EP1437460B1 - Method of reinforcing a masonry structure - Google Patents
Method of reinforcing a masonry structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1437460B1 EP1437460B1 EP04250084A EP04250084A EP1437460B1 EP 1437460 B1 EP1437460 B1 EP 1437460B1 EP 04250084 A EP04250084 A EP 04250084A EP 04250084 A EP04250084 A EP 04250084A EP 1437460 B1 EP1437460 B1 EP 1437460B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- reinforcing member
- masonry
- holes
- flat plate
- reinforcing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C2003/023—Lintels
Definitions
- the invention relates to the reinforcement of masonry structures above a pre-existing opening and particularly but not exclusively to the reinforcement of masonry over window and door openings.
- GB-A-2 271 601 discloses such a reinforcement method.
- masonry was supported over window and door openings by forming an arch or, in order to reduce costs, by inserting wood, steel or stone beams in the form of lintels over the openings.
- angled lintels or flat plate lintels were generally inserted into the brickwork, these consisting of elongate lengths of supporting material.
- the lintel rested on brickwork piers provided at each side of the window, the load from the brickwork above being transferred by the lintel onto those piers. This technique may also be used to reinforce arches.
- the above lintels have a tendency to fail.
- the flat plate inherently lacks vertical stiffness and may bend under the load imposed by the masonry.
- Angled lintels are stronger as they include a flat lower plate and an additional plate located at right angles to the lower plate. However, unless the vertical part of the angle is screwed to the inner leaf of a wall, the lintel may twist, allowing the bricks to move and cracks to appear in the brickwork over the opening.
- FIG. 1 there is illustrated a masonry structure 10 made up of bricks 11 and provided with a window opening 12 therein.
- a window frame 13 is located within the opening 12 (see Figs. 2 and 3 which illustrate two alternative arrangements).
- the masonry structure 10 has been reinforced using a method according to the invention.
- a reinforcing member in the form of a flat plate 14 has been inserted into a horizontal elongate groove 16 provided in the masonry structure.
- the groove 16 is provided partly in a bed joint 18. If the bed joint is too high (as on the right hand side of the window opening 12), a slot 17 is cut into the brickwork (see brick 11a).
- the flat plate 14 is inserted into the groove 16 such that it lies in a generally horizontal plane.
- the flat plate 14 may be positioned next to the window frame 13, as in Fig. 2, if there is sufficient room. If the window frame obstructs this positioning, a bottom corner 15 of a brick (see brick 11 b in Fig. 3) may be cut away.
- the flat plate may be inserted with the window in position.
- the window could be removed first, with the brickwork temporarily propped.
- the flat plate 14 is illustrated in more detail in Fig. 4.
- the flat plate is planar and has a length which is chosen such that it is greater than the length of the window opening.
- the width of the flat plate 14 is typically around 30mm and its thickness is typically 3 or 4 mm.
- the flat plate 14 is provided with a number of holes 20 spaced apart along its length, for example around 100mm apart.
- the holes have diameters of around 8mm and are preferably countersunk to receive a screw head.
- the holes may be located centrally across the width of the flat plate 14 (as indicated on the left side of Fig. 4) or offset (as indicated on the right side of Fig. 4). However these two are alternatives and would not appear on the same flat plate, Fig. 4 being only for illustration purposes.
- the holes 20 may be arranged in a staggered pattern as illustrated in Fig. 5.
- the fixings may have mushroom heads or may have no heads but be screwed through a plate with threaded holes.
- the holes 22 in the flat plate 14 are preferably positioned under the centres of the bricks.
- securing elements in the form of stainless steel screws 22 are screwed through the holes 20 into the bricks 11 above the flat plate 14, directly above the window opening 12.
- holes for the screws may be drilled initially and plastic plugs 26 inserted therein to receive the screws 22.
- a bonding resin may be used to hold the screws 22 in place.
- the flat plate 14 may be put into position first and holes drilled subsequently into the bricks 11 above, using the holes 20 as guides.
- the screws 22 are inserted at a slight angle to the vertical, for ease of insertion.
- the flat plate 14 is stiffened by the brickwork 24 above and the two together act as a single composite unit to form a beam which supports the weight imposed by the brickwork above the window.
- the screws hold the plate 14 firmly in position and prevent any sideways movement. If sideways movement did take place, the plate 14 and the bricks 11 above would no longer effectively form a composite unit, the plate would bend and a beam would not be formed.
- the invention is particularly applicable where there are only a few courses of bricks, for example up to about five or six above the opening. However, if there are greater numbers of courses above the opening, the screws 22 may be extended to encompass two or more layers of bricks thus forming a stronger beam which could support a greater load of brickwork above.
- the holes may be more numerous towards the outer edges of the flat plate 14 in order to ensure that the flat plate works in tension.
- the grooves or holes into which the ends of the flat plate are inserted are filled with mortar to ensure that there is no movement of the plate ends.
- the above described preferred embodiment thus provides an improved method of reinforcing a masonry structure above a pre-existing opening in the structure, which is safe, convenient and economical.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
- Door And Window Frames Mounted To Openings (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The invention relates to the reinforcement of masonry structures above a pre-existing opening and particularly but not exclusively to the reinforcement of masonry over window and door openings.
- GB-A-2 271 601 discloses such a reinforcement method.
- Traditionally, masonry was supported over window and door openings by forming an arch or, in order to reduce costs, by inserting wood, steel or stone beams in the form of lintels over the openings. When the lintel supported an outer leaf of brickwork and it was considered necessary to hide the lintel, angled lintels or flat plate lintels were generally inserted into the brickwork, these consisting of elongate lengths of supporting material. In each case the lintel rested on brickwork piers provided at each side of the window, the load from the brickwork above being transferred by the lintel onto those piers. This technique may also be used to reinforce arches.
- The above lintels have a tendency to fail. The flat plate inherently lacks vertical stiffness and may bend under the load imposed by the masonry. Angled lintels are stronger as they include a flat lower plate and an additional plate located at right angles to the lower plate. However, unless the vertical part of the angle is screwed to the inner leaf of a wall, the lintel may twist, allowing the bricks to move and cracks to appear in the brickwork over the opening.
- In older houses with cavity walls, the outer leaf of a wall was often originally built directly onto the window frame, with no additional lintel being installed. However, when the original windows are removed they are often replaced with light plastic windows which cannot take the loads imposed by the brickwork above.
- It is known to provide reinforcement above such openings by drilling angled holes through the bricks and inserting stainless steel pins to join the bricks together. However, if the brickwork is not in good condition, failures can occur.
- According to the invention there is provided a method of reinforcing a masonry structure as defined in claim 1
- Further embodiments of the invention are defined in the subclaims.
- An embodiment of the invention will be described for the purpose of illustration only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which.
- Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic side view of a part of a masonry structure reinforced according to the invention;
- Fig. 2 is a sectional view of a reinforcement according to one embodiment of the invention;
- Fig. 3 is a sectional view of a reinforcement according to another embodiment of the invention;
- Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic plan view of a reinforcing member for use with the method of the invention; and
- Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic plan view of an alterative reinforcing member for use with the method of the invention.
- Referring to Fig. 1, there is illustrated a masonry structure 10 made up of
bricks 11 and provided with a window opening 12 therein. Awindow frame 13 is located within the opening 12 (see Figs. 2 and 3 which illustrate two alternative arrangements). - The masonry structure 10 has been reinforced using a method according to the invention. Referring to Figs. 2 and 3, a reinforcing member in the form of a
flat plate 14 has been inserted into a horizontalelongate groove 16 provided in the masonry structure. Thegroove 16 is provided partly in abed joint 18. If the bed joint is too high (as on the right hand side of the window opening 12), aslot 17 is cut into the brickwork (seebrick 11a). Theflat plate 14 is inserted into thegroove 16 such that it lies in a generally horizontal plane. - The
flat plate 14 may be positioned next to thewindow frame 13, as in Fig. 2, if there is sufficient room. If the window frame obstructs this positioning, abottom corner 15 of a brick (seebrick 11 b in Fig. 3) may be cut away. - The flat plate may be inserted with the window in position. Alternatively the window could be removed first, with the brickwork temporarily propped.
- The
flat plate 14 is illustrated in more detail in Fig. 4. The flat plate is planar and has a length which is chosen such that it is greater than the length of the window opening. The width of theflat plate 14 is typically around 30mm and its thickness is typically 3 or 4 mm. - The
flat plate 14 is provided with a number ofholes 20 spaced apart along its length, for example around 100mm apart. The holes have diameters of around 8mm and are preferably countersunk to receive a screw head. The holes may be located centrally across the width of the flat plate 14 (as indicated on the left side of Fig. 4) or offset (as indicated on the right side of Fig. 4). However these two are alternatives and would not appear on the same flat plate, Fig. 4 being only for illustration purposes. Theholes 20 may be arranged in a staggered pattern as illustrated in Fig. 5. As an alternative to being countersunk, the fixings may have mushroom heads or may have no heads but be screwed through a plate with threaded holes. - The
holes 22 in theflat plate 14 are preferably positioned under the centres of the bricks. - Referring again to Figs. 1 to 3, once the
flat plate 14 is inserted into thegroove 16, securing elements in the form ofstainless steel screws 22 are screwed through theholes 20 into thebricks 11 above theflat plate 14, directly above the window opening 12. Referring to Fig. 3, holes for the screws may be drilled initially andplastic plugs 26 inserted therein to receive thescrews 22. Alternatively, a bonding resin may be used to hold thescrews 22 in place. - The
flat plate 14 may be put into position first and holes drilled subsequently into thebricks 11 above, using theholes 20 as guides. - The
screws 22 are inserted at a slight angle to the vertical, for ease of insertion. - Using the method as described above, the
flat plate 14 is stiffened by the brickwork 24 above and the two together act as a single composite unit to form a beam which supports the weight imposed by the brickwork above the window. - The screws hold the
plate 14 firmly in position and prevent any sideways movement. If sideways movement did take place, theplate 14 and thebricks 11 above would no longer effectively form a composite unit, the plate would bend and a beam would not be formed. - The invention is particularly applicable where there are only a few courses of bricks, for example up to about five or six above the opening. However, if there are greater numbers of courses above the opening, the
screws 22 may be extended to encompass two or more layers of bricks thus forming a stronger beam which could support a greater load of brickwork above. - The holes may be more numerous towards the outer edges of the
flat plate 14 in order to ensure that the flat plate works in tension. The grooves or holes into which the ends of the flat plate are inserted are filled with mortar to ensure that there is no movement of the plate ends. - Any cracks in the joints or lose mortar should be replaced with new mortar which can be injected into the joints.
- The above described preferred embodiment thus provides an improved method of reinforcing a masonry structure above a pre-existing opening in the structure, which is safe, convenient and economical.
Claims (9)
- A method of reinforcing a masonry structure (10) above a pre-existing opening (12) in the structure, the method including the steps of:inserting at least a part of an elongate reinforcing member (14) into the structure, the reinforcing member (14) including a plurality of holes (20) passing therethrough; andsecuring the reinforcing member (14) to a lower surface of each of a plurality of masonry elements (11) above the reinforcing member (14) and directly above the pre-existing opening (12) by passing securing elements (22) through the holes (20) into the masonry elements to form a beam above the pre-existing opening, the beam being made up of the reinforcing member and the masonry elements secured thereto.
- A method according to claim 1, wherein the beam so formed is substantially horizontal.
- A method according to any preceding claim wherein the method includes the step of forming an elongate slot (16) in the structure, and inserting at least a part of the reinforcing member (14) into the slot (16).
- A method according to claim 3 wherein the slot (16) is substantially horizontal and is formed at least partially in mortar between masonry elements.
- A method according to any preceding claim wherein the reinforcing member (14) includes a substantially planar plate member which is inserted into the masonry structure.
- A method according to any preceding claim wherein the reinforcing member (14) is made of a material which is strong in tension.
- A method according to any preceding claim wherein the holes (20) are arranged so as to be positioned evenly along the length of the reinforcing member (14).
- A method according to any of claims 1 to 6 wherein the holes (20) are closer together towards the ends of the reinforcing member (14).
- A method according to any preceding claim wherein the inserted part of the reinforcing member (14) is secured by screws (22) to the masonry elements (11) above.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0300623 | 2003-01-11 | ||
GBGB0300623.6A GB0300623D0 (en) | 2003-01-11 | 2003-01-11 | Reinforcement of masonry structures |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1437460A1 EP1437460A1 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
EP1437460B1 true EP1437460B1 (en) | 2006-12-13 |
Family
ID=9950983
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04250084A Expired - Lifetime EP1437460B1 (en) | 2003-01-11 | 2004-01-09 | Method of reinforcing a masonry structure |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1437460B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE348232T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602004003594T2 (en) |
GB (2) | GB0300623D0 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103470064A (en) * | 2012-06-07 | 2013-12-25 | 沈阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司 | Structure for increasing opening of frame filling wall |
CN104405139B (en) * | 2014-12-03 | 2017-01-11 | 西南科技大学 | Strengthening method for stone wall body |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2131076B (en) * | 1982-12-02 | 1986-04-03 | Denis George Mcmahon | Making an opening in a wall |
GB8918282D0 (en) * | 1989-08-10 | 1989-09-20 | Priest Dennis | Building methods and equipment |
GB2249120B (en) * | 1991-01-26 | 1993-04-07 | Executive Insulation | Structural repair process |
GB2271601A (en) * | 1992-10-16 | 1994-04-20 | Clifford Latchford | Propless lintel |
WO1995007400A1 (en) * | 1993-09-09 | 1995-03-16 | William George Edscer | Method for reinforcing a cavity wall |
FR2786216A1 (en) * | 1998-11-24 | 2000-05-26 | Betag Bureau D Etudes Tech Ame | Procedure for repair or reinforcement of existing reinforced concrete structures, comprises the use of metallic sheets attached to the existing structure |
GB0107702D0 (en) * | 2001-03-28 | 2001-05-16 | Tellum Brian | Remedial external support lintel |
GB2398338A (en) * | 2003-02-13 | 2004-08-18 | Pam Ties Ltd | Structural reinforcement |
-
2003
- 2003-01-11 GB GBGB0300623.6A patent/GB0300623D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2004
- 2004-01-09 DE DE602004003594T patent/DE602004003594T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-01-09 EP EP04250084A patent/EP1437460B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-01-09 AT AT04250084T patent/ATE348232T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-01-09 GB GB0400365A patent/GB2397089B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE602004003594T2 (en) | 2007-10-25 |
GB0300623D0 (en) | 2003-02-12 |
GB0400365D0 (en) | 2004-02-11 |
GB2397089B (en) | 2006-03-22 |
ATE348232T1 (en) | 2007-01-15 |
EP1437460A1 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
GB2397089A (en) | 2004-07-14 |
DE602004003594D1 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
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