EP1527251B1

EP1527251B1 - Cutting tools with two-slope profile

Info

Publication number: EP1527251B1
Application number: EP03764305A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Thomas Charles Easley; Shan Wan; Gary Martin Flood; Eoin M. O'tighearnaigh; Rosemarie Shelly Snyder; Therese Raftery
Original assignee: Diamond Innovations Inc
Current assignee: Diamond Innovations Inc
Priority date: 2002-07-10
Filing date: 2003-06-12
Publication date: 2008-01-23
Anticipated expiration: 2023-06-12
Also published as: CN1668827A; EP1527251A1; AU2003248688A1; CN100374685C; WO2004007901A1

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority on U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/395,181, filed on July 10, 2002 and U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/395,182, filed on July 10, 2002 .

FIELD THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of abrasive tool inserts.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Abrasive compacts are used extensively in cutting, milling, grinding, drilling and other abrasive operations. An abrasive particle compact is a polycrystalline mass of abrasive particles, such as diamond and/or cubic boron nitride (CBN), bonded together to form an integral, tough, high-strength mass. Such components can be bonded together in a particle-to-particle self-bonded relationship, by means of a bonding medium disposed between the particles, or by combinations thereof. The abrasive particle content of the abrasive compact is high and there is an extensive amount of direct particle-to-particle bonding. Abrasive compacts are made under elevated or high pressure and temperature (HP/HT) conditions at which the particles, diamond or CBN, are crystallographically stable. For example, see U.S. Pats. Nos. 3,136,615 , 3,141,746 , and 3,233,988 .
A supported abrasive particle compact, herein termed a composite compact, is an abrasive particle compact, which is bonded to a substrate material, such as cemented tungsten carbide.
Abrasive compacts tend to be brittle and, in use, they frequently are supported by being bonded to a cemented carbide substrate. Such supported abrasive compacts are known in the art as composite abrasive compacts. Compacts of this type are described, for example, in U.S. Pats. Nos. 3,743,489 , 3,745,623 , and 3, 767,371 . The bond to the support can be formed either during or subsequent to the formation of the abrasive particle compact. Composite abrasive compacts may be used as such in the working surface of an abrasive tool.
Composite compacts have found special utility as cutting elements in drill bits. Drill bits for use in rock drilling, machining of wear resistant materials, and other operations which require high abrasion resistance or wear resistance generally consist of a plurality of polycrystalline abrasive cutting elements fixed in a holder. U.S. Pat. No. 4,109,737 describes drill bits with a tungsten carbide stud (substrate) having a polycrystalline diamond compact on the outer surface of the cutting element. A plurality of these cutting elements then are mounted generally by interference fit into recesses into the crown of a drill bit, such as a rotary drill bit. These drill bits generally have means for providing water-cooling or other cooling fluids to the interface between the drill crown and the substance being drilled during drilling operations. Generally, the cutting element comprises an elongated pin of a metal carbide (stud) which may be either sintered or cemented carbide (such as tungsten carbide) with an abrasive particle compact (e.g., polycrystalline diamond) at one end of the pin for form a composite compact.
Fabrication of the composite compact typically is achieved by placing a cemented carbide substrate into the container of a press. A mixture of diamond grains or diamond grains and catalyst binder is placed atop the substrate and compressed under HP/HT conditions. A composite compact formed in the above-described manner may be subject to a number of shortcomings. For example, the coefficients of thermal expansion and elastic constants of cemented carbide and diamond are close, but not exactly the same. Thus, during heating or cooling of the polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC), thermally induced stresses occur at the interface between the diamond layer and the cemented carbide substrate, the magnitude of these stresses being dependent, for example, on the disparity in thermal expansion coefficients and elastic constants.
Another potential shortcoming, which should be considered, relates to the creation of internal stresses within the diamond layer, which can result in a fracturing of that layer. Such stresses also result from the presence of the cemented carbide substrate and are distributed according to the size, geometry, and physical properties of the cemented carbide substrate and the polycrystalline diamond layer. In some applications, the tools are subject to delamination failures caused by thermally induced axial residual stresses on the outer diameter of the superabrasive layer. The stresses reduce the effectiveness of the tools and limit the applications in which they can be used.
Various PDC structures have been proposed in which the diamond/carbide interface contains a number of non-planar features, e.g., ridges, grooves, or other indentations, etc., designed to increase the mechanical bond and reduce mechanical and/or thermal stresses. U.S. Patent No. 4,784,023 discloses a PDC with an interface having a number of alternating grooves and ridges, the top and bottom of which are substantially parallel with the compact surface and the sides of which are substantially perpendicular to the compact surface. U.S. Patent No. 5,351,772 presents various interface designs containing radial raised lands on the substrate. U.S. Patent No. 4,972,637 proposes a PDC having an interface containing discrete, spaced-apart recesses extending into the cemented carbide layer, the recesses containing abrasive material (e.g., diamond) and being arranged in a series of rows, each recess being staggered relative to its nearest neighbor in an adjacent row. U.S. Patent No. 5,007,207 proposes an alternative PDC structure having a number of recesses in the carbide layer, each filled with diamond, which recesses are formed into a spiral or concentric circular pattern.
U.S. Patent No. 5,605,199 proposes a profile comprising a peripheral region with inclined inner surface surrounding an inner region. U.S. Patent No. 6,315,652 proposes an abrasive tool insert having an interface formed in a sawtooth pattern of concentric rings extending from said center to the periphery. U.S. Patent No. 5,484,330 suggests a saw tooth shaped cross-sectional profile and U.S. Patent No. 5,494,777 proposes an outward sloping profile in the interface design. U.S. Patent No. 5,743,346 proposes an interface having an inner surface and an outer chamfer that forms a 5° to 85° angle to the vertical, wherein the inner surface is other than the chamfer. U.S. Patent No. 5,486,137 also proposes a tool insert having an outer downwardly sloped interface surface. U.S. Patent No. 5,494,477 proposes a tool insert having an outer downwardly sloping interface. U.S. Patent No. 5,971,087 also proposes various dual and triple slope interface profiles.
U.S. 2001/0037901 discloses drilling and boring devices comprising polycrystalline diamond compact (PCD) cutters with a polycrystalline diamond layer which extends across the top and around a portion of the sides of the PCD. The preferred embodiment of the drilling and boring devices have a flat interface between the PCD and the polycrystalline diamond layer.
There is still a need in the art to minimize susceptibility to fracture and spall in the diamond layer of cutting tools, which in part arises from the internal residual stresses. Thus it would be highly desirable to provide a polycrystalline diamond compact having increased resistance to diamond spalling fractures, having reduced axial, radial, and hoop stresses. It is to such cutters that the present invention is addressed.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an abrasive tool insert which comprises a substrate having a support face that includes: an inner support table; an outer shoulder having a width, S_w; a downwardly sloping interface from the support table to the shoulder which interface has a slope angle, S_a; and a continuous abrasive layer integrally formed on the substrate support face, which abrasive layer includes: (a) a center having a height, D_c; (b) a diameter, D_d; (c) a periphery having a height, D_p, in contact with the shoulder and which periphery forms a cutting edge; wherein, (i) S_w:D_d ranges from between 0 and about 0.5; and (ii) for each S_a and S_w:D_d, D_c:D_p is selected so as to diminish residual stress in the abrasive layer.
In one aspect, the invention relates to an abrasive tool insert formed from a substrate having an inner face that has a center, and annular face which annular face has a periphery. The inner face slopes outwardly and downwardly from the center at an angle ranging from between about 5° and 30° from the horizontal.
The annular face surrounds by the inner face and terminates at the periphery. The annular face slopes downwardly and outwardly from the inner face at an angle of between about 20° and 75° from the horizontal. A continuous abrasive layer, having a center and a periphery forming a cutting edge, is integrally formed on the substrate and defines an interface therebetween.
The present invention further relates to a method of manufacturing abrasive tool inserts that possess diminished residual stress. Specifically, the invention relates to a method for forming an abrasive tool insert, which commences with providing a substrate having an inner face that has a center, and annular face which annular face has a periphery. The inner face slopes outwardly and downwardly from the center at an angle ranging from between about 5° and 30° from the horizontal.
The annular face surrounds by the inner face and terminates at the periphery. The annular face slopes downwardly and outwardly from the inner face at an angle of between about 20° and 75° from the horizontal. A continuous abrasive layer, having a center and a periphery forming a cutting edge, is integrally formed on the substrate and defines an interface therebetween.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 graphically plots axial stress as a function of both slope angle and height ratio for a PCD tool insert;
Fig. 2 graphically plots radial stress as a function of both slope angle and height ratio for a PCD tool insert;
Fig. 3 graphically plots stress as a function of should width fraction for a PCD tool insert;
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional elevational view of a tool insert showing its various components: substrate having an inner support table, an outer shoulder, and a downwardly sloping interface therebetween; and a continuous abrasive layer having a center, a diameter, and a periphery;
Fig. 5 is a top plan view of the support of the tool insert of Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is a perspective view of the support of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is a cross-sectional elevational view of a tool insert like Fig. 4, except that the support slope is slightly curved;
Fig. 8 is a top plan view of the support of Fig. 7;
Fig. 9 is a perspective view of the support of Fig. 8;
Fig. 10 is a cross-sectional elevational view of a tool insert like Fig. 4, except that the inner support table is concentrically grooved;
Fig. 11 is a top plan view of the support of Fig. 10;
Fig. 12 is a perspective view of the support of Fig. 11;
Fig. 13 is a cross-sectional elevational view of a tool insert like Fig. 4, except that the inner support table has outwardly radiating channels;
Fig. 14 is a top plan view of the support of Fig. 13;
Fig. 15 is a perspective view of the support of Fig. 14;
Fig. 16 is a cross-sectional elevational view of a tool insert like Fig. 4, except that the inner support table has a series of generally parallel channels;
Fig. 17 is a top plan view of the support of Fig. 16;
Fig. 18 is a perspective view of the support of Fig. 17
Fig. 19 is a cross-sectional elevational view of a tool insert like Fig. 4, except that the inner support table has a waffle pattern of channels;
Fig. 20 is a top plan view of the support of Fig. 19;
Fig. 21 is a perspective view of the support of Fig. 20;
Fig. 22 is a cross-sectional elevational view of a tool insert like Fig. 4, except that the inner support table is concave and has outwardly radiating channels;
Fig. 23 is a top plan view of the support of Fig. 22;
Fig. 24 is a perspective view of the support of Fig. 21;
Fig. 25 is a cross-sectional elevational view of a tool insert like Fig. 4, except that the inner support table has outwardly radiating rectangular ridges;
Fig. 26 is a top plan view of the support of Fig. 25;
Fig. 27 is a perspective view of the support of Fig. 26;
Fig. 28 is a cross-sectional elevational view of a tool insert like Fig. 4, except that the shoulder has a series of radiating raised rectangular ridges;
Fig. 29 is a top plan view of the support of Fig. 28; and
Fig. 30 is a perspective view of the support of Fig. 29.
Fig. 31 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the two-sloped interface configuration of the present invention;
Fig. 32 is a cross-sectional elevational view of the substrate of Fig. 31;
Fig. 33 graphically displays the stress (MPa) versus inner face angle for a cutter element having the profile as depicted in Fig. 32.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on several relationships regarding residual stresses in cutting tool inserts that have eluded the art. In one embodiment, Applicants have found a unique geometry for cutters, wherein a sloped profile is incorporated in the interior of the cutter. In another embodiment of the invention, the sloped profile is combined with a steeper slope on the outer edge of the cutter, further reduces the surface residual stresses. In yet another embodiment, the slope angle of the diamond / substrate interface, which features not known in the prior art, is found to affect the overall residual stresses in the cutting tool insert. In a fourth embodiment of the invention, the height ratio between the center diamond table thickness and the periphery thickness is found to change the overall stress as it interacts with the slope angle. In yet another embodiment, the diamond table thickness is found to have an effect the overall residual stresses.
The cutting tool insert, or cutter, may be manufactured, in one embodiment by fabricating a cemented carbide substrate in a generally cylindrical shape. The cemented metal carbide substrate is conventional in composition and, thus, may be include any of the Group IVB, VB, or VIB metals, which are pressed and sintered in the presence of a binder of cobalt, nickel or iron, or alloys thereof. Examples include carbides of tungsten (W), niobium (Nb), zirconium (Zr), vanadium (V), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), tungsten Ti) and hafnium (Hf). In one embodiment, the metal carbide is tungsten carbide. The end face(s) on the carbide substrate are formed by any suitable cutting, grinding, stamping, or etching process.
A sufficient mass of superabrasive material is then placed on the substrate forming the upper abrasive layer. In one embodiment, the upper layer is polycrystalline diamond (PCD). In another embodiment, the upper abrasive layer comprises at least one of synthetic and natural diamond, cubic boron nitride (CBN), wurtzite boron nitride, combinations thereof, and like materials.
In one embodiment, the polycrystalline material layer (or the diamond table layer) and the substrate are subjected to pressures and temperatures sufficient to effect intercrystalline bonding in the polycrystalline material, and create a solid polycrystalline material layer. In another embodiment, chemical vapor deposition may also be used to deposit the polycrystalline material on the substrate. This is accomplished by coating the particles of the individual diamond crystals with various metals such as tungsten, tantalum, niobium, or molybdenum, and the like by chemical vapor techniques using fluidized bed procedure. Chemical vapor deposition techniques are also known in the art which utilize plasma assisted or heated filament methods.
Applicants have conducted three dimensional finite element stress analyses ("FEA"), and found that for a normal diamond-cutting tool, there exist some high tensile stress zones on the diamond table surface and near the interface. Specifically, the tensile axial stress above the interface is a significant factor causing delamination, and the high radial stress on the diamond table surface can lead to center-splitting type failure. Therefore, to reduce the impact related failure and improve the useful working time of PCD cutting tool, the residual stresses should be minimized.
In one embodiment of the invention, the inventive cutter has an increased useful life with the reduced thermally induced residual radial and axial stresses in the abrasive layer. In another embodiment, the inventive cutter demonstrates increased impact performance and extended working life. These and other advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
In one embodiment of the invention, maximum axial, radial, and hoop tensile stresses can be greatly reduced by introducing the outwardly slope with proper height ratio between center diamond table thickness and periphery thickness. For a given slope angle, S_a, there is an optimized height ratio range of PCD center thickness to PCD cutting edge (periphery) thickness, D_c:D_p, to achieve minimized diamond table surface stresses. This is illustrated in Figs. I and 2.
Figs.1 and 2 display the maximum surface axial stress and radial stress dependent on the slope angle and the height ratio from one FEA study. The hoop stress is not shown here because it is much smaller than axial and radial stresses. As seen in Figs.1 and 2, the optimum range for minimum axial and radial stresses is very close. In one embodiment for a height ratio of larger than about 0.25, a larger slope angle generally leads to smaller stress. In another embodiment, the optimum slope angle is between about 40° and about 50°, as higher angles tend to cause manufacturing difficulty. For a given slope angle, there exists a range of height ratios corresponding to minimum residual tensile stress.
In another embodiment of the invention, a factor that affects residual stresses in cutting tools is the shoulder width (S_w) fraction of the radius of diamond table diameter (D_d). As illustrated in Fig. 3, the residual stress increases with shoulder width fraction. However, the shoulder can provide the better shaping capability and flexibility for post-sintering finishing. In one embodiment, the shoulder width fraction ranges from between about 0.02 and 0.05.
Besides the optimized embodiment of a planar interface between the substrate and the polycrystalline diamond table, the interface can vary in a number of ways to ensure better bonding strength and manufacturing feasibility. This has been demonstrated in the art listed above. For example, the center interface can be slightly concave or convex, and some non-planar patterns can be combined with the outwardly sloped design. As long as the outwardly slope interface for the cutting tool is optimized based on the precepts of the present invention, the residual stresses can be minimized.
In one embodiment of the invention, the cutting tool inserts are based on cylindrical supports having a diameter that ranges from between about 6 and 30 mm. This also is the nominal diameter, D_d, of the abrasive compact upper surface. In another embodiment, the height of the abrasive particle at its periphery, D_p, ranges from about 3 to about 6 mm in thickness. Using a practical S_w:D_d ratio of about 0.1 to about 0.5, translates into the shoulder, S_w, having a width of from between about 0.003 and about 0.083 mm.
In one embodiment, the slope angle, S_a, ranges from about 40° to 50°. At this slope angle, D_c:D_p ranges from between about 0.1 and 0.8. In a second embodiment, the D_c:D_p ratio ranges from about 0.2 and 0.7. In a third embodiment, the D_c:D_p ratio ranges from between about 0.3 and 0.6. In a fourth embodiment, the D_c:D_p ratio ranges from about 0.4 and 0.5.
In one embodiment of a planar interface model cutting tool insert as illustrated in Figs. 4-6, wherein a diamond table, 8, has a diameter, D_d; a diamond table periphery thickness, D_p; a diamond table center thickness, D_c; a slope angle, S_a; and a shoulder width, S_w. The illustrated cutting tool insert has a substrate, 10, that has a support face, which includes an inner support table, 12, an outer shoulder, 14, and a downwardly sloping (from support table 12) interface, 16, that forms a slope angle, S_a, between support table 12 and shoulder 14. In this embodiment, support table 12 and shoulder 14 are planar, while interface 16 is linear between support table 12 and shoulder 14. It will be appreciated that the interface between diamond table 8 and support 10 are mirror images. In manufacturing, the interface of diamond table 8 will confirm to the interface of support 10.
In another embodiment as illustrated in Figs. 7-9, the cutting tool insert has a slightly curved sloping interface, 18. As shown in the figure, the interface is slightly curved both at its junction with the inner support table, 20, and with the shoulder, 22.
In yet another embodiment of the inventive cutter as illustrated in Figs. 10-12, the inner support table 24 of the cutter is concentrically grooved from the center of support table 24, to the sloping interface, 26. In this embodiment, the concentric grooves are intended to provide better support for and a better bond to the diamond table, 28. As shown, the cross-section of these grooves can be of a configuration other than that illustrated.
In yet a fourth embodiment of the interface of the inventive cutter as shown in Figs. 13-15, the inner support table 30, has a series of channels that radiate from its center to the sloping interface 32. The number of such channels can be lesser or greater than the number shown. Additionally, the depth and height of each channel can vary from channel to channel. In another embodiment that is not shown, the cross-section of these channels need not be rectangular, but can consist of other geometries as well. In this embodiment, the channels in the support substrate 34 serve to provide a better bond for the diamond table 36 that it supports and to which it is bonded. The sloping interface and shoulder can be in any configuration illustrated herein.
In a fifth embodiment as illustrated in Figs. 16-18, the cutting tool insert as in previous embodiments, is like the insert of Fig. 4, except that the inner support table 38 of the substrate 40, and the diamond table 42, contain a series of substantially parallel channels across its face. The number of such channels can be lesser or greater than the number shown. The depth and height of each channel can also vary from channel to channel. The cross-section of these channels need not be rectangular, but can consist of other geometries as well. The sloping interface and shoulder can be in any configuration illustrated herein.
In a sixth embodiment as illustrated in Figs. 19-21, the inner support table 44 of the substrate 46 and the diamond table 48, contain a matrix of substantially parallel intersecting channels (a waffle-like pattern) across its face. The number of such channels can be lesser or greater than the number shown, as can the depth and height of each channel, which can vary from channel to channel. It should be noted that the cross-section of these channels need not be rectangular, but can consist of other geometries as well. The sloping interface and shoulder can be in any configuration illustrated herein.
In a seventh embodiment as shown in Figs. 22-24, the inner support table 50 of the substrate 52 is domed and contains a series of radiating channels from its center to the sloping interface 56 with the diamond table 54. The number of such channels can be lesser or greater than the number shown, as can the depth and height of each channel, which can vary from channel to channel. In one variation, the cross-section of these channels is not rounded, but can consist of other geometries. Furthermore, the shape of the dome also can vary. The sloping interface and shoulder can be in any configuration illustrated herein.
In an eight embodiment of the inventive cutter as shown in Figs. 25-27, which is like the insert of Fig. 4, except that the inner support table 58 of the substrate 60 contains a series of raised rectangular ridges that radiate from its center to the sloping interface 64 with the diamond table 62. The number of such ridges can be lesser or greater than the number shown, as can the width and height of each ridge, which can vary from ridge to ridge. The cross-section of these ridges need not be rectangular, but can consist of other geometries as well. The sloping interface and shoulder can be in any configuration illustrated herein.
In the ninth embodiment of the cutting tool insert as shown in Figs. 28-30, the sloping interface 72 between the inner support table 68 and the diamond table 70 is linear (as in Fig. 4), except that it has a series of radiating raised ridges that extend from support table 66 to the shoulder, 74. The number of such ridges can be lesser or greater than the number shown, as can the width and height of each ridges, which can vary from ridge to ridge. In fact, the cross-section of these ridges need not be rectangular, but can consist of other geometries as well.
As shown in Figs. 31 and 32 for one embodiment of the invention, the carbide support contains 2 distinctive faces of support for the abrasive material, each face being disposed at an angle (relative to the horizontal) so as to optimized (minimize) radial stress and axial stress. To that end a cutter, 310, is formed from a lower support, 312, and an upper abrasive layer, 314 (see Fig. 32). Support 312 has a central inner face 316 (support table), that extends outwardly and downwardly from an apex or center, 318. Surrounding face 316 is an outer annular face, 320, that extends outwardly and downwardly from the outer periphery of face 316. The annular face terminates in a ledge 322 of the outer periphery of annular face 320. Superimposed on inner face 316 can be saw tooth annuli and troughs, such as are disclosed in U. S. Patent No. 6,315,652 .
In one embodiment of the invention to optimize (minimize) radial stress, outer annular face 320 slopes downwardly from the horizontal at an angle of between about 20° and 75°. In another embodiment, outer annular face slopes downwardly at an angle of about 45°. In another embodiment to optimize (minimize) axial stress, inner face 316 slopes downwardly from the horizontal at an angle of between about 5° and 30°. In yet another embodiment, inner face 316 slopes downwardly at an angle of 7.5°.
The outer surface configuration of the diamond (upper abrasive) layer 314 is not critical. In one embodiment, the surface configuration of the diamond layer, may be in the form of hemispherical, planar, conical, reduced or increased radius, chisel, or non-axisymmetric in shape. In general, all forms of tungsten carbide inserts used in the drilling industry may be enhanced by the addition of a diamond layer, and in one embodiment is further improved by the current invention by addition of a pattern of ridges.
In one embodiment of the invention, the inventive cutter demonstrates an increased useful life with the reduced residual stresses (axial, radial, and hoop tensile) in the abrasive layer at locations where spalling and delamination typically occur. In another embodiment, reduced residual stresses is obtained for virtually any size tool insert.
In one embodiment with optimized diamond-substrate interface, the residual tensile stress in cutting tool inserts is significantly reduced with the axial tensile stress decreased by about 90%, the radial tensile stress decreased by about 60%, and the hoop stress becoming completely compressive.
In another embodiment of a tool insert having a support with a central downwardly sloping profile and an outer steeper sloping profile, the surface axial residual stress is reduced by 83% compared to a flat, planar interface and by 23% compared to a substrate with a single sloped rim. The reduction of the surface axial residual stress increases the impact performance and extends the working lifetime of the cutting tool.
EXAMPLES. In the examples, Applicants compare the inventive cutters versus the prior art polycrystalline diamond cutters through various tests and analyses, including finite element analyses (FEA).
Example 1: The following prior art cutters are used, a cutting tool having a flat interface, a cutting tool having a single slope interface with 19 mm diameter, 16 mm overall height, and 3 mm diamond table thickness. For the inventive cutter, a cutting tool with an outer annular face with an angle of 45° with respect to the horizontal, while the inner face angle varied between about 0° and 30° from the horizontal, is used.
The cutting tool inserts are manufactured by conventional high pressure/high temperature (HP/HT) techniques well known in the art. Such techniques are disclosed, inter alia, in the art cited above.

The FEA analyses show that both radial and axial stress is minimized at about 7.5° with an optimized (minimized) range of stresses being expected at about 5° to 30° from the horizontal. The results of FEA modeling using ABACUS is set forth in Fig. 3 and in Table 1 below.

Table 1

Stress in MPa	(1) Flat Interface	(2) Single Sloped Interface, 45°	(3) Double Sloped Interface, 10° and 45°
Maximum surface tensile axial stress	595	132	102
Maximum surface tensile radial stress	300	160	151
Maximum surface tensile hoop stress	88	0	0

In a Parkson Mill Impact Resistance test to evaluate interrupted cut impact testing on a granite block in a fly cutter configuration, the inventive cutter is compared to a single slope tool insert of the prior art. In the Parkson Mill Impact Resistance test, the performance of the cutter on a chamfer piece is measured, with each piece having a carbide chamfer of greater than about 0.2 mm, less than 1.0 mm radial or 45" on the locating base. The cutter (0.010" chamfered edge) sample is mounted in a steel holder, with Rake angle to work piece 7 deg radial/ 12 degrees axial. The cutter is rotated and cuts in an interrupted fashion at a depth of 0.150" and transverse distance of 0.010" through a granite work piece at a cutting speed of 320 rpm and feed rate of about 3" per min. (7.62 cm / min). The test is stopped when the diamond table fails, and the number of impacts (entries into the block) counted.
The inventive cutter shows unexpected improvement in impact resistance, with a count of 12600 as opposed to 11500 for the prior art cutter.
Example 2: In this example, the prior art cutter has a flat interface, 19 mm diameter, 16 mm overall height, 3 mm diamond table thickness. The cutter of the invention has an optimized interface of slope angle of 45°, a height ratio of 0.6, a shoulder width ratio = 0.025. FEA results are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2

Stress in MPa Flat Interface Cutter Inventive Cutter

Maximum Surface Tensile Axial Stress 595 58

Maximum Surface Tensile Radial Stress 300 110

Maximum Surface Tensile Hoop Stress 88 0

The foregoing results can be extended to additional table diameters, diamond table heights, slope angles, and shoulder widths. Table 3 display correlations of shoulder angle (Sa) and diamond table height ratio Dc:Dp as predicted by FEA models. The ratios displayed are approximate.

TABLE 3

Shoulder Angle (S_a)	D_c:D_p Diamond Table Ratio
20° and 30°	0.25 and 0.85
20° and 30°	0.35 and 0.75
20° and 30°	0.45 and 0.65
20° and 30°	0.5 and 0.55
25° and 35°	0.25 and 0.8
25° and 35°	0.3 and 0.7
25° and 35°	0.4 and 0.6
25° and 35°	0.45 and 0.55
30° and 40°	0.25 and 0.8
30° and 40°	0.25 and 0.7
30° and 40°	0.35 and 0.6
30° and 40°	0.45 and 0.5
35° and 45°	0.15 and 0.75
35° and 45°	0.25 and 0.65
35° and 45°	0.35 and 0.55
35° and 45	0.4 and 0.5
40° and 50°	0.1 and 0.8
40° and 50°	0.2 and 0.70
40° and 50°	0.3 and 0.6
40° and 50°	0.4 and 0.5
45° and 55°	0.1 and 0.75
45° and 55°	0.2 and 0.7
45° and 55°	0.3 and 0.6
45° and 55°	0.4 and 0.5
50° and 60°	0.05 and 0.75
50° and 60°	0.15 and 0.65
50° and 60°	0.25 and 0.55
50° and 60°	0.35 and 0.45
55° and 65°	0.05 and 0.7
55° and 65°	0.1 and 0.6
55° and 65°	0.2 and 0.5
55° and 65°	0.3 and 0.4

The correlation between shoulder angle (S_a) and shoulder width ratio (S_w:D_d), is displayed in Table 4 below, in which the ratios are approximate.

TABLE 4

Shoulder Angle (Sa)	Dc:Dp Diamond Table Ratio	Sw:Dd Should Ratio
20° and 65°	0.1 and 0.8	0 to about 0.5
20° and 65°	0.1 and 0.8	0 to about 0.4
20° and 65°	0.1 and 0.8	0 to about 0.3
20° and 65°	0.1 and 0.8	0 to about 0.2
20° and 65°	0.1 and 0.8	0 to about 0.1

Cutting elements according to one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be employed in combination with cutting elements of the same or other disclosed embodiments, or with conventional cutting elements, in paired or other grouping, including but not limited to, side-by-side and leading/trailing combinations of various configurations.

Claims

An abrasive tool insert, which comprises:
(a) a substrate (312); and

(b) a continuous abrasive layer (314)
characterised in that:
the substrate (312) has an inner face (316) which has a center (318), and an annular face (320) which has a periphery;

said inner face (316) sloping outwardly and downwardly from said center (318) at an angle ranging from between about 5° and 30° from the horizontal;

said annular face (320) surrounding said inner face (316), which annular face (320) terminating at said periphery and sloping downwardly and outwardly from said inner face at an angle of between about 20° and 75° from the horizontal; and

the continuous abrasive layer (314) has a center (318), a periphery forming a cutting edge, being integrally formed on said substrate, and defining an interface therebetween.
The abrasive tool insert of claim 1, wherein said annular face (320) terminates in a ledge (322) which surmounts the outer periphery of said annular face (320).
The abrasive tool insert of either one of claim 1 and claim 2, wherein said substrate comprises cemented metal carbide.
The abrasive tool insert of claim 3, wherein said cemented metal carbide is one or more of Group IVB, Group VB, and Group VIB metal carbides.
The abrasive tool insert of any preceding claim, wherein said abrasive layer is one or more of diamond, cubic boron nitride, wurtzite boron nitride, and combinations thereof.
A method for forming an abrasive tool insert, which method comprises the steps of:
(a) forming a substrate (312);

(b) integrally forming on said substrate a continuous abrasive layer (314)
characterised in that:
the substrate (312) has an inner face (316) which has a center (318), and an annular face (320) which annular face has a periphery;

said inner face (316) slopes outwardly and downwardly from said center (318) at an angle ranging from between about 5° and 30° from the horizontal;

said annular face (320) terminates at said periphery and which annular face (320) sloping downwardly and outwardly from said inner face (316) at an angle of between about 20° and 75° from the horizontal; and

the continuous abrasive layer has a center and a periphery forming a cutting edge.
The method of claim 6, wherein said substrate comprises cemented metal carbide.
The method of claim 7, wherein said cemented metal carbide is one or more of Group IVB, Group VB, and Group VIB metal carbides.
The method of any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein said abrasive layer is one or more of diamond, cubic boron nitride, wurtzite boron nitride, and combinations thereof.
The method of any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein said annular face angle is about 45° from the horizontal and said annular face terminates in a ledge surrounding the periphery of said annular face.