EP1479641A2 - Improved gripping device for coupling a heavy cementitious body to a hooking member - Google Patents
Improved gripping device for coupling a heavy cementitious body to a hooking member Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1479641A2 EP1479641A2 EP04076430A EP04076430A EP1479641A2 EP 1479641 A2 EP1479641 A2 EP 1479641A2 EP 04076430 A EP04076430 A EP 04076430A EP 04076430 A EP04076430 A EP 04076430A EP 1479641 A2 EP1479641 A2 EP 1479641A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- gripping
- grippable
- hollow guide
- hooking member
- hole
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
- B66C1/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
- B66C1/10—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
- B66C1/62—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled
- B66C1/66—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled for engaging holes, recesses, or abutments on articles specially provided for facilitating handling thereof
- B66C1/666—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled for engaging holes, recesses, or abutments on articles specially provided for facilitating handling thereof for connection to anchor inserts embedded in concrete structures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a gripping device for coupling a heavy cementitious body by means of a hooking member of a lifting means (such as a crane or the like), in particular to rotate and/or lift the cementitious body.
- a lifting means such as a crane or the like
- This stage takes place when the concrete of the cementitious body has been cured for 15-18 hours of unforced overnight curing.
- Said anchor pieces possess, projecting outwards from the cementitious body, an end element generally shaped as a widened gripping head or an eyelet, to be engaged by the gripping device: these end elements can project from the overall outer contour of the prefabricated panel or, preferably, are sunk in a recess provided in the panel contour.
- Gripping devices comprising a hookable part having a through hole to receive said hooking member, and a gripping part having a hollow guide to receive a grippable end element.
- Said known gripping devices present suitable locking means to prevent the risk of detachment between the hooking member and the gripping device itself.
- An object of the present invention is to overcome said drawback within the framework of a simple and rational solution.
- Figure 1 is a front view of the gripping device.
- Figure 2 is the section II-II of Figure 1.
- Figure 3 is a sectional schematic side view showing the initial stage in connecting the gripping device to the grippable end element.
- Figure 4 is a sectional schematic side view showing the completion stage in connecting the gripping device to the grippable end element.
- Figure 5 is a sectional schematic side view showing the final "rotation" stage with the slidable safety pin locked.
- the gripping device of the invention serves to couple, by means of a hooking member 40 of a lifting means, an outwardly projecting grippable end element 31 of an anchor piece 30 rigid with a heavy cementitious body.
- the hooking member 40 is typically defined by the hook of a crane or a similar lifting means.
- the anchor piece 30 is a piece (of known type) embedded into the cementitious body and strongly bonded to it, which possesses an end element projecting outwards from the cementitious body 50 to define said grippable end element.
- this is in the form of an enlarged head and in particular has a rotation surface with an axis of symmetry perpendicular to that side of the cementitious body into which the anchor piece is inserted.
- the head is in the form of an eyelet.
- the gripping device 1 comprises a hookable part 20 having a through hole 23 to receive the hooking member 40, and a gripping part 10.
- the gripping part 10 and the hookable part 20 are mutually rigid.
- the gripping part 10 comprises a hollow guide (or slot) linearly extending as a circular arc, with an upwardly facing lower surface 11a, the profile of which matches the lower surface 31a of the end element 31.
- the lower surface 31a is slightly frusto-conical with the result that the lower surface 11a has a downwardly converging profile (in section).
- the lower surface 11a of the gripping part 10 bounds a lower portion 10a of constant thickness and arched longitudinal section; this lower portion is divided into two parts along the longitudinal central plane by a linear track 15 in the form of a vertical slot, into which the neck 33 of the grippable end element 31 is inserted; the element 31 is itself inserted into the hollow guide 11, above the surface 11a on which it rests.
- a safety means 7 is provided associated with the gripping device 1, and defined in particular by a linear latch 7 slidable within a linear guide 16 defined by a through tunnel provided within said gripping part 10.
- the lower end of the guide 16 opens at the initial end of the hollow guide 11, the guide 16 being orientated such that the far end part 71 (i.e. the lower end part in Figures 1 an 2) of the latch 7 emerging downwards from the part 10 passes completely through said initial end of the hollow guide 11 until it rests, with its lower end, against an abutment seat 13 provided on the initial end of the lower portion of the part 10.
- the upper end of the guide 16 opens into the lower part of the of the hole 23 in the hookable part 20 and is orientated such that the near end part 72 (i.e. the upper end part in Figures 1 and 2) of the latch emerging upwards from the part 10 projects considerably into the hole 23.
- the near end part 72 and the far end part 71 of the latch 7 lie a distance apart, in relation to the dimensions of the gripping part 10, such that when the far end part 71 does not project into the initial end of the hollow guide 11, the near end part 72 obstructs the through hole 23 of the hookable part 20 to the extent that insertion of the hooking member 40 through the hole 23 is prevented; and vice versa when said far end part 71 projects though the initial end of the hollow guide 11, the near end part 72 leaves the through hole 23 of the hookable part 20 free.
- the lower end of the far end part 71 presents a widened head 73 arranged to abut against the lower end of the guide 16 to prevent the latch 7 totally withdrawing from the gripping part 10.
- the latch When the grippable end element 31 commences its insertion into the hollow guide 11 of the gripping device ( Figure 3), the latch has to be pulled towards the hole 23 so that its far end part 71 is completely housed in the guide 16 and does not hinder insertion of the end element 31 into the hollow guide 11.
- the latch 7 slides by itself towards the hole 23 by gravity.
- the end element 31 If the end element 31 has not completely entered the hollow guide 11, but lies at its initial end, the end element 31 maintains the latch 7 urged upwards, so that it at least partially obstructs the through hole 23 of the hookable part 20, and prevents complete insertion of a possible hooking member 40.
- the gripping device 1 is rotated so that the grippable end element 31 of the anchor piece 30 is able to slide and undergo insertion along the linear track 15, until it becomes completely associated with the gripping part 10 within the hollow guide 11; automatically the latch 7 is free to slide downwards until its far end part 71 strikes against the abutment seat 13. In this manner the gripping device 1 is locked to the anchor piece 30 while simultaneously the through hole 23 of the hookable part 20 is freed, enabling the hooking member 40 to be inserted into the hole 23.
- the far end part 71 of the latch 7 remains engaged in the abutment seat 13 as it cannot slide upwards because the latch 7 is prevented from sliding because of the presence of the hooking member 40 in the hole 23, hence acting as a locking means for the grippable end element 31 by preventing the grippable end element 31 from leaving the hollow guide 11.
- the device 1 When secured to the end element 31, the device 1 can lift the cementitious body 50 by operating in different positions. For example, it can operate disposed substantially parallel to the axis of the anchor piece 30 (as shown in Figure 4), or disposed at about 90° to the axis of the anchor piece 30 (as shown in Figure 5).
- the anchor piece 30 possesses an upper shoulder 32 which emerges slightly from the cementitious body 50, and from which the neck 33 projects axially upwards, this latter having a cross-section smaller than the shoulder 32.
- the gripping part 10 comprises an outwardly projecting rib 18 positioned at the end groove 12 of the hollow guide 11, such that when following rotation of the gripping device 1 about the end element 31 this enters the groove 12, said projecting rib 18 is able to rest on said shoulder 32 of said anchor piece 30.
- the said groove 12 has a profile such as to mate almost as an exact fit with the end element 31.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Load-Engaging Elements For Cranes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a gripping device for coupling a heavy cementitious body by means of a hooking member of a lifting means (such as a crane or the like), in particular to rotate and/or lift the cementitious body.
- It is known to cast heavy cementitious bodies (typically of concrete) in a horizontal position and to then rotate them into a vertical position to avoid the high costs which the use of a rotatable form would involve. In particular, in the known art it is usual to arrange, in a suitable position along one or more edges of the cementitious body (particularly panels, columns, beams etc.), one or more anchor pieces to be engaged by a hooking member enabling the cementitious body to be lifted from the form by a crane or the like, by making it substantially rotate about that panel edge opposite the coupling edge, until it reaches a vertical position ready to be moved.
- This stage, called the rotation stage, takes place when the concrete of the cementitious body has been cured for 15-18 hours of unforced overnight curing.
- Said anchor pieces possess, projecting outwards from the cementitious body, an end element generally shaped as a widened gripping head or an eyelet, to be engaged by the gripping device: these end elements can project from the overall outer contour of the prefabricated panel or, preferably, are sunk in a recess provided in the panel contour.
- Gripping devices are known comprising a hookable part having a through hole to receive said hooking member, and a gripping part having a hollow guide to receive a grippable end element. Said known gripping devices present suitable locking means to prevent the risk of detachment between the hooking member and the gripping device itself.
- As yet, there do not exist safety means to prevent the hooking member from being inserted into the gripping device before the locking means have clamped the end element of the anchor piece. It is therefore possible for a correct connection not to be made between the hooking member and the gripping device and/or between this latter and the grippable element, so that dangerous separation can take place between these elements during subsequent lifting of the panel, with evident danger of damage to persons or things.
- An object of the present invention is to overcome said drawback within the framework of a simple and rational solution.
- This and further objects are attained by the invention as characterised in the claims. The constructional characteristics and merits of the invention will be apparent from the ensuing detailed description, given with reference to the accompanying figures which illustrate a particular preferred embodiment thereof by way of non-limiting example.
- Figure 1 is a front view of the gripping device.
- Figure 2 is the section II-II of Figure 1.
- Figure 3 is a sectional schematic side view showing the initial stage in connecting the gripping device to the grippable end element.
- Figure 4 is a sectional schematic side view showing the completion stage in connecting the gripping device to the grippable end element.
- Figure 5 is a sectional schematic side view showing the final "rotation" stage with the slidable safety pin locked.
- The gripping device of the invention (indicated overall by 1) serves to couple, by means of a hooking
member 40 of a lifting means, an outwardly projectinggrippable end element 31 of ananchor piece 30 rigid with a heavy cementitious body. - The hooking
member 40 is typically defined by the hook of a crane or a similar lifting means. - The
anchor piece 30 is a piece (of known type) embedded into the cementitious body and strongly bonded to it, which possesses an end element projecting outwards from thecementitious body 50 to define said grippable end element. In the illustrated embodiment, this is in the form of an enlarged head and in particular has a rotation surface with an axis of symmetry perpendicular to that side of the cementitious body into which the anchor piece is inserted. In an alternative embodiment (not shown in the figures), the head is in the form of an eyelet. - The gripping device 1 comprises a
hookable part 20 having a throughhole 23 to receive the hookingmember 40, and a grippingpart 10. - The
gripping part 10 and thehookable part 20 are mutually rigid. - The
gripping part 10 comprises a hollow guide (or slot) linearly extending as a circular arc, with an upwardly facinglower surface 11a, the profile of which matches thelower surface 31a of theend element 31. - In the illustrated example, the
lower surface 31a is slightly frusto-conical with the result that thelower surface 11a has a downwardly converging profile (in section). - The
lower surface 11a of thegripping part 10 bounds alower portion 10a of constant thickness and arched longitudinal section; this lower portion is divided into two parts along the longitudinal central plane by alinear track 15 in the form of a vertical slot, into which theneck 33 of thegrippable end element 31 is inserted; theelement 31 is itself inserted into thehollow guide 11, above thesurface 11a on which it rests. - According to the invention a safety means 7 is provided associated with the gripping device 1, and defined in particular by a
linear latch 7 slidable within alinear guide 16 defined by a through tunnel provided within said grippingpart 10. - The lower end of the
guide 16 opens at the initial end of thehollow guide 11, theguide 16 being orientated such that the far end part 71 (i.e. the lower end part in Figures 1 an 2) of thelatch 7 emerging downwards from thepart 10 passes completely through said initial end of thehollow guide 11 until it rests, with its lower end, against an abutment seat 13 provided on the initial end of the lower portion of thepart 10. The upper end of theguide 16 opens into the lower part of the of thehole 23 in thehookable part 20 and is orientated such that the near end part 72 (i.e. the upper end part in Figures 1 and 2) of the latch emerging upwards from thepart 10 projects considerably into thehole 23. - The
near end part 72 and the farend part 71 of thelatch 7 lie a distance apart, in relation to the dimensions of thegripping part 10, such that when the farend part 71 does not project into the initial end of thehollow guide 11, thenear end part 72 obstructs the throughhole 23 of thehookable part 20 to the extent that insertion of the hookingmember 40 through thehole 23 is prevented; and vice versa when said far endpart 71 projects though the initial end of thehollow guide 11, thenear end part 72 leaves the throughhole 23 of thehookable part 20 free. - The lower end of the far
end part 71 presents a widenedhead 73 arranged to abut against the lower end of theguide 16 to prevent thelatch 7 totally withdrawing from the grippingpart 10. - When the
grippable end element 31 commences its insertion into thehollow guide 11 of the gripping device (Figure 3), the latch has to be pulled towards thehole 23 so that itsfar end part 71 is completely housed in theguide 16 and does not hinder insertion of theend element 31 into thehollow guide 11. Advantageously, in the geometrical configuration illustrated in Figure 3, as the gripping device 1 is orientated with thegripping part 10 facing upwards, thelatch 7 slides by itself towards thehole 23 by gravity. - If the
end element 31 has not completely entered thehollow guide 11, but lies at its initial end, theend element 31 maintains thelatch 7 urged upwards, so that it at least partially obstructs the throughhole 23 of thehookable part 20, and prevents complete insertion of apossible hooking member 40. - In the next stage (Figures 4 and 5), the gripping device 1 is rotated so that the
grippable end element 31 of theanchor piece 30 is able to slide and undergo insertion along thelinear track 15, until it becomes completely associated with thegripping part 10 within thehollow guide 11; automatically thelatch 7 is free to slide downwards until its farend part 71 strikes against the abutment seat 13. In this manner the gripping device 1 is locked to theanchor piece 30 while simultaneously the throughhole 23 of thehookable part 20 is freed, enabling the hookingmember 40 to be inserted into thehole 23. - Moreover, the far
end part 71 of thelatch 7 remains engaged in the abutment seat 13 as it cannot slide upwards because thelatch 7 is prevented from sliding because of the presence of the hookingmember 40 in thehole 23, hence acting as a locking means for thegrippable end element 31 by preventing thegrippable end element 31 from leaving thehollow guide 11. - This achieves both the safety locking of the gripping device 1 to the
anchor piece 30 of the heavycementitious body 50, to prevent emergence of thegrippable end element 31 while lifting the heavycementitious body 50, and the certainty that the hookingmember 40 becomes coupled to the gripping device 1 only when this is securely and correctly coupled to theanchor piece 30. - When secured to the
end element 31, the device 1 can lift thecementitious body 50 by operating in different positions. For example, it can operate disposed substantially parallel to the axis of the anchor piece 30 (as shown in Figure 4), or disposed at about 90° to the axis of the anchor piece 30 (as shown in Figure 5). - The
anchor piece 30 possesses anupper shoulder 32 which emerges slightly from thecementitious body 50, and from which theneck 33 projects axially upwards, this latter having a cross-section smaller than theshoulder 32. The grippingpart 10 comprises an outwardly projectingrib 18 positioned at theend groove 12 of thehollow guide 11, such that when following rotation of the gripping device 1 about theend element 31 this enters thegroove 12, said projectingrib 18 is able to rest on saidshoulder 32 of saidanchor piece 30. Moreover, the saidgroove 12 has a profile such as to mate almost as an exact fit with theend element 31. By virtue of these characteristics, direct contact between the gripping device 1 and thecementitious body 50, which could damage the cementitious body, is prevented. - A non-limiting embodiment of the present invention has been described and illustrated, however it is apparent to the expert of the art that modifications can be made to the shapes, details and orientations, but without leaving its scope.
Claims (8)
- A gripping device for coupling, by means of a hooking member (40) of a lifting means, a grippable end element (31) of an outwardly projecting anchor member (30) rigid with a heavy cementitious body (50), comprising:a hookable part (20) having a through hole (23) for receiving said hooking member (40);a gripping part (10) having a hollow guide (11) for receiving said grippable end element (31 );
- A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that said safety element (7) is shaped such that its far end portion (71) and near end portion (72) are able alternately to effect said obstruction of the through hole (23), and to lock the grippable end element (31) when the grippable end element (31) is completely associated with the gripping part (10) in the interior of the hollow guide (11).
- A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that said safety element (7) presents a near end part (72) and a far end part (71) lying a distance apart, in relation to the dimensions of the gripping part, such that when the far end part (71) does not project into the initial end of the hollow guide (11), the near end part (72) obstructs the through hole (23) of the hookable part (20); and vice versa when said far end part (71) projects though the initial end of the hollow guide 11, the near end part (72) leaves the through hole (23) of the hookable part (20) free.
- A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the lower end of the far end part (71) presents a widened head (73) arranged to abut against the lower end of the guide 16 to prevent the latch 7 totally withdrawing from the gripping part (10).
- A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the gripping part (10) and the hookable part (20) are mutually rigid.
- A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the safety element is a latch (7) slidable within a linear guide (16) provided within said gripping part (10).
- A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the hollow guide (11) extends linearly as a circular arc.
- A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the anchor piece (30) comprises at least one shoulder (32) projecting from the cementitious body (50), the gripping part (10) comprising a projecting rib (18) positioned such that following rotation of the gripping device (1), said projecting rib (18) is able to rest on said shoulder (32) of said anchor piece (30).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ITRE20030053 ITRE20030053A1 (en) | 2003-05-22 | 2003-05-22 | "IMPROVED GRIPPING DEVICE FOR ATTACHING A HEAVY CEMENTITIOUS BODY TO AN ATTACHING BODY" |
ITRE20030053 | 2003-05-22 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1479641A2 true EP1479641A2 (en) | 2004-11-24 |
EP1479641A3 EP1479641A3 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
Family
ID=33042714
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04076430A Withdrawn EP1479641A3 (en) | 2003-05-22 | 2004-05-13 | Improved gripping device for coupling a heavy cementitious body to a hooking member |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1479641A3 (en) |
IT (1) | ITRE20030053A1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20041982L (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2016160050A (en) * | 2015-03-03 | 2016-09-05 | Jfe建材株式会社 | Suspension metal fitting |
WO2016205873A1 (en) * | 2015-06-24 | 2016-12-29 | Rodney Mackay Sim | Narrow edge lifting insert |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH471300A (en) * | 1967-06-13 | 1969-04-15 | Haeussler Ernst | Device for manipulating precast concrete parts |
DE1808988A1 (en) * | 1968-11-15 | 1970-06-11 | Lorenz Kesting | Device and method for manipulating the same for the transport of reinforced concrete bodies, in particular of reinforced concrete prefabricated garages |
FR2119875A1 (en) * | 1970-12-30 | 1972-08-11 | Adriss Cie | Polypropylene moulding - for recessed lifting holds in cast concrete structures |
DE2641273A1 (en) * | 1976-09-14 | 1978-03-16 | Haeussler Ernst | Concrete component handling tackle - has angular lever pivoting on eye to release locking bolt |
DE2708788B1 (en) * | 1977-03-01 | 1978-05-24 | Ernst Dr-Ing Haeussler | Device for attaching a precast concrete part to a hoist |
FR2504900A1 (en) * | 1981-04-30 | 1982-11-05 | Moreau Pierre | Device connecting concrete elements to lifting hook - comprises body embedded in concrete and locked by transverse staple with hooked element projecting from free end |
GB2139278A (en) * | 1983-05-05 | 1984-11-07 | Charcon Tunnels Ltd | Connector device |
EP0832840A2 (en) * | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-01 | Sergio Zambelli | Device for lifting prefabricated components, particularly made of concrete, or the like |
EP0994064A1 (en) * | 1998-10-15 | 2000-04-19 | Novitec International B.V. | Hoisting assembly |
-
2003
- 2003-05-22 IT ITRE20030053 patent/ITRE20030053A1/en unknown
-
2004
- 2004-05-13 EP EP04076430A patent/EP1479641A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-05-13 NO NO20041982A patent/NO20041982L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH471300A (en) * | 1967-06-13 | 1969-04-15 | Haeussler Ernst | Device for manipulating precast concrete parts |
DE1808988A1 (en) * | 1968-11-15 | 1970-06-11 | Lorenz Kesting | Device and method for manipulating the same for the transport of reinforced concrete bodies, in particular of reinforced concrete prefabricated garages |
FR2119875A1 (en) * | 1970-12-30 | 1972-08-11 | Adriss Cie | Polypropylene moulding - for recessed lifting holds in cast concrete structures |
DE2641273A1 (en) * | 1976-09-14 | 1978-03-16 | Haeussler Ernst | Concrete component handling tackle - has angular lever pivoting on eye to release locking bolt |
DE2708788B1 (en) * | 1977-03-01 | 1978-05-24 | Ernst Dr-Ing Haeussler | Device for attaching a precast concrete part to a hoist |
FR2504900A1 (en) * | 1981-04-30 | 1982-11-05 | Moreau Pierre | Device connecting concrete elements to lifting hook - comprises body embedded in concrete and locked by transverse staple with hooked element projecting from free end |
GB2139278A (en) * | 1983-05-05 | 1984-11-07 | Charcon Tunnels Ltd | Connector device |
EP0832840A2 (en) * | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-01 | Sergio Zambelli | Device for lifting prefabricated components, particularly made of concrete, or the like |
EP0994064A1 (en) * | 1998-10-15 | 2000-04-19 | Novitec International B.V. | Hoisting assembly |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2016160050A (en) * | 2015-03-03 | 2016-09-05 | Jfe建材株式会社 | Suspension metal fitting |
WO2016205873A1 (en) * | 2015-06-24 | 2016-12-29 | Rodney Mackay Sim | Narrow edge lifting insert |
AU2016282080B2 (en) * | 2015-06-24 | 2019-01-17 | Woodstock Percussion Pty Ltd | Narrow edge lifting insert |
US10240356B2 (en) | 2015-06-24 | 2019-03-26 | Rodney Mackay Sim | Narrow edge lifting insert |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1479641A3 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
NO20041982L (en) | 2004-11-23 |
ITRE20030053A1 (en) | 2004-11-23 |
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