EP1474233A2 - Catalyst composition for oxychlorination - Google Patents

Catalyst composition for oxychlorination

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Publication number
EP1474233A2
EP1474233A2 EP03704531A EP03704531A EP1474233A2 EP 1474233 A2 EP1474233 A2 EP 1474233A2 EP 03704531 A EP03704531 A EP 03704531A EP 03704531 A EP03704531 A EP 03704531A EP 1474233 A2 EP1474233 A2 EP 1474233A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
metal
catalyst
catalyst composition
composition according
salt
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP03704531A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Christian Kuhrs
Ruprecht Meissner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BASF Corp
Original Assignee
BASF SE
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE2002104608 external-priority patent/DE10204608A1/en
Priority claimed from DE2002136254 external-priority patent/DE10236254A1/en
Application filed by BASF SE filed Critical BASF SE
Priority to EP10180596A priority Critical patent/EP2314374A1/en
Publication of EP1474233A2 publication Critical patent/EP1474233A2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/06Halogens; Compounds thereof
    • B01J27/138Halogens; Compounds thereof with alkaline earth metals, magnesium, beryllium, zinc, cadmium or mercury
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/02Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/72Copper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/06Halogens; Compounds thereof
    • B01J27/08Halides
    • B01J27/122Halides of copper
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07CACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C17/00Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
    • C07C17/013Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by addition of halogens
    • C07C17/02Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by addition of halogens to unsaturated hydrocarbons
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07CACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C17/00Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
    • C07C17/093Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens
    • C07C17/15Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens with oxygen as auxiliary reagent, e.g. oxychlorination
    • C07C17/152Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens with oxygen as auxiliary reagent, e.g. oxychlorination of hydrocarbons
    • C07C17/156Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens with oxygen as auxiliary reagent, e.g. oxychlorination of hydrocarbons of unsaturated hydrocarbons
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/02Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B01J21/04Alumina
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/8933Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/8946Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with alkali or alkaline earth metals
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61Surface area
    • B01J35/61310-100 m2/g
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61Surface area
    • B01J35/615100-500 m2/g
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/63Pore volume
    • B01J35/633Pore volume less than 0.5 ml/g
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/63Pore volume
    • B01J35/6350.5-1.0 ml/g
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0201Impregnation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a catalyst composition for the oxychlorination of ethylene, comprising a mixture of metal salts on a support, said metal salts being applied to the support in such proportions that the catalyst composition contains 3 to 12% by weight of copper as the copper salt , 0 to 3% by weight of an alkaline earth metal as the alkaline earth metal salt, 0 to 3% by weight of an alkali metal as the alkali metal salt, 0.001 to 0.1% by weight, preferably 0.005 to 0.05% by weight, of at least one metal from the group of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum and / or 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of gold, as a corresponding metal salt, in the case of gold also as tetrachlorogoldic acid (HAuCl 4 ), all weight percentages being based on the total weight of the catalyst, including the support material.
  • the invention further relates to a process for the preparation of 1,2 dichloroethane by oxychlorination of ethylene, characterized by the reaction of a mixture of ethylene, oxygen or oxygen-containing gas and hydrogen chloride to 1,2-dichloroethane by means of a catalyst of the above composition.
  • Oxychlorination of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane is a well known process in which ethylene is reacted with hydrogen chloride and oxygen or with an oxygen-containing gas (e.g. air) in the gas phase and usually in the presence of a catalyst.
  • Suitable catalysts generally contain as a catalytically active component a copper compound which has been deposited on a carrier substance, preferably copper chloride on a carrier substance.
  • the supported catalysts used therefore usually contain what are known as promoters, by means of which the effectiveness of catalytically active copper chloride on supported substances is improved.
  • promoters include alkali metal chlorides, in particular potassium chloride and cesium chloride, alkaline earth metal chlorides, in particular magnesium chloride, or else chlorides of rare earth metals, in particular cerium chloride.
  • alkali metal chlorides in particular potassium chloride and cesium chloride
  • alkaline earth metal chlorides in particular magnesium chloride
  • chlorides of rare earth metals in particular cerium chloride.
  • EP-A 0 582 165 describes a catalyst composition comprising a support which has an active metal composition which contains 2 to 8% by weight of copper as copper chloride, 0.2 to 2% by weight of an alkali metal, 0.1 to 9 wt .-% of a rare earth metal and 0.05 to 4 wt .-% of a metal from group ILA of the periodic table (alkaline earth metals).
  • EP-A 0 375 202 discloses a catalyst composition for oxychlorination, comprising a mixture of metal chlorides on a support, which essentially contains a mixture of copper chloride, magnesium chloride and potassium chloride in such proportions that the catalyst composition 3 to 9% by weight of copper, 0.2 to 3% by weight of magnesium and 0.2 to 3% by weight of potassium.
  • No. 4,446,249 describes a catalytically active composition for a fluidized bed catalyst in which, on the carrier substance ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 , before the copper chloride is deposited, 0.5 to 3% by weight of at least one metal from the group potassium, lithium , Rubidium, cesium, alkaline earth metals or rare earth metals or mixtures of these elements are deposited.
  • the catalytically active copper chloride is then deposited on the carrier particles.
  • This two-step application of the active metal components to the carrier substance means that the catalyst particles produced by this process have less tendency to adhere to one another. This property is particularly advantageous when the catalyst is used as a fluidized bed.
  • the selectivity with which ethylene is converted in the oxychlorination reaction into the desired end product 1,2-dichloroethane - and not into the by-products customary in oxychlorination - is strongly dependent on the catalyst composition used. Especially in reactions with high ethylene conversion, too many by-products are still obtained when using the catalyst compositions which have been customary to date.
  • Fluidized bed catalysts for the oxychlorination of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane must therefore not only be optimized in terms of activity and selectivity, but also have a "sticking" -free swirl behavior. It can be observed that copper-rich catalysts have a greater tendency to stick together than low-copper catalysts.
  • a catalyst composition for the oxychlorination of ethylene comprising a mixture of metal salts on a support, said metal salts being applied to the support in such proportions that the catalyst composition
  • % preferably 0.005 to 0.05% by weight, of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum and / or 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of gold, as a corresponding metal salt or tetrachlorogoldic acid, comprises, wherein all weight percentages are based on the total weight of the catalyst including support material.
  • the presence of small amounts of a salt of the platinum metals, which include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum, or the presence of small amounts of corresponding gold compounds in the catalyst composition used increase the conversion of the starting materials ethylene and hydrogen chloride significantly, but without to reduce the selectivity for the formation of 1,2 dichloroethane. This ultimately results in a higher yield of 1,2 dichloroethane.
  • the fluidization behavior is not influenced by the addition of small amounts of the metal salts mentioned above.
  • the corresponding oxyhalides, the oxides or the halides of the platinum metals or gold, in particular the chlorides of the platinum metals or gold are preferably used as the metal salts of the platinum metals or gold.
  • ruthenium salt in particular the presence of ruthenium chloride, in the quantitative ratio defined above in the catalyst composition is further preferred.
  • a gold salt in particular of gold chloride or tetrachlorogoldic acid, in the quantitative ratio defined above in the catalyst composition is particularly preferred.
  • CO and CO 2 are in a ratio of approximately 1: 1 to each other.
  • Circulation reactor processes are these by-products of oxychlorination
  • Aluminum oxide, silica gel, pumice stone and clay can be used as the carrier substance for the catalyst composition according to the invention.
  • the use of aluminum oxide as the carrier substance is preferred.
  • the specific surface area of the carrier substance before the metal salt deposition is preferably in the range from 20 to 400 m 2 / g, more preferably 75 to 200 m Ig.
  • Common carrier substances for oxychlorination catalysts preferably have pore volumes in the range from 0.15 to 0.75 cm 3 / g, and the average particle sizes are preferably in the range from 30 to 500 ⁇ m.
  • the proportion of particles with a diameter smaller than 45 ⁇ m is 30% or 5%, the BET surfaces being 170 m 2 / g or 150 m 2 / g.
  • the invention further relates to a process for the preparation of 1,2 dichloroethane for the oxychlorination of ethylene with catalysis of a catalyst composition according to the invention.
  • Ethylene, hydrogen chloride and molecular oxygen are brought into contact with a catalyst composition according to the invention at temperatures from 80 to 300 ° C., preferably at 210 to 260 ° C. in the gas phase.
  • the molecular oxygen can be used as such or in the form of an oxygen-containing gas mixture, e.g. Air to be discharged.
  • an oxygen-containing gas mixture e.g. Air to be discharged.
  • the molar ratios of the starting materials used in the process according to the invention are generally 5: 1 to 3: 1 for hydrogen chloride: oxygen, preferably approximately 4: 1 and generally approximately 1: 2 for ethylene: hydrogen chloride.
  • Hydrogen chloride based on the reaction 2 C 2 H 4 + 4 HC1 + O 2 a 2 C 2 H 4 CI 2 + 2 H 2 O, in slightly sub-stoichiometric amount, so that it is ensured that hydrogen chloride is converted almost completely in one reactor run.
  • ethylene is run in an even greater excess.
  • the ratio of ethylene: HCl: O 2 is preferably chosen so that ethylene is also converted as far as possible in one reactor pass.
  • the reaction pressure is in the range from 1 to 20 bar, preferably from 1 to 8 bar.
  • the reactor material used is usually based on iron (stainless steel) or based on a nickel alloy.
  • glass can also be used as the reactor material.
  • the catalyst can be used in the process according to the invention both as a fixed bed and as a fluidized bed. If the catalyst is used as a fluidized bed in the process according to the invention, it is preferably in the fluid state. This generally occurs at speeds in the range of 1 to 100 cm / s. If the catalyst is used as a fixed bed in the process according to the invention, it is preferably used in the form of hollow cylinders or ring tablets, the end faces of which are rounded off both towards the outer edge and towards the edge of the inner bores.
  • This preferably used fixed bed catalyst form is either hollow cylinders or ring tablets made up of catalytically active material, preferably a carrier material shaped into hollow cylinders or ring tablets, to which a catalytically active composition is applied.
  • the outside diameter of the hollow catalyst cylinder or ring tablets is 3 to 20 mm, preferably 3 to 10 mm, particularly preferably 3 to 7 mm, in particular 3.5 to 6.5 mm, and the inside diameter is 0.1 to 0 , 7 times the outer diameter.
  • the length of the hollow catalyst cylinder or ring tablets is 0.2 to 2 times, preferably 0.3 to 1.8 times, particularly preferably 0.4 to 1.6 times the outer diameter.
  • the radius of curvature of the end faces is 0.01 to 0.5 times, preferably 0.05 to 0.4 times, particularly preferably 0.1 to 0.2 times the outer diameter.
  • EP 1 127 618 AI Fixed bed catalysts of a form as described in EP 1 127 618 AI are thus an integral part of the present invention and are incorporated by reference.
  • the invention further relates to a process for the preparation of 1,2 dichloroethane by oxychlorination of ethylene with catalysis of a fixed bed catalyst with a composition according to the invention and optionally a form according to EP 1 127 618 AI.
  • aqueous solution for impregnating the carrier substance To prepare an aqueous solution for impregnating the carrier substance, the required amounts of the suitable metal compounds, preferably in the form of their hydrates, are dissolved in water. The aqueous solution is then applied to the carrier substance. The carrier substance impregnated in this way is then, if appropriate, filtered off from the remaining aqueous phase and finally dried. Filtration is not necessary if the carrier substance is brought into contact with a volume fraction of the aqueous solution which is not greater than is sufficient to saturate the carrier substance.
  • a catalyst composition according to the invention was prepared by impregnating the carrier substance with an aqueous solution, which was obtained as follows:
  • a catalyst composition was prepared in the same way with the same proportions by weight of copper chloride, magnesium chloride and potassium chloride, but without ruthenium chloride (catalyst B). Both oxychlorination catalysts (catalysts A and B) were used in a fluidized bed reactor made of glass, to which the starting materials ethylene, air and hydrogen chloride were fed and which was kept at 232 ° C., 243 ° C. and 254 ° C. bed temperature. The reactor was operated at a pressure of 4 bar with an amount of 500 g of the catalyst of the corresponding composition.
  • a further catalyst composition according to the invention was produced in accordance with Example 1, but instead of ruthenium chloride, palladium chloride was used as a promoter to produce catalyst C with 4.5% by weight Cu, 1.5% by weight Mg, 0.4% by weight K and To obtain 0.01 wt .-% Pd.
  • a further catalyst composition according to the invention was prepared in accordance with Example 1, but instead of ruthenium chloride, gold chloride was used as a promoter to produce catalyst D with 4.5% by weight Cu, 1.5% by weight Mg, 0.4% by weight K and To obtain 0.005% by weight of Au.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a catalyst-composition for the oxychlorination of ethylene, containing a mixture of metal salts on a support, whereby the above-mentioned metal salts are applied to the support in such ratio proportions that the catalyst-composition comprises: a) 3 - 12 wt. % of copper as a copper salt, b) 0 - 3 wt. % of an alkaline earth metal as an alkaline earth metal salt, c) 0 - 3 wt. % of an alkaline metal as an alkaline metal salt, d) 0.001 - 0.1 wt. % preferably 0.005 - 0.05 wt.- %, of at least one metal selected from the group of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum and/or 0.0001 - 0.1 wt. % preferably 0.001 - 0.05 wt. % and gold, as a corresponding metal salt or tetrachlorogold acid, whereby all the weight percentages are in relation to the total weight of the catalyst including the support material. The invention also relates to a method for producing 1.2 dichlorethane for the oxychlorination of ethylene by catalysing the above mentioned catalyst-composition.

Description

Katalysatorzusammensetzung zur Oxichlorierung Oxychlorination catalyst composition
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Katalysator-Zusammensetzung zur Oxychlorierung von Ethylen, enthaltend ein Gemisch aus Metallsalzen auf einem Träger, wobei die besagten Metallsalze in solchen Verhältnisanteilen auf den Träger aufgebracht werden, dass die Katalysator-Zusammensetzung 3 bis 12 Gew.-% Kupfer als Kupfersalz, 0 bis 3 Gew.-% eines Erdalkalimetalls als Erdalkalimetallsalz, 0 bis 3 Gew.-% eines Alkalimetalls als Alkalimetallsalz, 0,001 bis 0,1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,005 bis 0,05 Gew.-%, mindestens eines Metalls ausgewählt aus der Gruppe Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, Iridium und Platin und/oder 0,0001 bis 0,1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,001 bis 0,05 Gew.-% Gold, als entsprechendes Metallsalz, im Falle des Goldes auch als Tetrachlorogoldsaure (HAuCl4), umfasst, wobei alle Gewichtsprozente auf das Gesamtgewicht des Katalysators einschließlich Trägermaterial bezogen sind.The present invention relates to a catalyst composition for the oxychlorination of ethylene, comprising a mixture of metal salts on a support, said metal salts being applied to the support in such proportions that the catalyst composition contains 3 to 12% by weight of copper as the copper salt , 0 to 3% by weight of an alkaline earth metal as the alkaline earth metal salt, 0 to 3% by weight of an alkali metal as the alkali metal salt, 0.001 to 0.1% by weight, preferably 0.005 to 0.05% by weight, of at least one metal from the group of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum and / or 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of gold, as a corresponding metal salt, in the case of gold also as tetrachlorogoldic acid (HAuCl 4 ), all weight percentages being based on the total weight of the catalyst, including the support material.
Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von 1,2 Dichlorethan durch Oxychlorierung von Ethylen, gekennzeichnet durch die Umsetzung einer Mischung aus Ethylen, Sauerstoff oder sauerstoffenthaltendem Gas und Chlorwasserstoff zu 1,2 Dichlorethan mittels eines Katalysators der vorstehenden Zusammensetzung.The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of 1,2 dichloroethane by oxychlorination of ethylene, characterized by the reaction of a mixture of ethylene, oxygen or oxygen-containing gas and hydrogen chloride to 1,2-dichloroethane by means of a catalyst of the above composition.
Die Oxychlorierung von Ethylen zu 1,2-Dichlorethan ist ein allgemein bekanntes Verfahren, bei dem Ethylen mit Chlorwasserstoff und Sauerstoff oder mit einem sauerstoffhaltigen Gas (z.B. Luft) in der Gasphase und üblicherweise in Gegenwart eines Katalysators umgesetzt wird. Geeignete Katalysatoren enthalten in der Regel als katalytisch aktive Komponente eine Kupferverbindung, die auf einer Trägersubstanz abgeschieden worden ist, vorzugsweise Kupferchlorid auf einer Trägersubstanz.Oxychlorination of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane is a well known process in which ethylene is reacted with hydrogen chloride and oxygen or with an oxygen-containing gas (e.g. air) in the gas phase and usually in the presence of a catalyst. Suitable catalysts generally contain as a catalytically active component a copper compound which has been deposited on a carrier substance, preferably copper chloride on a carrier substance.
Es haben sich insbesondere zwei Verfahren in der Technik durchgesetzt, bei denen man den Katalysator als Festbett anordnet oder die Reaktion im Fließbett betreibt.In particular, two processes have become established in industry, in which the catalyst is arranged as a fixed bed or the reaction is carried out in a fluidized bed.
Es ist weiterhin bekannt, dass die alleinige Gegenwart von Kupferchlorid in einer Katalysator-Zusammensetzung für die Oxychlorierung von Nachteil ist, da Kupferchlorid bei den gebräuchlichen Reaktionstemperaturen der Oxychlorierung überaus flüchtig ist, was im Laufe der Zeit zu einem Verlust an Katalysatorwirksamkeit führt. Die eingesetzten Träger-Katalysatoren enthalten daher üblicherweise sogenannte Promotoren, durch die die Wirksamkeit von katalytisch aktivem Kupferchlorid auf Trägersubstanzen verbessert wird. Zu diesen Promotoren zählen Alkalimetallchloride, insbesondere Kaliumchlorid und Cäsiumchlorid, Erdalkalimetallchloride, insbesondere Magnesiumchlorid, oder auch Chloride der Seltenerdmetalle, insbesondere Cerchlorid. Es ist beispielsweise seit langem bekannt, dass Kupferchlorid weniger flüchtig ist, wenn man es gemeinsam mit Kaliumchlorid oder Natriumchlorid einsetzt.It is also known that the sole presence of copper chloride in a catalyst composition is disadvantageous for oxychlorination, since copper chloride is extremely volatile at the customary reaction temperatures of oxychlorination. which leads to a loss of catalyst efficiency over time. The supported catalysts used therefore usually contain what are known as promoters, by means of which the effectiveness of catalytically active copper chloride on supported substances is improved. These promoters include alkali metal chlorides, in particular potassium chloride and cesium chloride, alkaline earth metal chlorides, in particular magnesium chloride, or else chlorides of rare earth metals, in particular cerium chloride. For example, it has long been known that copper chloride is less volatile when used with potassium chloride or sodium chloride.
So wird in EP-A 0 582 165 eine Katalysator-Zusammensetzung, umfassend einen Träger, der eine aktive Metallzusammensetzung aufweist, beschrieben, die 2 bis 8 Gew.-% Kupfer als Kupferchlorid, 0,2 bis 2 Gew.-% eines Alkalimetalls, 0,1 bis 9 Gew.-% eines Seltenerdmetalls und 0,05 bis 4 Gew.-% eines Metalls der Gruppe ILA des Periodensystems (Erdalkalimetalle) umfasst.For example, EP-A 0 582 165 describes a catalyst composition comprising a support which has an active metal composition which contains 2 to 8% by weight of copper as copper chloride, 0.2 to 2% by weight of an alkali metal, 0.1 to 9 wt .-% of a rare earth metal and 0.05 to 4 wt .-% of a metal from group ILA of the periodic table (alkaline earth metals).
In EP-A 0 375 202 wird eine Katalysator-Zusammensetzung für die Oxychlorierung, umfassend ein Gemisch von Metallchloriden auf einem Träger, offenbart, die im wesentlichen ein Gemisch aus Kupferchlorid, Magnesiumchlorid und Kaliumchlorid in solchen Verhältnissen enthält, dass die Katalysator-Zusammensetzung 3 bis 9 Gew.-% Kupfer, 0,2 bis 3 Gew.-% Magnesium und 0,2 bis 3 Gew.-% Kalium umfasst.EP-A 0 375 202 discloses a catalyst composition for oxychlorination, comprising a mixture of metal chlorides on a support, which essentially contains a mixture of copper chloride, magnesium chloride and potassium chloride in such proportions that the catalyst composition 3 to 9% by weight of copper, 0.2 to 3% by weight of magnesium and 0.2 to 3% by weight of potassium.
Eine ähnliche katalytisch aktive Metallchlorid-Zusammensetzung auf einem Träger zur Oxychlorierung von Ethylen, bei der die Metallchloride in solchen Verhältnissen eingesetzt werden, dass die Zusammensetzung 3 bis 9 Gew.-% Kupfer, 1 bis 3 Gew.-% Magnesium und 0,01 bis 1 Gew.-% Kalium umfasst, wird in EP-A 0 657212 offenbart.A similar catalytically active metal chloride composition on a support for the oxychlorination of ethylene, in which the metal chlorides are used in such proportions that the composition 3 to 9 wt .-% copper, 1 to 3 wt .-% magnesium and 0.01 to 1% by weight of potassium is disclosed in EP-A 0 657212.
Die US 4,446,249 beschreibt eine katalytisch aktive Zusammensetzung für einen Fließbett- Katalysator, bei der auf der Trägersubstanz γ-Al2O3, vor der Ablagerung des Kupferchlorids, 0,5 bis 3 Gew.-% mindestens eines Metalls aus der Gruppe Kalium, Lithium, Rubidium, Cäsium, Erdalkalimetalle oder Seltenerdmetalle oder Gemische dieser Elemente abgeschieden werden. Anschließend erfolgt dann die Ablagerung des katalytisch aktiven Kupferchlorids auf den Trägerpartikeln. Durch dieses in zwei Schritten vorgenommene Aufbringen der aktiven Metallkomponenten auf die Trägersubstanz neigen die nach diesem Verfahren hergestellten Katalysator-Partikel weniger dazu, aneinander zu haften. Diese Eigenschaft ist insbesondere beim Einsatz des Katalysators als Fließbett von Vorteil. Die Selektivität, mit der im Rahmen der Oxychlorierungsreaktion Ethylen in das gewünschte Endprodukt 1,2-Dichlorethan - und nicht in die bei der Oxychlorierung üblichen Nebenprodukte - umgesetzt wird, ist stark abhängig von der verwendeten Katalysator-Zusammensetzung. Vor allem bei Reaktionen mit hohem Ethylenumsatz werden bei Verwendung der bisher gebräuchlichen Katalysator-Zusammensetzungen noch zu viele Nebenprodukte erhalten.No. 4,446,249 describes a catalytically active composition for a fluidized bed catalyst in which, on the carrier substance γ-Al 2 O 3 , before the copper chloride is deposited, 0.5 to 3% by weight of at least one metal from the group potassium, lithium , Rubidium, cesium, alkaline earth metals or rare earth metals or mixtures of these elements are deposited. The catalytically active copper chloride is then deposited on the carrier particles. This two-step application of the active metal components to the carrier substance means that the catalyst particles produced by this process have less tendency to adhere to one another. This property is particularly advantageous when the catalyst is used as a fluidized bed. The selectivity with which ethylene is converted in the oxychlorination reaction into the desired end product 1,2-dichloroethane - and not into the by-products customary in oxychlorination - is strongly dependent on the catalyst composition used. Especially in reactions with high ethylene conversion, too many by-products are still obtained when using the catalyst compositions which have been customary to date.
Die Partikel der gebräuchlichen Zusammensetzungen neigen beim Einsatz als Fließbettkatalysatoren zum Zusammenkleben ("sticking"), wodurch die Kontinuität der Reaktion gefährdet ist. Fließbettkatalysatoren für die Oxychlorierung von Ethylen zu 1,2- Dichlorethan müssen daher nicht nur bezüglich Aktivität und Selektivität optimiert werden, sondern auch ein "sticking"-freies Wirbelverhalten aufweisen. Dabei ist zu beobachten, dass kupferreiche Katalysatoren stärker zum Zusammenkleben neigen als kupferarme Katalysatoren.When used as a fluidized bed catalyst, the particles of the customary compositions tend to stick, which jeopardizes the continuity of the reaction. Fluidized bed catalysts for the oxychlorination of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane must therefore not only be optimized in terms of activity and selectivity, but also have a "sticking" -free swirl behavior. It can be observed that copper-rich catalysts have a greater tendency to stick together than low-copper catalysts.
Es ist die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, eine Katalysator-Zusammensetzung für die Oxychlorierung von Ethylen bereitzustellen, deren Verwendung bei der Oxychlorierung im Vergleich zur Verwendung der bisher gebräuchlichen Katalysator-Zusammensetzungen die Umsatzrate für die Edukte Ethylen und Chlorwasserstoff erhöht, ohne dass die Selektivität zur Bildung von 1,2 Dichlorethan dabei verringert wird und die bei Verwendung des Katalysators als Fließbett "sticking"-frei ist.It is the object of the present invention to provide a catalyst composition for the oxychlorination of ethylene, the use of which in oxychlorination increases the conversion rate for the starting materials ethylene and hydrogen chloride compared to the use of the catalyst compositions which have been customary to date, without the selectivity for formation of 1.2 dichloroethane is reduced and which is "sticking" -free when using the catalyst as a fluidized bed.
Diese Aufgabe konnte durch eine Katalysator-Zusammensetzung zur Oxychlorierung von Ethylen gelöst werden, enthaltend ein Gemisch aus Metallsalzen auf einem Träger, wobei die besagten Metallsalze in solchen Verhältnisanteilen auf den Träger aufgebracht werden, dass die Katalysator-ZusammensetzungThis object could be achieved by a catalyst composition for the oxychlorination of ethylene, comprising a mixture of metal salts on a support, said metal salts being applied to the support in such proportions that the catalyst composition
a) 3 bis 12 Gew.-% Kupfer als Kupfersalz, b) 0 bis 3 Gew.-% eines Erdalkalimetalls als Erdalkalimetallsalz, c) 0 bis 3 Gew.-% eines Alkalimetalls als Alkalimetallsalz, d) 0,001 bis 0,1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,005 bis 0,05 Gew.-%, mindestens eines Metalls ausgewählt aus der Gruppe Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, Iridium und Platin und/oder 0,0001 bis 0,1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,001 bis 0,05 Gew.-% Gold, als entsprechendes Metallsalz oder Tetrachlorogoldsaure, umfasst, wobei alle Gewichtsprozente auf das Gesamtgewicht des Katalysators einschließlich Trägermaterial bezogen sind.a) 3 to 12 wt .-% copper as copper salt, b) 0 to 3 wt .-% of an alkaline earth metal as alkaline earth metal salt, c) 0 to 3 wt .-% of an alkali metal as alkali metal salt, d) 0.001 to 0.1 wt. %, preferably 0.005 to 0.05% by weight, of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum and / or 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of gold, as a corresponding metal salt or tetrachlorogoldic acid, comprises, wherein all weight percentages are based on the total weight of the catalyst including support material.
Die Gegenwart kleiner Mengen eines Salzes der Platinmetalle, zu denen Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, Iridium und Platin gehören, oder auch die Gegenwart kleiner Mengen entsprechender Goldverbindungen in der eingesetzten Katalysator- Zusammensetzung steigern den Umsatz der Edukte Ethylen und Chlorwasserstoff wesentlich, ohne jedoch die Selektivität zur Bildung von 1,2 Dichlorethan zu verringern. Dadurch wird letztlich eine höhere Ausbeute an 1,2 Dichlorethan erhalten. Bei Verwendung des Katalysators als Fließbett wird das Wirbelverhalten dabei durch die Zugabe geringer Mengen der oben erwähnten Metallsalze nicht beeinflusst. Hierbei werden als Metallsalze der Platinmetalle oder des Golds vorzugsweise die entsprechenden Oxyhalogenide, die Oxide oder die Halogenide der Platinmetalle oder des Golds, insbesondere die Chloride der Platinmetalle oder des Golds eingesetzt.The presence of small amounts of a salt of the platinum metals, which include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum, or the presence of small amounts of corresponding gold compounds in the catalyst composition used increase the conversion of the starting materials ethylene and hydrogen chloride significantly, but without to reduce the selectivity for the formation of 1,2 dichloroethane. This ultimately results in a higher yield of 1,2 dichloroethane. When using the catalyst as a fluidized bed, the fluidization behavior is not influenced by the addition of small amounts of the metal salts mentioned above. The corresponding oxyhalides, the oxides or the halides of the platinum metals or gold, in particular the chlorides of the platinum metals or gold, are preferably used as the metal salts of the platinum metals or gold.
Die Gegenwart eines Rutheniumsalzes, insbesondere die Gegenwart von Rutheniumchlorid, in dem oben definierten Mengenverhältnis in der Katalysator- Zusammensetzung ist weiterhin bevorzugt.The presence of a ruthenium salt, in particular the presence of ruthenium chloride, in the quantitative ratio defined above in the catalyst composition is further preferred.
Besonders bevorzugt ist die Gegenwart eines Goldsalzes, insbesondere von Goldchlorid bzw. Tetrachlorogoldsaure, in dem oben definierten Mengenverhältnis in der Katalysator- Zusammensetzung.The presence of a gold salt, in particular of gold chloride or tetrachlorogoldic acid, in the quantitative ratio defined above in the catalyst composition is particularly preferred.
Bei Verwendung der bisher gebräuchlichen Katalysator-Zusammensetzungen zur Oxychlorierung treten als Nebenprodukte Ethan, Wasser, Spuren von Chlorwasserstoff, sowie chlorierte organische Nebenprodukte sowie Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlendioxid auf.When using the previously used catalyst compositions for oxychlorination, ethane, water, traces of hydrogen chloride, and chlorinated organic by-products as well as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide occur as by-products.
CO und CO2 stehen im Mengenverhältnis von ungefähr 1:1 zueinander. InCO and CO 2 are in a ratio of approximately 1: 1 to each other. In
Kreislaufreaktorverfahren werden diese Nebenprodukte der Oxychlorierung nachCirculation reactor processes are these by-products of oxychlorination
Entfernung des Hauptproduktes 1,2 Dichlorethan aus dem Produktgasstrom z.T. auskondensiert und z.T. üblicherweise über einen Purge-Strom aus dem Verfahren ausgeschleust. Anschließend wird das verbleibende Produktgas, das noch nicht umgesetztes Edukt, insbesondere Ethylen, enthält, in den Reaktor zurückgeführt. Bei derRemoval of the main product 1,2 dichloroethane from the product gas stream partly condensed out and partly usually discharged from the process via a purge stream. The remaining product gas, which contains unreacted starting material, in particular ethylene, is then returned to the reactor. In the
Entfernung von Nebenprodukten über einen Purge-Strom entstehen allerdings auch geringfügige Verluste an 1,2 Dichlorethan, dem Hauptprodukt. Die Vermeidung der Bildung von CO könnte Vorteile in der Aufarbeitung von Abgas- bzw. Kreisgasströmen bieten, da CO2 im Unterschied zu CO leichter ausgewaschen werden kann. Der Einsatz einer erfindungsgemäßen Katalysator-Zusammensetzung bei der Oxychlorierung bietet daher neben der Steigerung der Ausbeute an 1,2 Dichlorethan bei Verwendung eines Promotors aus der Gruppe der Platinmetalle den weiteren Vorteil, dass nur noch sehr geringe Mengen an Kohlenmonoxid entstehen, während Kohlendioxid als fast ausschließliches Nebenprodukt gebildet wird.Removal of by-products via a purge stream also results in minor losses of 1,2 dichloroethane, the main product. Avoiding the formation of CO could offer advantages in the processing of exhaust gas or recycle gas flows, since CO 2 can be washed out more easily than CO. The use of a catalyst composition according to the invention in oxychlorination therefore offers, in addition to increasing the yield of 1,2 dichloroethane when using a promoter from the group of platinum metals, the further advantage that only very small amounts of carbon monoxide are produced, while carbon dioxide as almost exclusive By-product is formed.
Als Trägersubstanz für die erfindungsgemäße Katalysator-Zusammensetzung kann Aluminiumoxid, Silicagel, Bimsstein und Ton eingesetzt werden. Bevorzugt ist der Einsatz von Aluminiumoxid als Trägersubstanz. Die spezifische Oberfläche der Trägersubstanz vor der Metallsalz-Ablagerung liegt vorzugsweise im Bereich von 20 bis 400 m2/g, bevorzugter bei 75 bis 200 m Ig. Gebräuchliche Trägersubstanzen für Oxychlorierungskatalysatoren verfügen vorzugsweise über Porenvolumen im Bereich von 0,15 bis 0,75 cm3/g, und die durchschnittlichen Teilchengrößen liegen vorzugsweise im Bereich von 30 bis 500 μm. Bei den hier verwendeten Trägersubstanzen beträgt der Anteil der Partikel mit einem Durchmesser kleiner 45 μm 30 % bzw. 5 %, wobei die BET- Oberflächen 170 m2/g bzw. 150 m2/g betragen.Aluminum oxide, silica gel, pumice stone and clay can be used as the carrier substance for the catalyst composition according to the invention. The use of aluminum oxide as the carrier substance is preferred. The specific surface area of the carrier substance before the metal salt deposition is preferably in the range from 20 to 400 m 2 / g, more preferably 75 to 200 m Ig. Common carrier substances for oxychlorination catalysts preferably have pore volumes in the range from 0.15 to 0.75 cm 3 / g, and the average particle sizes are preferably in the range from 30 to 500 μm. In the carrier substances used here, the proportion of particles with a diameter smaller than 45 μm is 30% or 5%, the BET surfaces being 170 m 2 / g or 150 m 2 / g.
Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von 1,2 Dichlorethan zur Oxychlorierung von Ethylen unter Katalyse einer erfindungsgemäßen Katalysator- Zusammensetzung.The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of 1,2 dichloroethane for the oxychlorination of ethylene with catalysis of a catalyst composition according to the invention.
Bei der Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Herstellung von 1,2 Dichlorethan können die bereits bekannten Techniken und Reaktionsbedingungen, die nach dem Stand der Technik allgemein eingeführt sind, verwendet werden. Es werden Ethylen, Chlorwasserstoff, molekularer Sauerstoff mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Katalysator-Zusammensetzung bei Temperaturen von 80 bis 300°C, bevorzugt bei 210 bis 260°C in der Gasphase in Kontakt gebracht. Der molekulare Sauerstoff kann hierbei als solcher oder in Form eines sauerstoffhaltigen Gasgemisches, z.B. Luft, emgefuhrt werden. Bei Kreislaufreaktorverfahren (Kreisgasfahrweise), bei denen nicht umgesetztes Edukt in den Reaktor 2πιrückgeführt wird, wird ausschließlich reiner Sauerstoff verwendet.When carrying out the process according to the invention for the preparation of 1,2 dichloroethane, the techniques and reaction conditions which are already known and are generally introduced according to the prior art can be used. Ethylene, hydrogen chloride and molecular oxygen are brought into contact with a catalyst composition according to the invention at temperatures from 80 to 300 ° C., preferably at 210 to 260 ° C. in the gas phase. The molecular oxygen can be used as such or in the form of an oxygen-containing gas mixture, e.g. Air to be discharged. In the case of a cycle reactor process (cycle gas mode) in which unreacted starting material is returned to the reactor 2πι, only pure oxygen is used.
Die molaren Verhältnisse der in dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren eingesetzten Edukte beträgt für Chlorwasserstoff: Sauerstoff im allgemeinen 5:1 bis 3:1, vorzugsweise ca. 4:1 und für Ethylen:Chlorwasserstoff im allgemeinen ca. 1:2. Vorzugsweise liegtThe molar ratios of the starting materials used in the process according to the invention are generally 5: 1 to 3: 1 for hydrogen chloride: oxygen, preferably approximately 4: 1 and generally approximately 1: 2 for ethylene: hydrogen chloride. Preferably lies
Chlorwasserstoff, bezogen auf die Reaktion 2 C2H4 + 4 HC1 + O2 a 2 C2H4CI2 + 2 H2O, in leicht unterstöchiometrischer Menge vor, so dass sichergestellt ist, dass Chlorwasserstoff in einem Reaktordurchgang nahezu vollständig umgesetzt wird. Bei der Kreisgasfahrweise wird Ethylen in noch höherem Überschuss gefahren. Das Verhältnis Ethylen:HCl:O2 wird vorzugsweise so gewählt, dass auch Ethylen in einem Reaktordurchgang möglichst weitgehend umgesetzt wird. Der Reaktionsdruck liegt im Bereich von 1 bis 20 bar, bevorzugt bei 1 bis 8 bar.Hydrogen chloride, based on the reaction 2 C 2 H 4 + 4 HC1 + O 2 a 2 C 2 H 4 CI 2 + 2 H 2 O, in slightly sub-stoichiometric amount, so that it is ensured that hydrogen chloride is converted almost completely in one reactor run. In the cycle gas mode, ethylene is run in an even greater excess. The ratio of ethylene: HCl: O 2 is preferably chosen so that ethylene is also converted as far as possible in one reactor pass. The reaction pressure is in the range from 1 to 20 bar, preferably from 1 to 8 bar.
Der verwendete Reaktorwerkstoff beruht üblicherweise auf Eisen-Basis (Edelstahl) oder auf Basis einer Nickel-Legierung. Bei Durchführung einer Oxychlorierungsreaktion im kleinen Maßstab kann auch Glas als Reaktorwerkstoff eingesetzt werden.The reactor material used is usually based on iron (stainless steel) or based on a nickel alloy. When performing an oxychlorination reaction on a small scale, glass can also be used as the reactor material.
Der Katalysator kann im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren sowohl als Festbett wie auch als Fließbett eingesetzt werden. Wird der Katalysator im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren als Fließbett eingesetzt, so befindet er sich vorzugsweise im fließfahigen Zustand. Dieser tritt im allgemeinen bei Geschwindigkeiten im Bereich von 1 bis 100 cm/s ein. Wird der Katalysator im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren als Festbett verwendet, so wird er vorzugsweise in Form von Hohlzylindem oder Ringtabletten eingesetzt, deren Stirnflächen sowohl zum Außenrand als auch zum Rand der Innenbohrungen hin abgerundet sind. Bei dieser bevorzugt eingesetzten Festbettkatalysator-Form handelt es sich entweder um aus katalytisch aktiven Material aufgebauten Hohlzylindem oder Ringtabletten, vorzugsweise um ein zu Hohlzylindem oder Ringtabletten geformtes Trägermaterial, auf das eine katalytisch aktive Masse aufgebracht ist. Der Außendurchmesser der Katalysator- Hohlzylinder bzw. -Ringtabletten beträgt 3 bis 20 mm, bevorzugt 3 bis 10 mm, besonders bevorzugt 3 bis 7 mm, insbesondere 3,5 bis 6,5 mm und der Innendurchmesser liegt bei dem 0,1- bis 0,7-fachen des Außendurchmessers. Die Länge der Katalysator-Hohlzylinder bzw. -Ringtabletten beträgt das 0,2- bis 2-fache, bevorzugt das 0,3- bis 1,8-fache, besonders bevorzugt das 0,4- bis 1,6-fache des Außendurchmessers. Der Radius der Krümmung der Stirnflächen beträgt das 0,01- bis 0,5-fache, bevorzugt das 0,05- bis 0,4- fache, besonders bevorzugt das 0,1- bis 0,2-fache des Außendurchmessers. Diese Katalysatorformen, die in EP 1 127 618 AI beschrieben werden, zeichnen sich besonders durch einen geringen Druckverlust, sowie durch eine gute mechanische Belastbarkeit aus und eignen sich besonders gut für den Einsatz bei stark exothermen Reaktionen wie der Oxychlorierung von Ethylen.The catalyst can be used in the process according to the invention both as a fixed bed and as a fluidized bed. If the catalyst is used as a fluidized bed in the process according to the invention, it is preferably in the fluid state. This generally occurs at speeds in the range of 1 to 100 cm / s. If the catalyst is used as a fixed bed in the process according to the invention, it is preferably used in the form of hollow cylinders or ring tablets, the end faces of which are rounded off both towards the outer edge and towards the edge of the inner bores. This preferably used fixed bed catalyst form is either hollow cylinders or ring tablets made up of catalytically active material, preferably a carrier material shaped into hollow cylinders or ring tablets, to which a catalytically active composition is applied. The outside diameter of the hollow catalyst cylinder or ring tablets is 3 to 20 mm, preferably 3 to 10 mm, particularly preferably 3 to 7 mm, in particular 3.5 to 6.5 mm, and the inside diameter is 0.1 to 0 , 7 times the outer diameter. The length of the hollow catalyst cylinder or ring tablets is 0.2 to 2 times, preferably 0.3 to 1.8 times, particularly preferably 0.4 to 1.6 times the outer diameter. The radius of curvature of the end faces is 0.01 to 0.5 times, preferably 0.05 to 0.4 times, particularly preferably 0.1 to 0.2 times the outer diameter. These forms of catalyst, which are described in EP 1 127 618 AI, are particularly notable for their low pressure drop and good mechanical strength, and are particularly suitable for use in highly exothermic reactions such as the oxychlorination of ethylene.
Festbett-Katalysatoren einer Form wie in EP 1 127 618 AI beschrieben sind damit ein integraler Bestandteil der vorliegenden Erfindung und durch Bezugnahme eingeschlossen. Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von 1,2 Dichlorethan durch Oxychlorierung von Ethylen unter Katalyse eines Festbettkatalysators mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Zusammensetzung und gegebenenfalls einer Form nach EP 1 127 618 AI.Fixed bed catalysts of a form as described in EP 1 127 618 AI are thus an integral part of the present invention and are incorporated by reference. The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of 1,2 dichloroethane by oxychlorination of ethylene with catalysis of a fixed bed catalyst with a composition according to the invention and optionally a form according to EP 1 127 618 AI.
Zur Herstellung einer wässrigen Lösung zur Imprägnierung der Trägersubstanz werden die erforderlichen Mengen der geeigneten Metallverbindungen, vorzugsweise in Form ihrer Hydrate, in Wasser gelöst. Die wässrige Lösung wird dann auf die Trägersubstanz aufgebracht. Die so imprägnierte Trägersubstanz wird anschließend gegebenenfalls von der verbleibenden wässrigen Phase abfiltriert und zum Schluss getrocknet. Das Abfiltrieren ist dann nicht notwendig, wenn die Trägersubstanz mit einem Volumenanteil der wässrigen Lösung in Kontakt gebracht wird, der nicht größer ist als zur Sättigung der Trägersubstanz ausreicht.To prepare an aqueous solution for impregnating the carrier substance, the required amounts of the suitable metal compounds, preferably in the form of their hydrates, are dissolved in water. The aqueous solution is then applied to the carrier substance. The carrier substance impregnated in this way is then, if appropriate, filtered off from the remaining aqueous phase and finally dried. Filtration is not necessary if the carrier substance is brought into contact with a volume fraction of the aqueous solution which is not greater than is sufficient to saturate the carrier substance.
Die vorliegende Erfindung wird durch die nachfolgenden Beispiele veranschaulicht.The present invention is illustrated by the following examples.
Beispiel 1example 1
Eine erfindungsgemäße Katalysator-Zusammensetzung wurde durch Imprägnierung der Trägersubstanz mit einer wässrigen Lösung hergestellt, die wie folgt erhalten wurde:A catalyst composition according to the invention was prepared by impregnating the carrier substance with an aqueous solution, which was obtained as follows:
86,4 g CuCl*2H2O, 89,8 g MgCl*6H2O, 5,5 g KC1 und 0,2 g RuCl3*H2O wurden in einer kleinen Menge Wasser gelöst. Weiteres Wasser wurde hinzugefügt, bis ein Gesamtvolumen von 300 ml - gemäß der maximalen Wasserabsorptionskapazität der eingesetzten Menge an Trägersubstanz - erhalten wurde. Diese Metallchlorid-Lösung wurde auf 600 g eines Aluminiumoxid-Trägers mit einem Partikelgrößenanteil unter 45 μm von 30 % und einer BET-Oberfläche von 170 m2/g gegeben. Nach einstündigem Rühren wurde das Gemisch bei 110°C in Gegenwart von Stickstoff 16 Stunden getrocknet, um Katalysator A mit 4,5 Gew.-% Cu, 1,5 Gew.-% Mg, 0,4 Gew.-% K und 0,01 Gew.-% Ru zu erhalten.86.4 g CuCl * 2H 2 O, 89.8 g MgCl * 6H 2 O, 5.5 g KC1 and 0.2 g RuCl 3 * H 2 O were dissolved in a small amount of water. Additional water was added until a total volume of 300 ml - according to the maximum water absorption capacity of the amount of carrier used - was obtained. This metal chloride solution was placed on 600 g of an aluminum oxide support with a particle size fraction below 45 μm of 30% and a BET surface area of 170 m 2 / g. After stirring for one hour, the mixture was dried at 110 ° C. in the presence of nitrogen for 16 hours to give catalyst A with 4.5% by weight Cu, 1.5% by weight Mg, 0.4% by weight K and 0 To obtain 01% by weight of Ru.
Zu Vergleichszwecken wurde auf gleiche Weise eine Katalysator-Zusammensetzung mit den gleichen Gewichtsanteilen an Kupferchlorid, Magnesiumchlorid und Kaliumchlorid, aber ohne Rutheniumchlorid, hergestellt (Katalysator B). Beide Oxychlorierungskatalysatoren (Katalysator A und B) wurden in einem Fließbettreaktor aus Glas, dem die Edukte Ethylen, Luft und Chlorwasserstoff zugeführt und der bei 232°C, 243 °C bzw. 254°C Bett-Temperatur gehalten wurde, verwendet. Der Reaktor wurde bei einem Druck von 4 bar mit einer Menge von 500 g des Katalysators der entsprechenden Zusammensetzung betrieben. Dem Reaktor wurden jeweils 119 Nl/h Luft, 69,9 Nl/h Chlorwasserstoff und 35,5 Nl/h Ethylen zugeführt, was eine Raumzeit von 160 g Kat./(mol HC1 h-1) erbrachte. Die jeweils gebildeten Produkte wurden mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographie analysiert.For comparison purposes, a catalyst composition was prepared in the same way with the same proportions by weight of copper chloride, magnesium chloride and potassium chloride, but without ruthenium chloride (catalyst B). Both oxychlorination catalysts (catalysts A and B) were used in a fluidized bed reactor made of glass, to which the starting materials ethylene, air and hydrogen chloride were fed and which was kept at 232 ° C., 243 ° C. and 254 ° C. bed temperature. The reactor was operated at a pressure of 4 bar with an amount of 500 g of the catalyst of the corresponding composition. 119 Nl / h air, 69.9 Nl / h hydrogen chloride and 35.5 Nl / h ethylene were fed to the reactor, which resulted in a space time of 160 g Kat./(mol HC1 h-1). The products formed in each case were analyzed using gas chromatography.
Die Ergebnisse sind in der nachfolgenden Tabelle zusammengestellt.The results are summarized in the table below.
Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse zeigt, daß die Anwesenheit geringer Mengen von Rutheniumchlorid in der verwendeten Katalysator-Zusammensetzung bei unterschiedlichen Reaktionstemperaturen die Umsatzrate sowohl für Chlorwasserstoff als auch für Ethylen steigert, ohne die Selektivität für 1,2 Dichlorethan zu verringern (siehe nachfolgende Tabelle). Dies wirkt sich in einer deutlichen Erhöhung der Ausbeute an 1,2 Dichlorethan bei Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Katalysator-Zusammensetzung (hier Katalysator A) aus.A comparison of the results shows that the presence of small amounts of ruthenium chloride in the catalyst composition used at different reaction temperatures increases the conversion rate for both hydrogen chloride and ethylene without reducing the selectivity for 1,2 dichloroethane (see table below). This results in a significant increase in the yield of 1,2 dichloroethane when using the catalyst composition according to the invention (here catalyst A).
Zusätzlich zeigen die Ergebnisse, daß die Bildung von Kohlenmonoxid als Nebenprodukt durch Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Katalysator-Zusammensetzung wirksam unterdrückt wird.In addition, the results show that the formation of carbon monoxide as a by-product is effectively suppressed by using the catalyst composition of the present invention.
Beispiel 2Example 2
Eine weitere erfindungsgemäße Katalysatorzusammensetzung wurde entsprechend Beispiel 1 hergestellt, jedoch wurde statt Rutheniumchlorid Palladiumchlorid als Promotor verwendet, um Katalysator C mit 4,5 Gew.-% Cu, 1,5 Gew.-% Mg, 0,4 Gew.-% K und 0,01 Gew.-% Pd zu erhalten.A further catalyst composition according to the invention was produced in accordance with Example 1, but instead of ruthenium chloride, palladium chloride was used as a promoter to produce catalyst C with 4.5% by weight Cu, 1.5% by weight Mg, 0.4% by weight K and To obtain 0.01 wt .-% Pd.
Die Ergebnisse sind in der nachfolgenden Tabelle zusammengestellt. Deutlich wird daraus die dem Ruthenium vergleichbare Wirkung des Palladiums, sowohl bezüglich der Steigerung der Aktivität als auch bezüglich der Unterdrückung der Bildung von CO. Beispiel 3The results are summarized in the table below. This clearly shows the effect of palladium, which is comparable to that of ruthenium, both in terms of increasing the activity and in terms of suppressing the formation of CO. Example 3
Eine weitere erfindungsgemäße Katalysatorzusammensetzung wurde entsprechend Beispiel 1 hergestellt, jedoch wurde statt Rutheniumchlorid Goldchlorid als Promotor verwendet, um Katalysator D mit 4,5 Gew.-% Cu, 1,5 Gew.-% Mg, 0,4 Gew.-% K und 0,005 Gew.-% Au zu erhalten.A further catalyst composition according to the invention was prepared in accordance with Example 1, but instead of ruthenium chloride, gold chloride was used as a promoter to produce catalyst D with 4.5% by weight Cu, 1.5% by weight Mg, 0.4% by weight K and To obtain 0.005% by weight of Au.
Die Ergebnisse sind in der nachfolgenden Tabelle zusammengestellt. Deutlich wird daraus die im Vergleich zu Ruthenium und Palladium noch stärker aktivitätssteigende Wirkung des Goldes - insbesondere bei den beiden niedrigeren Temperaturen.The results are summarized in the table below. This clearly shows the activity-increasing effect of gold compared to ruthenium and palladium - especially at the two lower temperatures.
Tabelletable

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Katalysator-Zusammensetzung zur Oxychlorierung von Ethylen, enthaltend ein Gemisch aus Metallsalzen auf einem Träger, wobei die besagten Metallsalze in solchen Verhältnisanteilen auf den Träger aufgebracht werden, dass die Katalysator- Zusammensetzung1. Catalyst composition for the oxychlorination of ethylene, comprising a mixture of metal salts on a support, said metal salts being applied to the support in such proportions that the catalyst composition
a) 3 bis 12 Gew.-% Kupfer als Kupfersalz, b) 0 bis 3 Gew.-% eines Erdalkalimetalls als Erdalkalimetallsalz, c) 0 bis 3 Gew.-% eines Alkalimetalls als Alkalimetallsalz, d) 0,001 bis 0,1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,005 bis 0,05 Gew.-%, mindestens eines Metalls ausgewählt aus der Gruppe Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, Iridium und Platin und/oder 0,0001 bis 0,1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,001 bis 0,05 Gew.-% Gold, als entsprechendes Metallsalz oder Tetrachlorogoldsaure,a) 3 to 12 wt .-% copper as copper salt, b) 0 to 3 wt .-% of an alkaline earth metal as alkaline earth metal salt, c) 0 to 3 wt .-% of an alkali metal as alkali metal salt, d) 0.001 to 0.1 wt. %, preferably 0.005 to 0.05% by weight, of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum and / or 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of gold, as a corresponding metal salt or tetrachlorogoldic acid,
umfasst, wobei alle Gewichtsprozente auf das Gesamtgewicht des Katalysators einschließlich Trägermaterial bezogen sind.comprises, wherein all weight percentages are based on the total weight of the catalyst including support material.
2. Katalysator-Zusammensetzung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Metallsalze ausgewählt sind aus den Metallhalogeniden, Metalloxyhalogeniden und Metalloxiden des jeweiligen Metalls und Tetrachlorogoldsaure.2. Catalyst composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal salts are selected from the metal halides, metal oxyhalides and metal oxides of the respective metal and tetrachloroauric acid.
3. Katalysator-Zusammensetzung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Metallhalogenide, vorzugsweise die Metallchloride des jeweiligen Metalls eingesetzt werden.3. Catalyst composition according to claim 2, characterized in that the metal halides, preferably the metal chlorides of the respective metal are used.
4. Katalysator-Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Komponente d) ein Rutheniumsalz oder ein Goldsalz eingesetzt wird.4. Catalyst composition according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a ruthenium salt or a gold salt is used as component d).
5. Katalysator-Zusammensetzung nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Komponente b) ein Magnesiumsalz eingesetzt wird. 5. A catalyst composition according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a magnesium salt is used as component b).
6. Katalysator-Zusammensetzung nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Komponente c) ein Kaliumsalz eingesetzt wird.6. A catalyst composition according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a potassium salt is used as component c).
7. Katalysator-Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Träger Aluminiumoxid eingesetzt wird.7. Catalyst composition according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that aluminum oxide is used as the carrier.
8. Katalysator-Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Träger ein Porenvolumen im Bereich von 0,15 bis 0,75 cm Ig besitzt.8. Catalyst composition according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the carrier has a pore volume in the range from 0.15 to 0.75 cm Ig.
9. Katalysator-Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die spezifische Oberfläche des eingesetzten Trägers im Bereich von 20 bis 400 m2/g liegt.9. Catalyst composition according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the specific surface of the support used is in the range from 20 to 400 m 2 / g.
10. Katalysator-Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie als Festbett- Katalysator eingesetzt wird und die Form von Hohlzylindem oder Ringtabletten aufweist, deren Stirnflächen sowohl zum Außenrand als auch zum Rand der Innenbohrungen hin abgerundet sind.10. Catalyst composition according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it is used as a fixed bed catalyst and has the shape of hollow cylinders or ring tablets, the end faces of which are rounded off both towards the outer edge and towards the edge of the inner bores.
11. Verfahren zur Herstellung von 1,2 Dichlorethan zur Oxychlorierung von Ethylen unter Katalyse einer Katalysator-Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10.11. A process for the preparation of 1,2 dichloroethane for the oxychlorination of ethylene with catalysis of a catalyst composition according to one of claims 1 to 10.
12. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es sich um ein Kreislaufreaktorverfahren handelt.12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that it is a cycle reactor process.
13. Verfahren nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 11 oder 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Katalysator als Fließbett eingesetzt wird.13. The method according to at least one of claims 11 or 12, characterized in that the catalyst is used as a fluidized bed.
14. Verfahren nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 11 oder 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Katalysator als Festbett eingesetzt wird.14. The method according to at least one of claims 11 or 12, characterized in that the catalyst is used as a fixed bed.
15. Verfahren nach Ansprach 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Katalysator als Festbett in Form von Hohlzylindem oder Ringtabletten eingesetzt wird, deren Stirnflächen sowohl zum Außenrand als auch zu den Innenbohrungen hin abgerundet sind. 15. The method according spoke 14, characterized in that the catalyst is used as a fixed bed in the form of hollow cylinders or ring tablets, the end faces of which are rounded both towards the outer edge and towards the inner bores.
EP03704531A 2002-02-05 2003-02-04 Catalyst composition for oxychlorination Withdrawn EP1474233A2 (en)

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DE2002104608 DE10204608A1 (en) 2002-02-05 2002-02-05 Supported catalyst composition for the oxychlorination of ethylene comprises copper as copper salt and ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and/or platinum and/or gold
DE10204608 2002-02-05
DE10236254 2002-08-07
DE2002136254 DE10236254A1 (en) 2002-08-07 2002-08-07 Supported catalyst composition for the oxychlorination of ethylene comprises copper as copper salt and ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and/or platinum and/or gold
PCT/EP2003/001093 WO2003066214A2 (en) 2002-02-05 2003-02-04 Catalyst composition for oxychlorination

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