movement of the signal carriers is very slow compared to the blood flow, a signal-rich display of the lymph nodes was achieved.
- FIG. 4 shows recordings taken with a 3D gradient echo pulse sequence, without and with flow dephasing gradient circuits in comparison to one another, again taken on a Copenhagen rat.
- bipolar gradient pulses were inserted in all three spatial directions.
- the corresponding images can be seen on the right side of FIG. 4.
- On the left are reproductions that have been obtained without the insertion of flow dephasing gradient circuits.
- the pulse sequence was implemented in such a way that with increasing echo time TE (from top to bottom in the recording sequence) ever lower speeds were sufficient to suppress the signal of moving spins.
- the aforementioned intravascular gadolinium contrast agent [10 - ⁇ (RS) -1 - [( ⁇ [(5S) -6- ⁇ 4 - [(heptadeca- fluorooctyl) sulfonyl] piperazin-1 -yl ⁇ -5 - ⁇ [(alpha-D-mannopyranos-1-O-yl) oxy] - acetylamino ⁇ -6-oxohexan-1-yl] carbamoyl ⁇ methyl) carbamoyl-kappa O] ethyl ⁇ - 1, 4.7 , 10-tetraazacyclododecan-1, 4,7-triacetato (3 -) - kappa N1, kappa N4, kappa N7, kappa N10, kappa O1, kappa O4, kappa O7] -gadolinium in an amount of 0.1 mmol
- FIG. 5 shows the image data which were obtained after 12 hours after the administration and in FIG. 6 the image data which were acquired after 28 hours after the contrast agent had been administered.
- TR 14 ms
- TE 8.5 ms
- FOV 200 x 200
- SL 2 mm
- Matrix 205 x 256
- BW 245 Hz / pixel
- a 30 °
- TA 1 min 32 s.
- plaques arrows
- FIG. 5 plaques (arrows) could only be delimited from the blood vessels in the flow-dephased measurement.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2002160372 DE10260372B4 (de) | 2002-12-13 | 2002-12-13 | Kernspintomographievorrichtung und Verfahren zur ortsaufgelösten Bilddarstellung |
| DE10260372 | 2002-12-13 | ||
| PCT/EP2003/013666 WO2004055539A1 (de) | 2002-12-13 | 2003-12-03 | Kontrastmittelstärkte magnetresonanzbildgebung mit flussdephasierung zur darstellung pathologischer strukturen angrenzend an blutgefässe |
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| EP03782298A Withdrawn EP1570283A1 (de) | 2002-12-13 | 2003-12-03 | Kontrastmittelverstärkte magnetresonanzbildgebung mit flussdephasierung zur darstellung pathologischer strukturen angrenzend an blutgefässe |
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| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP1570283A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2006509567A (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2003289954A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10260372B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2004055539A1 (de) |
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| DE102005008753B4 (de) * | 2005-02-25 | 2007-09-27 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur Darstellung von Fluss in einem Magnetresonanzbild |
| DE102005053269B3 (de) * | 2005-11-08 | 2007-04-12 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Ermittlung eines diffusionsgewichteten Bildes |
| EP1957996A1 (de) | 2005-11-29 | 2008-08-20 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Unterscheidung von gebundenen und ungebundenen kontrastmitteln unter verwendung von magnetresonanz |
| JP5619339B2 (ja) * | 2006-09-13 | 2014-11-05 | 株式会社東芝 | 磁気共鳴画像診断装置 |
| US9201129B2 (en) | 2006-09-13 | 2015-12-01 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Magnetic-resonance image diagnostic apparatus and method of controlling the same |
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| US5922304A (en) | 1989-12-22 | 1999-07-13 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Gaseous precursor filled microspheres as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents |
| US6408201B1 (en) * | 2000-06-09 | 2002-06-18 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for efficient stenosis identification in peripheral arterial vasculature using MR imaging |
| DE10040381C1 (de) | 2000-08-11 | 2002-06-06 | Schering Ag | Perfluoralkylhaltige Komplexe mit Zuckerresten, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und ihre Verwendung |
-
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- 2002-12-13 DE DE2002160372 patent/DE10260372B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-12-03 JP JP2004559749A patent/JP2006509567A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-12-03 EP EP03782298A patent/EP1570283A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-12-03 AU AU2003289954A patent/AU2003289954A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-03 WO PCT/EP2003/013666 patent/WO2004055539A1/de not_active Ceased
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| DE10260372B4 (de) | 2007-01-04 |
| DE10260372A1 (de) | 2004-07-08 |
| AU2003289954A1 (en) | 2004-07-09 |
| JP2006509567A (ja) | 2006-03-23 |
| WO2004055539A1 (de) | 2004-07-01 |
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