EP1562111A1 - Ein Kontextmodellierer für das Modellieren einer Kontextdarstellung und eine Methode zur Modellierung einer Kontextdarstellung - Google Patents

Ein Kontextmodellierer für das Modellieren einer Kontextdarstellung und eine Methode zur Modellierung einer Kontextdarstellung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1562111A1
EP1562111A1 EP04075325A EP04075325A EP1562111A1 EP 1562111 A1 EP1562111 A1 EP 1562111A1 EP 04075325 A EP04075325 A EP 04075325A EP 04075325 A EP04075325 A EP 04075325A EP 1562111 A1 EP1562111 A1 EP 1562111A1
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Prior art keywords
context
entity
activation
modeller
activation attribute
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EP04075325A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1562111B1 (de
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Horst Werner
Joerg Beringer
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SAP SE
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SAP SE
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Priority to EP04075325.3A priority Critical patent/EP1562111B1/de
Priority to JP2005025838A priority patent/JP4673075B2/ja
Priority to US11/048,703 priority patent/US7882148B2/en
Publication of EP1562111A1 publication Critical patent/EP1562111A1/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F8/00—Arrangements for software engineering
    • G06F8/10—Requirements analysis; Specification techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
    • G06Q10/067—Enterprise or organisation modelling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a context modeller for modelling a context representation and a method of modelling a context representation.
  • a context modeller for modelling a context representation in an application, wherein the context is represented in a current situation by at least one context entity which is included in at least one collection of references to a plurality of entities in a database in accordance with the situation, the context modeller including an activation model for assigning an activation attribute to the at least one context entity indicating the importance of the at least one context entity in the current situation, wherein the context modeller takes into account the activation attribute in modelling the context representation.
  • a method of modelling a context representation in an application wherein the context is represented in a current situation by at least one context entity which is included in at least one collection of references to a plurality of entities in a database in accordance with the situation, the method including the steps of:
  • a user terminal comprising means operable to perform any of the methods of the first aspect of the present invention.
  • a program storage device readable by a processing apparatus, the device embodying a program of instructions executable by the processor to perform the steps of the methods of the first aspect of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows an architecture incorporating an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a system 10 is shown on which the process described hereinafter may be implemented, in particular the data flow and data processing steps initiated by the context modeller of an embodiment of the present invention are shown.
  • the context modeller is shown for modelling a context representation in a business application 20 where the context is represented by one or more collections of references to entities 61 in a database 22.
  • the context modeller is associated with a uniform representation server 18.
  • the context modeller 16 may typically be associated with a user interface 11 which is a graphic user interface (GUI), with which a user interacts. Typically, at any one time the user is involved in a procedure that may include an action or a process 12 or both.
  • GUI graphic user interface
  • the context modeller 16 is also typically associated with a database 22 that may form part of a business application 20.
  • the context modeller 16 models a context representation on the basis of entities stored in the database 22.
  • the action or process 12 is input to the context modeller 16. Data may be exchanged 12, 14 between the user interface 11 and the context modeller 16.
  • data may be exchanged 17, 19 between the context modeller 16 and the uniform representation server 18.
  • the context modeller 16 determines which entities 61* are to form the context representation 60.
  • the context representation 60 typically includes at least one entity 61*.
  • the context modeller 16 in association with the uniform representation server 18 further stores these entities 61, which may be recently used entities 61 and/or entities 61 related to these, by means of a semantic net representation.
  • the context of an entity or a situation as defined by the process or action is a collection of facts and entities 61 which are of special importance for that entity or situation and which usually have a direct or indirect relationship to the entity or situation.
  • a context may be defined for a variety of entities 61 or a situation including, but not limited to a user, a session or a business entity.
  • the context may include entities 61 including his role, projects, personal preferences etc.
  • the context may include entities 61 including a user, last actions, manipulated business entities 61 etc.
  • the context may include entities 61 including past projects, orders for a customer etc.
  • a business object is typically an entity 61, 61'stored in a database.
  • a business application 20 may typically include a database 22 in which business entities 61 are stored.
  • a combination of different contexts may be combined to form a current context within a session.
  • the elements 61* (“elements" are referred to as being entities 61 belonging to a group of entities 61) of such a composed context may have different temporal validities.
  • the temporal validity may be defined by the system 10 and/or by a user. For example, there are long-term elements such as the industry branch of the user's company, the user's role in that company, his current projects, his activities in the last few days. Similarly, there are short term elements such as, but not limited to the current transaction, and entities 61 displayed or manipulated in the current session etc.
  • context may be represented by a number of instances of business entities 61, processes/actions, or situations.
  • a situation may be defined by at least one or a process or action.
  • the context modeller 16 identifies context elements or entities 61, and entities 61 related to these for the context representation 60.
  • a uniform representation server 18 is provided to store in a uniform representation the entities from different tables.
  • the uniform representation server 18 includes a semantic net representation which, in addition to providing a uniform representation, stores the relations between the different entity types.
  • the uniform representation server 18 is a semantic net server.
  • the relatedness can also be implicitly contained by the database if there is an intermediate business object to which two other business entities 61 are related. This would be second level relatedness. Other chains of relations between business entities 61 can be found and depending on the length of such a chain there is 3rd level, 4th level relatedness and so on.
  • a problem encountered in evaluation of relatedness of second and higher levels is the huge amount of data that must be evaluated. If an average entity is (directly) related to 20 other entities 61, there are 400 entities 61 with a second level relatedness, 8000 third-level-related entities 61 and 160000 fourth-level-related entities 61. So if higher-level relatedness is to be displayed to the user, an intelligent selection of relevant entities 61 needs to be performed.
  • the relevance of entities 61 is context dependent.
  • the context modeller 16 ascertains the relevance of the entities 61 to determine the limited object set to be evaluated.
  • the relatedness between two entities 61 may be not at all in the database model but in the mind of the user. This kind of relatedness is included into a database, according to an embodiment of the present invention, if an appropriate mechanism is provided that works independently of the database's entity relationship model. For example, such an independent mechanism may be explicitly declared by the user or deduced from his behaviour.
  • the context modeller 16 identifies the context representation from a uniform representation stored in the uniform representation server 18.
  • the context modeller 16 may identify the context representation from a semantic net representation stored in a semantic net server.
  • a semantic net is a data structure made up of nodes and relations between those nodes. The nodes represent terms and they are embedded in abstraction hierarchy by means of the special relation type "is a”.
  • a semantic net is the common way of representing ontologies in a computer system.
  • semantic nets are used as an abstraction layer to search and navigate in database contents.
  • context is modelled in a business application by storing context-relevant entities 61 and entities 61 related to these by means of a semantic net. Representations of processes and actions may also be integrated in this data structure as well as a general knowledge ontology.
  • An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization.
  • a conceptualization is an abstract, simplified view of the world it is desired to represent for some purpose.
  • An ontology contains the vocabulary (terms or labels) and the definition of the concepts and their relationships for a given domain.
  • An ontology is a representation that exists independent of any computer models or implementations.
  • the process or action 12 may include a request to have certain data represented or displayed from a database 22 which forms part of an application.
  • the invention is not limited with respect to the type of application.
  • the application may be a business application or the like.
  • a business application 20 is shown.
  • the business application includes a database 22 in which business entities 61 are stored.
  • entity instances are stored.
  • entity classes are stored.
  • the business application 20 further includes a recorded user behaviour storage medium 28 for storing user behaviour, a high level ontology storage medium 30 for storing a high level ontology and other repositories 32 for storing other data.
  • the database 22, the recorded user behaviour storage medium 28, the high level ontology storage medium 39 and the other repositories 32 may exchange data with the user interface 10 via communication links 27, 29, 31 and 33, respectively.
  • the user receives an output in the form of a delivery of data 14 from the database 22 representing the results of the process or action.
  • the delivery of data 14 is influenced in accordance with the context representation modelled by the context modeller 16.
  • the user's behaviour is observed by the system 10, in particular in terms of the actions 66 and processes 65 being carried out, and is used by the context modeller 16 to model the context representation.
  • the context modeller 16 may be arranged to model a context representation to influence the delivery of data from at least one database.
  • a plurality of databases may influenced by the context representation modelled by the context modeller 16.
  • Figure 2 shows aspects of the architecture shown in Figure 1 in further detail.
  • Figure 2 shows a plurality of entities 61stored in a first storage medium 24 and a plurality of entities 61'stored in a second storage medium 24'.
  • a plurality of entities 61, 61' are stored in at least one table 62, 63, 63', respectively.
  • the uniform representation server 18 stores a uniform representation of the entities 61, 61'.
  • the semantic net server stores a semantic net representation which includes a uniform representation of the entities and the relations between the entities 61.
  • the uniform representation server provides a uniform representation by associating an attribute A with each entity.
  • the attribute A is a value included in the representation of an entity, and may for example, be a number or a word. In this way, it is not necessary to use different tables or structures for different entity types. Instead, it is possible to represent the different entity types in a uniform manner. In order to ascertain what type an entity is, the type attribute A is evaluated to find out for example, that a particular entity "is a person" or "is a product", etc.
  • the user is typically involved with procedures that may include processes and/or actions shown by triangle 1, 2, 3 and circle 1, 2 and 3.
  • the procedures give rise to a situation 64.
  • the context modeller 16 observes the behaviour of the user in terms of the procedures carried out.
  • the context modeller models the context in response to the situation using the "uniform net" representation stored in the uniform representation server 18.
  • Representations of the processes and actions followed are created in terms of the entities 61 involved or associated with each particular process and/or action.
  • a uniform representation of the procedures followed is formed. If a semantic net server is used, the relations between the representations of the processes and actions are included.
  • the context modeller 16 identifies the entity or entities 61 relevant to the particular processes and actions being followed at a particular moment in time and models a context representation to include the identified entity or entities 61.
  • the context modeller 16 includes an actuation module 13 for assigning and evaluating an actuation value to entities 61 considered relevant to a situation 64.
  • the context representation 60 including those entities 61* considered relevant to the situation 64 is modelled using the activation module 13, as described in further detail with reference to Figure 3.
  • Figure 3 shows a context representation modelled according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • context 61* as a set of currently considered entities 61 - independent of whether a semantic net or another structure is chosen for the representation of this set ⁇ an importance ranking for the elements of the set is provided by the activation module 13.
  • each entity 61 in the context modeller 16 bears an activation attribute, which may for example, be a value, for example a numeric value.
  • the activation value indicates its relative importance of the entity in a particular context.
  • the context representation includes an "active" context, which contains the focus entities, for example, the user and the business entities and actions present on the detail screen.
  • the active context may further include related entities which have been identified as relevant for the current context.
  • the entities in the active context have a "base activation" which is initially proportional to the number of entities in the active context related to an entity.
  • the base activation is subject to a temporal fade curve and may also be raised when an entity is "touched", that is when the entity is used in connection with a user interaction.
  • the potential context is a group of entities referred to by entities in the active context.
  • the activation of entities in the potential context is derived from the activation of the referring entities in the active context and therefore, is called the "derived activation". It may be calculated as the sum of the base activations of the referring active context entities. Further, each may be multiplied with a weight factor attached to the referring relation.
  • an entity in the potential context exceeds a predetermined threshold, it is moved over to the active context.
  • its derived activation is replaced by a base activation, which is no longer dependent on the activations of the referring context entities.
  • its own context for example, its related entities, is added to the potential context.
  • the base activation of entities in the context decreases with time according to a predefined fade curve.
  • the form of the fade curve is variable and may depend on the maximal degree of activation that an entity has achieved. When the activation of an entity falls below a predetermined threshold the entity is removed from the context.
  • the session context 50 is made up from circles 51, 53: in the centre 51, the focus entities 61f are located which correspond to the user and the business entities and actions which are present in the detail screen defining the situation 64. Also, this circle contains entities which are directly or indirectly related to the focus entities and have been identified to be of importance in the current context. This is hereinbelow referred to as the active context.
  • the entities 61f in the active context have an activation attribute f, which is the highest activation value.
  • the second ring 53 defines the potential context and includes entities which are directly related to entities 61 in the active context, and which have not yet been identified to be of special importance in the current context.
  • potential context entities 62po a derived activation attribute po is defined
  • Each entity 61 touched by the user is automatically moved to the active context 51.
  • an entity 61f is put into the active context, all entities it is related to are put into the potential context 53.
  • the activation of entities is accumulated if they are related to more than one entity. If the activation of an entity 61po in the potential context exceeds a certain threshold 61po>t, it is moved over to the active context 61f and its own context 70 is added to the potential context.
  • the activation of entities in the context may decrease with time according to a predefined fade curve. In this way a time dependent weighting to the activation is achieved.
  • the form of the fade curve is variable and may depend on the maximal degree of activation that an entity has achieved. When the activation of an entity falls below a certain threshold the entity is removed from the context.
  • the problem of modelling context is solved by storing recently used entities and entities related to these in a storage medium and by assigning an activation value to these entities, which can be used as a measurement of the importance of each entity.
  • representations of business entities, business entity classes, actions, users, roles are stored in a storage medium together with an activation value, and are used to determine the most relevant context representation at any one moment in time.
  • fade curves are provided to give the activation values a time dependency.
  • entities relating to context entities are included in the context based on a predetermined activation threshold. If the activation value of an entity lies above the activation threshold, the entity is included in the context representation. If the activation value of an entity lies below the activation threshold, the entity is not included in the context representation.
  • a further advantage of the present invention is that the context sensitivity of application, including databases, is enhanced, irrelevant data is hidden from the user, thus allowing him to concentrate on the data most relevant to his situation. Further additional related data and/or actions are offered to the user.
  • the present invention provides the further advantage of providing probably values of input fields based on the context representation.
  • slot filling probable values for given input fields are determined and proposed by the system 100. This is referred to as slot filling.
  • the system reduces the set of indirectly related entities 61 to those elements fitting in the given slot/input field by entity type and/or other required attributes. This is achieved by selecting from a large number of possible values only those which probably make sense in the current context. For this the current context as modelled by the context modeller 16 is taken into account.
  • the algorithm to identify relevant entities 61 in a large object set that is an algorithm whose function is a context sensitive filter, determines the intersection between the given large object set and the set of indirectly or directly related entities 61.
  • a context modeller 13 for modelling a context representation 60, 61* in an application, wherein the context is represented in a current situation 64 by at least one context entity 61f which is included in at least one collection of references to a plurality of entities 61 in a database 22 in accordance with the situation 64, the context modeller 13 including an activation model 21 for assigning an activation attribute f, , pc po to the at least one context entity 61f indicating the importance of the at least one context entity in the current situation 64, wherein the context modeller 13 takes into account the activation attribute f, po in modelling the context representation 60, 61*.
  • the activation attribute f, po has a value. In this way, the activation attribute can be manipulated.
  • the value is numeric. In this way, the numeric value can be used in a calculator to evaluate the importance of entities.
  • the context modeller 13 is arranged to model the context representation 60, 61* to include an entity related to the at least one context entity, and that the importance of the related entity is derived from the activation attribute f, po, pc of the at least one context entity referring to the related entity.
  • the context modeller 13 is arranged to add an entity 61po>t related to at least one context entity to the context representation if the derived importance exceeds a predetermined threshold. In this way, entities are turned into context entities. By providing a threshold value, a wider scope of context is achieved.
  • the context modeller 13 may be arranged to remove the at least one context entity from the context representation if its importance falls below a predetermined threshold.
  • the value of the activation attribute of the at least one context entity varies in a time dependent manner. For example, the value of the activation attribute decreases over time according to a predetermined fade curve.
  • the predetermined fade curve is arranged to vary depending on at least one of the highest activation attribute value of the at least one context entity reached and the frequency of usages of the at least one context entity.
  • the value of the activation attribute increases if the entity is used in connection with a user interaction. It is noted that time may be measure chronometrically as well as in terms of the number of user interactions.
  • the context modeller 13 includes an attribute calculator 21 for calculating a value of the activation attribute f, po.
  • the calculator 21 calculates the attribute in a cyclic manner.
  • the calculator 21 is arranged, in a first cycle, to assign a preset activation value to the at least one context entity and, in a second and any subsequent cycle, to recalculate the activation attribute value by taking into account the sum of the activation attribute values of the at least one other context entity related to said entity.
  • the calculator 21 may be arranged to take into account a weighting factor characteristic of the kind of relation between the at least one context entity and the related entity.
  • the calculator 21 may be arranged to apply a scaling factor to the activation attribute values, so that the sum of the activation values of the context entities is substantially a constant. It has been found that such a cyclic algorithm converges after a time, that is, the activation of each entity approximates a substantially fixed value.
  • the calculator 21 may be arranged to calculate the activation attribute value of the at least one context entity on the basis of the number of entities related to the at least one context entity. Further, the calculator 21 may be arranged to calculate the activation attribute value of the at least one context entity on the basis of the kind of relationship between entities related to the at least one context entity. It has been found that this alternative embodiment, provides a fast calculation because when the activation of a context entity is changed, no recalculation is necessary for the other context entities.
  • the derived importance is determined in accordance with the sum of the products of the activation attribute values of the referring at least one context entity and a weighting factor assigned to the relation type linking the at least one context entity and the referred entity. In this way, the context sensitivity is further improved.
  • FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram incorporating a method of modelling a context representation in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a process 200 is shown which includes the steps of: identifying those entities associated with a current situation (step 40), assigning an activation attribute to the identified entities, respectively (step 42) and modelling a context representation for the situation taking into account the activation attributes (step 44). It is subsequently ascertained whether the situation has changed (step 46). If the situation has changed, the process returns to step 40. If the situation has not changed, it is ascertained whether the session has ended, if the session has ended, the process ends (step 49). If the session has not ended, the process returns to step 46.
  • a method of modelling a context representation 60, 61* in an application wherein the context is represented in a current situation 64 by at least one context entity which is included in at least one collection of references to a plurality of entities in a database 22 in accordance with the situation 64, the method including the steps of: modelling a context representation 60, 61* in accordance with an activation model 21 by assigning an activation attribute f, po to the at least one context entity indicating the importance of the at least one context entity in the current situation 64, wherein the modelling step includes the step of taking into account the activation attribute f, po.
  • the modelling step includes the step of identifying those entities in the database associated with the current situation.
  • the further step of assigning a value to the activation attribute f, po may be included.
  • the modelling step includes the step of considering for the context representation an entity related to the at least one context entity, and that the importance of the related entity is derived from the activation attribute of the at least one context entity referring to the related entity.
  • the modelling step may also include the step of adding an entity related to at least one context entity 61po>t to the context representation 60, 61* if the derived importance exceeds a predetermined threshold.
  • the modelling step may include the step of removing the at least one context entity from the context representation 60, 61* if its importance falls below a predetermined threshold.
  • the modelling step includes the step of varying in a time dependent manner the value of the activation attribute of the at least one context entity.
  • the varying step includes the step of decreasing over time the value of the activation attribute according to a predetermined fade curve.
  • the decreasing step may include the step of determining the predetermined fade curve depending on at least one of the highest activation attribute value of the at least one context entity reached and the frequency of usages of the at least one context entity.
  • the varying step includes the step of increasing the value of the activation attribute f, po if the entity is used in connection with a user interaction.
  • the modelling step includes the step of calculating a value of the activation attribute f, po.
  • the calculating step calculates the attribute in a cyclic manner.
  • the calculating step may includes the steps of, in a first cycle, assigning a preset activation attribute value to the at least one context entity and, in a second and any subsequent cycle, recalculating the activation attribute value by taking into account the sum of the activation attribute values of an entity related to the at least one context entity.
  • the calculating step includes the step of taking into account a weighting factor characteristic of the kind of relation between the at least one context entity and the related entity.
  • the calculating step includes the step of applying a scaling factor to the activation attribute values, so that the sum of the activation values of the context entities is substantially a constant. Yet further, the calculating step includes the step of calculating the activation attribute value of the at least one context entity on the basis of the number of entities related to the at least one context entity. In an alternative embodiment, the calculating step includes the step of calculating the activation attribute value of the at least one context entity on the basis of the kind of relationship between entities related to the at least one context entity.
  • the derived importance is determined in accordance with the sum of the products of the activation attribute values of the referring at least one context entity and a weighting factor assigned to the relation type linking the at least one context entity and the referred entity.
  • the present invention has application to a user terminal comprising means operable to perform any of the methods described.
  • the present invention has application to a program storage device readable by a processing apparatus, said device embodying a program of instructions executable by the processor to perform the steps of any one of the methods described.
  • the invention as described can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combination thereof.
  • An apparatus according to the present invention can be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in a machine readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and method steps of the invention can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output.
  • the invention can be implemented in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.
  • Each computer program can be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language can be a compiled or interpreted language.
  • Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors.
  • a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory and/or a random access memory.
  • a computer will include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files; such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and optical disks.
  • Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of nonvolatile memory, including by way of example, semiconductor memory devices, such as EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing can be supplemented by, or incorporated in ASICs (application specific integrated circuits).
  • ASICs application specific integrated circuits
  • the invention can be implemented on a computer system having a display device such as a monitor or LCD screen for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball by which the user can provide input to the computer system.
  • the computer system can be programmed to provide a graphical user interface through which computer programs interact with users.
EP04075325.3A 2004-02-03 2004-02-03 Ein Kontextmodellierer für das Modellieren einer Kontextdarstellung und eine Methode zur Modellierung einer Kontextdarstellung Expired - Lifetime EP1562111B1 (de)

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EP04075325.3A EP1562111B1 (de) 2004-02-03 2004-02-03 Ein Kontextmodellierer für das Modellieren einer Kontextdarstellung und eine Methode zur Modellierung einer Kontextdarstellung
JP2005025838A JP4673075B2 (ja) 2004-02-03 2005-02-02 コンテキスト表現をモデル化するためのコンテキストモデラおよびコンテキスト表現のモデル化方法
US11/048,703 US7882148B2 (en) 2004-02-03 2005-02-03 Context modeler and method for modeling a context representation

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EP04075325.3A EP1562111B1 (de) 2004-02-03 2004-02-03 Ein Kontextmodellierer für das Modellieren einer Kontextdarstellung und eine Methode zur Modellierung einer Kontextdarstellung

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JP2005276172A (ja) 2005-10-06
US20050197823A1 (en) 2005-09-08
JP4673075B2 (ja) 2011-04-20
US7882148B2 (en) 2011-02-01

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