EP1456177A1 - Method for preparing lactam - Google Patents

Method for preparing lactam

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Publication number
EP1456177A1
EP1456177A1 EP02799811A EP02799811A EP1456177A1 EP 1456177 A1 EP1456177 A1 EP 1456177A1 EP 02799811 A EP02799811 A EP 02799811A EP 02799811 A EP02799811 A EP 02799811A EP 1456177 A1 EP1456177 A1 EP 1456177A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
catalyst
equal
pore volume
chosen
clays
Prior art date
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Application number
EP02799811A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Philippe Leconte
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Rhodia Operations SAS
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Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates SAS
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Publication of EP1456177A1 publication Critical patent/EP1456177A1/en
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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D201/00Preparation, separation, purification or stabilisation of unsubstituted lactams
    • C07D201/02Preparation of lactams
    • C07D201/08Preparation of lactams from carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. hydroxy carboxylic acids, lactones or nitriles
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D223/00Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D223/02Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D223/06Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D223/08Oxygen atoms
    • C07D223/10Oxygen atoms attached in position 2
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the preparation of lactam by cyclization of esters and amides of 6-aminocaproic acid.
  • Aliphatic lactams such as in particular epsilon-caprolactam, are basic compounds for the preparation of polyamides (polyamide 6 from caprolactam).
  • One of the known means of preparing these lactams consists in carrying out a cyclizing hydrolysis of the corresponding aminonitriies, more particularly of the unbranched aliphatic aminonitriies, by passage in vapor phase with water over a solid catalyst.
  • US Pat. No. 2,357,484 describes a process for the preparation in the vapor phase of lactam, consisting in passing a mixture of water and aminonitrile over a catalyst, such as activated alumina, silica gel or borophosphoric acid.
  • a catalyst such as activated alumina, silica gel or borophosphoric acid.
  • US Patent 4,628,085 has proposed a process for the preparation of lactams in the vapor phase, comprising contacting an aliphatic or aromatic aminonitrile and water with a silica catalyst, in the form of spherical particles having a BET surface. greater than 250m 2 / g and an average pore diameter less than 20 nm, and generally in the presence of hydrogen and ammonia.
  • Another possible route of access to caprolactam consists of a cyclization reaction of compounds such as 6-aminocaproic acid, esters of 6-aminocaproic acid, 6-aminocaproamide or their mixtures.
  • patents WO98 / 37063 and EP 1 028109 describe a process for the cyclization of these compounds in the presence of superheated steam.
  • US Patent 5,973,143 also describes the cyclization of these compounds in a liquid medium with an alcohol as solvent.
  • the invention consists of a process for preparing lactam by cyclization in the vapor phase of a compound chosen from the group comprising the esters or amides of 6-aminocaproic acid or their mixtures, characterized in that the reaction is carried out in the presence of a solid catalyst.
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of water in vapor form.
  • This water limits the production of by-products and promotes the recovery of caprolactam.
  • the catalyst of the invention is chosen from the group comprising metal oxides such as aluminas, for example, zeolites, clays, metal phosphates.
  • the clays suitable for the invention are in particular phyllosilicates which are classified by groups according to their nature and their physicochemical properties, groups among which mention may be made of kaolins, serpentines, smectites or montmorillonites, illites or micas, glauconites, chlorites or vermiculites, attapulgites or sepiolite, mixed-layer clays, allophanes or imogolites and clays with a high alumina content.
  • Certain clays have a lamellar structure with an expandable network. They have the particularity of adsorbing various solvents, in particular water, between the sheets which compose them, which causes swelling of the solid as a result of the weakening of the electrostatic connections between the sheets.
  • These clays essentially belong to the group of smectites (or group of montmorillonite) and for some of them to the group of vermiculites.
  • Their structure is made up of “elementary” sheets with three layers: two simple layers of SiO tetrahedra in which part of the silicon can be replaced by other cations in tetrahedral position such as A
  • This octahedral layer consists of a compact stack of oxygen originating either from the vertices of the preceding tetrahedra or from OH hydroxyl groups.
  • the compact hexagonal network of these oxygen contains 6 octahedral cavities.
  • the layer When the metal cations occupy 4 of these cavities (2 cavities out of 3 as in the case of aluminum for example), the layer is said to be dioctahedral; when they occupy all the cavities (3 cavities out of 3 as in the case of magnesium for example), the layer is said to be trioctahedral.
  • the elementary sheets of these clays carry negative charges which are compensated for by the presence of exchangeable, alkaline cations such as Li + , Na + , K + , alkaline earths such as Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , and possibly the hydronium ion H 3 0 + .
  • the smectites have charge densities on the sheets lower than those of clays of the vermiculite type: approximately 0.66 charges per elementary mesh against 1 to 1.4 charges per elementary mesh for the vermiculites.
  • the compensating cations are essentially sodium and calcium in smectites, magnesium and calcium in vermiculites. From the point of view of charge densities, smectites and vermiculites are intermediate between talc and pyrophyllite on the one hand, whose sheets are neutral and micas on the other hand, characterized by a high charge density on the sheets (approximately 2 per elementary mesh) generally compensated by K + ions.
  • interfoliar cations of smectites and vermiculites can be fairly easily replaced by ion exchange by other cations such as, for example, ammonium ions or ions of alkaline earth metals or rare earth metals.
  • the swelling properties of clays depend on various factors including the charge density and the nature of the compensating cation.
  • smectites the charge density of which is lower than that of vermiculites, have swelling properties clearly superior to those of the latter, and therefore constitute a very interesting class of solids.
  • the repetitive distance or basal spacing represents the shortest distance separating two crystallographically identical patterns located in two adjacent sheets.
  • the basic spacing of the smectites can thus reach, by swelling, values ranging from about 1 nm to more than 2 nm.
  • swelling phyllitous silicates of the smectite type
  • main solids of general formula may be mentioned:
  • M 2 is the metal in octahedral position
  • M 3 is the metal in tetrahedral position x is the number of charges provided by the cation Mi
  • the clay which constitutes the catalyst for cyclization of the esters or amides of 6-aminocaproic acid into lactam is a smectite. More preferably, the clay is montmorillonite.
  • a method consisting in introducing bridges constituted by oligomers of a metal hydroxide, in particular aluminum hydroxide, has been described by LAHAV, SHAMI and SHABTAI in Clays and Clays Ore, vol.26 (n ° 2 ), p. 107-115 (1978) and in French patent 2,394,324.
  • the formation of bridges consisting of oligomers of mixed hydroxides of silicon and boron is described in US Pat. No. 4,248,739.
  • a technique for bridging smectites, by dialysis, using aluminum hydroxides, chromium, zirconium and titanium, etc. is claimed in patent EP 0.073.7 8.
  • These methods consist in principle of bringing the clay into contact with a solution containing more or less oligomerized ionic species of the hydroxyaluminic type (in the case of aluminum). This operation is generally carried out in a slightly concentrated solution, at a temperature below 80 ° C. and if possible in the absence of cloudiness consisting of the start of precipitation of the metal hydroxide.
  • concentrations of metal ion and clay must be optimized so that sufficient solid pillars are formed and the porosity of the clay is not greatly reduced by the insertion of too much metal oxide.
  • the bridged smectites acquire a strong acidity although globally lower than those of conventional zeolites of type Y or mordenite for example.
  • the clay used as a catalyst for cyclization of esters or amides of 6-aminocaproic acid into lactam is bridged.
  • the catalyst can comprise, in addition to a clay, one or more other metallic compounds, often called dopants, such as for example chromium, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron compounds, zinc.
  • dopants such as for example chromium, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron compounds, zinc.
  • these dopants usually represent, by weight per weight of clay, from 0% to 10% and preferably from 0% to 5%.
  • metal compound means both the metal element and the metal ion or any combination comprising the metal element.
  • Another preferred catalyst class of the invention consists of a particulate catalyst obtained by shaping at least one simple or mixed mineral oxide of at least one element chosen from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, rare earths.
  • the particulate catalyst comprises at least one macroporosity characterized by a pore volume corresponding to the pores with a diameter greater than 500 ⁇ , greater than or equal to 5 ml / 100 g.
  • This macroporosity is advantageously formed during the process of forming the particles by techniques described below or as, for example, the addition of porogen.
  • the catalyst can be used in various forms such as balls, crushed, extruded in the form of hollow or solid cylindrical granules, honeycomb, pellets, the shaping possibly being possible using a binder. .
  • beads of mineral oxides resulting from shaping by oil-drop can for example be prepared by a process similar to that described for the formation of alumina beads in patents EP-A-0 015 801 or EP-A-0 097 539.
  • the control of the porosity can be produced in particular, according to the process described in patent EP-A-0 097539, by coagulation in drops of a suspension, of an aqueous dispersion of mineral oxide.
  • the balls can also be obtained by the agglomeration process in a bezel or rotating drum.
  • the porosity of these extrudates can be controlled by the choice of the oxide used and by the conditions of preparation of this oxide or by the conditions of kneading of this oxide before extrusion.
  • the mineral oxide can thus be mixed during mixing with porogens.
  • the extrudates can be prepared by the process described in US Pat. No. 3,856,708.
  • the catalyst particles have a specific surface greater than 10 m 2 / g and a pore volume equal to or greater than 10 ml / 100 g, the pore volume corresponding to pores with a diameter greater than 500 ⁇ being greater than or equal to 10 ml / 100 g.
  • the catalyst particles have a specific surface greater than 50 m 2 / g.
  • they have a total pore volume greater than or equal to 15 ml / 100 g with a pore volume corresponding to the pores with a diameter greater than 200 ⁇ , greater than or equal to 15 ml / 100 g, preferably greater than or equal to 20 ml / 100 g.
  • These particulate catalysts can also comprise at least one element chosen from the list consisting of silicon, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, rare earths or by deposition and / or adsorption of at least one oxygen-containing compound of at least one element chosen from the group consisting of elements belonging to groups 1 to 16 of the universal classification of elements (new classification), this list also including rare earths. These elements or compounds are deposited or adsorbed on the particulate catalyst.
  • these elements are advantageously chosen from the list comprising silicon, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, phosphorus, boron, iron, alkalis, alkaline earths, rare earths.
  • the oxygenated compound is advantageously a simple or mixed oxide of one or more of the elements mentioned above.
  • the porous catalyst is preferably an aluminum oxide.
  • this alumina has the characteristics of specific surface and distribution of pores defined above.
  • the concentration by weight of oxygenated compound supported on a porous support is advantageously between 1000 ppm and 30% expressed in mass of element of the oxygenated compound relative to the total mass of the catalyst. This concentration is more preferably between 0.5% and 15% by weight.
  • the porous supports correspond to aluminas in accordance with the invention, these are generally obtained by dehydration of gibbsite, bayerite, nordstandite or of their various mixtures. The different processes for preparing aluminas are described in the KIRK-OTHMER encyclopedia, volume 2, pages 291 - 297.
  • the aluminas used in the present process can be prepared by contacting a hydrated alumina, in finely form divided, with a stream of hot gas at a temperature between 400 ° C and 1000 ° C, then maintaining contact between the hydrate and the gases for a period ranging from a fraction of a second to 10 seconds and finally separation of the partially dehydrated alumina and the hot gases.
  • a stream of hot gas at a temperature between 400 ° C and 1000 ° C
  • alumina agglomerates obtained previously in an aqueous medium, optionally in the presence of acid, at a temperature above 100 ° C. and preferably between 150 ° C. and 250 ° C., for preferably between 1 and 20 hours, then drying and calcining.
  • the calcination temperature is adjusted so as to obtain specific surfaces and pore volumes located in the zones of values indicated above.
  • the catalysts of the invention advantageously have a specific surface greater than 50 m 2 / g.
  • they advantageously have pores with a diameter greater than 0.1 ⁇ m, the pore volume provided by these pores being greater than or equal to 5 ml / 100 g, advantageously greater than or equal to 10 ml / 100 g.
  • these catalysts also comprise pores with a diameter equal to or greater than 0.5 ⁇ m, the corresponding pore volume being equal to or greater than 5 ml / 100 g, preferably greater than or equal to 10 ml / 100 g.
  • This pore volume generated by the pores with a diameter greater than 500 ⁇ , preferably greater than 0.1 ⁇ m and advantageously greater than 0.5 ⁇ m makes it possible to obtain catalysts with a long cycle time as a catalyst for the cyclization reaction.
  • esters or amides of 6-aminocaproic acid in lactams can be used in industrial processes for the production of lactams.
  • the catalysts comprising oxygenated compounds supported by a porous catalyst are obtained, generally by impregnation of the catalyst, in particular of alumina, by a solution of a salt or compounds of the elements mentioned above, then dried and calcined at a temperature equal to or greater than 400 ° C, to optionally and advantageously transform said compounds or salts into oxygenated compounds, preferably into oxides.
  • the oxides are deposited on the surface of the pores of the porous catalyst.
  • the element compounds can be added to the material constituting the porous catalyst before it is formed or during the forming process.
  • the calcination of the impregnated catalysts is preferably carried out under an oxidizing atmosphere such as air.
  • the catalyst can be a metal phosphate of general formula:
  • M O
  • - Imp represents a basic impregnation compound consisting of an alkali or alkaline-earth metal, or mixtures of several of these metals, associated with a counter anion to ensure electrical neutrality, - n represents 1, 2 or 3,
  • - p represents a number between 0 and 1/3 and corresponds to a molar ratio between the impregnating Imp and the impregnated ( ⁇ 4) n H ⁇ M.
  • metals of groups 2a, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b, 8, 2b, 3a, 4a and 5a of the periodic table of the elements there may be mentioned in particular beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminum, boron, gallium, Pindium, yttrium, lanthanides such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium, zirconium, titanium, vanadium, niobium, iron, germanium, tin, bismuth.
  • beryllium magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminum, boron, gallium, Pindium, yttrium, lanthanides such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium,
  • lanthanide phosphates a first family can be distinguished which groups the light rare earth orphophosphates, also called ceric rare earths, including lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and europium. These orthophosphates are dimorphic. They have a hexagonal structure and evolve towards a monoclinic structure, when they are heated to a temperature of 600 to 800 ° C.
  • a second family of lanthanide phosphates groups the gadolinium, terbium and dysprosium orthophosphates. These orthophosphates have the same structure as the ceric rare earth orthophosphates, but also have a third crystalline phase of quadratic structure at high temperature (around 1700 ° C).
  • a third family of lanthanide phosphates includes the orthophosphates of heavy rare earths, also called yttric rare earths, including yttrium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium. These compounds crystallize only in the quadratic form.
  • ceric rare earth orthophosphates preferential use is made of ceric rare earth orthophosphates. It is possible to use metal phosphates of the preceding formula which are mixtures of phosphates from several of the metals indicated above or mixed phosphates from several of the metals indicated above or alternatively mixed phosphates containing one or more of the metals indicated above and one or more other metals such as alkali or alkaline earth metals.
  • the counter anions entering the formula of the impregnation compound Imp are basic. It is possible in particular to use the hydroxide, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, benzoate, oxalate ions, without these citations being limiting.
  • the molar ratio p is preferably between 0.02 and 0.2. If we refer to the general techniques for the preparation of phosphates (as described in particular in "PASCAL P. New treaty of mineral chemistry” volume X (1956), pages 821-823 and in "GMELINS Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie” (8 th edition) volume 16 (C), pages 202-206 (1965), we can distinguish two main routes of access to phosphates: On the one hand, the precipitation of a soluble salt of the metal (chloride, nitrate) by l ammonium hydrogen phosphate or phosphoric acid, on the other hand, dissolving the metal oxide or carbonate (insoluble) with phosphoric acid, usually hot, followed by precipitation.
  • the precipitated phosphates obtained according to one of the indicated routes can be dried, treated with an organic base (such as ammonia) or mineral (such as an alkali metal hydroxide) and be subjected to calcination, these three operations being able to be performed in the order indicated or in a different order.
  • an organic base such as ammonia
  • mineral such as an alkali metal hydroxide
  • the metal phosphates of the preceding formula for which the symbol p is greater than 0, can be prepared by impregnating the compound (P ⁇ 4) n H n M prepared according to one of the techniques described above, with a solution or a suspension of Imp in a volatile solvent, such as water preferably.
  • an advantageous process for the preparation of these phosphates consists of: a) carrying out the synthesis of the compound (P04) n H ⁇ M; then preferably without separating (P ⁇ 4) n H ⁇ M from the reaction medium; b) introducing the impregnating agent Imp into the reaction medium; c) separating any residual liquid from the reaction solid; d) dry and possibly calcine.
  • the performance of these catalysts and in particular their resistance to deactivation can be further improved by calcination.
  • the calcination temperature will advantageously be between 300 ° C and 1000 ° C and preferably between 400 ° C and 900 ° C.
  • the duration of the calcination can vary within wide limits. As an indication, it is generally between 1 hour and 24 hours.
  • lanthanum phosphate calcined lanthanum phosphate, lanthanum phosphate associated with a derivative of cesium, rubidium or potassium
  • cerium phosphate cerium phosphate associated with a cesium, rubidium or potassium compound
  • aluminum phosphate phosphate aluminum associated with a cesium, rubidium or potassium compound
  • calcined niobium phosphate, niobium phosphate associated with a cesium, rubidium or potassium compound calcined zirconium hydrogen phosphate, associated zirconium hydrogen phosphate to a compound of cesium, rubidium or potassium.
  • the cyclization reaction preferably requires the presence of water to limit the formation of by-products.
  • the molar ratio between water and the compound to be cyclized is usually between 0.5 and 50 and preferably between 1 and 20.
  • the compound to be cyclized and the water can be used in the form of their mixtures in the vapor state or can be introduced separately into the reactor.
  • Any inert gas can be used without disadvantage as a carrier, such as nitrogen, helium or argon.
  • the temperature at which the process of the invention is implemented must be sufficient for the reactants to be in the vapor state. It is generally between 200 ° C and 450 ° C and preferably between 250 ° C and 400 ° C.
  • the contact time between the compound to be cyclized and the catalyst is not critical. It can vary depending on the apparatus used in particular. This contact time is preferably between 0.5 to 200 seconds and even more preferably between 1 and 100 seconds.
  • Pressure is not a critical process parameter. Thus, it is possible to operate under pressures from 10 "3 bar to 200 bar. Preferably, the process will be carried out under a pressure of 0.1 to 20 bar.
  • an inert solvent under the reaction conditions such as for example an alkane, a cycloalkane, an aromatic hydrocarbon or one of these. previous hydrocarbons in halogenated form, and thus to have a liquid phase in the reaction flow.
  • a medium comprising methyl aminocaproate in solution in water or methanol is introduced using a syringe pump at a flow rate of 4.3 L / h in a pyrex tube placed vertically in an oven whose temperature is 300 ° C and swept by a nitrogen current of 5.3 L / h.
  • 2g of catalyst (macroporous alumina sold by the company PROCATALYSE under the name SCM 139 XL are placed between 2 layers of glass powder of volume 5 ml. The injection is made just above the upper glass layer, the current of nitrogen carries the products through the catalyst bed, leaving the oven, the gases are condensed in a tube placed in an ice bath and then analyzed by gas chromatography.
  • Example 1 the medium contains 60% by weight of aminocaproate methyl the conversation of methyl aminocaproate is total, the selectivity for caprolactam is 26%
  • Example 2 the medium contains 40% by weight of methyl aminocaproate the conversation for methyl aminocaproate is total, the selectivity for caprolactam is 68%.

Abstract

The invention concerns a method for preparing lactam by cyclizing 6-aminocaproic acid esters and amides. Said reaction is carried out in vapour phase and in the presence of a catalyst such as alumina.

Description

PROCEDE DE PREPARATION DE LACTAME LACTAME PREPARATION PROCESS
La présente invention concerne la préparation de lactame par cyclisation d'esters et d'amides d'acide 6-aminocaproïque. Les lactames aliphatiques, tels que notamment l'epsilon-caprolactame, sont des composés de base pour la préparation des polyamides (polyamide 6 à partir du caprolactame).The present invention relates to the preparation of lactam by cyclization of esters and amides of 6-aminocaproic acid. Aliphatic lactams, such as in particular epsilon-caprolactam, are basic compounds for the preparation of polyamides (polyamide 6 from caprolactam).
Un des moyens connus de préparer ces lactames consiste à effectuer une hydrolyse cyclisante des aminonitriies correspondants, plus particulièrement des aminonitriies aliphatiques non ramifiés, par passage en phase vapeur avec de l'eau sur un catalyseur solide.One of the known means of preparing these lactams consists in carrying out a cyclizing hydrolysis of the corresponding aminonitriies, more particularly of the unbranched aliphatic aminonitriies, by passage in vapor phase with water over a solid catalyst.
Ainsi le brevet US 2 357484 décrit un procédé de préparation en phase vapeur de lactame, consistant à faire passer un mélange d'eau et d'aminonitrile sur un catalyseur, tel qu'alumine activée, gel de silice ou acide borophosphorique. Le brevet US 4 628 085 a proposé un procédé de préparation de lactames en phase vapeur, consistant à mettre en contact un aminonitrile aliphatique ou aromatique et de l'eau avec un catalyseur à base de silice, sous forme de particules sphériques ayant une surface BET supérieure à 250m2/g et un diamètre moyen de pores inférieur à 20 nm, et généralement en présence d'hydrogène et d'ammoniac. Une autre voie possible d'accès au caprolactame consiste en une réaction de cyclisation des composés tels que l'acide 6-aminocaproïque, les esters d'acide 6- aminocaproïque, le 6-aminocaproamide ou leurs mélanges.Thus, US Pat. No. 2,357,484 describes a process for the preparation in the vapor phase of lactam, consisting in passing a mixture of water and aminonitrile over a catalyst, such as activated alumina, silica gel or borophosphoric acid. US Patent 4,628,085 has proposed a process for the preparation of lactams in the vapor phase, comprising contacting an aliphatic or aromatic aminonitrile and water with a silica catalyst, in the form of spherical particles having a BET surface. greater than 250m 2 / g and an average pore diameter less than 20 nm, and generally in the presence of hydrogen and ammonia. Another possible route of access to caprolactam consists of a cyclization reaction of compounds such as 6-aminocaproic acid, esters of 6-aminocaproic acid, 6-aminocaproamide or their mixtures.
Ainsi, les brevets WO98/37063 et EP 1 028109 décrivent un procédé de cyclisation de ces composés en présence de vapeur surchauffée. Le brevet US 5 973 143 décrit également la cyclisation de ces composés en milieu liquide avec comme solvant un alcool.Thus, patents WO98 / 37063 and EP 1 028109 describe a process for the cyclization of these compounds in the presence of superheated steam. US Patent 5,973,143 also describes the cyclization of these compounds in a liquid medium with an alcohol as solvent.
Ces procédés sont réalisés en absence de catalyseur de cyclisation. Un des objectifs de la présente invention est de proposer de réaliser la cyclisation de ces composés en présence de catalyseur. Plus précisément, l'invention consiste en un procédé de préparation de lactame par cyclisation en phase vapeur d'un composé choisi dans le groupe comprenant les esters ou amides de l'acide 6-aminocaproïque ou leurs mélanges, caractérisé en ce que la réaction est réalisée en présence d'un catalyseur solide.These processes are carried out in the absence of a cyclization catalyst. One of the objectives of the present invention is to propose to carry out the cyclization of these compounds in the presence of catalyst. More specifically, the invention consists of a process for preparing lactam by cyclization in the vapor phase of a compound chosen from the group comprising the esters or amides of 6-aminocaproic acid or their mixtures, characterized in that the reaction is carried out in the presence of a solid catalyst.
Dans un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, la réaction est réalisée en présence d'eau sous forme vapeur. Cette eau permet de limiter la production de sous- produits et de favoriser la récupération du caprolactame. Selon une caractéristique de l'invention, le catalyseur de l'invention est choisi dans le groupe comprenant les oxydes métalliques tels que les alumines, par exemple, les zéolithes, les argiles, les phosphates métalliques.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the reaction is carried out in the presence of water in vapor form. This water limits the production of by-products and promotes the recovery of caprolactam. According to a characteristic of the invention, the catalyst of the invention is chosen from the group comprising metal oxides such as aluminas, for example, zeolites, clays, metal phosphates.
Ainsi, les argiles convenables pour l'invention sont notamment des phyllosilicates qui sont classés par groupes selon leur nature et leurs propriétés physico-chimiques, groupes parmi lesquels on peut citer les kaolins, les serpentines, les smectites ou montmorillonites, les illites ou micas, les glauconites, les chlorites ou vermiculites, les attapulgites ou sépiolites, les argiles à couches mixtes, les allophanes ou imogolites et les argiles à haute teneur en alumine. Certaines argiles possèdent une structure lamellaire à réseau expansible. Elles présentent la particularité d'adsorber divers solvants, notamment l'eau, entre les feuillets qui les composent, ce qui provoque un gonflement du solide par suite de l'affaiblissement des liaisons électrostatiques entre les feuillets. Ces argiles appartiennent essentiellement au groupe des smectites (ou encore groupe de la montmorillonite) et pour certaines d'entre elles au groupe des vermiculites.Thus, the clays suitable for the invention are in particular phyllosilicates which are classified by groups according to their nature and their physicochemical properties, groups among which mention may be made of kaolins, serpentines, smectites or montmorillonites, illites or micas, glauconites, chlorites or vermiculites, attapulgites or sepiolite, mixed-layer clays, allophanes or imogolites and clays with a high alumina content. Certain clays have a lamellar structure with an expandable network. They have the particularity of adsorbing various solvents, in particular water, between the sheets which compose them, which causes swelling of the solid as a result of the weakening of the electrostatic connections between the sheets. These clays essentially belong to the group of smectites (or group of montmorillonite) and for some of them to the group of vermiculites.
Leur structure est composée de feuillets « élémentaires » à trois couches : deux couches simples de tétraèdres SiO dans lesquelles une partie du silicium peut être remplacée par d'autres cations en position tétraédrique tels que A|3+ ou éventuellement Fe3+, et entre ces deux couches de tétraèdres, une couche d'octaèdres d'oxygènes au centre desquels se situent des cations métalliques tels que A|3+, Fe3+, Mg2+. Cette couche octaédrique est constituée d'un empilement compact d'oxygènes provenant soit des sommets des tétraèdres précédents soit de groupes hydroxyles OH. Le réseau hexagonal compact de ces oxygènes contient 6 cavités octaédriques.Their structure is made up of “elementary” sheets with three layers: two simple layers of SiO tetrahedra in which part of the silicon can be replaced by other cations in tetrahedral position such as A | 3 + or possibly Fe3 + , and between these two layers of tetrahedra, a layer of oxygen octahedra at the center of which are metal cations such as A | 3 + , Fe3 + , Mg2 + . This octahedral layer consists of a compact stack of oxygen originating either from the vertices of the preceding tetrahedra or from OH hydroxyl groups. The compact hexagonal network of these oxygen contains 6 octahedral cavities.
Lorsque les cations métalliques occupent 4 de ces cavités (2 cavités sur 3 comme dans le cas de l'aluminium par exemple), la couche est dite dioctaédrique; lorsqu'ils occupent toutes les cavités (3 cavités sur 3 comme dans le cas du magnésium par exemple), la couche est dite trioctaédrique.When the metal cations occupy 4 of these cavities (2 cavities out of 3 as in the case of aluminum for example), the layer is said to be dioctahedral; when they occupy all the cavities (3 cavities out of 3 as in the case of magnesium for example), the layer is said to be trioctahedral.
Les feuillets élémentaires de ces argiles sont porteurs de charges négatives qui sont compensées par la présence de cations échangeables, alcalins tels que Li+, Na+, K+, alcalino-terreux tels que Mg2+, Ca2+, et éventuellement l'ion hydronium H30+. Les smectites ont des densités de charge sur les feuillets inférieures à celles des argiles du type vermiculites : environ 0,66 charges par maille élémentaire contre 1 à 1,4 charges par maille élémentaire pour les vermiculites.The elementary sheets of these clays carry negative charges which are compensated for by the presence of exchangeable, alkaline cations such as Li + , Na + , K + , alkaline earths such as Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , and possibly the hydronium ion H 3 0 + . The smectites have charge densities on the sheets lower than those of clays of the vermiculite type: approximately 0.66 charges per elementary mesh against 1 to 1.4 charges per elementary mesh for the vermiculites.
Les cations de compensation sont essentiellement le sodium et le calcium dans les smectites, le magnésium et le calcium dans les vermiculites. Du point de vue des densités de charges, smectites et vermiculites sont intermédiaires entre le talc et la pyrophyllite d'une part, dont les feuillets sont neutres et les micas d'autre part, caractérisés par une densité de charges importante sur les feuillets (environ 2 par maille élémentaire) compensée généralement par des ions K+.The compensating cations are essentially sodium and calcium in smectites, magnesium and calcium in vermiculites. From the point of view of charge densities, smectites and vermiculites are intermediate between talc and pyrophyllite on the one hand, whose sheets are neutral and micas on the other hand, characterized by a high charge density on the sheets (approximately 2 per elementary mesh) generally compensated by K + ions.
Les cations interfoliaires des smectites et des vermiculites peuvent être assez facilement remplacés par échange ionique par d'autres cations tels, par exemple, des ions ammonium ou des ions de métaux alcalino-terreux ou de métaux de terres rares.The interfoliar cations of smectites and vermiculites can be fairly easily replaced by ion exchange by other cations such as, for example, ammonium ions or ions of alkaline earth metals or rare earth metals.
Les. propriétés de gonflement des argiles dépendent de divers facteurs dont la densité de charge et la nature du cation de compensation.The. The swelling properties of clays depend on various factors including the charge density and the nature of the compensating cation.
Ainsi les smectites dont la densité de charge est plus faible que celle des vermiculites présentent des propriétés gonflantes nettement supérieures à celles de ces dernières, et constituent donc une classe très intéressante de solides. La distance répétitive ou espacement basai représente la distance la plus courte séparant deux motifs cristallographiquement identiques situés dans deux feuillets adjacents.Thus smectites, the charge density of which is lower than that of vermiculites, have swelling properties clearly superior to those of the latter, and therefore constitute a very interesting class of solids. The repetitive distance or basal spacing represents the shortest distance separating two crystallographically identical patterns located in two adjacent sheets.
L'espacement basai des smectites peut ainsi atteindre par gonflement des valeurs allant de 1 nm environ à plus de 2 nm. Parmi les silicates phylliteux « gonflants » du type smectites, on peut citer les principaux solides suivants de formule générale :The basic spacing of the smectites can thus reach, by swelling, values ranging from about 1 nm to more than 2 nm. Among the “swelling” phyllitous silicates of the smectite type, the following main solids of general formula may be mentioned:
(M1n+)x/n (M2)2VI (M3)4IV O10 (OH)2 (M 1 n +) x / n (M 2 ) 2 VI (M 3 ) 4 IV O 10 (OH) 2
où M-i est le cation interfoliairewhere M-i is the interfoliar cation
M2 est le métal en position octaédriqueM 2 is the metal in octahedral position
M3 est le métal en position tétraédrique x est le nombre de charges apportées par le cation MiM 3 is the metal in tetrahedral position x is the number of charges provided by the cation Mi
Les smectites dioctaédriques montmorillonite (H, Na , Ca1/2)x (MgxAI2.x)VI Si4IV O10 (OH)2 beidellite (H, Na , Caι/2)x AI2VI (AlxSi4.x)IV O10 (OH)2 nontrolite (H, Na , Ca1/2...)x (Fe, Al)2VI (AlxSi4.x)IV O10 (OH)2 Montmorillonite dioctahedral smectites (H, Na, Ca 1/2 ) x (Mg x AI 2. X ) VI Si 4 IV O 10 (OH) 2 beidellite (H, Na, Caι / 2 ) x AI 2 VI (Al x Si 4. X ) IV O 10 (OH) 2 nontrolite (H, Na, Ca 1/2 ...) x (Fe, Al) 2 VI (Al x Si 4. X ) IV O 10 (OH) 2
Les smectites trioctaédriques hectorite Nax (Lix g3.x)VI Si4IV O10 (OH)2 saponite Nax Mg3VI (AlxSi4.x)IV O10 (OH)2 stevensite Na2x Mg3.NI Si4IV O10 (OH)2 Trioctahedral smectites hectorite Na x (Li x g 3. X ) VI Si 4 IV O 10 (OH) 2 saponite Na x Mg 3 VI (Al x Si 4. X ) IV O 10 (OH) 2 stevensite Na 2x Mg 3 .NI Si 4 IV O 10 (OH) 2
Après adsorption à saturation d'eau ou d'un solvant polaire organique dans une smectite, l'espacement interfoiiaire (entre deux feuillets) est maximal. Il peut atteindre une valeur voisine de 1 nm. Ces solides sont donc potentiellement intéressants en catalyse car leur surface spécifique et leur acidité potentielles sont élevées. Selon un mode préférentiel de l'invention, l'argile qui constitue le catalyseur de cyclisation des esters ou amides d'acide 6-aminocaproïque en lactame est une smectite. Plus préférentiellement l'argile est la montmorillonite.After adsorption to saturation of water or an organic polar solvent in a smectite, the interfoiar spacing (between two sheets) is maximum. It can reach a value close to 1 nm. These solids are therefore potentially of interest in catalysis because their specific surface area and their potential acidity are high. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the clay which constitutes the catalyst for cyclization of the esters or amides of 6-aminocaproic acid into lactam is a smectite. More preferably, the clay is montmorillonite.
Certaines argiles ont malheureusement l'inconvénient de perdre leur caractère expansé par chauffage à 100°C et de ce fait de ne pas conserver l'augmentation de surface spécifique résultant de leur expansion. C'est le cas notamment des smectites. Différentes méthodes ont été décrites dans l'art antérieur pour introduire entre les feuillets des smectites des piliers ou ponts pour obtenir des smectites pontées qui conservent un espacement interfoliaire élevé après avoir été soumises à un traitement thermique.Some clays unfortunately have the drawback of losing their expanded character by heating to 100 ° C. and therefore of not preserving the increase in specific surface resulting from their expansion. This is particularly the case for smectites. Various methods have been described in the prior art for introducing between the sheets smectites from the pillars or bridges to obtain bridged smectites which retain a high interfoliar spacing after being subjected to a heat treatment.
Une méthode consistant à introduire des ponts constitués par des oligomères d'un hydroxyde d'un métal, notamment d'hydroxyde d'aluminium, a été décrite par LAHAV, SHAMI et SHABTAI dans Clays and Clays Minerai, vol.26 (n°2), p. 107-115 (1978) et dans le brevet français 2.394.324. La formation de ponts constitués d'oligomères d'hydroxydes mixtes de silicium et de bore, est décrite dans le brevet US 4.248.739. Une technique de pontage des smectites, par dialyse, à l'aide d'hydroxydes d'aluminium, de chrome, de zirconium et titane etc.. est revendiquée dans le brevet EP 0.073.7 8.A method consisting in introducing bridges constituted by oligomers of a metal hydroxide, in particular aluminum hydroxide, has been described by LAHAV, SHAMI and SHABTAI in Clays and Clays Ore, vol.26 (n ° 2 ), p. 107-115 (1978) and in French patent 2,394,324. The formation of bridges consisting of oligomers of mixed hydroxides of silicon and boron is described in US Pat. No. 4,248,739. A technique for bridging smectites, by dialysis, using aluminum hydroxides, chromium, zirconium and titanium, etc. is claimed in patent EP 0.073.7 8.
Ces méthodes consistent dans leur principe à mettre l'argile au contact d'une solution contenant des espèces ioniques plus ou moins oligomérisées du type hydroxy- aluminique (dans le cas de l'aluminium). Cette opération est réalisée généralement en solution peu concentrée, à température inférieure à 80°C et si possible en l'absence de trouble constitué par un début de précipitation de l'hydroxyde métallique. Les concentrations de l'ion métallique et de l'argile doivent être optimisées pour qu'il y ait formation de suffisamment de piliers solides et que la porosité de l'argile ne soit pas fortement diminuée par l'insertion d'une trop grande quantité d'oxyde métallique.These methods consist in principle of bringing the clay into contact with a solution containing more or less oligomerized ionic species of the hydroxyaluminic type (in the case of aluminum). This operation is generally carried out in a slightly concentrated solution, at a temperature below 80 ° C. and if possible in the absence of cloudiness consisting of the start of precipitation of the metal hydroxide. The concentrations of metal ion and clay must be optimized so that sufficient solid pillars are formed and the porosity of the clay is not greatly reduced by the insertion of too much metal oxide.
Lorsque les ions interfoliaires alcalins ou alcalino-terreux sont remplacés par des protons soit directement à l'aide d'une solution très diluée, soit de préférence par échange avec un sel d'ammonium suivi d'une calcination entre 300 et 700°C, les smectites pontées acquièrent une acidité forte quoique inférieure globalement à celles des zéolithes classiques de type Y ou mordenite par exemple.When the alkali or alkaline earth interfoliar ions are replaced by protons either directly using a very dilute solution, or preferably by exchange with an ammonium salt followed by calcination between 300 and 700 ° C., the bridged smectites acquire a strong acidity although globally lower than those of conventional zeolites of type Y or mordenite for example.
Selon un mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention, l'argile utilisée comme catalyseur de cyclisation d'esters ou d'amides d'acide 6-aminocaproïque en lactame est pontée.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the clay used as a catalyst for cyclization of esters or amides of 6-aminocaproic acid into lactam is bridged.
Selon une variante particulière de l'invention, le catalyseur peut comporter, outre une argile, un ou plusieurs autres composés métalliques, souvent appelés dopants, tels que par exemple des composés de chrome, de titane, de molybdène, de tungstène, de fer, de zinc. Parmi ces dopants les composés de chrome et/ou de fer et/ou de titane sont considérés comme les plus avantageux. Ces dopants représentent habituellement, en poids par poids d'argile, de 0 % à 10 % et de préférence de 0 % à 5 %.According to a particular variant of the invention, the catalyst can comprise, in addition to a clay, one or more other metallic compounds, often called dopants, such as for example chromium, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron compounds, zinc. Among these dopants, the chromium and / or iron and / or titanium compounds are considered the most advantageous. These dopants usually represent, by weight per weight of clay, from 0% to 10% and preferably from 0% to 5%.
Par composé métallique on entend aussi bien l'élément métal que l'ion métallique ou toute combinaison comprenant l'élément métal. Une autre classe de catalyseur préféré de l'invention consiste dans un catalyseur particulaire obtenu par mise en forme d'au moins un oxyde minéral simple ou mixte d'au moins un élément choisi dans le groupe consistant en le silicium, l'aluminium, le titane, le zirconium, le vanadium, le niobium, le tantale, le tungstène, le molybdène, le fer, les terres rares. Selon l'invention, le catalyseur particulaire comprend au moins une macroporosité caractérisé par un volume poreux correspondant aux pores de diamètre supérieur à 500 Â, supérieur ou égal à 5ml/100g.The term “metallic compound” means both the metal element and the metal ion or any combination comprising the metal element. Another preferred catalyst class of the invention consists of a particulate catalyst obtained by shaping at least one simple or mixed mineral oxide of at least one element chosen from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, rare earths. According to the invention, the particulate catalyst comprises at least one macroporosity characterized by a pore volume corresponding to the pores with a diameter greater than 500 Å, greater than or equal to 5 ml / 100 g.
Cette macroporosité est formée avantageusement pendant le procédé de mise en forme des particules par des techniques décrites ci-dessous ou comme, par exemple, l'addition de porogène.This macroporosity is advantageously formed during the process of forming the particles by techniques described below or as, for example, the addition of porogen.
Le catalyseur peut être mis en œuvre sous diverses formes telles que billes, concassés, extrudés en forme de granulés cylindrique creux ou pleins, de nid d'abeille, pastilles, la mise en forme pouvant éventuellement être réalisée à l'aide d'un liant.The catalyst can be used in various forms such as balls, crushed, extruded in the form of hollow or solid cylindrical granules, honeycomb, pellets, the shaping possibly being possible using a binder. .
Il peut s'agir tout d'abord de billes d'oxydes minéraux issues d'une mise en forme par oil-drop (ou coagulation en gouttes). Ce type de billes peut par exemple être préparé par un procédé similaire à celui décrit pour la formation de billes d'alumine dans les brevets EP-A-0 015 801 ou EP-A-0 097 539. Le contrôle de la porosité peut être réalisé en particulier, selon le procédé décrit dans le brevet EP-A-0 097539, par coagulation en gouttes d'une suspension, d'une dispersion aqueuse d'oxyde minéral. Les billes peuvent être également obtenues par le procédé d'agglomération dans un drageoir ou tambour tournant.It may first of all be beads of mineral oxides resulting from shaping by oil-drop (or coagulation in drops). This type of bead can for example be prepared by a process similar to that described for the formation of alumina beads in patents EP-A-0 015 801 or EP-A-0 097 539. The control of the porosity can be produced in particular, according to the process described in patent EP-A-0 097539, by coagulation in drops of a suspension, of an aqueous dispersion of mineral oxide. The balls can also be obtained by the agglomeration process in a bezel or rotating drum.
Il peut aussi s'agir d'extrudés d'oxydes minéraux. Ceux-ci peuvent être obtenus par malaxage, puis extrusion d'une matière à base de l'oxyde minéral. Le contrôle de la porosité de ces extrudés peut être réalisé par le choix de l'oxyde mis en œuvre et par les conditions de préparation de cet oxyde ou par les conditions de malaxage de cet oxyde avant extrusion. L'oxyde minéral peut ainsi être mélangé lors du malaxage à des porogènes. A titre d'exemple, les extrudés peuvent être préparés par le procédé décrit dans le brevet US 3 856 708.It can also be extruded from mineral oxides. These can be obtained by mixing, then extruding a material based on the mineral oxide. The porosity of these extrudates can be controlled by the choice of the oxide used and by the conditions of preparation of this oxide or by the conditions of kneading of this oxide before extrusion. The mineral oxide can thus be mixed during mixing with porogens. By way of example, the extrudates can be prepared by the process described in US Pat. No. 3,856,708.
De manière semblable, des billes à porosité contrôlée peuvent être obtenues par addition de porogène et agglomération dans un bol tournant ou drageoir ou par le procédé 'Oil-drop'. Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, les particules de catalyseur présente une surface spécifique supérieure à 10 m2/g et un volume poreux égal ou supérieur à 10 ml/100 g, le volume poreux correspondant aux pores de diamètre supérieur à 500 Â étant supérieur ou égal à 10 ml/100 g. Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, les particules de catalyseur présentent une surface spécifique supérieure à 50 m2/g.Similarly, beads with controlled porosity can be obtained by addition of porogen and agglomeration in a rotating bowl or bezel or by the 'Oil-drop' process. According to another characteristic of the invention, the catalyst particles have a specific surface greater than 10 m 2 / g and a pore volume equal to or greater than 10 ml / 100 g, the pore volume corresponding to pores with a diameter greater than 500 Å being greater than or equal to 10 ml / 100 g. According to another characteristic of the invention, the catalyst particles have a specific surface greater than 50 m 2 / g.
Avantageusement, elles présentent un volume poreux total supérieur ou égal à 15 ml/100g avec un volume poreux correspondant aux pores de diamètre supérieur à 200 Â, supérieur ou égal à 15 ml/100g, de préférence supérieur ou égal à 20ml/100g. Ces catalyseurs particulaires peuvent également comprendre au moins un élément choisi dans la liste consistant en le silicium, le titane, le zirconium, le vanadium, le niobium, le tantale, le tungstène, le molybdène, le fer, les terres rares ou par dépôt et/ou adsorption d'au moins un composé oxygéné d'au moins un élément choisi dans le groupe consistant en les éléments appartenant aux groupes 1 à 16 de la classification universelle des éléments ( nouvelle classification), cette liste incluant également les terres rares. Ces éléments ou composés sont déposés ou adsorbés sur le catalyseur particulaire.Advantageously, they have a total pore volume greater than or equal to 15 ml / 100 g with a pore volume corresponding to the pores with a diameter greater than 200 Å, greater than or equal to 15 ml / 100 g, preferably greater than or equal to 20 ml / 100 g. These particulate catalysts can also comprise at least one element chosen from the list consisting of silicon, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, rare earths or by deposition and / or adsorption of at least one oxygen-containing compound of at least one element chosen from the group consisting of elements belonging to groups 1 to 16 of the universal classification of elements (new classification), this list also including rare earths. These elements or compounds are deposited or adsorbed on the particulate catalyst.
Dans le mode opératoire comprenant un catalyseur particulaire poreux supportant des composés oxygénés d'éléments, ces éléments sont avantageusement choisis dans la liste comprenant le silicium, le titane, le zirconium, le vanadium, le niobium, le tantale, le tungstène, le molybdène, le phosphore, le bore, le fer, les alcalins, les alcalino- terreux, les terres rares. Le composé oxygéné est avantageusement un oxyde simple ou mixte de un ou plusieurs des éléments cités ci-dessus.In the operating mode comprising a porous particulate catalyst supporting oxygenated compounds of elements, these elements are advantageously chosen from the list comprising silicon, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, phosphorus, boron, iron, alkalis, alkaline earths, rare earths. The oxygenated compound is advantageously a simple or mixed oxide of one or more of the elements mentioned above.
Dans ce mode de réalisation, le catalyseur poreux est de préférence un oxyde d'aluminium. Avantageusement, cette alumine présente les caractéristiques de surface spécifique et distribution de pores définis précédemment.In this embodiment, the porous catalyst is preferably an aluminum oxide. Advantageously, this alumina has the characteristics of specific surface and distribution of pores defined above.
La concentration pondérale en composé oxygéné supporté sur un support poreux est avantageusement comprise entre 1000 ppm et 30% exprimée en masse d'élément du composé oxygéné par rapport à la masse totale du catalyseur. Cette concentration est plus préférentiellement comprise entre 0,5 % et 15 % en poids. Quand les supports poreux correspondent à des alumines conformes à l'invention, celles-ci sont obtenues généralement par déshydratation de gibbsite, bayerite, nordstandite ou de leurs différents mélanges. Les différents procédés de préparation des alumines sont décrits dans l'encyclopédie KIRK-OTHMER, volume 2, pages 291 - 297. On peut préparer les alumines mises en œuvre dans le présent procédé par mise en contact d'une alumine hydratée, sous forme finement divisée, avec un courant de gaz chaud à une température comprise entre 400°C et 1000°C, puis maintien du contact entre l'hydrate et les gaz pendant une durée allant d'une fraction de seconde jusqu'à 10 secondes et enfin séparation de l'alumine partiellement déshydratée et des gaz chauds. On peut notamment se référer au procédé décrit dans le brevet américain US 2 915 365.The concentration by weight of oxygenated compound supported on a porous support is advantageously between 1000 ppm and 30% expressed in mass of element of the oxygenated compound relative to the total mass of the catalyst. This concentration is more preferably between 0.5% and 15% by weight. When the porous supports correspond to aluminas in accordance with the invention, these are generally obtained by dehydration of gibbsite, bayerite, nordstandite or of their various mixtures. The different processes for preparing aluminas are described in the KIRK-OTHMER encyclopedia, volume 2, pages 291 - 297. The aluminas used in the present process can be prepared by contacting a hydrated alumina, in finely form divided, with a stream of hot gas at a temperature between 400 ° C and 1000 ° C, then maintaining contact between the hydrate and the gases for a period ranging from a fraction of a second to 10 seconds and finally separation of the partially dehydrated alumina and the hot gases. One can in particular refer to the process described in the American patent US 2,915,365.
On peut également procéder à l'autoclavage d'agglomérés d'alumines obtenues précédemment, en milieu aqueux, éventuellement en présence d'acide, à une température supérieure à 100°C et de préférence comprise entre 150°C et 250°C, pendant une durée de préférence comprise entre 1 et 20 heures, puis à leur séchage et leur calcination.It is also possible to autoclave alumina agglomerates obtained previously, in an aqueous medium, optionally in the presence of acid, at a temperature above 100 ° C. and preferably between 150 ° C. and 250 ° C., for preferably between 1 and 20 hours, then drying and calcining.
La température de calcination est réglée de telle façon que l'on obtienne des surfaces spécifiques et des volumes poreux situés dans les zones de valeurs indiquées précédemment.The calcination temperature is adjusted so as to obtain specific surfaces and pore volumes located in the zones of values indicated above.
Les catalyseurs de l'invention ont avantageusement une surface spécifique supérieure à 50 m2/g.The catalysts of the invention advantageously have a specific surface greater than 50 m 2 / g.
En outre, ils présentent avantageusement des pores de diamètre supérieur à 0,1 μm, le volume poreux apporté par ces pores étant supérieur ou égal à 5ml/100g, avantageusement supérieur ou égal à 10ml/100g.In addition, they advantageously have pores with a diameter greater than 0.1 μm, the pore volume provided by these pores being greater than or equal to 5 ml / 100 g, advantageously greater than or equal to 10 ml / 100 g.
Dans un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, ces catalyseurs comprennent également des pores de diamètre égal ou supérieur à 0,5 μm, le volume poreux correspondant étant égal ou supérieur à 5 ml/100 g, de préférence supérieur ou égal à 10 ml/100 g. Ce volume poreux généré par les pores de diamètre supérieur à 500 Â, de préférence supérieur à 0,1 μm et avantageusement supérieur à 0,5 μm permet d'obtenir des catalyseurs à durée de cycle élevée en tant que catalyseur de la réaction de cyclisation d'esters ou d'amides d'acide 6-aminocaproïque en lactames. Ainsi, de tels catalyseurs peuvent être utilisés dans des procédés industriels de production de lactames.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, these catalysts also comprise pores with a diameter equal to or greater than 0.5 μm, the corresponding pore volume being equal to or greater than 5 ml / 100 g, preferably greater than or equal to 10 ml / 100 g. This pore volume generated by the pores with a diameter greater than 500 Å, preferably greater than 0.1 μm and advantageously greater than 0.5 μm makes it possible to obtain catalysts with a long cycle time as a catalyst for the cyclization reaction. esters or amides of 6-aminocaproic acid in lactams. Thus, such catalysts can be used in industrial processes for the production of lactams.
Selon l'invention, les catalyseurs comprenant des composés oxygénés supportés par un catalyseur poreux sont obtenus, généralement par imprégnation du catalyseur, notamment de l'alumine, par une solution d'un sel ou composés des éléments cités précédemment, puis séchés et calcinés à une température égale ou supérieure à 400°C, pour transformer éventuellement et avantageusement lesdits composés ou sels en composés oxygénés, de préférence en oxydes.According to the invention, the catalysts comprising oxygenated compounds supported by a porous catalyst are obtained, generally by impregnation of the catalyst, in particular of alumina, by a solution of a salt or compounds of the elements mentioned above, then dried and calcined at a temperature equal to or greater than 400 ° C, to optionally and advantageously transform said compounds or salts into oxygenated compounds, preferably into oxides.
Les oxydes sont déposés à la surface des pores du catalyseur poreux.The oxides are deposited on the surface of the pores of the porous catalyst.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation, les composés d'éléments peuvent être ajoutés dans le matériau constituant le catalyseur poreux avant sa mise en forme ou au cours du processus de mise en forme. La calcination des catalyseurs imprégnés est de préférence réalisée sous atmosphère oxydante telle que l'air.In another embodiment, the element compounds can be added to the material constituting the porous catalyst before it is formed or during the forming process. The calcination of the impregnated catalysts is preferably carried out under an oxidizing atmosphere such as air.
Selon encore un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention, le catalyseur peut être un phosphate métallique de formule générale :According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the catalyst can be a metal phosphate of general formula:
(PO4)n Hh M, (lmp)p(PO 4 ) n H h M, (lmp) p
dans laquelle :in which :
- M représente un élément divalent, trivalent, tétravalent ou pentavalent choisi dans les groupes 2a, 3b, 4b ,5b, 6b, 7b, 8, 2b, 3a, 4a et 5a de la classification périodique des éléments ou un mélange de plusieurs de ces éléments ou M=O,- M represents a divalent, trivalent, tetravalent or pentavalent element chosen from groups 2a, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b, 8, 2b, 3a, 4a and 5a of the periodic table of the elements or a mixture of several of these elements where M = O,
- Imp représente un composé d'imprégnation basique constitué d'un métal alcalin ou alcalino-terreux, ou de mélanges de plusieurs de ces métaux, associé à un contre- anion pour assurer la neutralité électrique, - n représente 1 , 2 ou 3,- Imp represents a basic impregnation compound consisting of an alkali or alkaline-earth metal, or mixtures of several of these metals, associated with a counter anion to ensure electrical neutrality, - n represents 1, 2 or 3,
- h représente 0, 1 ou 2,- h represents 0, 1 or 2,
- p représente un nombre compris entre 0 et 1/3 et correspond à un rapport molaire entre l'imprégnant Imp et l'imprégné ( θ4)n H^ M.- p represents a number between 0 and 1/3 and corresponds to a molar ratio between the impregnating Imp and the impregnated (θ4) n H ^ M.
Parmi les métaux des groupes 2a, 3b, 4b ,5b, 6b, 7b, 8, 2b, 3a, 4a et 5a de la classification périodique des éléments, on peut citer notamment le béryllium, le magnésium, le calcium, le strontium, le baryum, l'aluminium, le bore, le gallium, Pindium, l'yttrium, les lanthanides tels que le lanthane, le cérium, le praséodyme, le néodyme, le samarium, l'europium, le gadolinium, le terbium, le dysprosium, l'holmium, l'erbium, le thulium, l'ytterbium et le lutécium, le zirconium, le titane, le vanadium, le niobium, le fer, le germanium, l'étain, le bismuth.Among the metals of groups 2a, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b, 8, 2b, 3a, 4a and 5a of the periodic table of the elements, there may be mentioned in particular beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminum, boron, gallium, Pindium, yttrium, lanthanides such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium, zirconium, titanium, vanadium, niobium, iron, germanium, tin, bismuth.
Parmi les phosphates de lanthanides, on peut distinguer une première famille qui regroupe les orhophosphates de terres rares légères, également dénommées terres rares cériques, incluant le lanthane, le cérium, le praséodyme, le néodyme, le samarium et l'europium. Ces orthophosphates sont dimorphiques. Ils présentent une structure hexagonale et évoluent vers une structure monoclinique, lorsqu'ils sont chauffés à une température de 600 à 800°C.Among the lanthanide phosphates, a first family can be distinguished which groups the light rare earth orphophosphates, also called ceric rare earths, including lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and europium. These orthophosphates are dimorphic. They have a hexagonal structure and evolve towards a monoclinic structure, when they are heated to a temperature of 600 to 800 ° C.
Une deuxième famille de phosphates de lanthanides regroupe les orthophosphates de gadolinium, de terbium et de dysprosium. Ces orthophosphates présentent la même structure que les orthophosphates de terres rares cériques, mais présentent en plus une troisième phase cristalline de structure quadratique à haute température (vers 1700°C). Une troisième famille de phosphates de lanthanides regroupe les orthophosphates de terres rares lourdes, appelées également terres rares yttriques, incluant l'yttrium, l'holmium, l'erbium, le thulium, l'ytterbium et le lutécium. Ces composés cristallisent uniquement sous la forme quadratique.A second family of lanthanide phosphates groups the gadolinium, terbium and dysprosium orthophosphates. These orthophosphates have the same structure as the ceric rare earth orthophosphates, but also have a third crystalline phase of quadratic structure at high temperature (around 1700 ° C). A third family of lanthanide phosphates includes the orthophosphates of heavy rare earths, also called yttric rare earths, including yttrium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium. These compounds crystallize only in the quadratic form.
Parmi les différentes familles d'orthophosphates de terres rares précitées, on fait appel préférentiellement aux orthophosphates de terres rares cériques. On peut mettre en œuvre des phosphates métalliques de formule précédente qui sont des mélanges de phosphates de plusieurs des métaux indiqués précédemment ou des phosphates mixtes de plusieurs des métaux indiqués précédemment ou encore des phosphates mixtes contenant un ou plusieurs des métaux indiqués précédemment et un ou plusieurs autres métaux tels que les métaux alcalins ou alcalino-terreux. Les contre-anions entrant dans la formule du composé d'imprégnation Imp sont basiques. On peut notamment utiliser les ions hydroxyde, phosphate, hydrogénophosphate, dihydrogénophosphate, chlorure, fluorure, nitrate, benzoate, oxalate, sans que ces citations soient limitatives.Among the various families of rare earth orthophosphates mentioned above, preferential use is made of ceric rare earth orthophosphates. It is possible to use metal phosphates of the preceding formula which are mixtures of phosphates from several of the metals indicated above or mixed phosphates from several of the metals indicated above or alternatively mixed phosphates containing one or more of the metals indicated above and one or more other metals such as alkali or alkaline earth metals. The counter anions entering the formula of the impregnation compound Imp are basic. It is possible in particular to use the hydroxide, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, benzoate, oxalate ions, without these citations being limiting.
Le rapport molaire p est de préférence compris entre 0,02 et 0,2. Si l'on se réfère aux techniques générales de préparation de phosphates (telles que décrites notamment dans "PASCAL P. Nouveau traité de chimie minérale" tome X (1956), pages 821-823 et dans "GMELINS Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie" (8ème édition) volume 16 (C), pages 202-206 (1965), on peut distinguer deux voies principales d'accès aux phosphates. D'une part, la précipitation d'un sel soluble du métal (chlorure, nitrate) par l'hydrogénophosphate d'ammonium ou l'acide phosphorique. D'autre part, la dissolution de l'oxyde ou du carbonate du métal (insolubles) avec de l'acide phosphorique, généralement à chaud, suivie d'une précipitation.The molar ratio p is preferably between 0.02 and 0.2. If we refer to the general techniques for the preparation of phosphates (as described in particular in "PASCAL P. New treaty of mineral chemistry" volume X (1956), pages 821-823 and in "GMELINS Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie" (8 th edition) volume 16 (C), pages 202-206 (1965), we can distinguish two main routes of access to phosphates: On the one hand, the precipitation of a soluble salt of the metal (chloride, nitrate) by l ammonium hydrogen phosphate or phosphoric acid, on the other hand, dissolving the metal oxide or carbonate (insoluble) with phosphoric acid, usually hot, followed by precipitation.
Les phosphates précipités obtenus selon l'une des voies indiquées peuvent être séchés, traités par une base organique (telle que l'ammoniaque) ou minérale (telle qu'un hydroxyde de métal alcalin) et être soumis à une calcination, ces trois opérations pouvant être réalisées dans l'ordre indiqué ou dans un ordre différent.The precipitated phosphates obtained according to one of the indicated routes can be dried, treated with an organic base (such as ammonia) or mineral (such as an alkali metal hydroxide) and be subjected to calcination, these three operations being able to be performed in the order indicated or in a different order.
Les phosphates métalliques de formule précédente pour lesquels le symbole p est supérieur à 0, peuvent être préparés par imprégnation du composé (Pθ4)n Hn M préparé selon l'une des techniques décrites précédemment, avec une solution ou une suspension de Imp dans un solvant volatil, tel que l'eau de préférence.The metal phosphates of the preceding formula for which the symbol p is greater than 0, can be prepared by impregnating the compound (Pθ4) n H n M prepared according to one of the techniques described above, with a solution or a suspension of Imp in a volatile solvent, such as water preferably.
Les résultats sont d'autant meilleurs que Imp est plus soluble et que le composé ( θ4)n H^ M est plus fraîchement fabriqué.The results are all the better as Imp is more soluble and the compound (θ4) n H ^ M is more freshly made.
Ainsi un procédé avantageux de préparation de ces phosphates consiste : a) à réaliser la synthèse du composé (PÛ4)n H^ M ; puis de préférence sans séparer (Pθ4)n H^ M du milieu réactionnel ; b) à introduire l'imprégnant Imp dans le milieu réactionnel ; c) à séparer l'éventuel liquide résiduel du solide réactionnel ; d) à sécher et éventuellement à calciner.Thus an advantageous process for the preparation of these phosphates consists of: a) carrying out the synthesis of the compound (P04) n H ^ M; then preferably without separating (Pθ4) n H ^ M from the reaction medium; b) introducing the impregnating agent Imp into the reaction medium; c) separating any residual liquid from the reaction solid; d) dry and possibly calcine.
Les performances de ces catalyseurs et notamment leur résistance à la désactivation peuvent être encore améliorées par une calcination. La température de calcination sera avantageusement comprise entre 300°C et 1000°C et de préférence entre 400°C et 900°C. La durée de la calcination peut varier dans de larges limites. A titre indicatif, elle, se situe généralement entre 1 heure et 24 heures.The performance of these catalysts and in particular their resistance to deactivation can be further improved by calcination. The calcination temperature will advantageously be between 300 ° C and 1000 ° C and preferably between 400 ° C and 900 ° C. The duration of the calcination can vary within wide limits. As an indication, it is generally between 1 hour and 24 hours.
Parmi les catalyseurs de formule (II) préférés dans le procédé de l'invention, on peut citer plus particulièrement le phosphate de lanthane, le phosphate de lanthane calciné, le phosphate de lanthane associé à un dérivé du césium, du rubidium ou du potassium, le phosphate de cérium calciné, le phosphate de cérium associé à un composé du césium, du rubidium ou du potassium, le phosphate de samarium associé à un composé du césium, du rubidium ou du potassium, le phosphate d'aluminium, le phosphate d'aluminium associé à un composé du césium, du rubidium ou du potassium, le phosphate de niobium calciné, le phosphate de niobium associé à un composé du césium, du rubidium ou du potassium, l'hydrogénophosphate de zirconium calciné, l'hydrogénophosphate de zirconium associé à un composé du césium, du rubidium ou du potassium.Among the catalysts of formula (II) preferred in the process of the invention, one can quote more particularly lanthanum phosphate, calcined lanthanum phosphate, lanthanum phosphate associated with a derivative of cesium, rubidium or potassium, calcined cerium phosphate, cerium phosphate associated with a cesium, rubidium or potassium compound, samarium phosphate associated with a cesium, rubidium or potassium compound, aluminum phosphate, phosphate aluminum associated with a cesium, rubidium or potassium compound, calcined niobium phosphate, niobium phosphate associated with a cesium, rubidium or potassium compound, calcined zirconium hydrogen phosphate, associated zirconium hydrogen phosphate to a compound of cesium, rubidium or potassium.
La réaction de cyclisation nécessite de préférence la présence d'eau pour limiter la formation de sous-produits. Le rapport molaire entre l'eau et le composé à cycliser engagé se situe habituellement entre 0,5 et 50 et de préférence entre 1 et 20.The cyclization reaction preferably requires the presence of water to limit the formation of by-products. The molar ratio between water and the compound to be cyclized is usually between 0.5 and 50 and preferably between 1 and 20.
Le composé à cycliser et l'eau peuvent être engagés sous forme de leurs mélanges à l'état de vapeur ou être introduits séparément dans le réacteur. On peut réaliser une prévaporisation des réactifs qui circulent ensuite dans une chambre de mélange.The compound to be cyclized and the water can be used in the form of their mixtures in the vapor state or can be introduced separately into the reactor. One can carry out a pre-vaporization of the reactants which then circulate in a mixing chamber.
On peut sans inconvénient utiliser tout gaz inerte comme vecteur, tel que l'azote, l'hélium ou l'argon.Any inert gas can be used without disadvantage as a carrier, such as nitrogen, helium or argon.
La température à laquelle est mis en œuvre le procédé de l'invention doit être suffisante pour que les réactifs soient bien à l'état de vapeurs. Elle se situe généralement entre 200°C et 450°C et de préférence entre 250°C et 400°C.The temperature at which the process of the invention is implemented must be sufficient for the reactants to be in the vapor state. It is generally between 200 ° C and 450 ° C and preferably between 250 ° C and 400 ° C.
Le temps de contact entre le composé à cycliser et le catalyseur n'est pas critique. II peut varier selon l'appareillage utilisé notamment. Ce temps de contact se situe de préférence entre 0,5 à 200 secondes et encore plus préférentiellement entre 1 et 100 secondes.The contact time between the compound to be cyclized and the catalyst is not critical. It can vary depending on the apparatus used in particular. This contact time is preferably between 0.5 to 200 seconds and even more preferably between 1 and 100 seconds.
La pression st pas un paramètre critique du procédé. Ainsi on peut opérer sous des pressions de 10"3 bar à 200 bar. De préférence, on mettra en œuvre le procédé sous une pression de 0,1 à 20 bar.Pressure is not a critical process parameter. Thus, it is possible to operate under pressures from 10 "3 bar to 200 bar. Preferably, the process will be carried out under a pressure of 0.1 to 20 bar.
Il n'est pas exclu d'utiliser un solvant inerte dans les conditions réactionnelles, tel que par exemple un alcane, un cycloalcane, un hydrocarbure aromatique ou l'un de ces hydrocarbures précédents sous forme halogénée, et d'avoir ainsi une phase liquide dans le flux réactionnel.It is not excluded to use an inert solvent under the reaction conditions, such as for example an alkane, a cycloalkane, an aromatic hydrocarbon or one of these. previous hydrocarbons in halogenated form, and thus to have a liquid phase in the reaction flow.
Des essais ont été réalisés selon le mode opératoire ci-dessous: Un milieu comprenant de l'aminocaproate de méthyle en solution dans l'eau ou le méthanol est introduit à l'aide d'un pousse seringue selon un débit de 4,3 L/h dans un tube en pyrex placé verticalement dans un four dont la température est de 300°C et balayé par un courant d'azote de 5,3 L/h. 2g de catalyseur (alumine macroporeuse commercialisée par la société PROCATALYSE sous la dénomination SCM 139 XL sont placés entre 2 couches de poudre de verre de volume 5 ml. L'injection se fait juste au dessus de la couche de verre supérieure, le courant d'azote entraîne les produits à travers le lit de catalyseur. En sortie de four les gaz sont condensés dans un tube placé dans un bain de glace puis analysés en Chromatographie en phase gazeuse. exempie 1 : le milieu contient 60 % en poids d'aminocaproate de méthyle la conversation de l'aminocaproate de méthyle est totale, la sélectivité en caprolactame est de 26 %. exemple 2: le milieu contient 40 % en poids d'aminocaproate de méthyle la conversation de l'aminocaproate de méthyle est totale, la sélectivité en caprolactame est de 68 %. Tests were carried out according to the operating mode below: A medium comprising methyl aminocaproate in solution in water or methanol is introduced using a syringe pump at a flow rate of 4.3 L / h in a pyrex tube placed vertically in an oven whose temperature is 300 ° C and swept by a nitrogen current of 5.3 L / h. 2g of catalyst (macroporous alumina sold by the company PROCATALYSE under the name SCM 139 XL are placed between 2 layers of glass powder of volume 5 ml. The injection is made just above the upper glass layer, the current of nitrogen carries the products through the catalyst bed, leaving the oven, the gases are condensed in a tube placed in an ice bath and then analyzed by gas chromatography. Example 1: the medium contains 60% by weight of aminocaproate methyl the conversation of methyl aminocaproate is total, the selectivity for caprolactam is 26% Example 2: the medium contains 40% by weight of methyl aminocaproate the conversation for methyl aminocaproate is total, the selectivity for caprolactam is 68%.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1) Procédé de préparation de lactame par réaction d'un composé choisi dans le groupe comprenant les esters ou amides de l'acide 6-aminocaproïque ou leurs mélanges, caractérisé en ce que la réaction est réalisée en phase vapeur et en présence d'un catalyseur solide.1) Process for the preparation of lactam by reaction of a compound chosen from the group comprising the esters or amides of 6-aminocaproic acid or their mixtures, characterized in that the reaction is carried out in the vapor phase and in the presence of a solid catalyst.
2) Procédé selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que le catalyseur solide est choisi dans le groupe comprenant les oxydes métalliques, les zéolithes, les argiles, les phosphates métalliques.2) Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the solid catalyst is chosen from the group comprising metal oxides, zeolites, clays, metal phosphates.
3) - Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'argile est choisie parmi les kaolins, les serpentines, les smectites ou montmorillonites, les illites ou micas, les glauconites, les chlorites ou vermiculites, les attapulgites ou sépiolites, les argiles à couches mixtes, les allophanes ou imogolites et les argiles à haute teneur en alumine.3) - Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the clay is chosen from kaolins, serpentines, smectites or montmorillonites, illites or micas, glauconites, chlorites or vermiculites, attapulgites or sepiolite, clays mixed layers, allophanes or imogolites and clays with a high alumina content.
4) - Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que l'argile est une montmoriilonite.4) - Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the clay is a montmoriilonite.
5) - Procédé selon l'une des revendications 3 ou 4, caractérisé en ce que l'argile est pontée.5) - Method according to one of claims 3 or 4, characterized in that the clay is bridged.
6) Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le catalyseur est un catalyseur particulaire obtenu par mise en forme d'au moins un oxyde minéral simple ou mixte d'au moins un élément choisi dans le groupe consistant en le silicium, l'aluminium, le titane, le zirconium, le vanadium, le niobium, le tantale, le tungstène, le molybdène, le fer, les terres rares, et en ce qu'il comprend au moins une macroporosité caractérisé par un volume poreux correspondant aux pores de diamètre supérieur à 500 A, supérieur ou égal a 5ml/100g.6) Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the catalyst is a particulate catalyst obtained by shaping at least one simple or mixed mineral oxide of at least one element chosen from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, rare earths, and in that it comprises at least one macroporosity characterized by a pore volume corresponding to the pores with a diameter greater than 500 A, greater than or equal to 5 ml / 100 g.
7) Procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que le catalyseur particulaire présente une surface spécifique supérieure à 10 m2/g et un volume poreux total supérieur ou égal à 10 ml/100 g, le volume poreux correspondant aux pores de diamètre supérieur à 500 Â étant supérieur ou égal à 10 ml/100 g.7) Method according to claim 6, characterized in that the particulate catalyst has a specific surface greater than 10 m 2 / g and a total pore volume greater than or equal to 10 ml / 100 g, the pore volume corresponding to the pores of greater diameter at 500 Å being greater than or equal to 10 ml / 100 g.
8) - Procédé selon la revendication 6 ou 7, caractérisé en ce que le catalyseur présente une surface spécifique supérieure à 50 m2/g. 9) - Procédé selon l'une des revendications 6 à 8, caractérisé en ce que le catalyseur présente un volume poreux total supérieur ou égal à 20 ml/100g avec un volume poreux correspondant aux pores de diamètre supérieur à 70 Â supérieur ou égal à 20 ml/100g.8) - Method according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the catalyst has a specific surface greater than 50 m 2 / g. 9) - Method according to one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the catalyst has a total pore volume greater than or equal to 20 ml / 100g with a pore volume corresponding to the pores with a diameter greater than 70 Å greater than or equal to 20 ml / 100g.
10) - Procédé selon l'une des revendications 6 à 9, caractérisé en ce que le catalyseur particulaire est un oxyde d'aluminium.10) - Method according to one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the particulate catalyst is an aluminum oxide.
11) - Procédé selon l'une des revendications 6 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins un élément choisi dans la liste consistant en le silicium, le titane, le zirconium, le vanadium, le niobium, le tantale, le tungstène, le molybdène, le fer, les terres rares ou au moins un composé oxygéné d'au moins un élément choisi dans le groupe consistant en les éléments appartenant aux groupes 1 à 16 de la classification universelle des éléments ( nouvelle classification), cette liste incluant également les terres rares, déposé ou adsorbé sur le catalyseur particulaire en oxyde minéral simple ou mixte11) - Method according to one of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that it comprises at least one element chosen from the list consisting of silicon, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, rare earths or at least one oxygenated compound of at least one element chosen from the group consisting of elements belonging to groups 1 to 16 of the universal classification of elements (new classification), this list also including rare earths, deposited or adsorbed on the particulate catalyst in simple or mixed mineral oxide
12) - Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2 caractérisé en ce que le catalyseur est un phosphate métallique de formule générale :12) - Method according to one of claims 1 or 2 characterized in that the catalyst is a metal phosphate of general formula:
(P04)n Hh M, (lmp)p(P0 4 ) n H h M, (lmp) p
dans laquelle : - M représente un élément divalent, trivalent, tétravalent ou pentavalent choisi dans les groupes 2a, 3b, 4b ,5b, 6b, 7b, 8, 2b, 3a, 4a et 5a de la classification périodique des éléments ou un mélange de plusieurs de ces éléments ou M=O,in which: - M represents a divalent, trivalent, tetravalent or pentavalent element chosen from groups 2a, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b, 8, 2b, 3a, 4a and 5a of the periodic table of the elements or a mixture of several of these elements or M = O,
- Imp représente un composé d'imprégnation basique constitué d'un métal alcalin ou alcalino-terreux ou de mélanges de plusieurs de ces métaux, associé à un contre- anion pour assurer la neutralité électrique,Imp represents a basic impregnation compound consisting of an alkali or alkaline-earth metal or of mixtures of several of these metals, combined with a counter anion to ensure electrical neutrality,
- n représente 1 , 2 ou 3,- n represents 1, 2 or 3,
- h représente 0, 1 ou 2,- h represents 0, 1 or 2,
- p représente un nombre compris entre 0 et 1/3 et correspond à un rapport molaire entre l'imprégnant Imp et l'imprégné (Pθ4)n H^ M. 13) Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la température à laquelle il est mis en œuvre se situe entre 200°C et 450°C et de préférence entre 250°C et 400°C.- p represents a number between 0 and 1/3 and corresponds to a molar ratio between the impregnating Imp and the impregnated (Pθ4) n H ^ M. 13) Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the temperature at which it is implemented is between 200 ° C and 450 ° C and preferably between 250 ° C and 400 ° C.
14) - Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il est réalisé en présence d'eau. 14) - Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is carried out in the presence of water.
EP02799811A 2001-12-21 2002-12-13 Method for preparing lactam Withdrawn EP1456177A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0116659A FR2833946B1 (en) 2001-12-21 2001-12-21 PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF LACTAM
FR0116659 2001-12-21
PCT/FR2002/004344 WO2003053935A1 (en) 2001-12-21 2002-12-13 Method for preparing lactam

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EP02799811A Withdrawn EP1456177A1 (en) 2001-12-21 2002-12-13 Method for preparing lactam

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CN (2) CN1615298A (en)
AU (1) AU2002364448A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2833946B1 (en)
RU (1) RU2275358C2 (en)
TW (1) TWI332498B (en)
WO (1) WO2003053935A1 (en)

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FR2911147B1 (en) * 2007-01-09 2009-02-13 Coatex S A S Soc Par Actions S PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF AN OXIDE POWDER AND METAL HYDROXIDE AUTODISPERSABLE IN WATER, POWDER AND AQUEOUS DISPERSION OBTAINED, AND USES THEREOF

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GB1268869A (en) * 1968-09-04 1972-03-29 Teijin Ltd PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF epsilon-CAPROLACTAM
EP0150295A3 (en) * 1983-12-19 1988-03-30 Allied Corporation Selective production of n-substituted amides by use of cu(o)/metallic oxides catalyst compositions
DE3403574A1 (en) * 1984-02-02 1985-08-08 Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen METHOD FOR OBTAINING CAPROLACTAM FROM (EPSILON) -AMINOCAPRONIC ACID
DE3643011A1 (en) * 1986-12-17 1988-06-30 Basf Ag METHOD FOR PRODUCING CAPROLACTAM FROM 6-AMINOCAPRONIC ACID, THEIR ESTERS AND AMIDES
FR2714379B1 (en) * 1993-12-23 1996-02-02 Rhone Poulenc Chimie Process for preparing lactam.

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Title
See also references of WO03053935A1 *
W.H.CAROTHERS AND G.J.BERCHET: "Studies on Polymerization and Ring Formation, VIII. Amides from epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid", JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 52, 1930, pages 5289 - 5291, XP001028951 *

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TW200302219A (en) 2003-08-01
AU2002364448A1 (en) 2003-07-09
CN1615298A (en) 2005-05-11
CN102050773A (en) 2011-05-11
FR2833946B1 (en) 2005-08-05
WO2003053935A1 (en) 2003-07-03
FR2833946A1 (en) 2003-06-27
TWI332498B (en) 2010-11-01
RU2004122428A (en) 2005-05-10
RU2275358C2 (en) 2006-04-27

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