EP1491716B1 - Verfahren zum Niederbringen einer Bohrung im Boden und Nassbohrwerkzeug - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Niederbringen einer Bohrung im Boden und Nassbohrwerkzeug Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1491716B1
EP1491716B1 EP04012798A EP04012798A EP1491716B1 EP 1491716 B1 EP1491716 B1 EP 1491716B1 EP 04012798 A EP04012798 A EP 04012798A EP 04012798 A EP04012798 A EP 04012798A EP 1491716 B1 EP1491716 B1 EP 1491716B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
boring tool
wet
dome
boring
fluid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP04012798A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1491716A3 (de
EP1491716A2 (de
Inventor
Erwin Emil Dipl.-Ing. Stötzer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bauer Maschinen GmbH
Original Assignee
Bauer Maschinen GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bauer Maschinen GmbH filed Critical Bauer Maschinen GmbH
Publication of EP1491716A2 publication Critical patent/EP1491716A2/de
Publication of EP1491716A3 publication Critical patent/EP1491716A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1491716B1 publication Critical patent/EP1491716B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/002Down-hole drilling fluid separation systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a wet drilling tool according to the preamble of claim 1, a drilling rig according to the preamble of claim 7 and a method for drilling down a bore in the ground according to the preamble of claim 8.
  • wet drilling involves more construction site equipment and limited mobility of the drilling rig, wherever possible, the dry boring method is applied to crawlers by means of a drill.
  • this method has its limitations in the presence of particularly harsh geologies. Compared to wet drilling, the drilling performance decreases and the wear of the drilling tool increases considerably.
  • DE 197 02 533 A1 a drilling device is known.
  • the drill bit is rinsed free with either air or a rinsing liquid.
  • DE 197 02 533 A1 teaches to feed the drill bit via a line a flushing fluid from a reservoir arranged outside the borehole.
  • a fluid flow is generated by means of a peristaltic pump.
  • Such a known device requires a comparatively complex arrangement of lines, pumps and fluid reservoirs inside and outside the borehole.
  • the known drilling device has a core drill pipe, in which a lower chamber and an upper chamber are formed one above the other, which communicate with each other via a valve device.
  • the valve device is designed so that a fluid passage from the upper chamber into the lower chamber is possible, a reverse fluid passage, however, is blocked.
  • This known drilling tool has a drill pipe, on the bottom side cutting blades are arranged.
  • an axially displaceable conveying vessel is provided, can be promoted with the processed soil material to the surface.
  • the conveying vessel has on the bottom side valve flaps, via which soil material, optionally together with rinsing water, can get into the conveying vessel and is retained therein.
  • a weighted piston element is provided in the delivery vessel in order to generate a flow in the delivery vessel.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method for sinking a hole in the ground, a wet drilling tool and a drilling rig, which allow a simplified and particularly reliable performing a wet drilling process.
  • the object is achieved by a method for drilling down a bore having the features of claim 8, a wet drilling tool having the features of claim 1 and a drilling rig having the features of claim 7.
  • Preferred embodiments of the invention are set forth in the respective dependent claims.
  • the wet drilling tool has a pump device through which fluid from the filling area is caused to flow, which conveys accumulating cuttings into the collecting container.
  • a basic idea of the invention is to produce the fluid flow in the borehole required for a wet drilling process by the boring tool itself.
  • the wet drilling tool is provided with an independent pump device which sucks in the fluid located in the borehole or causes it to flow in such a way that the ablation region is surrounded and the resulting cuttings are conveyed into the collecting container on the boring tool.
  • the pumping energy is given by a rotary and / or lifting movement of the drill string transmitted to the drilling tool.
  • a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is that the fluid flow is generated by a change in volume of a working space arranged in the filling area, wherein in particular the working space is at least partially enclosed by the wet drilling tool. As a result of this volume change, a targeted displacement flow of the fluid in the borehole is generated in a given working space.
  • the working space between the wet drilling tool and on the wet drilling tool pending soil material, in particular a core is formed.
  • a TeleskcpgestCode for example, a telescopic Kelly rod or a lifting cylinder, used on the drill pipe
  • the change in volume in the working space is caused by a lifting movement of the wet drilling tool in the borehole.
  • the change in volume in the working space is caused by a rotational movement of the drill pipe arranged on the wet drilling tool relative to the wet drilling tool.
  • a corresponding threaded device can be displaced by a rotational movement, which is preferably opposite to the rotation in drilling operation, a kind of displacement piston.
  • the drilling method according to the invention can not only be pure wet drilling. Rather, it is an embodiment of the invention that for producing the wellbore in the ground is first drilled in a dry boring method by means of a dry boring tool and especially when reaching higher hardness rock, the dry boring tool is removed from the wellbore, the borehole then at least partially filled with a fluid and the drilling is continued with the wet drilling tool in a wet drilling process.
  • the wet drilling tool can also be designed and used as a dry drilling tool, whereby a wet drilling operation is set only after the liquid has been introduced into the borehole.
  • a separate dry drilling tool and a separate wet drilling tool are used. It is provided that the dry boring machine and the wet drilling tool are driven by the same drill pipe to which the dry boring tool and the wet drilling tool are interchangeably mounted. Upon reaching a hard rock layer so the dry drill with the drill string is pulled out of the hole and replaced by a wet drill.
  • a pumping device is provided, through which fluid from a filling region of a borehole is displaceable into a flow through which accumulating cuttings can be conveyed into the collecting container.
  • the wet drilling tool according to the invention is used for the above-described wet drilling method, resulting in the advantages set out above.
  • a jacket tube is provided on the underside of a drill bit, in particular as a removal device, and on the top side a cover with at least one passage device for the passage of a fluid are arranged, wherein the cover and the jacket tube enclose an interior space.
  • the passage device is designed by a valve member so that it only allows a directed into the interior fluid passage. When changing the direction of the fluid flow, however, the valve body closes automatically.
  • such an arrangement according to the invention allows the formation of a fluid circulation in which fluid from an outside of the wet drilling tool enters the interior, down in the interior of the Nassbohrwerkmaschines to the drill bit, flows around them, and then outside of the Nassbohrtechnikmaschines upwards flows. Due to this cyclic flow, cuttings accumulating on the drill bit can be removed and transported from there in an upward direction to the collecting container.
  • the valve member ensures that there is no fluid flow from the drill bit in Abtrags Scheme into the interior and thus enriches no cuttings in the interior.
  • a pumping action which maintains the circulating fluid flow, can be generated solely by a rotation of the wet drilling tool in the drilling operation and / or a lifting movement of the wet drilling tool.
  • no pumps or reservoirs arranged outside the borehole are necessary, which permits a very simple and cost-effective drilling.
  • the fluid used is preferably water. But the use of other flushing fluids and suspensions is basically possible.
  • a drill according to the invention can be used in both vertically and vertically inclined boreholes provided that the drilling tool is surrounded by liquid.
  • the passage means comprises a tubular dome.
  • a tubular dome allows to arrange inlet openings for the supply of fluid in the interior of the lid spaced.
  • the inlet openings may be arranged so that the directed into the interior fluid flow is removed in the borehole at such a location at which the contamination of the downhole fluid by cuttings is small. Due to sedimentation of the cuttings in the fluid, the contamination of the fluid generally decreases with increasing height in the borehole, so that the inlet openings are preferably arranged at a distance from the jacket tube and from the lid.
  • the tubular dome has at least one lateral inlet opening.
  • the tubular dome is arranged coaxially with the jacket tube on the cover and that a linkage connection for attaching a drill string is provided on an upper side of the dome.
  • the dome simultaneously serves both the supply of fluid and the transmission of torque from the drill pipe to the wet drilling tool. This allows a particularly inexpensive construction of the drill.
  • the valve member may be in the form of any known non-return member.
  • the valve member has a spring and / or buoyancy-actuated flap.
  • the buoyancy body may be filled with air or other medium that is lighter than the fluid. In this way, a secure closing and thus a good blocking effect of the flap can be ensured in the case of a fluid flow directed out of the interior.
  • the spring-actuated flap may be designed to spring-open at a certain fluid pressure and then automatically close again when the fluid pressure drops due to the spring bias.
  • valve member it is possible to arrange the valve member at any point in the cathedral.
  • the valve member may be provided in the inlet opening of the tubular dome. It is particularly advantageous, however, that the valve member is provided in a cross section of the dome. As a result, the valve member can be made particularly simple and safe locking.
  • the valve member is provided on an underside of the dome.
  • the valve body is particularly easy to access for installation and maintenance.
  • a valve member may be arranged in the cross section of the dome and at least one further valve member in the inlet opening. If a plurality of inlet openings are provided, a valve element is preferably provided in each inlet opening. With an arrangement of a plurality of valve bodies, a circulating fluid flow can be maintained particularly reliably.
  • the linkage connection may be advantageous for the linkage connection to have a piston element that can be moved in the dome.
  • the piston element preferably has a cross section which corresponds to an inner cross section of the dome.
  • the dome has a circular inner cross-section and also a circular one External cross section on.
  • the piston element is advantageously movable in a longitudinal direction of the dome.
  • the piston element is movable by rotation of the drill string in the dome.
  • a method of the piston element can be effected by a reversal of the direction of rotation of the drill string.
  • a drilling rotational direction of the drill pipe which is used to propel the core drill.
  • a rotation of the drill pipe in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the drill can then advantageously bring about a downward movement of the piston element and / or towards the interior.
  • a renewed rotation of the drill string in the drilling rotational direction first causes a reverse movement of the piston member to the starting position, before the core drill is again set in rotation.
  • valve elements both in the cross section of the dome and in the inlet openings.
  • a particularly reliable pumping action can be achieved.
  • the pumping action generated by a piston element brings the liquid flow thus generated to the removal area and causes a flushing of the drilling site and a removal of the cuttings.
  • the drill string is provided in the form of a telescopic Kelly bar.
  • the dome is suitably designed as a cylinder-like component.
  • the dome may also be advantageous for the dome to be able to be retracted and extended into the jacket tube.
  • Such extension and retraction of the dome into the jacket tube can be effected in particular by a rotation of the drill string, wherein advantageously a rotation opposite to the direction of rotation causes the retraction.
  • the valve member is fixed to the casing pipe.
  • further valve members may be provided in the inlet openings. The extension and retraction of the dome in the jacket tube is preferably effected in the axial direction of the dome.
  • a piston surface with an outer cross section is provided, which substantially corresponds to an inner cross section of the jacket tube.
  • the dome can then be provided as a piston rod with fluid supply and outlet openings.
  • the dome can turn in and out by rotation of the drill string in the casing tube.
  • a valve member is arranged on the jacket tube and advantageously also further valve members are provided.
  • the collecting container may be a cup-shaped container bounded by the lid or bottom and a tubular wall.
  • a flow of cutted fluid from the drill bit between the casing and a wall of the wellbore.
  • at least one flow channel is provided on the drill for the passage of fluid permeated with cuttings.
  • a flow channel can be formed, for example, by providing a further tube coaxially with the jacket tube. The flow channel is then formed between the jacket tube and the further tube.
  • the further tube can be made both smaller diameter and diameter larger than the jacket tube.
  • the at least one inlet opening of the tubular dome is arranged outside of the collecting container and according to the invention above. In this way it can be achieved that only such fluid enters the inlet opening, which is substantially free of cuttings.
  • a particle filter may be provided which impedes a passage of cuttings.
  • a raising and lowering of the drill for generating the lifting movement of the wet drilling tool during a drilling operation is performed time-dependent automatically or triggered by an operator. Rotation of the drill may optionally be maintained or stopped during lifting and lowering.
  • a drilling rig according to the invention is characterized in that the above-described wet drilling tool is provided as a drilling tool.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 A first embodiment of a wet drilling tool 10 according to the invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the wet drilling tool 10 has a cylindrical jacket tube 15, at the lower end of which a drill bit 8 is arranged, which forms the removal region 17.
  • the drill bit 8 has five roller bits 18, which are arranged annularly in the drill bit 8.
  • the jacket tube 15 is closed by an annular lid 11.
  • a dome 20 is arranged centrally.
  • the dome 20 is cylindrical and enters on its underside through the lid 11 into an interior 3 of the wet drilling tool 10.
  • a linkage 28 is provided for a rotationally fixed connection with a drill string, not shown.
  • a collecting container 6 is arranged for receiving processed cuttings.
  • the collecting container 6 is thereby bounded by the cover 11, the dome 20 and a cylindrical continuation 16 of the jacket tube 15 and is pot-shaped with an annular cross-section.
  • a substantially rectangular inlet opening 21 is provided laterally in the dome 20, a substantially rectangular inlet opening 21 is provided.
  • a flap 25 is provided, which is shown in Fig. 1 in the open state and in Fig. 2 in the closed state.
  • the flap 25 is designed as a check member such that it passes through the dome 20, in the interior 3 directed fluid flow can pass, however, blocks an oppositely directed fluid flow.
  • the flap 25 is formed as a circular plate which is articulated on one side by a hinge 26 on the dome 20. While the flap 25 completely covers the open underside of the dome 20 in the closed state, the flap 25 is tilted in the open state into the interior 3 of the wet drilling tool 10.
  • the flap 25 On the upper side, the flap 25 has a buoyancy body 24.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 The embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is suitable for generating a fluid flow for the removal of cuttings from the removal area 17 into the collecting container 6 during a lifting movement of the wet drilling tool 10 in the longitudinal direction of the jacket tube 15.
  • the interior 3 of the wet drilling tool 10 forms a working space of a pumping device.
  • An entering into the interior 3 drill core acts as a piston element, which causes a change in volume in the fluid-filled interior 3.
  • the drill core When lifting the wet drilling tool 10 in the longitudinal direction of the jacket tube 15, the drill core, not shown, is pulled out of the interior 3. Due to a resulting pressure drop in the interior 3, the flap 25 opens and fluid flows through the inlet opening 21 into the dome 20 and from there into the interior space 3. During the subsequent lowering of the wet drilling tool 10, the drill core (not shown) again enters the interior space 3, so that the fluid pressure in the interior 3 is increased. As a result, the flap 25 is closed. Fluid, which is displaced by the penetrating core from the interior 3, flows past the drill core to the drill bit 8, from where it transports cuttings along the casing tube 15 into the collecting container 6.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 Further embodiments of wet drilling tool 10 according to the invention are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Components with the same function are denoted by the same reference numerals as in FIGS. 1 and 2 and are not at this point described in more detail.
  • the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 3 differs from that described above in that the dome 20 can be moved in and out of the interior 3 of the wet drilling tool 10.
  • a threaded sleeve 36 is centrally located on the lid 11.
  • the threaded sleeve 36 has on the inside a screw thread, which corresponds to a externally formed on the dome 20 thread.
  • the retraction of the dome 20 is limited by an annular upper stop 37, the extension of the dome 20 by an annular lower stop 38.
  • the rotation of the dome 20 is generated by a drill pipe, not shown, which is rotatably connected via the linkage connection 28 with the dome.
  • a volume change of the working space arranged in the interior 3 and thus a pumping action for the fluid can be caused by a rotational movement of the drill pipe, not shown.
  • the dome 20 acts with the flap 25 arranged on the bottom side as a piston element.
  • FIG. 4 The illustrated in Fig. 4 embodiment of a Nassbohrwerkmaschines 10 according to the invention differs from that of FIG. 3, characterized in that the underside of the dome 20, an annular piston surface 31 is arranged.
  • the inner circumference of the annular piston surface 31 corresponds to the outer circumference of the cylindrical dome 20.
  • a cylindrical ring member 32 is arranged, which bears against a cylindrical inner tube 14.
  • the inner tube 14 is arranged in the interior of the jacket tube 15 and concentric to this.
  • a lower stop 38 is not provided in the embodiment shown in Fig. 4. Its function is taken over by the piston surface 31.
  • the working space is formed in the interior of the inner tube 14.
  • a Rotation of the dome 20 relative to the jacket tube 15 causes depending on the direction of rotation an upward or downward movement of the dome 20 and the piston surface 31 arranged thereon relative to the interior space 3, which results in a volume change of the working space and thus a pumping action.
  • a flow channel for a directed from the Abtrags Scheme 17 to the collecting container 6 stream of cuttings offset fluid is formed.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
  • Auxiliary Devices For Machine Tools (AREA)
EP04012798A 2003-06-25 2004-05-28 Verfahren zum Niederbringen einer Bohrung im Boden und Nassbohrwerkzeug Expired - Lifetime EP1491716B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10328609A DE10328609B3 (de) 2003-06-25 2003-06-25 Nassbohrwerkzeug, Bohranlage und Verfahren zum Niederbringen einer Bohrung im Boden
DE10328609 2003-06-25

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1491716A2 EP1491716A2 (de) 2004-12-29
EP1491716A3 EP1491716A3 (de) 2005-04-27
EP1491716B1 true EP1491716B1 (de) 2006-07-19

Family

ID=33394979

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04012798A Expired - Lifetime EP1491716B1 (de) 2003-06-25 2004-05-28 Verfahren zum Niederbringen einer Bohrung im Boden und Nassbohrwerkzeug

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US7234538B2 (zh)
EP (1) EP1491716B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP3953475B2 (zh)
KR (1) KR100636594B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN1311141C (zh)
AT (1) ATE333566T1 (zh)
DE (2) DE10328609B3 (zh)
ES (1) ES2268541T3 (zh)
HK (1) HK1074068A1 (zh)
RU (1) RU2282012C2 (zh)
SG (1) SG135036A1 (zh)
TW (1) TWI235783B (zh)

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4677330B2 (ja) * 2005-11-28 2011-04-27 財団法人電力中央研究所 岩盤の円柱試験体作製装置
CN102444388B (zh) * 2011-11-17 2014-04-02 杭州电子科技大学 旋转式软岩层钻具取芯衬管下端口的岩心防漏器
US20130213717A1 (en) * 2012-02-22 2013-08-22 Kennametal Inc. Stepped drill bit assembly
EP2743403B1 (de) * 2012-12-12 2015-03-25 BAUER Maschinen GmbH Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Erstellen eines Gründungselementes
CN104196450A (zh) * 2014-08-25 2014-12-10 江苏长城石油装备制造有限公司 一种用于软地质层加固的改进钻具
EP2998037B1 (de) 2014-09-19 2017-03-08 BAUER Spezialtiefbau GmbH Reinigungsvorrichtung zum Reinigen einer Sohle eines Bohrloches und Verfahren zum Erstellen eines Gründungselementes
RU2652908C2 (ru) * 2016-07-04 2018-05-03 Артем Юрьевич Верзаков Буровая установка
CN106677733A (zh) * 2017-01-18 2017-05-17 深圳市建设(集团)有限公司 一种带钻渣打捞装置的大直径钻孔钻头
CN109281611A (zh) * 2017-03-02 2019-01-29 吴彬 高效除水回收泥土的水利工程施工用钻孔机
CN106988682B (zh) * 2017-04-19 2019-04-23 中海石油(中国)有限公司 一种自升式钻井平台桩腿主动刺穿钻孔专用钻头及方法
RU2679424C1 (ru) * 2018-02-17 2019-02-08 Александр Васильевич Селиванов Буровая установка горизонтального бурения
CN109500767B (zh) * 2018-06-29 2021-07-23 蔚来(安徽)控股有限公司 失效螺栓钻除工装组件及其使用方法、维护套件
CN111560949A (zh) * 2020-06-08 2020-08-21 浙江万里建设工程有限公司 一种灌注桩施工方法
CN113565456A (zh) * 2021-07-30 2021-10-29 江苏省苏中建设集团股份有限公司 水中桩基用泵循环装置

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US618332A (en) * 1899-01-24 Power dredging-machine
US1542172A (en) * 1922-02-27 1925-06-16 Warren B Reed Drilling apparatus
US2239610A (en) * 1939-10-02 1941-04-22 Albert K B Lyman Jetting apparatus
US2329461A (en) * 1942-01-12 1943-09-14 Alvy K Flynn Mud trap drilling bit
US3185226A (en) * 1959-03-17 1965-05-25 Robbins Richard James Shaft sinking apparatus
US3430448A (en) * 1967-07-12 1969-03-04 Case Foundation Co Apparatus and method for removing cuttings
US5735356A (en) * 1996-06-06 1998-04-07 Boulard; Victor Well boring method and apparatus
DE19626589C1 (de) * 1996-07-02 1998-02-12 Wirth Co Kg Masch Bohr Verfahren zum Niederbringen von Bohrlöchern im Lockergestein und Bohrwerkzeug zur Anwendung des Verfahrens
DE19702533A1 (de) * 1997-01-24 1998-07-30 Bauer Spezialtiefbau Bohrvorrichtung und Drehmomentstütze für eine Bohrvorrichtung
DE19859666C2 (de) * 1998-09-01 2001-02-15 Bilfinger Berger Bau Vorrichtung zum Fördern von Bodenmaterial aus einem mit Flüssigkeit gefüllten Bohrloch
JP4053297B2 (ja) * 2001-04-11 2008-02-27 三菱マテリアル株式会社 研削材及びそれを用いた穿孔工法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
RU2004117327A (ru) 2005-11-20
EP1491716A3 (de) 2005-04-27
KR20050001327A (ko) 2005-01-06
ATE333566T1 (de) 2006-08-15
KR100636594B1 (ko) 2006-10-20
TW200506171A (en) 2005-02-16
EP1491716A2 (de) 2004-12-29
JP2005016300A (ja) 2005-01-20
TWI235783B (en) 2005-07-11
DE10328609B3 (de) 2004-12-02
CN1576511A (zh) 2005-02-09
US20050023039A1 (en) 2005-02-03
CN1311141C (zh) 2007-04-18
SG135036A1 (en) 2007-09-28
ES2268541T3 (es) 2007-03-16
DE502004000977D1 (de) 2006-08-31
HK1074068A1 (en) 2005-10-28
JP3953475B2 (ja) 2007-08-08
US7234538B2 (en) 2007-06-26
RU2282012C2 (ru) 2006-08-20

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