EP1560900A1 - Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use - Google Patents

Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use

Info

Publication number
EP1560900A1
EP1560900A1 EP03811014A EP03811014A EP1560900A1 EP 1560900 A1 EP1560900 A1 EP 1560900A1 EP 03811014 A EP03811014 A EP 03811014A EP 03811014 A EP03811014 A EP 03811014A EP 1560900 A1 EP1560900 A1 EP 1560900A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
composition
vol
amount
present
aviation gasoline
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP03811014A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1560900B1 (en
Inventor
Alisdair Quentin Clark
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BP Oil International Ltd
Original Assignee
BP Oil International Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to GBGB0226587.4A priority Critical patent/GB0226587D0/en
Application filed by BP Oil International Ltd filed Critical BP Oil International Ltd
Priority to EP13160668.3A priority patent/EP2612897A3/en
Priority to ZA200503171A priority patent/ZA200503171B/en
Publication of EP1560900A1 publication Critical patent/EP1560900A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1560900B1 publication Critical patent/EP1560900B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general to a fuel composition and in particular to an aviation gasoline (Avgas).
  • International Patent Publication WO 02/40620 relates to an aviation gasoline fuel composition possessing a high motor octane number and which contains reduced amounts of tetraethyl lead compound.
  • the Avgas composition is said to preferably contain about 20 to about 80 vol % iso-octane, about 5 to about 18 vol % toluene, about 1 to about 20 vol % C to C 5 paraffins, about 0 to about 1 ml/gallon tetraethyl lead (TEL) and the balance light alkylate.
  • the motor octane number is said to be preferably greater than or equal to about 100.
  • the fuel is said to be preferably suitable as a substitute for Grade 100LL aviation fuel. This patent publication illustrates only compositions with 0.9 ml/gallon tetraethyl lead.
  • an aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri-methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C 4 or C 5 alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98.
  • composition of the present invention solves the technical problem defined above by the presence of at least one tri-methyl pentane compound in an amount of 10 - 90 vol. % in the composition which, in the substantial absence of lead compounds, provides a fuel with a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98.
  • composition of the present invention can provide the same performance in full size spark ignition aviation engines as known leaded 91/96 or 91/98 aviation gasoline, the higher MON value compensating for the absence of lead compounds such as tetraethyl lead.
  • the motor octane number is defined according to ASTM D2700 standard, which is known in the art.
  • the composition of the present invention preferably has a MON of at least 93 and more preferably of at least 94.
  • substantially free of lead compounds is meant that the amount of lead compounds in the composition according to the present invention is not greater than 0.003g of lead per litre.
  • Lead compounds in particular which should be absent include tetraethyl lead.
  • the at least one tri-methyl pentane preferably comprises 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (herein referred to as iso-octane).
  • Iso-octane may be prepared as described in WO 02/40620, the contents of which are incorporated by reference.
  • Iso-octane may be prepared by the hydrogenation of di-isobutylene, which in turn may be prepared by the dimerisation of isobutenes. Such dimerisation may be performed using converted MTBE production facilities.
  • the at least one tri-methyl pentane may be provided as a substantially pure component and/or as a component in one or more alkylate process streams.
  • the composition of the present invention comprises at least one tri-methyl pentane (from whatever source) in an amount of 10 - 90 vol %, preferably 40 - 90 vol %, more preferably 60 - 90 vol %. /
  • the composition of the present invention may comprise at least 0.01 vol % C 4 alkane.
  • the composition of the present invention may comprise less than 5 vol %, preferably less than 2 vol % C 4 alkane.
  • the composition of the present invention may comprise at least 10 vol % C 5 alkane.
  • the composition of the present invention may comprise less than 40 vol %, preferably less than 20 vol % C 5 alkane. 2-methyl butane is preferred over n-pentane.
  • the composition of the present invention may optionally comprise alky] ate in an amount of up to 90 vol %, for example up to 70 vol %.
  • the alkylate if present in the composition of the present invention, has been distilled such that it has a boiling point not greater than 170 °C.
  • the alkylate component may comprise at least one tri-methyl pentane.
  • the composition of the present invention may comprise isomerate and/or isopentane (2-methyl butane) in a combined total amount of up to 40 vol %, preferably in an amount of less than 20 vol %.
  • Isopentane used in the composition of the present invention may be provided as a substantially pure component and/or as a component in a C 5 refinery stream, for example from an isomerisation unit.
  • the composition of the present invention may optionally comprise hydrocrackate. If present in the composition of the present invention, the amount of hydrocrackate is preferably up to 40 vol %, more preferably up to 20 vol %.
  • Aromatics may optionally be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of up to 30 vol %, preferably up to 25 vol %. Toluene is optionally present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of up to 30 vol %.
  • the amount of toluene, if present in the composition of the present invention is less than 20 vol %, more preferably not greater than 10 vol %.
  • Other aromatic compounds for example ethylbenzene and xylene, may be present in the composition of the present invention in place of or in addition to toluene. Such aromatic compounds may be obtained by distillation of a process stream from a catalytic reformer.
  • Naphtha may be present in the composition of the present invention. If present in the composition of the present invention, the amount of naphtha is preferably not greater than 30 vol %, and more preferably is less than 10 vol %.
  • Olef ⁇ ns are preferably not present in the composition of the present invention, but their presence is not excluded.
  • the composition of the present invention may comprise a dye, or may be undyed.
  • the composition of the present invention may comprise one or more anti- oxidants such as hindered phenols.
  • the composition of the present invention may comprise one or more lubricity improvers such as acids, esters and/or amides. Biofuel may also be present in the composition of the present invention.
  • the composition of the present invention may comprise one or more additives to reduce valve seat recession, such as phosphorus, potassium or sodium based valve seat recession additives.
  • composition of the present invention may independently have one or more of the features listed in Table 1 below and preferably all of the features.
  • the composition of the present invention meets the Def Stan 91-90 standard and/or ASTM D910 standards with the provisos (i) that the MON value is at least 92 and less than 98 (ii) the supercharge is unspecified or at least 96 and (iii) the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds.
  • the composition of the present invention may be made by blending together one or more process streams selected from the group consisting of iso-octane, alkylate, isopentane, iso erate, hydrocrackate, aromatics and naphtha streams.
  • the composition of the present invention is made by adding to one or more of these process streams or a blend thereof, one or more aviation gasoline additives selected from the group consisting of dye, anti-oxidants, lubricity improvers and additives to reduce valve seat recession.
  • one or more aviation gasoline additives selected from the group consisting of dye, anti-oxidants, lubricity improvers and additives to reduce valve seat recession.
  • composition of the present invention may further comprise at least one fuel system icing inhibitor.
  • icing inhibitors are preferably added at the point of use of the composition.
  • Suitable fuel system icing inhibitors comprise alcohols or ethers for example diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and isopropanol.
  • the icing inhibitor may be used in an amount of up to 5 % by volume in the fuel composition.
  • the composition of the present invention may be used in spark ignition aviation engines.
  • the aviation engines may be capable of operating at 30 metres or more above sea level.
  • the aviation engines may be used to propel heavier than air craft such as light aircraft.
  • the aviation engines may be used to propel lighter than air craft such as airships.
  • a method of operating a spark ignition aviation engine which comprises providing said engine with an aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri- methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C or C 5 alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98.
  • compositions were prepared by blending amounts of components as listed in Table 2 below. TABLE 2
  • the alkylate fraction comprised approximately SO vol % iso-octane such that the total amount of iso-octane in the composition was about 60 vol %.
  • compositions were determined and these are listed in Table below.
  • compositions of the present invention meet the Def Stan 91-90 standard and/or ASTM D910 standards with the provisos (i) that the MON value is at least 92 and less than 98 (ii) the supercharge is unspecified or at least 96 and (iii) the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)

Abstract

An aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri-methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C4 or CS alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together one or more process streams and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine.

Description

AVIATION GASOLINE COMPOSITION, ITS PREPARATION AND USE. The present invention relates in general to a fuel composition and in particular to an aviation gasoline (Avgas).
International Patent Publication WO 02/40620 relates to an aviation gasoline fuel composition possessing a high motor octane number and which contains reduced amounts of tetraethyl lead compound. The Avgas composition is said to preferably contain about 20 to about 80 vol % iso-octane, about 5 to about 18 vol % toluene, about 1 to about 20 vol % C to C5 paraffins, about 0 to about 1 ml/gallon tetraethyl lead (TEL) and the balance light alkylate. The motor octane number is said to be preferably greater than or equal to about 100. The fuel is said to be preferably suitable as a substitute for Grade 100LL aviation fuel. This patent publication illustrates only compositions with 0.9 ml/gallon tetraethyl lead.
There is a need for an aviation fuel which can be used in moderately powered engines (such as presently use leaded aviation gasoline with a MON of at least 91) as well as in high performance engines (such as presently use leaded aviation gasoline with a MON of at least 99.5 MON) which have been modified to use lower octane number fuels.
Thus, according to the present invention there is provided an aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri-methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C4 or C5 alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98.
The composition of the present invention solves the technical problem defined above by the presence of at least one tri-methyl pentane compound in an amount of 10 - 90 vol. % in the composition which, in the substantial absence of lead compounds, provides a fuel with a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98.
The composition of the present invention can provide the same performance in full size spark ignition aviation engines as known leaded 91/96 or 91/98 aviation gasoline, the higher MON value compensating for the absence of lead compounds such as tetraethyl lead.
The motor octane number is defined according to ASTM D2700 standard, which is known in the art.
The composition of the present invention preferably has a MON of at least 93 and more preferably of at least 94. By substantially free of lead compounds is meant that the amount of lead compounds in the composition according to the present invention is not greater than 0.003g of lead per litre. Lead compounds in particular which should be absent include tetraethyl lead.
The at least one tri-methyl pentane preferably comprises 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (herein referred to as iso-octane). Iso-octane may be prepared as described in WO 02/40620, the contents of which are incorporated by reference. Iso-octane may be prepared by the hydrogenation of di-isobutylene, which in turn may be prepared by the dimerisation of isobutenes. Such dimerisation may be performed using converted MTBE production facilities. The at least one tri-methyl pentane may be provided as a substantially pure component and/or as a component in one or more alkylate process streams.
The composition of the present invention comprises at least one tri-methyl pentane (from whatever source) in an amount of 10 - 90 vol %, preferably 40 - 90 vol %, more preferably 60 - 90 vol %. / The composition of the present invention may comprise at least 0.01 vol % C4 alkane. The composition of the present invention may comprise less than 5 vol %, preferably less than 2 vol % C4 alkane. The composition of the present invention may comprise at least 10 vol % C5 alkane. The composition of the present invention may comprise less than 40 vol %, preferably less than 20 vol % C5 alkane. 2-methyl butane is preferred over n-pentane. The composition of the present invention may optionally comprise alky] ate in an amount of up to 90 vol %, for example up to 70 vol %. Preferably, the alkylate if present in the composition of the present invention, has been distilled such that it has a boiling point not greater than 170 °C. The alkylate component may comprise at least one tri-methyl pentane. The composition of the present invention may comprise isomerate and/or isopentane (2-methyl butane) in a combined total amount of up to 40 vol %, preferably in an amount of less than 20 vol %. Isopentane used in the composition of the present invention may be provided as a substantially pure component and/or as a component in a C5 refinery stream, for example from an isomerisation unit. The composition of the present invention may optionally comprise hydrocrackate. If present in the composition of the present invention, the amount of hydrocrackate is preferably up to 40 vol %, more preferably up to 20 vol %.
Aromatics may optionally be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of up to 30 vol %, preferably up to 25 vol %. Toluene is optionally present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of up to 30 vol %.
Preferably, the amount of toluene, if present in the composition of the present invention, is less than 20 vol %, more preferably not greater than 10 vol %. Other aromatic compounds, for example ethylbenzene and xylene, may be present in the composition of the present invention in place of or in addition to toluene. Such aromatic compounds may be obtained by distillation of a process stream from a catalytic reformer.
Naphtha may be present in the composition of the present invention. If present in the composition of the present invention, the amount of naphtha is preferably not greater than 30 vol %, and more preferably is less than 10 vol %.
Olefϊns are preferably not present in the composition of the present invention, but their presence is not excluded. The composition of the present invention may comprise a dye, or may be undyed. The composition of the present invention may comprise one or more anti- oxidants such as hindered phenols.
The composition of the present invention may comprise one or more lubricity improvers such as acids, esters and/or amides. Biofuel may also be present in the composition of the present invention. The composition of the present invention may comprise one or more additives to reduce valve seat recession, such as phosphorus, potassium or sodium based valve seat recession additives.
The composition of the present invention may independently have one or more of the features listed in Table 1 below and preferably all of the features.
TABLE 1
Preferably, the composition of the present invention meets the Def Stan 91-90 standard and/or ASTM D910 standards with the provisos (i) that the MON value is at least 92 and less than 98 (ii) the supercharge is unspecified or at least 96 and (iii) the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together one or more process streams selected from the group consisting of iso-octane, alkylate, isopentane, iso erate, hydrocrackate, aromatics and naphtha streams. Preferably, the composition of the present invention is made by adding to one or more of these process streams or a blend thereof, one or more aviation gasoline additives selected from the group consisting of dye, anti-oxidants, lubricity improvers and additives to reduce valve seat recession.
The composition of the present invention may further comprise at least one fuel system icing inhibitor. Such icing inhibitors are preferably added at the point of use of the composition. Suitable fuel system icing inhibitors comprise alcohols or ethers for example diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and isopropanol. The icing inhibitor may be used in an amount of up to 5 % by volume in the fuel composition.
The composition of the present invention may be used in spark ignition aviation engines. The aviation engines may be capable of operating at 30 metres or more above sea level. The aviation engines may be used to propel heavier than air craft such as light aircraft. The aviation engines may be used to propel lighter than air craft such as airships. Thus, according to a further embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of operating a spark ignition aviation engine which comprises providing said engine with an aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri- methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C or C5 alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98.
The present invention will now be illustrated by reference only to the following examples. Compositions were prepared by blending amounts of components as listed in Table 2 below. TABLE 2
* the alkylate fraction comprised approximately SO vol % iso-octane such that the total amount of iso-octane in the composition was about 60 vol %.
The properties of the compositions were determined and these are listed in Table below.
TABLE 3
The properties of the compositions show that these are suitable for use as aviation gasolines, in particular, the compositions of the present invention meet the Def Stan 91-90 standard and/or ASTM D910 standards with the provisos (i) that the MON value is at least 92 and less than 98 (ii) the supercharge is unspecified or at least 96 and (iii) the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds.

Claims

What is claimed is :
1. An aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri-methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C4 or C5 alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri- methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98.
2. A composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the composition has a MON of at least 93 and preferably of at least 94.
3. A composition as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 in which the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 40 - 90 vol %, preferably 60 - 90 vol %.
4. , A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises alkylate in an amount of up to 90 vol %.
5. A composition as claimed in claim 4 in which the alkylate has been distilled such that it has a boiling point not greater than 170 °C.
6. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises isomerate and/or isopentane (2-methyl butane) in a combined total amount of up to 40 vol %, preferably in an amount of less than 20 vol %.
7. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises aromatics in an amount of up to 30 vol %, preferably up to 25 vol %.
8. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises a dye.
9. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises one or more anti-oxidants such as hindered phenols.
10. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises comprise one or more lubricity improvers such as acids, esters and/or amides.
11. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises biofuel.
12. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises one or more additives to reduce valve seat recession, such as phosphorus, potassium or sodium based valve seat recession additives.
13. A method of operating a spark ignition aviation engine which comprises providing said engine with an aviation gasoline composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12.
14. A method as claimed in claim 13 which further comprises adding to said aviation gasoline composition, at the point of use, at least one fuel system icing inhibitor.
15. A method of making an aviation gasoline composition which comprises blending together one or more process streams selected from the group consisting of iso-octane, alkylate, isopentane, isomerate, hydrocrackate, aromatics and naphtha streams to make a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12.
16. A method as claimed in claim 15 which further comprises adding to one or more of said process streams or a blend thereof, one or more aviation gasoline additives selected from the group consisting of dye, anti-oxidants, lubricity improvers and additives to reduce valve seat recession.
EP03811014.4A 2002-11-14 2003-11-05 Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use Expired - Lifetime EP1560900B1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB0226587.4A GB0226587D0 (en) 2002-11-14 2002-11-14 Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use
EP13160668.3A EP2612897A3 (en) 2002-11-14 2003-11-05 Aviation Gasoline Composition, It's Preparation And Use
ZA200503171A ZA200503171B (en) 2002-11-14 2005-04-19 Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US29421002A 2002-11-14 2002-11-14
GBGB0226587.4A GB0226587D0 (en) 2002-11-14 2002-11-14 Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use
GB0226587 2002-11-14
US294210 2002-11-14
US49303003P 2003-08-05 2003-08-05
US493030P 2003-08-05
PCT/GB2003/004777 WO2004044106A1 (en) 2002-11-14 2003-11-05 Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP13160668.3A Division-Into EP2612897A3 (en) 2002-11-14 2003-11-05 Aviation Gasoline Composition, It's Preparation And Use

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1560900A1 true EP1560900A1 (en) 2005-08-10
EP1560900B1 EP1560900B1 (en) 2019-08-21

Family

ID=32314754

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03811014.4A Expired - Lifetime EP1560900B1 (en) 2002-11-14 2003-11-05 Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use
EP13160668.3A Withdrawn EP2612897A3 (en) 2002-11-14 2003-11-05 Aviation Gasoline Composition, It's Preparation And Use

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP13160668.3A Withdrawn EP2612897A3 (en) 2002-11-14 2003-11-05 Aviation Gasoline Composition, It's Preparation And Use

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (2) EP1560900B1 (en)
AU (1) AU2003276465A1 (en)
GB (1) GB0226587D0 (en)
NO (1) NO337019B1 (en)
NZ (1) NZ539863A (en)
WO (1) WO2004044106A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA200503171B (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP5000488B2 (en) * 2004-05-26 2012-08-15 シエル・インターナシヨネイル・リサーチ・マーチヤツピイ・ベー・ウイ Aliphatic gasoline component and method for producing the gasoline component
FR2933102B1 (en) 2008-06-30 2010-08-27 Total France AVIATION GASOLINE FOR AIRCRAFT PISTON ENGINES, PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME
RU2572242C2 (en) * 2014-04-15 2016-01-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (ОАО "ВНИИ НП") Fuel aviation gasoline composition
CN104611074B (en) * 2015-01-12 2016-06-29 四川帝标新能源科技有限公司 A kind of novel liquid fuel and preparation method thereof

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19744109A1 (en) * 1997-10-06 1999-04-15 Thomas Dr Wilharm Fuel for 2- and 4-stroke engines
EG22450A (en) * 1998-03-26 2003-02-26 Bp Oil Int Fuel composition
US6451075B1 (en) * 1999-12-09 2002-09-17 Texas Petrochemicals Lp Low lead aviation gasoline blend
US6767372B2 (en) 2000-09-01 2004-07-27 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Aviation gasoline containing reduced amounts of tetraethyl lead

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO2004044106A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2612897A2 (en) 2013-07-10
GB0226587D0 (en) 2002-12-24
NO20052868L (en) 2005-07-12
WO2004044106A1 (en) 2004-05-27
AU2003276465A1 (en) 2004-06-03
NZ539863A (en) 2006-11-30
EP1560900B1 (en) 2019-08-21
NO337019B1 (en) 2015-12-28
ZA200503171B (en) 2006-10-25
EP2612897A3 (en) 2013-10-23

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