EP1554744B1 - Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions a electrode mobile - Google Patents

Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions a electrode mobile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1554744B1
EP1554744B1 EP03776950A EP03776950A EP1554744B1 EP 1554744 B1 EP1554744 B1 EP 1554744B1 EP 03776950 A EP03776950 A EP 03776950A EP 03776950 A EP03776950 A EP 03776950A EP 1554744 B1 EP1554744 B1 EP 1554744B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode
movable arc
arc
arc switching
movable
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP03776950A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1554744A1 (fr
Inventor
Robert Diconne
Eric Domejean
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schneider Electric Industries SAS
Original Assignee
Schneider Electric Industries SAS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Schneider Electric Industries SAS filed Critical Schneider Electric Industries SAS
Publication of EP1554744A1 publication Critical patent/EP1554744A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1554744B1 publication Critical patent/EP1554744B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H83/00—Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current
    • H01H83/10—Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current operated by excess voltage, e.g. for lightning protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
    • H02H9/042—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage comprising means to limit the absorbed power or indicate damaged over-voltage protection device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/04—Means for indicating condition of the switching device
    • H01H2071/044—Monitoring, detection or measuring systems to establish the end of life of the switching device, can also contain other on-line monitoring systems, e.g. for detecting mechanical failures

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus for deflecting an electric current wave towards earth when the voltage of a line exceeds a given threshold.
  • a device of this type formed by two parallel circuit branches arranged between an input terminal connected to a line and an output terminal connected to the ground.
  • One branch has a spark gap
  • the other branch a varistor.
  • the spark gap is known to have a higher response time than the varistor.
  • the varistor When there appears between the terminals a strong surge, characteristic of a lightning stroke in the immediate vicinity of the device, the varistor reacts first but the voltage across the spark gap is sufficient for the spark gap to become conductive, which allows limit the current flowing through the varistor.
  • the branch of the circuit comprising the varistor remains busy when the spark gap enters into service. The varistor is therefore not effectively protected in the event of a long current wave. There is therefore a risk of degradation of the varistor. When the varistor is degraded, it allows leakage current to pass continuously. In addition, it may no longer reach the boot voltage of the spark gap.
  • the device continues to operate in a degraded mode, where the protection is provided only by the spark gap.
  • the proper functioning of the device is dependent on a judicious pairing of components, ensuring a precise range of overlap between the operating range of the varistor and that of the spark gap. It is indeed essential that the varistor is able to withstand voltages greater than the spark gap of the spark gap, but also that the varistor quickly reaches the spark gap voltage of the spark gap. This requires the use of low dispersion components current / voltage characteristics, and whose characteristics are relatively constant over time, resulting in a high cost.
  • the invention therefore aims to provide a device for protection against overvoltages, which does not have the disadvantages noted above. More specifically, it aims to provide an overvoltage protection device which comprises a non-linear electrical dipole, in particular a varistor, designed to respond rapidly to the overvoltages appearing at the terminals of the device, and means for diverting the very high currents directly to the device. land without going through the dipole.
  • an overvoltage protection device which comprises a non-linear electrical dipole, in particular a varistor, designed to respond rapidly to the overvoltages appearing at the terminals of the device, and means for diverting the very high currents directly to the device. land without going through the dipole.
  • the electric dipole is connected in series between the switching electrode and the second connection pad.
  • the device obtained is then particularly simple. In particular, it is possible to provide for the mobile electrode in the operating position to be in contact with the first connection electrode.
  • the electric dipole is connected in series between the first connection electrode and a fourth fixed electrode located at a distance from the first connection electrode and in such a way that the mobile electrode in the operating position is electrically connected to the fourth fixed electrode.
  • the device further comprises means for electromagnetic projection induction for inducing on an electric arc formed between the first connecting electrode and the moving electrode electromagnetic forces tending to project the arc towards the extinction chamber and / or tending to switch the arc on the second connecting electrode.
  • the electromagnetic induction projection means have the function of causing the elongation of the arc, favoring the limitation of the follow current, and / or to promote the switching of the arc between the connection electrodes.
  • the forces acting on the electric arc increase with the intensity of the arc current, which is favorable to a good limitation of the current.
  • the movement of the switching electrode is not necessarily of great amplitude and can be obtained by any suitable means.
  • the drive means comprise means of electromagnetic induction repulsion for inducing on the moving electrode traversed by a current electromagnetic forces tending to drive the moving electrode to the switching position.
  • the electromagnetic induction repulsion means have the advantage, compared to purely mechanical drive means, to be very fast.
  • the means of electromagnetic induction repulsion and projection will be the same: it will be for example a loop shape given to the first connecting electrode.
  • the repulsive electromagnetic induction means comprise a magnetic drive circuit for channeling towards the mobile electrode in the operating position a magnetic flux generated by an electric current flowing between the first connection pad and the first pad. connecting electrode, so that when an electric current passes from the first connection pad to the moving electrode, electromagnetic forces are induced in the movable electrode, tending to drive the movable electrode to the switching position.
  • the magnetic circuit can accumulate a function of means of projection of the arc and a drive function of the moving electrode.
  • the electric dipole comprises a varistor.
  • the electric dipole comprises a spark gap. It can also be provided that the electric dipole comprises a spark gap and / or an impedance connected in series between a varistor on the one hand and the second connection pad or the moving electrode on the other hand.
  • FIG. 1 and 2 there is shown an overvoltage protection device according to a first embodiment of the invention.
  • a first connection electrode 12 provided with a fixed contact 14 and connected to a first connection pad 16, a second connection electrode 18 connected to a second pad 20, and a movable transfer electrode 22 provided with a movable contact 24, pivoting about a fixed axis 26 of a service position shown on the figure 1 , ensuring contact between the two contacts 14, 24, at a switching position represented on the figure 2 in which the movable electrode 22 is in the vicinity of the second connecting electrode 18.
  • the two connecting electrodes 12, 18 are located at a distance from each other and delimit the mouth of a chamber. arc extinguishing 30 provided with deionization fins 32.
  • the second connection pad 20 is also connected to the moving electrode 22 via a circuit branch 34 containing an electric priming dipole 36 constituted by a varistor 40 and a spark gap 38 arranged in series.
  • This dipole 36 is characterized by an ignition voltage below which the current flowing through the dipole is zero (infinite ohmic resistance) and beyond which the dipole becomes conducting, with a low ohmic resistance.
  • the presence of the spark gap 38 makes it possible to guarantee the absence of leakage current in the event of aging of the varistor 36.
  • the varistor 36 in turn gives the dipole an adequate voltage-current curve, the ohmic resistance of which gradually decreases when the voltage increases.
  • An inductor 42 (half-turn or winding) is arranged in series between the first connection pad 16 and the connection electrode 12. This inductor 42 is wound around a core 44 forming the base of a magnetic U-shaped circuit 46 whose lateral branches frame the movable electrode 22, providing electromagnetic coupling.
  • a low-stiffness return spring 48 recalls the moving electrode 22 clockwise on the figure 1 towards the fixed electrode 12.
  • connection pad 16 connected to a power line 50 and the second connection pad 20 to the earth 52, although the reverse arrangement is also possible as well as other more complex schemes known specialist surge protection devices.
  • the device operates as follows.
  • the potential difference between the two connection areas 16, 20 is less than the starting voltage defined by the priming dipole 36.
  • the device is off.
  • the priming dipole 36 becomes on and a current flows from the line 50 to the earth 52, passing through the first range 16, the inductor 42, the fixed contact 14, the movable contact 24, the moving electrode 22, the priming dipole 36 and the second range 20.
  • the continuation of the protection sequence depends on the intensity of the current flowing through the contacts.
  • the intensity of the current is not very high, the induced electromagnetic field is insufficient to compensate for the contact pressure defined by the return spring 48 and cause an uprising of the moving contact 24.
  • the potential difference across the priming dipole 36 goes back below the starting voltage and the priming dipole becomes non-conducting again. The current of continuation is thus cut by the priming dipole 36.
  • the electromagnetic field induced by the current flowing through the inductor 42 is sufficient to compensate for the contact pressure defined by the return spring 48 and to project the movable electrode 22 towards the switching position shown in FIG. figure 2 .
  • An electric arc (in fine mixed lines on the figure 2 ) is formed between the contacts 14, 24 as soon as they are separated, and the base of the arc switches rapidly moves on the first electrode 12. It may be that the intensity of the current is not large enough to project the arc into the chamber but in this case the electromagnetic repulsion prevents at least the fallout of the moving electrode.
  • the current is then cut by the priming dipole, in series with the arc drawn between the contacts.
  • the current that previously circulated through the branch 34 of the electrical circuit containing the priming dipole 36 also switches on the branch formed by the first electrode 12, the electric arc, the second electrode 18 and the second connection pad 20. This switching out of circuit the priming dipole 36 and preserves it.
  • the electromagnetic repulsion prevents the dropout of the moving electrode 22 until the current vanishes in the moving electrode.
  • the mass of the moving electrode 22 and the stiffness of the return spring 48 are chosen as a function of the threshold from which it is desired to limit the current in the electric dipole 36, but also to ensure that the moving electrode does not fall back on the first connection electrode before the arc between the connection electrodes is extinguished. In practice, therefore, an electrode 22 of very low inertia and a spring of low stiffness are chosen.
  • FIG. 3 and 4 is illustrated a protection device according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • This device has a constitution similar to that of the first embodiment, so that the same reference signs have been taken to designate identical or similar elements.
  • This device comprises, housed in a housing 10 of insulating material, a first connection electrode 12 connected to a first connection pad 16, a second connection electrode 18 connected to a second connection pad 20, a movable electrode 22 pivoting around a a fixed axis 26, and a conductive fixed pellet 60 having a face 62 constituting a fixed electrode ( figure 4 ) facing the first connecting electrode 12 and an opposite face 64 constituting a contact electrode on which the moving electrode rests.
  • the electrodes are arranged facing a breaking chamber 30 provided with cooling fins 32.
  • the two connecting electrodes 12, 18 face the inlet of the arc extinction chamber 30.
  • a firing electrode 66 controlled by a firing circuit 68 detecting a potential difference between the first connection pad 16 and the wafer 60.
  • An electromechanical relay 70 is arranged in front of the swivel arm.
  • the relay 70 comprises a winding 72 connected in series between the connection pad 10 and the fixed electrode 12, a yoke 74 forming a magnetic circuit, a movable armature 76 extended by a striker 78, and a return spring 80 of the movable armature 76 to a rest position, to the left on the Figures 3 and 4 .
  • the moving electrode 22 is electrically connected to the second connection pad 20 and to the second connection electrode 18 via an electric circuit branch 34 comprising an electric dipole 36 constituted by a varistor 40.
  • one of the connection pads is connected to a power line 50 and the other to the ground 52.
  • the device is non-conducting since the first connection electrode 12 is disposed at a distance from the electrode 62 of the chip 60. If the potential difference between the fixed electrode and the chip exceeds a threshold determined by the ignition circuit 68 and is greater than the starting voltage of the varistor 40, the ignition electrode 66 is carried by the priming circuit 68 at a voltage such that an arc is initiated between the priming electrode 66 and one of the electrodes 12, 62.
  • This arc is established immediately between the connection electrode 12 and the chip 60, and the electric current finds a path between the connection pads 16, 20, passing through the connection electrode 12, the arc, the chip 60, the moving electrode 22 in the rest position and the varistor 36 become a passerby.
  • the looped shape of the electrode 12 induces arc electromagnetic forces propelling the arc to the chamber 30.
  • the arc switches directly to the second connection electrode and sinks into the chamber for s turn off at the end of the current wave.
  • the extinction of the arc opens the circuit and the line is isolated from the earth.
  • the total duration of the life of the arc a few tens of microseconds, is low enough that the relay does not intervene, because of its inertia.
  • an electric arc may persist between the first connection electrode 12 and the wafer 60, either because of a current of continuation, or because of a degradation of the electrodes in time.
  • the electromechanical relay 70 is energized long enough to drive the mobile assembly 76 whose end 78 strikes the movable electrode 22 and projects it into the switching position, as shown in FIG. figure 4 .
  • the arc then switches between the connection electrode 12 and the moving electrode 22 and between the two connection electrodes 12, 18 and lengthen until entering the room. From the moment when the arc has switched between the two connection electrodes 12, 18, the circuit branch comprising the varistor 36 is switched off which ensures the protection of the varistor 40.
  • the arc is then free of push completely into the chamber 30 where it meets the deionization fins 32 which cool and cause its extinction.
  • a snap may be provided to prevent the fallout of the moving electrode 22.
  • a reset mechanism may be provided to allow the return of the moving electrode and / or relay 70 in the operating position.
  • FIG. 5 has been shown a device according to a third embodiment of the invention, which differs from the device according to the second embodiment only by the specific connection of the dipole 36, between the first connection electrode 12 and the patch 60.
  • the varistor 40 of the dipole 36 is in parallel with the spark gap formed by the first connection electrode 12, the fixed patch 60 and the ignition electrode 66, so that the starting voltage is controlled only by the dipole 36, whereas in the second embodiment the voltage was defined by the dipole in series with the spark gap.
  • the dipole 36 is out of circuit when the electric arc has switched between the connection electrodes 12, 18.
  • FIG. 6 On the Figures 6 to 9 has been shown a protection device according to a fourth embodiment.
  • This device has a constitution similar to that of the first embodiment, so that the same reference signs have been taken to designate identical or similar elements.
  • it comprises a first connection electrode 12 provided with a fixed contact 14 and connected to a first connection pad 16, a second connection electrode 18 connected to a second connection pad 20, and a movable electrode 22.
  • the first connection electrode 12 is U-shaped to promote an electromagnetic repulsion effect on the moving electrode 22.
  • the first connection pad 16 has been connected to a line 50 and the second connection pad has been connected to the ground 52.
  • the movable electrode 22 is provided with a cooperating contact 24, in the position of FIG.
  • connection electrodes 12, 18 are located at a distance from each other, and define the mouth of an arc extinguishing chamber 30 provided with fins of Deionization 32.
  • the second connection pad 20 is also connected to the movable electrode 22 via a circuit branch 34 on which is connected in series an electric priming dipole 36 having a varistor 40 and a spark gap 38 arranged in series.
  • the device according to the fourth embodiment differs from the previous ones essentially in that it is provided with an opening mechanism 90 of the type that is usually found in circuit breakers.
  • a mechanism comprises an upper link 92 and a lower connecting rod 94 forming a toggle joint 96 connecting a hook 98 to an electrode bar 100, supporting the movable electrode 22 via a contact pressure spring 102.
  • the hook 98 pivots around a fixed axis 104 and is retained by a lock 106 in a locking position.
  • a handle 108 pivoting about a fixed geometric axis 110 is connected to the hinge axis 112 of the toggle joint 96 by means of an accumulation spring 114.
  • An electromechanical relay 116 controls the position of the latch in function.
  • the operation of the device according to the fourth embodiment is similar to that of the first embodiment.
  • the dipole 36 becomes on, allowing flow of the current to earth. If the intensity of the current is high, the repulsive electromagnetic forces induced on the moving electrode 22 are sufficient to lift the electrode 22 by compressing the contact pressure spring 102, the electrode holder 100 remaining stationary, as shown in FIG. figure 8 .
  • an electric arc appears which tends to limit the current flowing through the dipole 36.
  • the U-shape of the connection electrode 12 also tends to favor the elongation of the arc towards the extinguishing chamber. 30.
  • the mechanism remains stationary, the slight approximation between the movable electrode 22 and the second connection electrode 18, combined with the intense electromagnetic field at the entrance to the arc extinguishing chamber 30, is sufficient for the arc elongates by bending in the chamber, then switches to the second connecting electrode 18. It can therefore be considered that the repulsion position of the movable electrode 22 is a switching position.
  • the electromechanical relay 116 actuates the lock 106 which releases the hook 98.
  • the mechanism is driven towards the triggered position shown on FIG. figure 9 , causing pivoting of the electrode holder 100 and the moving electrode 22 which brings the moving electrode 22 closer to the second connecting electrode 18.
  • the arc stretches then goes off in the arc extinction chamber 30.
  • the triggered position of the mechanism therefore corresponds to a second switching position of the mobile electrode 22.
  • the mechanism offers additional benefits. Firstly, it allows cutting between the line and the ground by maneuvering the handle 108 in the open position ( figure 7 ). A lock of the handle 108 in the open position may also be provided to allow interventions upstream or downstream of the device
  • the dipole may consist solely of a varistor, or a varistor in series with a spark gap or an impedance, or other elements of similar effects.
  • the priming dipole has a voltage-current ignition characteristic which makes it possible to define a starting voltage below which the current flowing through the dipole is zero or very low (very high ohmic resistance), and beyond which the dipole becomes on, with a lower ohmic resistance.
  • the voltage across the dipole must however be or become greater than the voltage of an arc drawn between the connecting electrodes.
  • the mechanism of the fourth embodiment of the invention is only one possibility among others, and the skilled person can choose any mechanism commonly used for circuit breakers, providing a trigger function.
  • the moving electrode in the switching position can touch the second connecting electrode. It is also possible to provide a second connection electrode forming a U in a geometrical plane perpendicular to the moving plane of the moving electrode, the moving electrode passing from a service position situated on one side of the geometrical plane to a position of switch located on the other side of the geometric plane, and passing through the geometric plane between the two branches of the U formed by the second connecting electrode, to ensure the switching of the arc.
  • the switching position of the movable electrode is shown schematically, relatively far from the service position. In practice, however, it is possible to obtain an arc switching with a small amplitude movement.

Landscapes

  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Protection Of Static Devices (AREA)
EP03776950A 2002-10-25 2003-10-02 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions a electrode mobile Expired - Lifetime EP1554744B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0213378 2002-10-25
FR0213378A FR2846478B1 (fr) 2002-10-25 2002-10-25 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions a electrode mobile
PCT/FR2003/002885 WO2004042762A1 (fr) 2002-10-25 2003-10-02 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions a electrode mobile

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1554744A1 EP1554744A1 (fr) 2005-07-20
EP1554744B1 true EP1554744B1 (fr) 2011-08-17

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Family Applications (1)

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EP03776950A Expired - Lifetime EP1554744B1 (fr) 2002-10-25 2003-10-02 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions a electrode mobile

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US7352552B2 (pt)
EP (1) EP1554744B1 (pt)
JP (1) JP4145877B2 (pt)
CN (1) CN1323414C (pt)
AT (1) ATE521078T1 (pt)
AU (1) AU2003286209B2 (pt)
BR (1) BRPI0315615B1 (pt)
ES (1) ES2368734T3 (pt)
FR (1) FR2846478B1 (pt)
NO (1) NO329019B1 (pt)
PL (1) PL205175B1 (pt)
RU (1) RU2327242C2 (pt)
WO (1) WO2004042762A1 (pt)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP4329115A1 (fr) 2022-08-25 2024-02-28 Schneider Electric Industries SAS Appareil de protection électrique pour déconnecter un dispositif de protection contre les surtensions

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FR2871932B1 (fr) * 2004-06-18 2006-08-04 Schneider Electric Ind Sas Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions
EP1638124A1 (en) * 2004-09-16 2006-03-22 DE BIASI Giovanni Earthing switch device
FR2894383B1 (fr) * 2005-12-05 2008-10-24 Soule Prot Surtensions Sa Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions a securite amelioree et procede de fabrication correspondant
FR2897991B1 (fr) * 2006-02-24 2008-05-09 Soule Prot Surtensions Sa Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions avec contacts sans soudure et procede de fabrication correspondant
FR2912253B1 (fr) * 2007-02-01 2009-03-06 Schneider Electric Ind Sas Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions a contact mobile comprenant des moyens de deconnexions selectifs contre des courts-circuits
FR2912252B1 (fr) * 2007-02-01 2009-03-06 Schneider Electric Ind Sas Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions a electrode mobile avec systeme de deverrouillage du dispositif de deconnexion
FR2925216B1 (fr) * 2007-12-18 2010-04-23 Abb France Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions comportant un auxiliaire de deconnexion
FR2928026B1 (fr) * 2008-02-27 2011-08-19 Schneider Electric Ind Sas Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions comprenant des moyens de deconnexion selectifs
US7863534B2 (en) 2008-04-15 2011-01-04 General Electric Company Spring discharge mechanism for circuit breaker
FR2947677A1 (fr) * 2009-07-02 2011-01-07 Schneider Electric Ind Sas Module de protection contre les surtensions et ensemble de protection comportant un tel module
FR2954579B1 (fr) 2009-12-18 2014-07-04 Schneider Electric Ind Sas Ensemble de protection contre les surtensions
CN103198984B (zh) * 2013-04-10 2015-05-27 四川中光防雷科技股份有限公司 一种高安全性电涌保护器
RU182065U1 (ru) * 2018-04-25 2018-08-02 Акционерное общество "Контактор" Выключатель автоматический
CN113035664B (zh) * 2021-02-06 2024-01-12 安徽省昌盛电子有限公司 一种绝缘线绕模压型温度熔断电阻器

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DE3228471C2 (de) * 1982-07-30 1985-03-07 Dehn + Söhne GmbH + Co KG, 8500 Nürnberg Überspannungsschutzgerät
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FR2657994B1 (fr) * 1990-02-08 1992-04-17 Merlin Gerin Parafoudre deconnectable pour reseau a basse tension.
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP4329115A1 (fr) 2022-08-25 2024-02-28 Schneider Electric Industries SAS Appareil de protection électrique pour déconnecter un dispositif de protection contre les surtensions

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BRPI0315615B1 (pt) 2017-01-24
AU2003286209B2 (en) 2008-01-17
RU2327242C2 (ru) 2008-06-20
ATE521078T1 (de) 2011-09-15
RU2005115851A (ru) 2005-10-10
CN1323414C (zh) 2007-06-27
PL205175B1 (pl) 2010-03-31
NO20052517D0 (no) 2005-05-25
FR2846478A1 (fr) 2004-04-30
BR0315615A (pt) 2005-08-23
EP1554744A1 (fr) 2005-07-20
JP4145877B2 (ja) 2008-09-03
AU2003286209A1 (en) 2004-06-07
NO20052517L (no) 2005-05-25
WO2004042762A1 (fr) 2004-05-21
JP2006510337A (ja) 2006-03-23
ES2368734T3 (es) 2011-11-21
FR2846478B1 (fr) 2004-12-24
PL375207A1 (en) 2005-11-28
NO329019B1 (no) 2010-07-26
US7352552B2 (en) 2008-04-01
CN1706018A (zh) 2005-12-07
US20060044729A1 (en) 2006-03-02

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