Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
  • H01Q7/04—Screened antennas
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop

Definitions

• the present invention relates, in general, to electromagnetic detection systems, such as systems ensuring the detection of objects, for example stolen objects. More particularly, this invention is concerned with a device for controlling the transmission antennas in such electromagnetic detection systems.
• detection systems In various fields of activity, detection systems are used which exploit the particular characteristics of certain magnetic materials, to inform the user of the presence of such materials in a specific volume of space for each type of system.
• the preferred areas for the use of such systems are, for example, anti-theft protection in stores and warehouses, authentication of products and information carriers, detection of surgical products forgotten inside the body of patients after an operation, and all other areas in which we seek to measure small variations within an intense electromagnetic field.
• the currently known electromagnetic detection systems use the following principle:
• a first antenna or, more often than not, an assembly made up of several elementary antennas, is supplied by an electronic power amplifier which forces the circulation of an alternating current in the antenna.
• This current creates an alternating electromagnetic field in a volume of space characteristic of the shape of the antenna and with an intensity proportional to the value of the current.
• This antenna is called the transmitting antenna.
• a second antenna called reception antenna or, more generally, a set of several elementary antennas, is the seat of an induced current depending on the shape of this antenna, and variations in the electromagnetic flux passing through it.
• a compensation, balancing and filtering system makes it possible to make the receiving antenna and its associated amplifier circuits sensitive to the presence of elements of particular magnetic materials, when these elements are excited by the emission field.
• a wide variety of such "markers” are used incorporating various types of magnetic materials.
• a computing unit most often electronic, controls the transmission current, formats the reception signals and evaluates a diagnosis of the presence or absence of a "marker”; it also provides links between systems and external devices.
• Current electromagnetic detection systems practically all use a tuned transmit circuit, that is to say that the transmit antenna is associated with capacitive, inductive and resistive components which create an overvoltage for the characteristic frequency (s). of each system.
• the tuned transmission circuits are useful for increasing the current in the transmitting antennas without using an excessively large power amplifier.
• any tuned circuit having a significant overvoltage factor it takes here a relatively long time to modify the amplitude or the phase of the alternating current circulating in the antennas.
• you wish to modify the transmission frequency you must plan to modify the tuning of the tuned circuit, which is costly because it is a power circuit in which large currents flow and which uses components expensive and bulky; this function is absolutely essential in many systems because it is necessary to be able to synchronize several devices exactly on the same frequency so that they do not disturb each other when they are placed in the same environment.
• the modification of the phase of the current makes it possible, for its part, to modify the preferential directions of the electromagnetic fields emitted and thus to detect "markers" whose direction of maximum sensitivity is variable.
• the present invention aims to eliminate all of these drawbacks, and it therefore aims to greatly simplify the "emission" part for electromagnetic detection systems of the type concerned here, thereby providing significant cost savings, while giving the possibility of implementing very easily, and without expensive additional device, functions which are desired such as the possibility of instantaneously control the frequencies, amplitudes and phases of the currents flowing in several antenna elements, this by proposing direct control of the transmitting antenna, without any element of agreement between the power amplifier and the antenna.
• the subject of the invention is essentially a device for controlling the transmission antennas of the electromagnetic detection systems, in a continuous transmission detection system comprising at least one transmission antenna and at least one reception antenna. , the or each transmitting antenna being supplied by an electronic power amplifier, and the or each receiving antenna being connected to a compensation circuit, the device consisting mainly, and in combination:
• At least one transmitting antenna element proper not tuned in frequency
• - at least one simplified power amplifier operating in "all or nothing", of the "H-bridge” or “half” type -Bridge “or” quarter-bridge ", the or each transmitting antenna element being directly coupled to this power amplifier
• the idea underlying the invention consists in directly coupling the transmitting antenna to its power amplifier, without adaptation components such as transformers, inductors or capacitors, the amplifier preferably being of the so-called “ H-shaped bridge ", but can also use the so-called” half-bridge “or even” quarter-bridge “topology, as specified below. In all cases, it is a simplified amplifier, operating in “all or nothing", directly controlled by signals of digital type, that is to say having a level "zero” or a level "one ".
• the direct coupling between the transmitting antenna and the amplifier makes it possible to rapidly vary the frequency of the electromagnetic field emitted by the antenna, and also to rapidly vary the phase of the electromagnetic field emitted by this antenna.
• the transmitting antenna and the amplifier are supplied by an electronic power supply circuit of the "power factor corrector" type, it is also possible to rapidly vary the amplitude of the electromagnetic field emitted by the antenna, by variation of the electric voltage supplied to the power amplifier by such a supply circuit.
• the or each transmission amplifier is an amplifier of the "H-bridge" type, with four branches each comprising an active switching element and a passive recovery element, mounted in parallel, the four branches being connected to power supplies, and their switching elements also being connected, by means of control stages, to an electronic stage for shaping the control signals.
• the or each transmission amplifier is an amplifier of the “half-H-bridge” type, with four branches, two of which comprise an active switching element and a passive recovery element, mounted in parallel, while the other two forms are produced by at least one condenser and / or at least one power supply, the switching elements of the first two forms being connected, via at least one control stage, to an electronic stage for shaping the control signals.
• the or each transmission amplifier is an amplifier of the "quarter-H-bridge" type, with four branches, only one of which comprises an active switching element and a passive recovery element, mounted in parallel, while the other branches are produced by at least one capacitor and / or by at least one power supply, the switching element of the first branch being connected, via a control stage, to an electronic switching stage in the form of control signals.
• the performance of the amplifier is degraded, since the single active element can control the current in the transmitting antenna only in one direction.
• capacitors used in the passive branches of the H-bridges have the role of providing return points for the antenna current. emission, with suitable electrical voltages; these capacitors have, in general, a capacity of great value and they are not used here to tune the circuit they compose with the inductance of the associated antenna element.
• the or each power amplifier is designed to circulate, in the transmitting antenna element directly coupled to this amplifier, a current essentially of "triangular" shape, the voltage in the same transmitting antenna element having the appearance of a "square” signal.
• the emission amplifiers are themselves advantageously controlled by "square" input signals of maximum amplitude, which makes it possible to simplify their design to the extreme, to reduce the number of components and to reduce the heat dissipation, as well as the surface of the heat sinks used to evacuate the heat produced.
• the current flowing in the or each transmitting antenna element can be modulated in frequency and / or in phase and / or amplitude, this according to any desired law of variation, for example sinusoidal, triangular, square or random.
• any desired law of variation for example sinusoidal, triangular, square or random.
• the or each compensation circuit receiving the signal from a receiving antenna element, comprises an adaptation and amplification circuit, capacitors, inductors and switches, arranged to weaken the transient signals created in the receiving antenna element, in particular during voltage reversals when the amplifier is switched, and also during current reversals in the antenna, to compensate for the effects of the passage current in the amplifier, which occurs alternately in the active switching element (s) and in the passive recovery element (s).
• the components used to perform the compensation function can also perform the balancing function between several receiving antenna elements, in order to attenuate the signals created in the receiving antenna by the proximity of the transmitting antenna and of magnetic materials.
• the solution of a compensation circuit, inserted in the reception channel is more efficient and less costly than adapters made on the amplifier. emission, for example by multiplying the active switching elements or by using complementary bias power supplies for the active switching elements and the passive recovery elements.
• FIG. 1 is a general block diagram of a detection antenna system, with the associated electronic circuits;
• FIG. 2 represents a first embodiment of the invention, with an amplifier of the "H-bridge" type connected to a transmitting antenna element:
• Figure 3 shows a second embodiment of the invention, with an amplifier of the "half-bridge" type connected to a transmitting antenna element;
• Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating examples of current and voltage shapes in a transmitting antenna element
• Figure 5 shows, in more detail, an exemplary embodiment of the compensation circuit.
• Figure 1 shows a typical antenna of an electromagnetic detection system of stolen objects, the antenna generally designated by the reference 2 comprising a mechanical assembly 3, supporting the windings of the transmitting and receiving antennas.
• the transmit antennas here include two transmit antenna elements 4, while the receive antennas include two receive antenna elements 5.
• the two transmit antenna elements 4, as are the two elements receiving antenna 5, form two balanced branches, for example of triangular shape, which offset one another.
• An amplifier is provided for each of the two transmitting antenna elements 4, ie in the example illustrated two amplifiers 6.
• the output of each amplifier 6 is electrically connected to the corresponding transmitting antenna element 4 .
• the system has a general electrical supply 7, from the AC electrical distribution network, or from any other source of electrical energy, such as batteries, cells or solar cells.
• General power supply 7 serves two specific electrical power supplies 8, respectively associated with the two emission amplifiers 6. The output of each particular power supply 8 is connected to the corresponding emission amplifier 6.
• Each receiving antenna element 5 is associated with a compensation circuit 9.
• the system also includes an electronic processing unit 10, which performs the following functions (in conjunction with the other components):
• the unit 10 sends control signals to the amplifiers 6. After amplification, these signals define the time form of the signal emitted by the transmitting antenna elements 4.
• the unit 10 sends control signals to the power supplies 8, to control their output voltage which supplies the amplifiers 6 and defines the amplitude of the currents flowing in the transmitting antenna elements 4, therefore the intensity of the fields electromagnetic emitted by these antenna elements 4.
• the unit 10 controls the compensation circuits 9 connected to the receiving antenna elements 5, and receives the compensated signals from these circuits 10, signals on which it performs the processing making it possible to develop the decision to detect the presence of "markers" in the antenna field 2.
• the unit 10 has (as symbolized by arrows on the right of FIG. 1) interfaces for transmitting or receiving information from the peripheral systems.
• FIG. 2 represents, in detail, an amplifier 6 associated with a transmitting antenna element 4, the amplifier 6 being of the "H-bridge" type.
• Each of the four branches of such an "H-bridge” comprises an active switching element 11 and a passive recovery element 12, mounted in parallel, the arrows indicating the direction of current flow in these elements 11 and 12.
• the active switching element 11 is for example a bipolar or field effect transistor, a thyristor or an IGBT transistor.
• the passive recovery element 12 is for example a diode.
• Power supplies 13 supply the active switching elements 11 with the power necessary for the appropriate voltage. These power supplies 13 also absorb the currents directed by the passive recovery elements 12.
• Electronic control stages 14 control the active switching elements 11, each stage 14 being associated with a pair of switching elements 11.
• the control stage 14 makes a switching element 11 of the pair concerned conductive, at the same time that it makes the other switching element 11 isolated, this alternately for an element 11 (such as that at the top) and the other element 11 (such as that at the bottom).
• This control stage 14 can be produced with discrete electronic components, or with specialized integrated circuits.
• the amplifier 6 of the "H-bridge” type comprises an electronic stage 15 for shaping the control signals.
• Stage 15 receives the signals from the processing unit 10 (FIG. 1), and adapts them so that they can be used by the control stages 14.
• the amplifier 6 of the "H-bridge” type, constituted as just described, is directly coupled to the associated transmitting antenna element 4.
• FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the amplifier 6 associated with a transmitting antenna element 4. This is here of an amplifier of the “half-bridge” type, still directly coupled to the transmitting antenna element 4.
• Two branches of the H-bridge of FIG. 2, previously described, are here replaced by one or more capacitors 16 , usable alone or in combination with one or more complementary power supplies, such as that indicated in 17.
• the current i in the transmitting antenna element 4 has, as a function of time t, the shape illustrated in the lower part of FIG. 4.
• the current i is here, basically, of "triangular" shape.
• the voltage V in the same transmitting antenna element 4 this has the appearance of a "square” signal, as illustrated in the upper part of FIG. 4, this assuming that the amplifier d 'emission 6 is controlled on its input by a signal itself “square”.
• this "square" signal can be frequency modulated.
• the emission amplifier 6 is, for example, well suited to a device supplied by an alternating 110-volt network, while the " half bridge "( Figure 3) is advantageous in the case of an alternative 220-volt network; in fact, the "half-bridge" supplies the transmitting antenna element 4 with an alternating voltage whose value is equal to half that provided by the complete "H-bridge".
• FIG. 5 represents the compensation circuit 9, associated with a receiving antenna element 5.
• the compensation circuit 9 comprises an impedance and amplification adaptation circuit 18, capacitors 19, 20 and 21 , inductors 22, 23, 24 and 25, and switches 26 and 27, the latter being controlled by the electronic processing unit 10 (FIG. 1), in synchronism with the voltages V and the currents i (FIG. 4) of the transmitting antenna elements 4.
• the compensation circuit 9, thus formed ensures the shaping of the reception signals R, in particular to reduce the phenomenon of disturbance of the overall "triangular" shape of the current I by a small voltage step at times when the direction of this current reverses, the "H-bridge" then passing from an operation controlled by the switching elements 11 to an operation controlled by the recovery elements 12 ( Figures 2 and 3) .
• the compensation circuit 9 thus provides filtering which suppresses the transients appearing on the reception signal, mainly during reversals of the direction of current i.
• the compensation circuit 9 also intervenes during inversions of the direction of variation of the current i, that is to say at the passages through the maxima and minima of the "triangle" (FIG. 4).
• the compensation circuit 9 performs balancing to compensate for residual imbalances in the reception signal R, between the positive and negative half-waves; these imbalances having an internal origin, due to the construction tolerances of the system, and also an extreme origin, for example due to asymmetries of electromagnetic impedance of the plysic environment of the antenna 2.
• the electromagnetic detection system is applicable not only to the detection of stolen objects, but also to the detection of other objects and, more generally, to all detections based on small variations inside a intense electromagnetic field.
• a particular application of the invention is the detection of the presence of a material capable of being more or less noisy in vibration when it is subjected to the electromagnetic field emitted by the system, which is the case, for example, for magnetostrictive materials.
• the increase in the transmission frequency is then used to place this frequency in the inaudible range, that is to say typically above 20 kHz, in order to limit a possible acoustic disturbance.
• the presence of materials liable to enter into vibration in this way can be detected automatically, for example by means of a microphone sensitive to the acoustic noise generated by the material in question; if detected, the system then automatically enters a high frequency transmission mode.
• the system can be the same as that used to detect the markers for the detection of stolen objects, the electronic processing unit however using specific software for this additional function.
• the device by controlling the device according to any desired mode, in particular by varying the frequency, or the phase, or the amplitude of the electromagnetic field emitted by the antenna elements, this according to any law of variation, by modifying or adapting the shape triangular of the current flowing through the transmitting antenna element (s);

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• 2001
  • 2001-12-21 FR FR0116766A patent/FR2834132B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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