Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
  • C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
  • C04B35/632—Organic additives
  • C04B35/634—Polymers
  • C04B35/63404—Polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C04B35/6342—Polyvinylacetals, e.g. polyvinylbutyral [PVB]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
  • B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
  • B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
  • B22F1/102—Metallic powder coated with organic material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
  • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
  • B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
  • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
  • B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
  • B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
  • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
  • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
  • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
  • B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
  • C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
  • C04B35/632—Organic additives
  • C04B35/634—Polymers
  • C04B35/63448—Polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C04B35/63468—Polyamides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/64—Burning or sintering processes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
  • B22F10/30—Process control
  • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
  • B22F12/10—Auxiliary heating means
  • B22F12/13—Auxiliary heating means to preheat the material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
  • B22F3/10—Sintering only
  • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
  • B22F2003/1052—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding assisted by energy absorption enhanced by the coating or powder
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
  • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
  • B29C64/165—Processes of additive manufacturing using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
  • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
  • C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
  • C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
  • C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
  • C04B2235/5436—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof micrometer sized, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
  • C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
  • C04B2235/66—Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering
  • C04B2235/665—Local sintering, e.g. laser sintering
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
  • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
  • Y10T428/24802—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.]
  • Y10T428/24893—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.] including particulate material
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
  • Y10T428/2991—Coated

Definitions

• the invention relates to a selective laser sintering method according to the preamble of claim 7 and particles for use here according to the preamble of claim 1.
• Such methods and particles are already known from DE 690 31 061 T2.
• Selective laser sintering is a rapid prototyping process in which a platform that can be lowered into a construction space (construction space floor) carries a particle layer that is heated by a laser beam in selected areas, so that the particles form a first layer merge. The platform is then lowered by about 20 to 300 ⁇ m (depending on particle size and type) into the installation space and a new particle layer is applied. The laser beam again traces its path and fuses the particles of the second layer with one another and the second with the first layer. This gradually creates a multi-layered particle cake and a component in it, for example an injection mold.
• SLS Selective laser sintering
• DE 690 31 061 T2 already suggests preheating the particle layers so that the energy beam only has to introduce a small amount of energy in order to bond the particles. At the same time, this measure has the effect that the temperature differences between irradiated and non-irradiated parts of a layer are reduced - even if this is not disclosed in DE 690 31 061 T2.
• DE 101 08 612 A1 therefore proposes to replace the usual three-dimensional temperature gradient with an approximately one-dimensional one (in the direction of the installation space floor) by means of a segmented installation space jacket heater.
• the invention is based on the object of specifying a further method and particles for selective laser sintering, in which the temperature within the piled-up particle cake is as homogeneous as possible.
• Suitable materials are those that have a softening temperature of less than about 70 ° C.
• softening temperature is not to be interpreted narrowly, but it is clear to the person skilled in the art that this is to be understood as a temperature at which the particles form a bond with adjacent particles. Partial melting may be necessary for this, but softening (below the glass transition temperature), for example in the case of polymers, may also suffice or it is also conceivable that the activation energy for a chemical bond is exceeded.
• the object is achieved according to the invention with regard to the particles to be created in that they are suitable for use in selective laser sintering (SLS) (that is to say their diameter is less than approximately 300 ⁇ m) and contain them
• SLS selective laser sintering
• a core made of at least a first material
• an at least partial coating of the core with a second material (further components are optional), the second material having a lower softening temperature than the first material, and the softening temperature of the second material being less than approximately 70 ° C.
• Suitable second materials can be lower alloys
• Softening temperature used for example, in fuses (see e.g. JP2001143588A), also saturated linear carboxylic acids with chain length> 16 (e.g. hepta-decanoic acid, melting point 60-63 ° C) or polymers in the broadest sense (see following definition and examples ).
• the softening temperature of the second material of approximately 70 ° C or less enables laser sintering compared to previously used particles at much lower temperatures and thus also a much lower temperature difference between irradiated particles and the usual room temperature in the order of 20 ° C. Tests show that with the lower maximum temperature difference, the temperature homogeneity of the entire installation space is also improved.
• the use of particles according to the invention enables a significantly higher process speed.
• the usual SLS devices can still be used (see, for example, DE 102 31 136 AI), but because of the lower softening temperatures, only a significantly lower energy input is required for sintering. With the same laser power, this can be achieved with a higher travel speed of the laser scanner and thus a higher process speed.
• the sintered component cools to room temperature much faster.
• the coating can be produced using the customary coating methods for powder particles. The coating is preferably applied in a fluidized bed reactor or a spray dryer.
• the cores are fluidized (swirled) and the second material is supplied by spraying or atomizing a solution (in a suitable solvent), suspension or dispersion.
• the second material can also be metered in as a solid in the same way as the powder material and agglomerate with the cores.
• the particles can be coated individually, or can be built up into granules by means of the second material as a binder phase.
• the layer thickness of the applied coating can be set, for example, via the concentration of the second material in the sprayed solution / suspension / dispersion, the residence time and the temperature in the reactor or spray dryer. Preferred layer thicknesses are between 0.1 and 10 percent of the mean particle radii.
• the coating contains a polymer, preferably a thermoplastic polymer.
• the term polymer should again be interpreted broadly. It is not limited to the typical plastics, but also includes polyolefins (waxes), polyacids and bases, organometallic polymers, polymer blends and polymers in the broadest sense, whose softening temperatures do not exceed 70 ° C. It is advantageous if these are in the solid state at room temperature.
• the group defined in this way is large enough to to be able to select chemically and / or physically adapted coatings for any core materials.
• the polarity can be specifically selected or the steric polymer structure.
• the coating can have further components, for example surfactants to improve the flow properties, adhesion promoter to the core, microsinter particles for a second sintering step and other components.
• the coating contains a polyvinyl acetal, preferably a polyvinyl butyral (PVB).
• the softening temperature can be specifically selected based on the degree of acetalization (there are a number of unsuitable polyvinyl acetals and butyrals with softening temperatures above 100 ° C, but also a large number of suitable ones with softening temperatures below 70 ° C.
• the polyvinyl acetals in most are organic Solvents are insoluble and therefore a component connected in this way is generally very durable.
• it is suitable for investment casting, in particular of cores, since it can be burned out with almost no residual ash. In general, for investment casting of the SLS components, it is advantageous if the coating at least is low in residual ash.
• poly (alkylene di- or tri-sulfides) are suitable, for example poly (methylene trisulfide) with softening temperatures between 55 and 70 ° C, poly (ethylene glycols) , in particular pol (ethylene glycol) amines or amides with softening temperatures between 50 and 65 ° C, or copolymers of ethylene and linear alkene (di, tri) - oils with chain length> 8 (e.g. poly (ethylene-co-10-undecen- l-ol), melting point about 66 ° C).
• the coating is not hygroscopic, preferably hydrophobic. This ensures that the particles absorb little or no water and can therefore be stored for a long time without unintentionally clumping.
• the core contains at least one element from the material group metal, ceramic, polymer.
• the terms have to be interpreted broadly again.
• Metal also includes semi-metals, ceramics also sand and the like, and polymer as defined above. Particles with such cores and the coatings described above enable the SLS production of components with practically any physical, in particular mechanical properties.
• particles with a polymethacrylate core preferably polymethyl methacrylate
• PMMA polyvinyl acetal, preferably polyvinyl butyral, coating
• a polyvinyl acetal, preferably polyvinyl butyral, coating are advantageous since such particles can be burned out almost without residual ash.
• the core contains at least two parts from the material group metal, ceramic, polymer in loose or solid connection.
• This can be at least two parts of the same group element or different group elements.
• the parts can be loosely connected (agglomerate) or solid (coating / alloy / chemical compound, etc.). This further increases the selection options with regard to the physical properties of the SLS component to be manufactured.
• the SLS method to be created the object is achieved according to the invention in that it has the following steps:
• - Particles are used that contain at least one material whose softening temperature is less than approximately 70 ° C.
• the injected radiation energy is dimensioned in such a way that it only leads to softening of the coating and thereby to connection of the irradiated particles without melting the core material. It is also advantageous if at least the particle layer to be irradiated is additionally heated, preferably to a temperature level of approximately 2-3 ° C. below the lowest softening temperature of the particle materials used. As a result, temperature inhomogeneities within and from a layer are further reduced. The laser power to be entered is also further reduced.
• a segmented installation space heater according to DE 101 08 612 AI can also be used for the highest precision requirements.
• Figure 1 does not show the particles according to the invention according to a first embodiment to scale. These are used in an otherwise customary laser sintering process for the production of objects.
• the particles have a core 1 made of a PMMA with a softening temperature of approximately 124 ° C. and a coating 2 made of a PVB with a softening temperature of approximately 66 ° C.
• the laser beam is guided (power »10 watts (less if the strength is low), feed speed» 5 m / s, laser spot diameter «0.4 mm) in such a way that the radiant energy injected to soften the coating 2 and thereby connect the irradiated ones Particles leads without melting the core material.
• the particles have ben an average diameter of about 35 microns, the coating has a thickness of about 0.3 to 0.7 microns.
• the particles are only connected via the surface-softened coatings. There are only slight temperature inhomogeneities, which cause low shrinkage and thus high component accuracy. 2, in which the connected particles 1 are shown hatched.
• the accuracy is further increased if the particle layers are preheated to around 60 ° C, since then the temperature inhomogeneities will decrease significantly further.
• the laser power and / or feed rate is adjusted accordingly.
• the preheating is carried out by means of IR radiation on the surface or, in the case of even higher accuracy requirements, by means of the segmented jacket heating according to DE 101 08 612 AI.
• 1-component particles made of pure PVB with a softening temperature of approximately 66 ° C. and an average diameter of approximately 80 ⁇ m are used. Particles with average diameters of around 50 - 100 ⁇ m are also suitable.
• the resulting components have lower mechanical resilience and can mainly be used as models or as so-called lost cores, especially in investment casting applications.
• particles with metallic and / or ceramic cores and preferably also metallic coatings are used.
• As loading Layers are particularly suitable for all alloys, in particular non-toxic bismuth-lead-indium alloys with a low melting point, which are known to the person skilled in the art, for example, as fuses according to JP2001143588A, or solder alloys such as the bismuth-lead-tin alloy PAD-165-851 the Stan Rubinstein Assoc. , Foxboro, MA 02035 USA (cf.http: // www.sra-solder. Com / pastesp.htm).
• the mean diameters are preferably 40-150 ⁇ m, for special accuracy requirements also less, for ceramic particles mostly less than 150 ⁇ m, preferably 15 to 40 ⁇ m, for special requirements also up to 5 ⁇ m.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
• Glanulating (AREA)
• Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=29737632

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (4)

Families Citing this family (63)

Family Cites Families (7)

• 2003
  • 2003-06-16 US US10/518,699 patent/US20060159896A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2003-06-16 WO PCT/DE2003/002011 patent/WO2003106146A1/de active Application Filing
  • 2003-06-16 EP EP03759859A patent/EP1513670A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2003-06-16 JP JP2004513010A patent/JP2005536324A/ja not_active Ceased

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events