EP1465037A2 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wechselstromregelung - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wechselstromregelung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1465037A2
EP1465037A2 EP04076919A EP04076919A EP1465037A2 EP 1465037 A2 EP1465037 A2 EP 1465037A2 EP 04076919 A EP04076919 A EP 04076919A EP 04076919 A EP04076919 A EP 04076919A EP 1465037 A2 EP1465037 A2 EP 1465037A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
load
disturbances
switch
low frequency
power
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04076919A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1465037A3 (de
Inventor
Douglas S. Schatz
Richard A. Scholl
Geoffrey N. Drummond
David J. Christie
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Advanced Energy Industries Inc
Original Assignee
Advanced Energy Industries Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Advanced Energy Industries Inc filed Critical Advanced Energy Industries Inc
Priority claimed from EP99967731A external-priority patent/EP1155358B1/de
Publication of EP1465037A2 publication Critical patent/EP1465037A2/de
Publication of EP1465037A3 publication Critical patent/EP1465037A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F1/12—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is ac

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to alternating current regulation. Specifically, it provides a method and system for low cost regulation of alternating current applications and includes embodiments that may be useful for ac fault simulation, non-linear load power factor correction, and reactive load correction in three phase systems.
  • the dip is a reduction in voltage of less than 50% of the nominal voltage, with a duration of less than one second.
  • 95% of the problem-causing disturbances were dips in voltage which lasted less than 20 cycles (1/3 second) and in which the magnitude of the dip was less than 30% of nominal (i.e., 70% of the voltage remained).
  • DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer
  • the DVR can be made very large, and therefore capable of handling megawatts of power, and at high powers is reasonable in cost per kilowatt. Its disadvantages are the inability to provide smooth output power, as it can only switch in steps, and its large size and weight. Because of this large size and weight, it is not a portable device.
  • HSETS High Speed Electronic Transfer Switch
  • the HSETS is used when an alternate source of power is available from the utility. That is, the utility runs two power lines into the customer's facilities, one from each of two substations, and the HSETS can switch the input power to the facility from a source with a lowered voltage level to the second, backup source, which presumably is undisturbed.
  • optimum performance requires that the two sources be as independent of one another as possible, as a dip on both cannot be dealt with.
  • the cost is not high per megawatt handled, but as it must be installed together with an alternate power feed from a separate substation, and must handle the entire power load of the facility, the installation, or initial, cost is high, generally over $1,000,000.
  • a third solution involves storage of energy.
  • a storage unit stores energy which may be used to supplement the utility power during a dip and therefore provide unblemished power to the user's load.
  • the energy storage may be through an electric field device, such as a capacitor, a magnetic field device such as an inductor, a chemical device, such as a battery, or a mechanical device, such as a flywheel/generator.
  • Such devices have the advantage of being able to supply power during a complete outage, or blackout, because they can deliver the energy they have stored during normal operation. Also, they can maintain a constant output of power during a dip without drawing a proportional additional current from the incoming power line again because of the stored energy. They have two principal disadvantages: they are costly, and the stored energy can be dangerous if a fault causes it to be released abruptly.
  • a regulator of low frequency ac power as described heretofore is also an adjuster of low frequency ac power.
  • the term "regulator” implies a unit which contains circuitry to maintain the output voltage, current, or power at a constant value independent of changes in input line voltage or load impedance.
  • the term adjuster encompasses the concept of a regulator, but also may be used to describe a circuit which merely raises or lowers the output power, without the circuitry to maintain the output constant under changing conditions. That is, a regulator is a special case of the adjuster, with the regulation circuitry required to maintain the output.
  • variable transformers which can provide continuous adjustment, without regulation, of low frequency ac power, but these "variable auto transformers” are large, expensive, and heavy and have sliding contacts, or “brushes” which wear in time and cause reliability problems.
  • test setup must create a dip of just that length and no longer. This precludes the use of relays and mechanical contactors. Also, the test, to be accurate, must start a dip at any phase of the power line, and this requires a nicety of timing not possible with mechanical devices.
  • the only device available which can switch voltage levels fast enough is the DVR, and the nature of the semiconducting devices (thyristors) permits changes to be made only at the end of cycles if they are to last for a number of full cycles, and in any event the DVR is not portable, and portability is very important in test equipment.
  • Some loads have an entirely different problem for the power source: they have poor power factor. If the root-mean-square voltage times the root-mean-square current (called the VA product) is larger than the power, which can happen if there is a reactive component to the load impedance or if the load is non-linear, then transformers, circuit breakers, and other power delivery components must be increased to accommodate.
  • the ratio of power to VA product is called the power factor. If this ratio is less than about 0.9 it begins to be a problem in the power system, and in many districts the utility may charge more per unit of power if a facility has a low power factor.
  • the present invention also has the object of providing more stable performance into critical loads in the presence of incoming power which may vary rapidly.
  • the present invention provides a novel circuit operating at high frequency which can produce an output voltage higher than its input voltage without transformers or low frequency inductors, using switchmode power supply techniques, and a related circuit which can produce an output voltage smaller than its input voltage without transformers or low frequency inductors, also using switchmode power supply techniques. Both circuits can, with suitable control circuitry, correct power factor.
  • Switch 4 is closed periodically at a frequency f s for a fraction ⁇ of the period 1/f s .
  • current rises in inductor 3 at a rate equal to the input voltage V i divided by the inductance L of inductor 3.
  • switch 4 opens, the magnetic field of inductor 3 starts to collapse, which causes the voltage across switch 4 to rapidly rise. This causes conduction of diode 5, carrying the inductor current into load 7, at a higher voltage than V i . There is therefore a voltage difference across the inductor equal to the output voltage V o minus the input voltage V i .
  • This voltage difference causes a drop in the current in inductor 3, at a rate of (V o -V i )/L.
  • t c the time the switch is closed and t o is the time it is open.
  • the inductance L must be large enough to support a small change in current; this value depends upon the resistance R of the load 7 as well in a manner well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Diode 5 conducts only when switch 4 is open, so the diode and the switch conduct alternately.
  • a close relative of this circuit provides a "buck" circuit, as shown in Figure 2.
  • the diode 5 has exchanged positions with the switch 4 as compared to the boost circuit, and the circuit reversed input-to-output. Analysis of the operation of the buck circuit is along the same lines taken with the boost circuit.
  • the switch is closed the difference between the input and the output voltage appears across inductor 3, and when the switch is open the diode conducts to maintain the current in inductor 3 (note again that the switch and the diode conduct alternately).
  • the output voltage is smaller than the input voltage.
  • Both circuits can operate as dc transformers; that is, at a fixed duty factor ⁇ they have a constant ratio of input to output voltage.
  • the output variation will be a faithful representation of the input variation, but multiplied by the transformation ratio, which is bigger than unity for the boost circuit and smaller than unity for the buck circuit, provided that the switching period t c +t o is short compared to the variations in the input voltage.
  • Figure 3 wherein is depicted the beginning of a sinusoidal waveform. Superimposed on this is a series of pulses, each representing the closing-of switch 4, with the output waveform represented by the dark line.
  • the dark line approximates the sinusoid, and would more closely approximate it if the frequency of the pulses were higher (that is, if the pulses were more closely spaced). Either of the two circuits will produce this result, with the boost circuit "amplifying" the input voltage and the buck circuit "reducing" it.
  • Either circuit could be made to operate in a bipolar mode (i.e., with ac power), however, if advantage is taken of the fact that the diode and the switch conduct alternately. That is, if the diode is replaced by a switch, the circuit would operate on ac input, provided that the switches could conduct in both directions.
  • a semiconductor switch is generally able to operate in one direction of current flow only, but if the switch is placed within a diode bridge, the action of the four diodes is to force current flow through the switch always in the same direction regardless of the direction of current flow external to the bridge.
  • both halves of a sinusoidal input waveform could be handled with either a boost or buck configuration.
  • This approach permits the regulation of alternating powers.
  • a boost circuit may be used to compensate for dips in the incoming power
  • a buck circuit may be used to compensate for surges.
  • boost topology may be of higher practical value in some applications.
  • an amount of power surge could be handled by a boost topology as well.. This could occur -- without combining or perhaps further switching between boost and buck circuitry -- by lowering the nominal boost level during the power surge.
  • a buck circuit intended to handle surges may be used to handle a certain level of dips perhaps through a similar use of an autotransformer to provide slightly higher than nominal voltage, requiring a certain level of bucking action at nominal line. This "reserve" of buck may then be used to provide a measure of compensation for dips. In either case, the reserve (of buck or boost) and be available to handle at least some amount of an opposite condition.
  • each rectangle indicates a complete cycle of the switches in the circuit and again the dark line indicates the nature of the approximated output. Also as before, the higher the switching frequency (the shorter the period of the pulses) the closer the dark line would approximate the sinusoid. And again, either of the two circuits will produce this result, with the boost circuit "amplifying" the input voltage and the buck circuit "reducing" it.
  • the parallel bi-directional switch-element 12 replaces the switch in the boost arrangement; the series bi-directional switch element 13 replaces the diode in the boost arrangement.
  • the parallel bi-directional switch element 12 replaces the diode in the buck arrangement; the series bi-directional switch element 13 replaces the switch in the buck arrangement.
  • the diode bridge could be replaced by a series combination of FET devices, as shown n Figure 8a, or by a pair of series combinations of a diode and FET, said pair of elements placed in parallel, as shown in Figure 8b. Other combinations are possible as well, and any circuit which permits bilateral flow of current to be controlled by a drive signal will serve the purpose of the invention.
  • circuitry required to provide a drive signal to the semiconductor switch, or the logic to determine the timing of the drive pulses, as the exact method of accomplishing this would also be apparent to a worker skilled in the art.
  • circuitry would be required to measure the output voltage and adjust the length of the pulses to maintain the output voltage to a desired (nominal) level.
  • the output voltage of the regulator may be compared to a steady "reference" signal, and the conduction time of the switch adjusted to produce an output equal to the reference.
  • a steady smooth sinusoidal waveform of the same frequency as the power line may be used as a reference.
  • Such a waveform may be generated by a sine wave oscillator, or generated digitally by use of a sine table memory circuit coupled with a digital-to-analog converter. It will be clear that in the former case the oscillator may need to be phase locked to the power line to ensure that the comparison is made correctly, and in the latter case the lookup should be made synchronously with the power line perhaps through phase locking of the clock circuits to the power line.
  • the desired reference signal would be a simple dc level
  • the reference to which the output should be compared would be a standard sinusoidal signal, likely phase locked to the input sinusoid.
  • circuits may be used not only for output voltage regulation or simple adjustment, but also as a form of power factor regulation for non-linear loads. If a load is non linear, when a sinusoid of voltage is impressed upon it, the current will not be sinusoidal. The power, therefore, as the product of voltage and current is also non-sinusoidal, and therefore contains harmonic content. The resulting high frequency current components of the power can cause difficulties in the power distribution system. By modifying the control circuitry it is possible to create an output voltage with a waveform which is not a sinusoid, just so that the input current is kept sinusoidal, eliminating the harmonic currents. This is a type of power factor correction, for which the subject invention is well suited.
  • Figures 5 and 6 show the switch to be formed by an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) enclosed within a diode bridge
  • IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
  • FIGs 8a and 8b show the switch to be formed by an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) enclosed within a diode bridge
  • IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
  • FIGs 8a and 8b show the switch to be formed by an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) enclosed within a diode bridge
  • IGBT elements or Field Effect Transistors as shown in Figures 8a and 8b
  • these possibilities and others as heretofore mentioned may be employed and even mixed in a single embodiment without departing from the essence of the invention.
  • the Field Effect Transistors 15 may be configured with diodes 16 to achieve the desired effect. These arrangements may even be more efficient.
  • the diode bridge shown in Figures 5 and 6 has the advantage of requiring but a single switching element, with the diodes providing the
  • the diodes do, however, drop a certain small voltage. This voltage, multiplied by the load current, may represent a loss which is converted into heat in the diodes, and may need to be cooled as a result.
  • the configurations in Figures 8a and 8b while utilizing two switches, may present a smaller voltage drop than the diode bridge arrangement of Figures 5 and 6, and so may represent a smaller loss. That is, use of the switch elements of Figures 8a and 8b may generally result in a more efficient power regulator than possible using the diode bridge, although at a cost of additional switches and switch drive circuitry.
  • Figures 9a and 9b show two embodiments of a three-phase version of the ac regulator.
  • each phase may be regulated independently, or control circuits may be employed which couple the actions of the three regulators 16.
  • Figure 9a shows one arrangement in which the multiple phase supply (three phases are shown) is transformed by a y-delta transformer 18. The resulting signals are then regulated by conceptually separate regulators 16 as discussed earlier.
  • Figure 9b a similar arrangement is accomplished for a delta-y transformer 17.
  • each of the various elements of the invention and claims may also be achieved in a variety of manners.
  • This disclosure should be understood to encompass each such variation, be it a variation of an embodiment of any apparatus embodiment, a method or process embodiment, or even merely a variation of any element of these.
  • the words for each element may be expressed by equivalent apparatus terms or method terms -- even if only the function or result is the same.
  • Such equivalent, broader, or even more generic terms should be considered to be encompassed in the description of each element or action. Such terms can be substituted where desired to make explicit the implicitly broad coverage to which this invention is entitled.
  • the applicant should be understood to have support to claim at least: i) a regulator device as herein disclosed and described, ii) the related methods disclosed and described, iii) similar, equivalent, and even implicit variations of each of these devices and methods, iv) those alternative designs which accomplish each of the functions shown as are disclosed and described, v) those alternative designs and methods which accomplish each of the functions shown as are implicit to accomplish that which is disclosed and described, vi) each feature, component, and step shown as separate and independent inventions, and vii) the various combinations and permutations of each of the above.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)
EP04076919A 1998-12-30 1999-12-29 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wechselstromregelung Withdrawn EP1465037A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11419598P 1998-12-30 1998-12-30
US114195P 1998-12-30
EP99967731A EP1155358B1 (de) 1998-12-30 1999-12-29 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur wechselstromregelung

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99967731A Division EP1155358B1 (de) 1998-12-30 1999-12-29 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur wechselstromregelung

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EP1465037A2 true EP1465037A2 (de) 2004-10-06
EP1465037A3 EP1465037A3 (de) 2005-01-12

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1645235A1 (de) * 2004-10-08 2006-04-12 Sherwood Services AG Elektrochirurgisches System mit einer Vielzahl von Elektroden
EP1998241A1 (de) * 2007-05-30 2008-12-03 T.C.E. Tecnologie Costruzioni Elettroniche di G. Messina e. C. S.n.c. Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Stromwandlung
US7467075B2 (en) 2004-12-23 2008-12-16 Covidien Ag Three-dimensional finite-element code for electrosurgery and thermal ablation simulations
CN101866191A (zh) * 2010-03-16 2010-10-20 沈阳飞机工业（集团）有限公司 交流稳压电源整体校准方法
US8292880B2 (en) 2007-11-27 2012-10-23 Vivant Medical, Inc. Targeted cooling of deployable microwave antenna
US8672937B2 (en) 2006-07-28 2014-03-18 Covidien Ag Cool-tip thermocouple including two-piece hub
US8795270B2 (en) 2006-04-24 2014-08-05 Covidien Ag System and method for ablating tissue
US8956350B2 (en) 2007-01-31 2015-02-17 Covidien Lp Thermal feedback systems and methods of using the same
US20150280596A1 (en) * 2012-10-15 2015-10-01 Avo Multi-Amp Corporation D/B/A Megger Single Phase AC Chopper for High Current Control of Complex and Simple Loads
US9700366B2 (en) 2008-08-01 2017-07-11 Covidien Lp Polyphase electrosurgical system and method
US9877769B2 (en) 2008-07-22 2018-01-30 Covidien Lp Electrosurgical devices, systems and methods of using the same

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7553309B2 (en) 2004-10-08 2009-06-30 Covidien Ag Electrosurgical system employing multiple electrodes and method thereof
US7776035B2 (en) 2004-10-08 2010-08-17 Covidien Ag Cool-tip combined electrode introducer
US20070260240A1 (en) 2006-05-05 2007-11-08 Sherwood Services Ag Soft tissue RF transection and resection device
US9486269B2 (en) 2007-06-22 2016-11-08 Covidien Lp Electrosurgical systems and cartridges for use therewith
US8181995B2 (en) 2007-09-07 2012-05-22 Tyco Healthcare Group Lp Cool tip junction

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3825815A (en) * 1973-06-12 1974-07-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrical power system
US4651265A (en) * 1985-07-29 1987-03-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Active power conditioner system

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3825815A (en) * 1973-06-12 1974-07-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrical power system
US4651265A (en) * 1985-07-29 1987-03-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Active power conditioner system

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2221018A3 (de) * 2004-10-08 2012-05-02 Covidien AG Elektrochirurgisches System mit einer Vielzahl von Elektroden
EP1645235A1 (de) * 2004-10-08 2006-04-12 Sherwood Services AG Elektrochirurgisches System mit einer Vielzahl von Elektroden
US7467075B2 (en) 2004-12-23 2008-12-16 Covidien Ag Three-dimensional finite-element code for electrosurgery and thermal ablation simulations
US8795270B2 (en) 2006-04-24 2014-08-05 Covidien Ag System and method for ablating tissue
US8672937B2 (en) 2006-07-28 2014-03-18 Covidien Ag Cool-tip thermocouple including two-piece hub
US9848932B2 (en) 2006-07-28 2017-12-26 Covidien Ag Cool-tip thermocouple including two-piece hub
US9833287B2 (en) 2007-01-31 2017-12-05 Covidien Lp Thermal feedback systems and methods of using the same
US8956350B2 (en) 2007-01-31 2015-02-17 Covidien Lp Thermal feedback systems and methods of using the same
EP1998241A1 (de) * 2007-05-30 2008-12-03 T.C.E. Tecnologie Costruzioni Elettroniche di G. Messina e. C. S.n.c. Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Stromwandlung
US8292880B2 (en) 2007-11-27 2012-10-23 Vivant Medical, Inc. Targeted cooling of deployable microwave antenna
US9877769B2 (en) 2008-07-22 2018-01-30 Covidien Lp Electrosurgical devices, systems and methods of using the same
US10524850B2 (en) 2008-07-22 2020-01-07 Covidien Lp Electrosurgical devices, systems and methods of using the same
US9700366B2 (en) 2008-08-01 2017-07-11 Covidien Lp Polyphase electrosurgical system and method
CN101866191B (zh) * 2010-03-16 2012-10-24 沈阳飞机工业（集团）有限公司 交流稳压电源整体校准方法
CN101866191A (zh) * 2010-03-16 2010-10-20 沈阳飞机工业（集团）有限公司 交流稳压电源整体校准方法
US20150280596A1 (en) * 2012-10-15 2015-10-01 Avo Multi-Amp Corporation D/B/A Megger Single Phase AC Chopper for High Current Control of Complex and Simple Loads
US9787208B2 (en) * 2012-10-15 2017-10-10 Avo Multi-Amp Corporation Single phase AC chopper for high current control of complex and simple loads

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