EP1517585B1 - Heating plate - Google Patents

Heating plate Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP1517585B1
EP1517585B1 EP03405678A EP03405678A EP1517585B1 EP 1517585 B1 EP1517585 B1 EP 1517585B1 EP 03405678 A EP03405678 A EP 03405678A EP 03405678 A EP03405678 A EP 03405678A EP 1517585 B1 EP1517585 B1 EP 1517585B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cavities
heating plate
heating
plate
heat transfer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP03405678A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1517585B8 (en
EP1517585A1 (en
Inventor
Patrick Hofer-Noser
Jürg Zahnd
Christoph Boos
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
3S Swiss Solar Systems AG
Original Assignee
Swiss Sustainable Systems AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Swiss Sustainable Systems AG filed Critical Swiss Sustainable Systems AG
Priority to DE50302334T priority Critical patent/DE50302334D1/en
Priority to AT03405678T priority patent/ATE317208T1/en
Priority to ES03405678T priority patent/ES2258709T3/en
Priority to EP03405678A priority patent/EP1517585B8/en
Priority to US10/940,449 priority patent/US7637308B2/en
Publication of EP1517585A1 publication Critical patent/EP1517585A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1517585B1 publication Critical patent/EP1517585B1/en
Publication of EP1517585B8 publication Critical patent/EP1517585B8/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/68—Heating arrangements specially adapted for cooking plates or analogous hot-plates

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a hot plate with cavities in which electrically heatable radiator and a heat transfer medium for transferring the heat emitted from the radiators to the plate heat are arranged, wherein the cavities are equipped with connection means for the purpose of flow with the heat transfer medium.
  • Such heating plates are used in particular in laminators for the production of photovoltaic modules or other for the production of bonded with hot-melt or thermoplastic materials plates.
  • a uniform temperature over the entire surface of the hotplate is very important, since even small temperature differences can lead to faulty products.
  • a first type of known heating plates has built-in electric heating rods, which deliver the heat by conduction to the plate.
  • the distribution of the temperature along the heating rods is not controllable.
  • the heating elements must fit as closely as possible in corresponding openings of the plate, so that a good heat transfer is ensured. However, this can lead to tensions due to thermal expansion. If the heating plate and the heating elements are made of different materials, contact corrosion can also occur. If heat-conducting pastes are used to improve the heat transfer, they can dry out over time, which in turn can cause temperature differences across the surface of the heating plate.
  • cavities are provided, which are flowed through by a heat transfer medium, for example oil, wherein the heat transfer medium is heated outside the heating plate.
  • a heat transfer medium for example oil
  • the heat transfer medium cools during the flow through the cavities, which alone leads to undesirable temperature differences on the surface of the hot plate.
  • German Utility Model DE 296 10 952 UI discloses a heating plate in which electrical heating elements are arranged in cavities of the heating plate, the cavities containing a circulating heat transfer medium. Since in this heating plate, the cavities are divided by retaining walls with openings for the heat transfer medium, these cavities are relatively large and it requires a corresponding amount of heat transfer medium. The openings cause undesirable flow losses, which lead to a high pressure drop. Due to the openings, the flow in the cavities is difficult to control, there may be areas in which the heat transfer medium practically does not flow. This can lead to local cooling, or else in the area of the heating elements, to local overheating of the heat transfer medium, which in turn causes undesirable temperature differences on the surface of the heating plate. If oil is used as the heat transfer medium, this can "cake" when overheated on the heating elements and thus hinder the heat transfer.
  • the present invention seeks to propose a heating plate, by which the mentioned, the heating plates according to the prior art adhering disadvantages are overcome.
  • the cavities are elongated and the radiators are rod-shaped and that the radiators are provided with spacers which prevent direct contact of the interior walls of the cavities with the radiators.
  • the ratio between the clear width and the length of the cavities is at least one to ten.
  • This inventive solution allows the use of relatively long heating rods, which may for example have a length of one to six meters, the diameter ratio between the cavity and heating element can be chosen so that you can make do with a minimum of heat transfer medium.
  • short reaction times of the overall system are achieved, in particular during heating and cooling.
  • the difference between the inlet and outlet temperature is very low, since the heat source and the heat sink are in the same place, and the temperature along the heating rod is compensated for by a sufficiently rapidly flowing heat transfer medium.
  • the cavities have a circular cross-section. This allows their production by drilling.
  • the cavities can also be formed by inserted tube elements.
  • the radiator may also have a non-round cross-section and be twisted, whereby a turbulent flow of the heat transfer medium is favored.
  • the cavities are arranged parallel to one another, because this makes it possible to achieve a uniform temperature distribution on the surface of the heating plate in a particularly simple manner.
  • a uniform temperature distribution can also be promoted by the fact that the cavities are connected by the connection means in a series connection or in a parallel circuit. In certain cases, for example in the case of very large surfaces to be heated, it may be advantageous if a series and parallel connection of the cavities is combined.
  • the cavities can be connected to each other by the connection means such that in at least two groups of cavities, the cavities are connected to one another in a series connection and that the groups of cavities are connected to one another in a parallel connection.
  • the heat transfer medium can be circulated in a cycle or in an open system through the cavities of the heating plate.
  • the heat transfer medium for faster heating is additionally heated plate before entering the heating.
  • the flow rate and the flow rate of the heat transfer medium is controlled so that it flows out of the plate during a continuous heating phase warmer than it has flowed into the plate.
  • the inventive heating plate can also be cooled by a cool heat transfer fluid is passed through the cavities. This can be done either by cooling the heat transfer medium via an external heat exchanger, or by passing another, cool heat transfer medium through the cavities.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically in a perspective view from above a section through a heating plate 1, which may consist of a metal, for example an aluminum alloy.
  • a heating plate 1 which may consist of a metal, for example an aluminum alloy.
  • cavities 2 are arranged, which may be prepared for example by drilling.
  • heating rods 3 are arranged coaxially, such that between them and the inner walls of the cavities, an annular gap 8 is formed, which is intended to be traversed by a heat transfer medium.
  • the diameter of the cavities is 2 cm and the length is 3.6 meters.
  • FIGS. 3a and 3b show schematically how such connection means 9 and 10 can look in plan view.
  • the heat transfer medium is denoted by 7 and is conveyed by a pump 4 in the circulation. Instead of the pump, another pressure increasing means is conceivable.
  • FIGS. 3 a, 3 b and 3 c show different ways in which the individual cavities can be connected to one another in terms of flow.
  • the mutually parallel cavities 2 are connected by arcuate connecting parts 9 with each other so that they are successively flowed through by the heat transfer medium, ie in series.
  • Figure 3b shows an arrangement in which the mutually parallel cavities 2 are summarized by connecting parts 10 so that they are flowed through in parallel by the heat transfer medium.
  • FIG. 3c shows an arrangement in which groups of cavities 2 are connected in series, the groups being connected in parallel to one another.

Landscapes

  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Control And Other Processes For Unpacking Of Materials (AREA)
  • Baking, Grill, Roasting (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Abstract

The metal plate (1), preferably aluminum, has bores (8), preferably in parallel arrangement, in which heating rods (3) are concentrically supported as a heat transfer medium is pumped through the hollow spaces (2).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Heizplatte mit Hohlräumen, in denen elektrisch beheizbare Heizkörper und ein Wärmeträgermedium zur Übertragung der von den Heizkörpern an die Platte abgegebenen Wärme angeordnet sind, wobei die Hohlräume mit Anschlussmitteln zwecks Durchströmung mit dem Wärmeträgermedium ausgestattet sind.The invention relates to a hot plate with cavities in which electrically heatable radiator and a heat transfer medium for transferring the heat emitted from the radiators to the plate heat are arranged, wherein the cavities are equipped with connection means for the purpose of flow with the heat transfer medium.

Solche Heizplatten werden insbesondere in Laminiergeräten zur Herstellung von photovoltaischen Modulen oder anderen zur Herstellung von mit Heissklebem oder thermoplasten Materialien verbundenen Platten eingesetzt. Bei derartigen Anwendungen ist eine gleichmässige Temperatur über die ganze Fläche der Heizplatte sehr wichtig, da bereits kleine Temperaturdifferenzen zu fehlerhaften Produkten führen können.Such heating plates are used in particular in laminators for the production of photovoltaic modules or other for the production of bonded with hot-melt or thermoplastic materials plates. In such applications, a uniform temperature over the entire surface of the hotplate is very important, since even small temperature differences can lead to faulty products.

Ein erster Typ von bekannten Heizplatten weist eingebaute elektrische Heizstäbe auf, welche die Wärme durch Wärmeleitung an die Platte abgeben. Dabei ist die Verteilung der Temperatur entlang der Heizstäbe nicht kontrollierbar. Ferner müssen die Heizstäbe möglichst genau in entsprechende Öffnungen der Platte passen, damit ein guter Wärmeübergang gewährleistet ist. Dies kann aber zu Spannungen infolge der Wärmedehnung führen. Wenn die Heizplatte und die Heizstäbe aus unterschiedlichen Materialien bestehen, kann zudem Kontaktkorrosion auftreten. Werden zur Verbesserung des Wärmeübergangs Wärmeleitpasten eingesetzt, können diese mit der Zeit vertrocknen, wodurch wiederum Temperaturdifferenzen über die Fläche der Heizplatte entstehen können.A first type of known heating plates has built-in electric heating rods, which deliver the heat by conduction to the plate. The distribution of the temperature along the heating rods is not controllable. Furthermore, the heating elements must fit as closely as possible in corresponding openings of the plate, so that a good heat transfer is ensured. However, this can lead to tensions due to thermal expansion. If the heating plate and the heating elements are made of different materials, contact corrosion can also occur. If heat-conducting pastes are used to improve the heat transfer, they can dry out over time, which in turn can cause temperature differences across the surface of the heating plate.

Bei einem zweiten Typen von bekannten Heizplatten sind Hohlräume vorgesehen, die von einem Wärmeträgermedium, beispielsweise Öl, durchströmt werden, wobei das Wärmeträgermedium ausserhalb der Heizplatte erwärmt wird. Dabei kühlt sich natürlich das Wärmeträgermedium während des Durchflusses durch die Hohlräume ab, was allein schon zu unerwünschten Temperaturdifferenzen auf der Oberfläche der Heizplatte führt.In a second type of known heating plates cavities are provided, which are flowed through by a heat transfer medium, for example oil, wherein the heat transfer medium is heated outside the heating plate. Of course, the heat transfer medium cools during the flow through the cavities, which alone leads to undesirable temperature differences on the surface of the hot plate.

Aus dem deutschen Gebrauchsmuster DE 296 10 952 UI ist eine Heizplatte bekannt, bei der elektrische Heizelemente in Hohlräumen der Heizplatte angeordnet sind, wobei die Hohlräume ein zirkulierendes Wärmeträgermedium enthalten. Da bei dieser Heizplatte die Hohlräume durch Stützwände mit Durchbrechungen für das Wärmeträgermedium unterteilt sind, sind diese Hohlräume verhältnismässig gross und es wird entsprechend viel Wärmeträgermedium benötigt. Die Durchbrechungen verursachen unerwünschte Strömungsverluste, die zu einem hohen Druckabfall führen. Auf Grund der Durchbrechungen ist die Strömung in den Hohlräumen schlecht kontrollierbar, es können Bereiche entstehen, in denen das Wärmeträgermedium praktisch nicht strömt. Dies kann zu lokaler Abkühlung, oder aber im Bereich der Heizelemente zu lokaler Überhitzung des Wärmeträgermediums führen, wodurch wiederum unerwünschte Temperaturdifferenzen auf der Oberfläche der Heizplatte entstehen. Wenn als Wärmeträgermedium Öl verwendet wird, kann dieses bei Überhitzung an den Heizelemente "anbacken" und so die Wärmeübertragung behindern.German Utility Model DE 296 10 952 UI discloses a heating plate in which electrical heating elements are arranged in cavities of the heating plate, the cavities containing a circulating heat transfer medium. Since in this heating plate, the cavities are divided by retaining walls with openings for the heat transfer medium, these cavities are relatively large and it requires a corresponding amount of heat transfer medium. The openings cause undesirable flow losses, which lead to a high pressure drop. Due to the openings, the flow in the cavities is difficult to control, there may be areas in which the heat transfer medium practically does not flow. This can lead to local cooling, or else in the area of the heating elements, to local overheating of the heat transfer medium, which in turn causes undesirable temperature differences on the surface of the heating plate. If oil is used as the heat transfer medium, this can "cake" when overheated on the heating elements and thus hinder the heat transfer.

Im Dokument US3942781 mit dem Titel "Penetrable Support" ist eine Heizplatte beschrieben, die in lang gestreckten Hohlräumen angeordnete, stabförmige Heizkörper enthält. Diese Hohlräume werden aber nicht von einem Wärmeträgermedium durchströmt.The document US3942781 entitled "Penetrable Support" describes a heating plate which contains rod-shaped heating elements arranged in elongate cavities. These cavities are not flowed through by a heat transfer medium.

Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Heizplatte vorzuschlagen, durch welche die erwähnten, den Heizplatten nach dem Stand der Technik anhaftenden Nachteile überwunden werden. Insbesondere ist es ein Ziel der Erfindung, eine Heizplatte vorzuschlagen, welche mit einem verhältnismässig kleinen Volumen von Wärmeträgermedium auskommt und bei der die Strömungsverhältnisse des Wärmeträgermediums günstiger sind, als bei Heizplatten nach dem Stand der Technik.Based on this prior art, the present invention seeks to propose a heating plate, by which the mentioned, the heating plates according to the prior art adhering disadvantages are overcome. In particular, it is an object of the invention to provide a heating plate, which manages with a relatively small volume of heat transfer medium and in which the flow conditions of the heat transfer medium are cheaper than in the case of heating plates according to the prior art.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss dadurch gelöst, dass die Hohlräume lang gestreckt und die Heizkörper stabförmig sind und dass die Heizkörper mit Abstandshaltern versehen sind, die eine direkte Berührung der Innenwände der Hohlräume durch die Heizkörper verhindern. Unter "lang gestreckt" soll in diesem Zusammenhang verstanden werden, dass das Verhältnis zwischen lichter Weite und Länge der Hohlräume mindestens eins zu zehn beträgt.This object is achieved according to the invention in that the cavities are elongated and the radiators are rod-shaped and that the radiators are provided with spacers which prevent direct contact of the interior walls of the cavities with the radiators. Under "long stretched" It should be understood in this context that the ratio between the clear width and the length of the cavities is at least one to ten.

Diese erfindungsgemässe Lösung erlaubt den Einsatz von relativ langen Heizstäben, die beispielsweise eine Länge von einem bis sechs Metern haben können, wobei das Durchmesserverhältnis zwischen Hohlraum und Heizstab so gewählt werden kann, dass man mit einem Minimum an Wärmeträgermedium auskommt. Dadurch werden insbesondere beim Aufheizen und Abkühlen kurze Reaktionszeiten des Gesamtsystems erreicht. Die Differenz zwischen Ein- und Austrittstemperatur ist der Natur der Erfindung gemäss sehr gering, da Wärmequelle und Wärmesenke am gleichen Ort sind, und durch ein ausreichend rasch strömendes Wärmeträgermedium die Temperatur entlang des Heizstabes ausgeglichen wird.This inventive solution allows the use of relatively long heating rods, which may for example have a length of one to six meters, the diameter ratio between the cavity and heating element can be chosen so that you can make do with a minimum of heat transfer medium. As a result, short reaction times of the overall system are achieved, in particular during heating and cooling. According to the nature of the invention, the difference between the inlet and outlet temperature is very low, since the heat source and the heat sink are in the same place, and the temperature along the heating rod is compensated for by a sufficiently rapidly flowing heat transfer medium.

Nach einer besonderen Ausführungsart der Erfindung haben die Hohlräume einen kreisrunden Querschnitt. Dies erlaubt deren Herstellung durch Bohren. Selbstverständlich können die Hohlräume auch durch eingesetzte Rohr-Elemente gebildet werden. Die Heizkörper können auch einen nicht runden Querschnitt haben und verdrillt sein, wodurch eine turbulente Strömung des Wärmeträgermediums begünstigt wird. Vorzugsweise sind die Hohlräume parallel zueinander angeordnet, weil sich dadurch eine gleichmässige Temperaturverteilung auf der Oberfläche der Heizplatte besonders einfach erreichen lässt. Eine gleichmässige Temperaturverteilung kann auch dadurch begünstigt werden, dass die Hohlräume durch die Anschlussmittel in einer Serieschaltung oder in einer Parallelschaltung miteinander verbunden sind. In gewissen Fällen, beispielsweise bei sehr grossen zu beheizenden Flächen, kann es vorteilhaft sein, wenn eine Serie- und Parallelschaltung der Hohlräume kombiniert wird. Dabei können die Hohlräume durch die Anschlussmittel so miteinander verbunden werden, dass in mindestens zwei Gruppen von Hohlräumen die Hohlräume miteinander in einer Serieschaltung verbunden sind und dass die Gruppen von Hohlräumen in einer Parallelschaltung miteinander verbunden sind.According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the cavities have a circular cross-section. This allows their production by drilling. Of course, the cavities can also be formed by inserted tube elements. The radiator may also have a non-round cross-section and be twisted, whereby a turbulent flow of the heat transfer medium is favored. Preferably, the cavities are arranged parallel to one another, because this makes it possible to achieve a uniform temperature distribution on the surface of the heating plate in a particularly simple manner. A uniform temperature distribution can also be promoted by the fact that the cavities are connected by the connection means in a series connection or in a parallel circuit. In certain cases, for example in the case of very large surfaces to be heated, it may be advantageous if a series and parallel connection of the cavities is combined. In this case, the cavities can be connected to each other by the connection means such that in at least two groups of cavities, the cavities are connected to one another in a series connection and that the groups of cavities are connected to one another in a parallel connection.

Zum Betrieb der erfindungsgemässen Heizplatte sind verschiedene Verfahren denkbar. So kann das Wärmeträgermedium in einem Kreislauf oder in einem offenen System durch die Hohlräume der Heizplatte zirkuliert werden. Nach einer besonderen Ausführungsart des Verfahrens wird das Wärmeträgermedium zur rascheren Aufheizung zusätzlich vor dem Eintritt in die Heiz platte erwärmt. Damit bereits in der Aufheizphase auf der Oberfläche der Heizplatte eine gleichmässige Temperatur erreicht wird, ist es vorteilhaft, wenn die Durchflussmenge und die Durchflussgeschwindigkeit des Wärmeträgermediums so gesteuert wird, dass es während einer stetigen Aufheizphase wärmer aus der Platte herausströmt, als es in die Platte geflossen ist. Die erfindungsgemässe Heizplatte kann auch abgekühlt werden, indem eine kühle Wärmeträgerflüssigkeit durch die Hohlräume geleitet wird. Dies kann entweder dadurch geschehen, dass das Wärmeträgermedium über einen externen Wärmetauscher gekühlt wird, oder dass ein anderes, kühles Wärmeträgermedium durch die Hohlräume geleitet wird.Various methods are conceivable for operating the heating plate according to the invention. Thus, the heat transfer medium can be circulated in a cycle or in an open system through the cavities of the heating plate. According to a particular embodiment of the method, the heat transfer medium for faster heating is additionally heated plate before entering the heating. Thus already in the heating phase on the surface of the heating plate a uniform temperature is reached, it is advantageous if the flow rate and the flow rate of the heat transfer medium is controlled so that it flows out of the plate during a continuous heating phase warmer than it has flowed into the plate. The inventive heating plate can also be cooled by a cool heat transfer fluid is passed through the cavities. This can be done either by cooling the heat transfer medium via an external heat exchanger, or by passing another, cool heat transfer medium through the cavities.

Besondere Ausführungsarten der Erfindung werden nachstehend unter Bezugnahme auf die beiliegenden Zeichnungen beispielsweise näher erläutert. Es zeigt

Figur 1
eine schematische, perspektivische, aufgeschnittene Ansicht eines Ausführungsbeispiels der erfindungsgemässen Heizplatte,
Figur 2
einen schematischen Schnitt durch das Ausführungsbeispiel gemäss Figur 1 und
Figuren 3a bis 3c
drei Varianten der Strömungsführung durch die erfindungsgemässe Heizplatte.
Particular embodiments of the invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, for example. It shows
FIG. 1
a schematic, perspective, cutaway view of an embodiment of the inventive hot plate,
FIG. 2
a schematic section through the embodiment according to Figure 1 and
FIGS. 3a to 3c
three variants of the flow guidance by the inventive heating plate.

Die Figur 1 zeigt schematisch in einer perspektivischen Ansicht von vome einen Schnitt durch eine Heizplatte 1, die aus einem Metall, beispielsweise einer Aluminiumlegierung bestehen kann. In der Heizplatte 1 sind lang gestreckte Hohlräume 2 angeordnet, die beispielsweise durch Bohren hergestellt sein können. In den Hohlräumen 2 sind Heizstäbe 3 koaxial angeordnet, derart, dass zwischen ihnen und den Innenwänden der Hohlräume ein Ringspalt 8 entsteht, der dazu bestimmt ist, von einem Wärmeträgermedium durchströmt zu werden. In einem realisierten Ausführungsbeispiel beträgt der Durchmesser der Hohlräume 2 cm und deren Länge 3,6 Meter.FIG. 1 shows schematically in a perspective view from above a section through a heating plate 1, which may consist of a metal, for example an aluminum alloy. In the heating plate 1 elongated cavities 2 are arranged, which may be prepared for example by drilling. In the cavities 2 heating rods 3 are arranged coaxially, such that between them and the inner walls of the cavities, an annular gap 8 is formed, which is intended to be traversed by a heat transfer medium. In a realized embodiment, the diameter of the cavities is 2 cm and the length is 3.6 meters.

Figur 2 zeigt schematisch die Anordnung der Heizstäbe 3 in der Heizplatte 1 und die Führung des Wärmeträgermediums innerhalb und ausserhalb der Heizplatte 1. Der Eintritt und der Austritt für das Wärmeträgermedium sind mit 5 bezeichnet. Für die dichte Führung des Wärmeträgermediums sind bekannte Anschlussmittel vorgesehen, die auf mindestens einer Seite der Heizplatte den dichten Durchtritt eines Heizstabes 3 oder einer elektrischen Zuleitung für diesen gestatten. In den Figuren 3a und 3b ist schematisch gezeigt, wie solche Anschlussmittel 9 und 10 in der Draufsicht aussehen können. Das Wärmeträgermedium ist mit 7 bezeichnet und wird durch eine Pumpe 4 im Kreislauf gefördert. An Stelle der Pumpe ist auch ein anderes Druckerhöhungsmittel denkbar. Abstandhalter 6, die am Heizstab 3 verteilt über dessen Aussenumfang vorgesehen sind, sorgen dafür, dass der Heizstab die Innenwand des Hohlraumes 2 nicht direkt berührt. Anstatt der Abstandshalter oder zusätzlich zu diesen können die Heizstäbe 3 einen nicht runden Querschnitt aufweisen und verdrillt sein, um eine turbulente Strömung im Wärmeträgermedium und damit einen guten Wärmeübergang zu bewirken.Figure 2 shows schematically the arrangement of the heating elements 3 in the heating plate 1 and the guide of the heat transfer medium inside and outside the heating plate 1. The inlet and the outlet for the heat transfer medium are denoted by 5. For the tight guidance of the heat transfer medium known connection means are provided which allow the dense passage of a heating element 3 or an electrical supply line for this on at least one side of the heating plate. FIGS. 3a and 3b show schematically how such connection means 9 and 10 can look in plan view. The heat transfer medium is denoted by 7 and is conveyed by a pump 4 in the circulation. Instead of the pump, another pressure increasing means is conceivable. Spacer 6, which are provided on the heating element 3 distributed over the outer circumference, ensure that the heating element does not touch the inner wall of the cavity 2 directly. Instead of or in addition to the spacers, the heating rods 3 may have a non-round cross-section and be twisted to cause a turbulent flow in the heat transfer medium and thus a good heat transfer.

Die Figuren 3a, 3b und 3c zeigen verschiedene Arten, wie die einzelnen Hohlräume strömungsmässig miteinander verbunden werden können. Gemäss Figur 3a sind die parallel zueinander angeordneten Hohlräume 2 durch bogenförmige Anschlussteile 9 so miteinander verbunden, dass sie vom Wärmeträgermedium nacheinander, also in Serie durchströmt werden. Figur 3b zeigt eine Anordnung, bei der die parallel zueinander angeordneten Hohlräume 2 durch Anschlussteile 10 so zusammengefasst sind, dass sie vom Wärmeträgermedium parallel durchströmt werden. In Figur 3c ist eine Anordnung dargestellt, bei der Gruppen von Hohlräumen 2 in Serie geschaltet sind, wobei die Gruppen zueinander parallel geschaltet sind.FIGS. 3 a, 3 b and 3 c show different ways in which the individual cavities can be connected to one another in terms of flow. According to Figure 3a, the mutually parallel cavities 2 are connected by arcuate connecting parts 9 with each other so that they are successively flowed through by the heat transfer medium, ie in series. Figure 3b shows an arrangement in which the mutually parallel cavities 2 are summarized by connecting parts 10 so that they are flowed through in parallel by the heat transfer medium. FIG. 3c shows an arrangement in which groups of cavities 2 are connected in series, the groups being connected in parallel to one another.

Claims (11)

  1. Heating plate (1) with cavities (2), in which electrically heatable heating bodies (3) and a heat exchange medium are disposed for transmitting heat transmitted from the heating bodies to the plate, the cavities (2) being fitted with connecting means (9, 10) to permit circulation of the heat exchange medium, characterised in that the cavities (2) are elongate and the heating bodies (3) are bar-shaped and the heating bodies are provided with spacers (6) which prevent the heating bodies (3) from coming into direct contact with the internal walls of the cavities.
  2. Heating plate as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the cavities (2) have a circular cross section.
  3. Heating plate as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the heating bodies (3) have a non-circular cross section and are twisted.
  4. Heating plate as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the cavities (2) are disposed parallel with one another.
  5. Heating plate as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the cavities (2) are linked to one another in a serial connection by the connecting means (9).
  6. Heating plate as claimed in one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the cavities (2) are linked to one another in a parallel connection by the connecting means (10).
  7. Heating plate as claimed in one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the cavities (2) are linked to one another by the connecting means (9, 10) so that the cavities in at least two groups of cavities are linked to one another in a serial connection and the groups of cavities are inter-connected in a parallel connection.
  8. Method of operating the heating plate as claimed in one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the heat exchange medium is circulated through the cavities in a circuit.
  9. Method of operating the heating plate as claimed in one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the heat exchange medium is delivered through the cavities of the heating plate in an open system.
  10. Method as claimed in one of claims 8 to 9, characterised in that the heat exchange medium is additionally heated prior to entering the heating plate in order to obtain a more rapid heat-up.
  11. Method as claimed in one of claims 8 to 10, characterised in that the flow quantity and the circulation rate of the heat exchange medium are controlled so that it is hotter when it flows out of the plate than it was when it flowed into the plate during a steady heat-up phase.
EP03405678A 2003-09-16 2003-09-16 Heating plate Expired - Lifetime EP1517585B8 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE50302334T DE50302334D1 (en) 2003-09-16 2003-09-16 heating plate
AT03405678T ATE317208T1 (en) 2003-09-16 2003-09-16 HEATING PLATE
ES03405678T ES2258709T3 (en) 2003-09-16 2003-09-16 HEATING PLATE.
EP03405678A EP1517585B8 (en) 2003-09-16 2003-09-16 Heating plate
US10/940,449 US7637308B2 (en) 2003-09-16 2004-09-14 Heating plate

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP03405678A EP1517585B8 (en) 2003-09-16 2003-09-16 Heating plate

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1517585A1 EP1517585A1 (en) 2005-03-23
EP1517585B1 true EP1517585B1 (en) 2006-02-01
EP1517585B8 EP1517585B8 (en) 2006-05-03

Family

ID=34178681

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03405678A Expired - Lifetime EP1517585B8 (en) 2003-09-16 2003-09-16 Heating plate

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US7637308B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1517585B8 (en)
AT (1) ATE317208T1 (en)
DE (1) DE50302334D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2258709T3 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2106892A1 (en) 2008-04-04 2009-10-07 komax Holding AG Hotplate for workpieces

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8481895B2 (en) 2004-12-27 2013-07-09 HeatWave Portable warming device and method for warming an article
US20060138119A1 (en) * 2004-12-27 2006-06-29 Taylor Curtis P Warming device and methods for warming an article
US20060138120A1 (en) * 2004-12-27 2006-06-29 Taylor Curtis P Warming device and methods for warming an article
EP2239789A1 (en) 2009-04-08 2010-10-13 SAPHIRE ApS Laminating assembly
US8260126B2 (en) * 2009-12-17 2012-09-04 Lord Ltd., Lp Dual wall axial flow electric heater for leak sensitive applications
DE102012217875A1 (en) * 2012-09-28 2014-04-03 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Heat exchanger
DE202014102979U1 (en) * 2014-06-30 2015-07-01 Michael Jäger fryer

Family Cites Families (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2429303A (en) * 1945-07-02 1947-10-21 Simon L Apatow Electric immersion heater
US2554745A (en) * 1947-10-07 1951-05-29 Peter J Kapsch Electrical water heater
US2583761A (en) * 1948-06-29 1952-01-29 Axelson Eskil Anders August Pipe or hose conduit with heating means
US3942781A (en) * 1974-07-22 1976-03-09 Gerber Garment Technology, Inc. Penetrable support
US4723065A (en) * 1984-03-19 1988-02-02 Howard E. Meyer Electric automotive fuel heating system
ATA288784A (en) * 1984-09-10 1985-12-15 Vaillant Gmbh ELECTRIC RADIATOR
US5438642A (en) * 1993-07-13 1995-08-01 Instantaneous Thermal Systems, Inc. Instantaneous water heater
CA2176801A1 (en) * 1995-05-19 1996-11-20 Yasuo Kurita Floor heating system and floor heating device and hollow connecting member
DE29610952U1 (en) * 1996-06-25 1996-09-05 OTW-Oberflächentechnik Wild GmbH, 32457 Porta Westfalica Table, especially press table
GB2317219A (en) * 1996-09-13 1998-03-18 Imi Waterheating Ltd Waterheaters
JPH10160249A (en) * 1996-11-29 1998-06-19 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Hot water device
DE19651088A1 (en) * 1996-12-09 1998-06-10 Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete Heating block for electrically heated throughflow heater
DE19651079A1 (en) * 1996-12-09 1998-06-10 Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete Throughflow electrical heating block for water with heating coil
DE29811677U1 (en) * 1998-07-01 1998-08-13 Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co Kg, 37603 Holzminden Electric instantaneous water heater
DE10003042B4 (en) * 2000-01-25 2012-03-08 Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co. Kg Electric water heater
US6816670B1 (en) * 2001-03-19 2004-11-09 Renau Corporation Fluid heat exchanging system and method
US7123827B2 (en) * 2004-09-10 2006-10-17 Pbg02, Inc. Moderating device for an electric stove heating unit

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2106892A1 (en) 2008-04-04 2009-10-07 komax Holding AG Hotplate for workpieces
EP2106891A1 (en) 2008-04-04 2009-10-07 komax Holding AG Hotplate for workpieces

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1517585B8 (en) 2006-05-03
EP1517585A1 (en) 2005-03-23
US7637308B2 (en) 2009-12-29
ATE317208T1 (en) 2006-02-15
US20050121435A1 (en) 2005-06-09
DE50302334D1 (en) 2006-04-13
ES2258709T3 (en) 2006-09-01

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0356745B1 (en) Heat transfer device
EP2295886B1 (en) Device for heating liquids
EP1517585B1 (en) Heating plate
DE102006004756B4 (en) Peltier heat exchanger in modular design
DE102006033816A1 (en) Method for generating electrical energy and arrangement for carrying out the method
DE102011075543A1 (en) Cooling arrangement used for cooling elongated magnetron used in continuous coating system for coating target material onto substrate, has coolant inlet and outlet that are provided at ends of magnetron
DE102011085722A1 (en) Latent heat accumulator, has heat exchange device configured such that coherent regions of liquid phase of phase change material are in contact with expansion pad at each time point of phase change from solid state into fluid state
EP2562485B1 (en) Media heater
DE19721657A1 (en) Heat exchanger for solar collectors for heating and cooling systems
DE2551933A1 (en) HEAT EXCHANGER
DE10354355B4 (en) Air conditioning system especially with phase change materials has separate heating and cooling sections with different phase change materials and heated and cooled by a closed circuit liquid system
DE19537121C2 (en) Device for obtaining electrical energy from radiation energy
EP1150773B1 (en) Evaporator arrangement with a holder for a sample container and method for evaporating a sample
EP0326605B1 (en) Heat-transfer wall composed of two plate-like parts
DE2644937C2 (en) System for heating liquid and gaseous flowing media
DE3033431C2 (en) Heat exchanger for flowing media with a porous body inserted into a jacket tube
DE2715268C3 (en) Heat exchange device for a heat-emitting primary liquid and two separate heat-absorbing secondary media
DE3026478C2 (en) Low temperature radiator
EP2471339B1 (en) Heat exchanger
AT371591B (en) HEAT EXCHANGER, ESPECIALLY FOR INJECTION MOLDING OR DIE CASTING MACHINES
DE202006009998U1 (en) Solar energy utilization apparatus, has one-piece or connected component forming direct heat-conducting connection between solar collector and thermal transport medium
DE102005018050A1 (en) Air heat exchanger
CH433653A (en) Process for the optional heating of liquids and equipment for carrying out this process
DE2214932A1 (en) Heat exchanger
DE7025203U (en) HEAT EXCHANGERS, IN PARTICULAR RADIATORS FOR HEATING SYSTEMS.

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20041125

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL LT LV MK

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

RIN1 Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected)

Inventor name: ZAHND, JUERG

Inventor name: BOOS, CHRISTOPH

Inventor name: HOFER-NOSER, PATRICK

AKX Designation fees paid

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AXX Extension fees paid

Extension state: MK

Payment date: 20041125

Extension state: AL

Payment date: 20041125

Extension state: LV

Payment date: 20041125

Extension state: LT

Payment date: 20041125

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL LT LV MK

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060201

Ref country code: FI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060201

Ref country code: SK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060201

Ref country code: NL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060201

Ref country code: IE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060201

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: FG4D

Free format text: NOT ENGLISH

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: IE

Ref legal event code: FG4D

Free format text: LANGUAGE OF EP DOCUMENT: GERMAN

RAP2 Party data changed (patent owner data changed or rights of a patent transferred)

Owner name: 3S SWISS SOLAR SYSTEMS AG

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: RO

Ref legal event code: EPE

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 50302334

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 20060413

Kind code of ref document: P

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060501

Ref country code: DK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060501

Ref country code: BG

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060501

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PFA

Owner name: 3S SWISS SOLAR SYSTEMS AG

Free format text: 3S SWISS SOLAR SYSTEMS AG#ZENTWEG 21#3006 BERN (CH) -TRANSFER TO- 3S SWISS SOLAR SYSTEMS AG#SCHACHENWEG 24#3250 LYSS (CH)

NLT2 Nl: modifications (of names), taken from the european patent patent bulletin

Owner name: 3S SWISS SOLAR SYSTEMS AG

Effective date: 20060322

NLV1 Nl: lapsed or annulled due to failure to fulfill the requirements of art. 29p and 29m of the patents act
PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: PT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060703

LTIE Lt: invalidation of european patent or patent extension

Effective date: 20060201

GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)

Effective date: 20060726

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: NV

Representative=s name: ABP PATENT NETWORK SWISS GMBH

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FG2A

Ref document number: 2258709

Country of ref document: ES

Kind code of ref document: T3

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: IE

Ref legal event code: FD4D

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: MC

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20060930

Ref country code: BE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20060930

ET Fr: translation filed
PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20061103

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: HU

Ref legal event code: AG4A

Ref document number: E000895

Country of ref document: HU

BERE Be: lapsed

Owner name: SWISS SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS A.G.

Effective date: 20060930

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060502

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: EE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060201

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LU

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20060916

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CY

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20060201

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Payment date: 20090930

Year of fee payment: 7

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20090929

Year of fee payment: 7

Ref country code: HU

Payment date: 20090917

Year of fee payment: 7

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20100916

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: HU

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20100917

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20100916

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20100916

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: TR

Payment date: 20110809

Year of fee payment: 9

Ref country code: RO

Payment date: 20110912

Year of fee payment: 9

Ref country code: CZ

Payment date: 20110817

Year of fee payment: 9

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CZ

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20120916

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: NV

Representative=s name: ABP PATENT NETWORK AG, CH

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: RO

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20120916

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 20130925

Year of fee payment: 11

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20130930

Year of fee payment: 11

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: TR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20120916

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 20131025

Year of fee payment: 11

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

Effective date: 20150529

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20140930

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20140930

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20140930

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FD2A

Effective date: 20151026

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20140917

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R082

Ref document number: 50302334

Country of ref document: DE

Representative=s name: ABP BURGER RECHTSANWALTSGESELLSCHAFT MBH, DE

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20190923

Year of fee payment: 17

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20191129

Year of fee payment: 17

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R119

Ref document number: 50302334

Country of ref document: DE

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20210401

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20200916