EP1434848A1 - Washing, rinsing or cleaning products in portions in flexible water-soluble containers - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention concerns washing, rinsing or cleaning products in portions, which comprise a preparation with washing, rinsing or cleaning action, enclosed in an envelope. The inventive products have advantageous properties when the unfilled envelope can be deformed by a force F1 > 0 N </= 500 N along a path s1 and recovers its initial shape when the force is no longer applied or has an adjusting speed v > 0 mm/min and </= 1000 mm/min when the deforming force is no longer applied.

Description

 "Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents in flexible water-soluble

containers "

The present invention relates to portioned agents, in particular a portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent in a coating made of water-soluble materials.

In almost all areas of application of industrial products for household use, these products must be packaged to protect them from environmental influences or to simplify their handling. In particular for products that are introduced into water to supply aqueous application fleets (detergents or cleaning agents, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, animal feed, vitamin preparations, colorants, disinfectants, etc.), packaging made of water-soluble materials has proven to be a consumer-friendly alternative because the consumer can bring the packaged agents directly into the systems used for fleet preparation (washing machine, measuring cup, bucket, spraying device, etc.) without having to unpack them. In addition, an exact dosage can be achieved in this way, since the consumer no longer has to measure the amount of powder or liquid, but only uses one or more packaged units.

Such water-soluble packaging includes, for example, foil bags made of water-soluble polymers (so-called pouches) or - in particular in the field of pharmacy - gelatin capsules.

The pouches have the disadvantage that the foil bags are quite sensitive to mechanical influences. During transport or handling, this can lead to undesired product leakage if the film is damaged due to carelessness. Simply touching it with pointed or cracked fingernails can damage it and lead to consumer frustration, which is undesirable especially in the area of household funds. Stable containers are subject to the disadvantage that they are brittle, stress cracks or fractures when subjected to a shock-like load (impact or drop) or irreversibly deform when subjected to force.

In more recent publications of the prior art, thermoformed water-soluble containers for agrochemicals such as crop protection agents are disclosed: In WO92 / 17382 a non-planar sheet of water-dispersible material is filled and with a "lid" made of water-dispersible material through a circumferential sealing seam made of water-soluble or water-dispersible material locked.

WO01 / 36290 discloses injection molded hollow bodies made of water-soluble polymers for detergents or cleaning agents, pharmaceuticals or fertilizers and detergents, rinsing agents or cleaning agents which are contained in such hollow bodies. However, the "containers" disclosed here are not flexible, but rigid and have the disadvantages described above.

The object of the present invention was to provide a form of supply for all kinds of preparations, in particular for detergents, dishwashing detergents or cleaning agents, which saves the consumer the troublesome dosing process, but is free from the disadvantages mentioned above.

It has now been found that advantageous preparations can be made up if the covering has certain mechanical properties which differ significantly from those of foils or rigid containers.

The present invention therefore relates to a portioned composition comprising a preparation which is surrounded by a covering; where the unfilled envelope can be deformed along a path S _T by a force F> 0 N and ≤ 500 N and returns to its original shape after the application of the force no longer applies and / or a return speed v> 0 mm / min and ≤ after the application of the deformation force 1000 mm / min.

As already mentioned above, the portions according to the invention are particularly suitable as washing, rinsing or cleaning agents, so that preferred in the Preparations contained in preparations are active in washing, rinsing or cleaning.

The unfilled coating of the portioned agents according to the invention can at least partially be reversibly deformed by the action of force and has a certain restoring speed after the force has ceased to apply. High restoring speeds (for example> 2000 mm / min) are achieved by rigid bodies which "spring back" into the initial shape, provided they do not remain in the pressed-in state. This behavior of "jumping back" is undesirable, since this can result in stress cracks in the casing, which allow product to escape. On the one hand, it is necessary to ensure a low restoring speed of the casing, on the other hand, the casing should be able to be deformed without breaking or cracking.

The force F is dependent on the depth of indentation, since the covering opposes increasing resistance to the penetrating body. First of all, it is important for the present invention that the sheath can be deformed at all with a force of 500 N or less. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the details relating to forces relate to the penetration depths of a round rod with an 8 mm diameter of 10, preferably 15, particularly preferably 20 and in particular 22 mm.

If the distance s-t is defined, not only the force but also the deformation work can be exactly determined. When force is exerted by a round rod with a diameter of 8 mm and a penetration depth of Si = 22 mm, the deformation work in the case of the flexible, unfilled hollow bodies according to the invention is clearly below the values of comparable rigid unfilled bodies, in which a deformation work of at least 5 Nm has to be carried out ,

As mentioned above, the envelopes according to the invention should be able to be at least partially reversibly deformed (in the case of irreversible deformation, no restoring speed would be measurable). In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the deformation is completely reversible, ie it is according to the invention portioned agents are preferred, in which the unfilled casing returns to its original shape after the application of force.

The unfilled envelope can preferably be reversibly deformed even by lower forces. Portioned agents according to the invention are preferred here, in which the unfilled casing by a force F 100 100 N, preferably by a force F ₃ 60 60 N, particularly preferably by a force F ₄ 40 40 N and in particular by a force F ₅ 20 20 N is deformable.

The restoring speed with which the unfilled casing approaches its original shape again after the application of the force is preferably also lower. Particularly preferred portioned agents are characterized in that the unfilled casing has a restoring speed v 500 500 mm / min, preferably v 100 100 mm / min, particularly preferably v 50 50 mm / min, further preferably v <10 mm / min, after the application of the force and in particular has v ≤ 1 mm / min.

If the distance S _{T is} defined, not only the force but also the work of deformation can be exactly determined. When force is exerted by a round rod with a diameter of 8 mm and a depth of penetration of 22 mm, the deformation work in the case of unfilled envelopes of portioned agents according to the invention is below certain values. While rigid bodies require deformation work of at least 5 to 6 Nm, portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents according to the invention are preferred, in which a deformation work w 5 5 Nm, preferably w 1 1 Nm, particularly preferably w 0 0, for the deformation of the unfilled casing , 5 Nm, more preferably w ≤ 0.3 Nm and in particular w ≤ 0.25 Nm is required.

The unfilled casing can preferably be "turned inside out", ie it can be pushed through in such a way that the original inside becomes the outside and vide versa. This flexibility leads to the particularly increased resistance to leaks under pressure in comparison to rigid molded bodies (avoidance of stress cracks or breakage). Information on the filled wrappings (= the agent, including the filling and the wrapping) can be given completely analogously. Another object of the present invention is therefore a portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent comprising a preparation which is surrounded by a covering; where the agent (= the filled casing)

is deformable by a force F _r > 0 N and 500 500 N, preferably by a force F ₂ ≤ 100 N, particularly preferably by a force F ₃ ≤ 60 N and in particular by a force F ₄ ≤ 20 N after the loss of force returns to its original shape and / or

- after the deformation forces cease to have a return speed v> 0 mm / min and ≤ 1000 mm / min.

Analogous information can also be given for the filled envelopes for the reset speed. Portioned compositions according to the invention, in which the composition (= the filled casing) has a restoring speed v 500 500 mm / min, preferably v 100 100 mm / min, particularly preferably v 50 50 mm / min, more preferably v 10 10 mm, after the application of force / min and in particular v ≤ 1 mm / min are preferred.

Based on the above-mentioned measuring conditions (round rod with a diameter of 8 mm, penetration depth 22 mm), portioned agents according to the invention are preferred, in which a deformation work w ≤ 5.0 Nm, preferably w ≤, for the deformation of the agent (= the filled casing) 2.5 Nm, particularly preferably w 1 1.0 Nm, more preferably w 0,7 0.75 Nm and in particular w 0,5 0.5 Nm is required.

Another parameter for characterizing particularly preferred portioned agents according to the invention is the crush resistance. This can be determined in the form of a force-displacement diagram using commercially available tablet testing devices. A Zwick Type 1425 universal testing machine was used for the purposes of the present invention.

The compression resistance is determined in accordance with DIN 55526 Part 1 by the plastic container standing upright between the plates of a pressure test device is set and compressed, the compressive force and the plate path being recorded until the required compression resistance and plate path are reached or failure occurs due to critical deformation or leakage of the container.

The printing press was set to an upsetting speed of 10 mm / min. The test process was then started. The force [N] exerted on the portion at a penetration depth of 22 mm was printed out on the connected printer. The crush resistance is given in N. Portioned agents according to the invention are preferred here, which are characterized in that the crushing resistance F _{max of} the agent (= the filled casing) is 20 to 2000 N, preferably 50 to 1000 N, particularly preferably 75 to 600 N, further preferably 100 to 500 N and is in particular 150 to 400 N.

As described above, the agents according to the invention are notable for increased flexibility compared to rigid, rigid hollow bodies. The flexibility and elasticity are expressed in particular in the possibility of reproducible multiple determination in the mechanical tests described, in particular in the determination of the resetting speed.

It is therefore preferred within the scope of the invention that the filled and / or unfilled casing at n times, with n> 2, for example 3 or 4, preferably 8, 10, 15 or 20, repetition of the respective measurement of the restoring speed, the deformation work or of the crush resistance on an individual to be tested, a percentage standard deviation, based on the mean measured value, of less than 100%, preferably less than 50%, more preferably less than 40%, particularly preferably less than 30%, in particular less than 20%, in particular preferably less than 10%, extremely preferably less than 8%, for example less than 5%, advantageously less than 3%, for example less than 2% and extremely preferably less than 1%.

The agents according to the invention can be made up universally for all compositions which can be packaged in water-soluble envelopes. Areas of application are, for example, the production of portions from agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides, etc.), foods ("degradable" beverage packaging, packaged food and nutritional additives, etc.), Animal feed, pharmaceuticals, dyes and fragrances, adhesives, cosmetics, or other industrial areas.

The agents according to the invention particularly preferably have the composition of a washing, rinsing or cleaning agent. The information below relates to this particularly preferred form of the present invention, but also applies in a completely analogous manner to other industrial fields of application.

The wrapping of the portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents according to the invention is flexible, but nevertheless dimensionally stable. According to the invention, the term “dimensionally stable wrapping” is understood to mean that the shaped articles containing the detergent, cleaning agent or dishwashing agent portions have an inherent dimensional stability which enables them to be carried out under the usual conditions of manufacture, storage, transport and handling the consumer has a structure which is stable against breakage and / or pressure and does not collapse and which does not change over a long period of time even under the conditions mentioned.

The pressure resistance of the dimensionally stable casing according to the invention is measured in such a way that empty casings, optionally provided with compartmentalizing devices, are sealed with foils or lids and an internally applied, constantly increasing vacuum is applied to these hollow articles at room temperature until the hollow article closes begins to collapse. The intrinsic dimensional stability of the hollow bodies should particularly preferably be such that, in the case of such vacuum collapse tests of hollow bodies which are not filled and optionally provided with compartmentalization devices, collapse does not begin before a vacuum of 900 mbar, preferably 750 mbar and in particular 500 mbar is reached , In this respect, the hollow bodies used according to the invention differ fundamentally from foils or so-called "pouches", as are also used to provide detergents, cleaning agents or dishwashing detergents. These collapse even at a pressure that is only slightly below atmospheric pressure. In a similar way, the dimensionally stable hollow bodies according to the invention also differ from coatings (subsequently applied to moldings): The hollow bodies according to the invention represent an independent, self-supporting covering which, as a rule, is filled with one or more washing-active, rinsing-active or cleaning-active component (s) exists and is then filled. In contrast, coatings are applied to existing moldings (e.g. compacts, granules, extrudates, etc.) and then dried or cured; only then do they form an envelope surrounding the molded body.

In preferred detergent, dishwashing or cleaning agents according to the invention, the coatings have a stability in which collapse does not begin until a vacuum of 250 mbar, preferably 100 mbar and in particular 20 mbar, is reached.

Preferred detergent, dishwashing or cleaning agents according to the invention are further characterized in that the wall thickness of the casing is 100 to 5000 μm, preferably 200 to 3000 μm, particularly preferably 300 to 2000 μm and in particular 500 to 1500 μm.

The use of polymers as the material for the covering, which at the processing temperature have a flow index (MFI) below 120, preferably below 50 and in particular below 30, is preferred. The above MFI values are determined with a load of 2.16 or 10 kg and preferably apply to both loads. Polyvinyl alcohol types which are particularly suitable for injection molding in the context of the present invention are low-viscosity and have, for example, MFI values of 26-30 (at 190 ° C., 2.16 kg load, PVA Texas Polymers, Vinex 2019). Polyvinyl alcohol types particularly suitable for blow molding in the context of the present invention are medium to highly viscous and have, for example, MFI values of 6-8 (at 230 ° C., 2.16 kg load, PVA Texas Polymers, Vinex 2034/2144) or 9-11 (at 190 ° C, 10 kg load, PVA Texas Polymers, Vinex 5030).

In particular, polymers are suitable as materials for the covering, portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents according to the invention being preferred, in which the covering comprises one or more materials from the group consisting of polymers containing acrylic acid, polyacrylamides, oxazoline polymers, polystyrene sulfonates, polyurethanes, Includes polyester and polyether and mixtures thereof. The use of water-soluble polymers as the material for the covering is particularly preferred. In this case, portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents according to the invention have proven themselves, which are characterized in that the coating comprises one or more water-soluble polymer (s), preferably a material from the group (optionally acetalized) polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), in particular polyvinylpyrrolidone with a molecular weight of 2,500 to 750,000 g / mol, polyethylene oxide, gelatin, cellulose, polyacrylamide, in particular polyacrylamide with a molecular weight of 5,000 to 5,000,000 g / mol, polyethyloxazoline and polymethyloxazoline with a molecular weight of 5,000 to 100,000 g / mol and their derivatives and their mixtures, more preferably (optionally acetalized) polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL).

In the context of the present invention, polyvinyl alcohols are particularly preferred as materials for the covering. "Polyvinyl alcohols" (abbreviation PVAL, occasionally also PVOH) is the name for polymers of the general structure

which in small proportions (approx. 2%) also structural units of the type

contain.

Commercial polyvinyl alcohols, which are offered as white-yellowish powders or granules with degrees of polymerization in the range from approx. 100 to 2500 (molar masses from approx. 4000 to 100,000 g / mol), have degrees of hydrolysis of 98-99 or 87-89 mol%. , therefore still contain a residual content of acetyl groups. The manufacturers characterize the polyvinyl alcohols by stating the degree of polymerization of the starting polymer, the degree of hydrolysis, the saponification number and the solution viscosity. Depending on the degree of hydrolysis, polyvinyl alcohols are soluble in water and a few strongly polar organic solvents (formamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide); They are not attacked by (chlorinated) hydrocarbons, esters, fats and oils. Polyvinyl alcohols are classified as toxicologically safe and are at least partially biodegradable. The water solubility can be reduced by post-treatment with aldehydes (acetalization), by complexing with Ni or Cu salts or by treatment with dichromates, boric acid or borax. The polyvinyl alcohol coatings are largely impervious to gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, but allow water vapor to pass through.

Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents preferred in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the covering comprises a polyvinyl alcohol, the degree of hydrolysis of which is 70 to 100 mol%, preferably 80 to 90 mol%, particularly preferably 81 to 89 mol% and is in particular 82 to 88 mol%.

Polyvinyl alcohols of a certain molecular weight range are preferably used as materials for the covering, with portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents according to the invention being preferred, in which the covering comprises a polyvinyl alcohol whose molecular weight is in the range from 10,000 to 100,000 gmor ¹ , preferably from 11,000 to 90,000 gmor ¹ , particularly preferably from 12,000 to 80,000 gmol ^'1 and in particular from 13,000 to 70,000 gmol ^{' 1} .

In a preferred embodiment, the water-soluble thermoplastic, preferably the polyvinyl alcohol, has a narrow distribution of the molecular weight, preferably with a distribution quotient of approximately d10 / d90 <= 0.66.

The degree of polymerization of such preferred polyvinyl alcohols is between approximately 200 to approximately 2100, preferably between approximately 220 to approximately 1890, particularly preferably between approximately 240 to approximately 1680 and in particular between approximately 260 to approximately 1500. The polyvinyl alcohols described above are commercially available (absorbed into the Kuraray Specialties Europe KSE), for example under the trade name Mowiol ^® ex Clariant. Particularly suitable in the context of the present invention, polyvinyl alcohols are, for example, Mowiol ^® 3-83, Mowiol ^® 4-88, Mowiol ^® 5- 88, Mowiol ^® 8-88, and in particular blends respectively compounds such as L648, L734, Mowiflex LPTC 221 ex Clariant / KSE and the compounds from Texas Polymers, such as Vinex 2034.

Further polyvinyl alcohols which are particularly suitable as material for the hollow bodies can be found in the table below:

Other polyvinyl alcohols suitable as material for the hollow mold are ELVANOL ^® 51-05, 52-22, 50-42, 85-82, 75-15, T-25, T-66, 90-50 (trademark of Du Pont), ALCOTEX ^® 72.5, 78, B72, F80 / 40, F88 / 4, F88 / 26, F88 / 40, F88 / 47 (trademark of Harlow Chemical Co.), Gohsenol ^® NK-05, A-300, AH-22, C -500, GH-20, GL-03, GM-14L, KA-20, KA-500, KH-20, KP-06, N-300, NH-26, NM11Q, KZ-06 (trademark of Nippon Gohsei KK ).

Other suitable polymers for the production of the casing are acrylic acid-containing polymers, such as. B. copolymers, terpolymers or tetrapolymers which contain at least 20% acrylic acid and have a molecular weight of 5,000 to 500,000 g / mol; as comonomers, particularly preferred are acrylate such as ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, hydroxy ethyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and salts of acrylic acid such as sodium acrylate, methacrylic acid and salts and esters thereof such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, Trimethylammoniummethylmethacrylatchlorid (TMAEMC), methacrylate amidopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC ). Other monomers such as acrylamide, Styrene, vinyl acetate, maleic anhydride, vinyl pyrrolidone can also be used with advantage.

Polyalkylene oxides, preferably polyethylene oxides with molecular weights of 600 to 100,000 g / mol and their derivatives modified by graft copolymerization with monomers such as vinyl acetate, acrylic acid and their salts and their esters, methacrylic acid and their salts and their esters, acrylamide, styrene, styrene sulfonate and vinyl pyrrolidone (example: Poly (ethylene glycol - graft - vinyl acetate) are also particularly suitable for the production of the casings according to the invention .The proportion of polyglycol should be 5 to 100% by weight, the graft fraction should be 0 to 95% by weight; the latter can consist of one or consist of several monomers, a graft fraction of 5 to 70% by weight being particularly preferred, the water solubility decreasing with the graft fraction.

Other preferred polymers are polystyrene sulfonates and their copolymers with comonomers such as ethyl (meth) acrylate, methyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate and the salts (meth) acrylic acid such as sodium (meth) acrylate, acrylamide, styrene, vinyl acetate, maleic anhydride, vinyl pyrrolidone; the comonomer content should be 0 to 80 mol% and the molecular weight should be in the range of 5,000 to 500,000 g / mol.

Polyurethanes, in particular the reaction products of diisocyanates (e.g. TMXDI) with polyalkylene glycols, in particular polyethylene glycols with a molecular weight of 200 to 35,000, or with other difunctional alcohols to products with molecular weights of 2,000 to 100,000 g / mol are also suitable for producing the coatings according to the invention.

Polyesters with molecular weights of 4,000 to 100,000 g / mol, based on dicarboxylic acids (e.g. terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, sulfoisophthalic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, sulfosuccinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, etc.) and diols (e.g. polyethylene glycols, for example with molecular weights of 200 to 35,000 g / mol) are also advantageously used for the production of casings according to the invention, such as cellulose ether / ester, for. B. Cellulose acetates, cellulose butyrates, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose or polyvinyl methyl ether with molecular weights of 5,000 to 500,000 g / mol.

Finally, other polymers suitable for producing the coatings described above are the graft polymers which are obtainable by radical polymerization of vinyl esters of aliphatic C1-C24 carboxylic acids in the presence of polyethers with an average molecular weight of at least 300 (number average), for example by the radical polymerization of vinyl acetate in the presence of polyethylene glycols with a molecular weight of 500 to 100,000, preferably a molecular weight of 1,000 to 50,000, and hydrolysis of 20 to 100 mol% of the vinyl acetate units of the graft polymers.

The envelopes of the portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents according to the invention can be produced by conventional methods of thermoforming polymers, deep-drawing, so-called rotary die processes, blow molding (blow extrusion) and injection molding being of particular importance. The following explanations focus on the particularly preferred production by injection molding processes, but also apply mutatis mutandis to the other thermoforming processes known from the prior art.

To facilitate the injection molding process (that is, their manufacture), the hollow bodies can contain plasticizing agents. This can be particularly advantageous if polyvinyl alcohol or partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate have been selected as the material for the hollow bodies. The proportion of plasticizers (based on the polymer) is usually up to 15% by weight, values between 5 and 10% by weight being preferred. Glycerin, triethanolamine, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene or dipropylene glycol, diethanolamine and methyldiethylamine have proven particularly useful as plasticizers.

In addition to plasticizing aids, demolding additives are important auxiliary substances that can be used in the injection molding compounds. From the groups of fatty substances and the fine particle substances have this as part of the present invention, in particular stearic acid and / or stearates and pyrogenic silica (Aerosil ^®) as well as talc proven. The proportion of the demolding additives (based on the polymer) is usually up to 5% by weight, values between 0.5 and 2.5% by weight being preferred.

Other substances that can be used as mold release agents come in particular from the group of fatty substances. In the context of this application, fatty substances are understood to mean liquid to solid substances from the group of fatty alcohols, fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives, in particular the fatty acid esters, at normal temperature (20 ° C.). In the context of the present application, reaction products of fatty alcohols with alkylene oxides are among the surfactants (see above) and are not fatty substances in the sense of the invention. According to the invention, fatty alcohols and fatty alcohol mixtures, fatty acids and fatty acid mixtures, fatty acid esters with alkanols or diols or polyols, fatty acid amides, fatty amines etc. can preferably be used as fatty substances.

The fatty alcohols which can be obtained from native fatty and oil alcohols are, for example, 1-hexanol (capro alcohol), 1-heptanol (oenant alcohol), 1-octanol

(Caprylic alcohol), 1-nonanol (pelargon alcohol), 1-decanol (capric alcohol), 1-

Undecanol, 10-undecen-1-ol, 1-dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), 1-tridecanol, 1-tetradecanol (myristyl alcohol), 1-pentadecanol, 1-hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol), 1-heptadecanol, 1-octadecanol (stearyl alcohol), 9-cis-octadecen-1-ol (oleyl alcohol), 9-trans-octadecen-1-ol (erucyl alcohol), 9-cis-octadecen-1, 12-diol (ricinol alcohol), all-cis-9,12-octadecadiene - 1-ol (linoleyl alcohol), all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol (linolenyl alcohol), 1-nonadecanol, 1-eicosanol (arachidyl alcohol), 9-cis-eicosen-1-ol (gadoleyl alcohol) , 5,8,11, 14-eicosatetraen-1-ol, 1-heneicosanol, 1-docosanol (behenyl alcohol), 1-3-cis-docosen-1-ol (erucyl alcohol), 1-3-trans-docosen-1 -ol (brassidyl alcohol) and mixtures of these alcohols. Guerbet alcohols and oxo alcohols, for example C _13, are also according to the invention. ₁₅ oxo alcohols or mixtures of alcohols with C ₁₂ C ₁₂ -ιβ- -ι alcohols easily be used as fatty substances. However, it is of course also possible to use alcohol mixtures, for example those such as the C ₁₆ produced by Ziegler ethylene polymerization. ₁₈ alcohols. Specific examples of alcohols which can be used as component b) are the alcohols already mentioned, and lauryl alcohol, palmityl and stearyl alcohol and mixtures thereof. Preferred are C ₁₀ Entformungszusätze -3o-fatty alcohols, preferably _C12 - ₂₄ - fatty alcohols, with particular preference from 1-hexadecanol, 1-octadecanol, cis-9-octadecene-1-ol, all-cis-9,12-Octadecadien- 1-ol, all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol, 1-docosanol and mixtures thereof.

Fatty acids can also be used as mold release agents. Technically, most of these are obtained from native fats and oils by hydrolysis. While the alkaline saponification which was carried out in the past century led directly to the alkali salts (soaps), only water is used on an industrial scale to split the fats into glycerol and the free fatty acids. Large-scale processes are, for example, cleavage in an autoclave or continuous high-pressure cleavage. Carboxylic acids which can be used as fatty substances in the context of the present invention are, for example, hexanoic acid (caproic acid), heptanoic acid (oenanthic acid), octanoic acid (caprylic acid), nonanoic acid (pelargonic acid), decanoic acid (capric acid), undecanoic acid, etc. The use of is preferred in the context of the present compound Fatty acids such as dodecanoic acid (lauric acid), tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid), hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), octadecanoic acid (stearic acid), eicosanoic acid (arachic acid), docosanoic acid (behenic acid), tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid), hexacosanoic acid (tricarboxylic acid) and melotic acid (cerotic acid) 9c-hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid), 6c-octadecenoic acid (petroselinic acid), 6t-octadecenoic acid (petroselaidic acid), 9c-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid), 9t-octadecenoic acid (elaidic acid), 9c, 12c-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid), 9t Linolaidic acid) and 9c, 12c, 15c-octadecatreic acid (linolenic acid) , Of course, tridecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, margaric acid, nonadecanoic acid, erucic acid, elaeostearic acid and arachidonic acid can also be used. For reasons of cost, it is preferred not to use the pure species, but rather technical mixtures of the individual acids, as are accessible from fat cleavage. Such mixtures are for example, coconut oil fatty acid (about 6 wt .-% C _8, wt .-% C ₁ 6 0 48 wt .-% C ₁₂ 18 wt .-% _C14, 10 wt .-% Cie, 2 wt .-% C ₈ , 8 wt .-% d ₈ -, 1 wt .-% C ₁₈ -), palm kernel oil fatty acid (approx. 4 wt .-% C ₈ , 5 wt .-% C ₁₀ , 50 wt .-% C _12, 15 wt .-% C _14, 7 wt .-% C _16, 2 wt .-% C ₁₈ 15 wt .-% C ₁₈ - 1 wt .-% C _18). Tallow fatty acid (approx. 3% by weight C ₁₄ , 26% by weight C ₁₆ , 2% by weight C ₁₆ -, 2% by weight Cι ₇ , 17% by weight C ₁₈ , 44% by weight C ₁₈ -, 3 wt .-% C ₁₈ -, 1 wt .-% C _1β -). hardened tallow fatty acid (approx. 2% by weight C ₁₄ , 28% by weight C16, 2% by weight C17, 63% by weight Ciβ, 1% by weight C ₁₈ ), technical oleic acid (approx. 1% by weight C ₁₂ , 3% by weight C ₁₄ , 5% by weight % C _16, 6 wt .-% C ₁₆ - 1 wt .-% C _17, 2 wt .-% C _18> 70 wt .-% C ₁₈ - 10 wt .-% C ₁₈ -, 0.5 % By weight C ₈ -). technical palmitin / stearic acid (approx. 1 wt% C ₁₂ , 2 wt% C ₁₄ , 45 wt% C ₁₆ , 2 wt% C ₁₇ , 47 wt% C ₁₈ , 1 wt. % C ₁₈ ) and soybean oil fatty acid (approx. 2% by weight C ₁₄ , 15% by weight C ₁₆ , 5% by weight C ₁₈ , 25% by weight C ₁₈ , 45% by weight C ₁₈ ^• , 7 wt% C _1β -) -

The esters of fatty acids with alkanols, diols or polyols can be used as fatty acid esters, fatty acid polyol esters being preferred. Suitable fatty acid polyol esters are monoesters and diesters of fatty acids with certain polyols. The fatty acids which are esterified with the polyols are preferably saturated or unsaturated fatty acids having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid or stearic acid, preference being given to using the technically obtained mixtures of the fatty acids, for example those of coconut, Acid mixtures derived from palm kernel or taig fat. In particular, acids or mixtures of acids with 16 to 18 carbon atoms, such as, for example, tallow fatty acid, are suitable for esterification with the polyhydric alcohols. In the context of the present invention, sorbitol, trimethylolpropane, neopentyl glycol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, glycerol and polyglycerols are suitable as polyols which are esterified with the abovementioned fatty acids.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention provide that glycerol is used as the polyol which is esterified with fatty acid (s). Accordingly, fatty substances from the group of fatty alcohols and fatty acid glycerides are preferred as mold release additives. Particularly preferred mold release agents are fatty substances from the group of fatty alcohols and fatty acid monoglycerides. Examples of such preferred fatty substances are glycerol monostearic acid esters or glycerol monopalmitic acid esters.

In order to prevent undesirable changes in the injection molding compounds caused by the action of oxygen and other oxidative processes, these can contain antioxidants. This class of compounds includes, for example, substituted phenols, hydroquinones, pyrocatechols and aromatic amines as well as organic sulfides, polysulfides, dithiocarbamates, phosphites and phosphonates. Another object of the present application is a blow extrusion process for the production of casings according to the invention.

If the envelopes according to the invention are produced by blow extrusion, depending on the process control and process conditions, blow molding residues may occur in the processes according to the invention, which, depending on the shape and configuration of the blow molded articles formed in one or more pieces, may turn out to be different in height. The blow mold residues are generally residues of the preform, which were not used for blow molding the hollow body and were separated from the preform by closing the blow molded hollow body and / or punching out and / or cutting out the blow molded body. It has been found that the blow mold residues can be recycled and can be returned to the process for producing the blow molded articles. Such blow mold residues are preferably recycled and thus returned to the original process. The blow molding residues consisting of water-soluble polymer thermoplastics are collected, if necessary collected, and added to the original blow molding process. Depending on the process conditions, the blow molding residues can be charged with additional components, for example those which have been lost to the original blow molding composition due to the thermal treatment and are now missing the polymer composition of the blow molding residues, before they are returned to the manufacturing process of the blow molding bodies. Additional impact components are, for example, water or plasticizer components. The blow mold residues, which may be additionally acted upon, are preferably mixed with the blow molding compound originally used, preferably with the fresh polymer (compound) granulate even before melting, and then fed to the process. It can be particularly preferred in continuous operation to set a stationary mixing ratio of fresh to recycled granules in accordance with the recycle return that occurs. However, it can also be preferred to switch between operation with unmixed, fresh polymer (compound) granules and with the recycled material collected at respective time intervals. It has proven to be particularly advantageous to first crush the blow mold residues before they are returned to the process. Suitable devices for comminuting polymer residues are, for example, granulators such as those available from Pallmann, Zweibrücken. The transport of the blow mold residues to the comminution station and / or to the mixer, in which any crushed blow mold residues are mixed with the original blow molding compound, which is present, for example, in the form of polymer granules or compounds, and / or to the extruder, by means of which the blow mold residue and the original blow molding compound are used again Preforms can be formed using devices familiar to those skilled in the art, preferably using conveyor belts, screw conveyors or pneumatically operated pipe systems.

However, the description given above with reference to the bubble extrusion process for recycling polymeric production waste is not intended to be limited to this, in addition to the injection molding process, particularly preferred production processes for casings according to the invention, but is also analogously to the recycling of residues and / or rejects of other production processes relate, as an example, to all thermoforming processes, in particular deep drawing, with water-soluble films.

In a further preferred embodiment of the production process, preferably, but not limited to, blow extrusion and / or injection molding and / or thermoforming process, an additional detection step for leaks follows after the liquid-tight sealing of the hollow body. Particularly in industrial applications with a high product throughput, it is advantageous to check the filled hollow bodies for leaks immediately after their production, in order to avoid the contamination of further filled hollow bodies, which may be in the same outer packaging as the damaged hollow body, and to ensure quality assurance. A purely visual assessment of the hollow bodies produced is possible in principle, but offers little advantages from an economic point of view, especially in industrial production with high product throughput, since it is very labor-intensive. Electronic detection systems for leaks have proven to be particularly advantageous. A particularly suitable detection system for determining leaks in, in particular filled with liquids, particularly preferably blow-molded, hollow bodies is the high-voltage leak detector (HVLD detector) sold by Rommelag. The detection method is based on the electrical conductivity of the filling material, which is encased by a non-conductive or only weakly conductive polymer. If there is a leak, the discharge current flows through the leak opening into the Hollow body and the detection of this current leads to the ejection of the damaged, filled hollow body. Suitable detectors are, for example, the HVLD 923 and HVLD 924 ex Rommelag.

A critical point in connection with thermoplastic production processes, preferably, but not limited to, blow extrusion and / or injection molding, is in the processing of water-soluble polymers, in particular polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate or partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, the melting and the associated introduction of mechanical and thermal energy into the polymer material to be processed. The melting process of the polymer materials does not take place at a defined melting point, but over a longer melting range. Depending on the polymer and the crystalline properties of the polymer, the upper limit of the melting range can be so high that the crystals are difficult to melt in an extruder since unmelted crystallites presumably form a particle stream. The appearance of crystals in the polymer melts can lead to defects or specks in the container walls when processing such polymers. Increased input of thermal energy during the extrusion process to completely melt the crystals remaining in the melt can easily result in the formation of a decomposing or crosslinking material, the material then having specks that are similar to the structure of the specks that are crystalline in origin , however the only difference is the presence of a chemical bond instead of a physical bond. Increased crosslinking of the polymer material leads to a considerable change in the physical properties, in particular this can lead to a change in the elasticity of the polymer material in the end product or to poorer water solubility. The use of external plasticizers can help to solve the problem described, but the amount of such plasticizing agents is also limited. An increased use of plasticizer components can lead, for example, to the stickiness of the articles produced, which in turn then have less or no commercial value.

To solve the problem, the polymer is melted in an advantageous method in such a way that an excessive input of energy is avoided, which would lead to the decomposition of the material. The entry of both thermal and mechanical energy is particularly advantageous. The additional entry mechanical Energy causes the areas of crystallinity to be sheared, at the same time this seer energy can be dissipated or the input of thermal energy reduced to prevent the melting temperature from exceeding the decomposition temperature. The additional energy which is supplied for the implementation of the shear passes through the melt, the crystallinity being eliminated, and is dissipated in a further advantageous embodiment by cooling the melt, for example by a cooling jacket of the extruder.

The requirements for the extruder in a preferred embodiment are in particular that it has intensive mixing elements so that the necessary shear energy can be provided.

The extruder can, if necessary, remove the excess of the energy supplied, which is required when the polymer is heated, melted or sheared. This excess energy can be dissipated, for example, through the extruder housing, the extruder screw or by evaporating the plasticizer in the step of removing the volatile constituents.

In a preferred thermoplastic production process, preferably, but not limited to, blow extrusion and / or injection molding, the extruder mixing the melt with high rotational speed of the screw, preferably above 10 revolutions per minute, particularly preferably above 20 revolutions per minute, is particularly preferred operated above 70 revolutions per minute, extremely preferably above 150 revolutions per minute, in particular above 300 revolutions per minute, for example 400, 500 or 600 revolutions per minute. In addition, the extruder can be operated with a number of intensely kneading elements in line with the design of the screw, so that the required mechanical energy supply is created. The screw housing can also be operated at a temperature below the melting temperature of the polymer so that there is no net transfer of heat from the extruder. The result is a high level of mechanical energy delivery into the polymer sufficient to eliminate specks or crystalline portions of the polymer melt by displacing all of the crystalline regions from one another. A high input of kinetic energy into the polymer mass has proven to be advantageous. A high apparent wall shear rate is therefore particularly preferred within the scope of the invention. The shear rate is usually given as the angular rate ω (t) (derivative of the angle of rotation γ (t) after the time t) and expresses the ratio of the speed difference δv (delta v) of two layers flowing past each other to their distance δh (delta h) perpendicular to Flow direction. In a preferred embodiment, the shear rate in the extruder and optionally on the die head is above 1 s ^"1 , preferably above 2 s ^{" 1} , more preferably above 3 s ^" \ in particular above 5 s ^{" 1} , particularly preferably above 8 s ^"1 , more preferably above 10 s ^{" 1} , still more preferably above 20 s ^" \ further still above 40 s ^" \ extremely preferably above 60 s ^"1 , advantageously above 100 s ^{' 1} and particularly advantageously above from 200 s ^"1 .

Usually, the shear rates on nozzle devices, such as the blow nozzle and / or the injection molding nozzle, are higher than on other components of the extruder. The shear rate at nozzle devices is above above 1 s ^" \ preferably above 2 s ^{" 1} , more preferably above 3 s ^"1 , in particular above 5 s ^" \ particularly preferably above 8 s ^" \ more preferably above 10 s ^"1 , even more preferably above 20 s ^{" 1} , further still above 40 s ^" \ extremely preferably above 60 s ^" \ advantageously above 100 s ^"1 and particularly advantageously above 200 s ^" \ for example above 500 s ^" \ 1000 s ^{" 1} , 2000 s ^{' 1} or 4000 s ^"1 .

A short residence time of the polymer material in the extruder is particularly advantageous in order to reduce the heat profile. Suitable residence times are less than one hour, preferably less than 30 minutes, particularly preferably less than 20 minutes, extremely preferably less than 10 minutes and in particular less than 5 minutes.

When designing the flow of the thermoplastic melt in the extruder and possibly on the blow head, it is particularly advantageous to ensure that any dead zones of the flow are avoided and ideally a narrow residence time distribution range, particularly preferably as a plug flow, is aimed for. This measure is intended to prevent even partial volumes in individual areas of the total thermoplastic in the form of a pent-up or back-flowing mass are exposed to an excessive thermal load with the known disadvantages. Suitable measures can consist in a suitable extruder design and / or in continuous and / or rounded and / or widened or tapered flow channel inner walls and transitions. It is therefore preferred that the extruder screw and possibly hose head devices have essentially no dead zones and / or essentially no backflow occurs.

A preferred commercially available device is the twin-screw extruder from Werner and Pfleiderer, which is a rotating, fully intermeshing extruder. The screw is designed in a segment-like manner, so that a number of different screw elements can be arranged on wedged shafts, thereby achieving the degree of mixing desired for the particular application. The screw elements can vary along the screw, but two screws must fit together in order to achieve completely interlocking surfaces. Generally speaking, there are two different types of elements, screw conveying elements and kneading or mixing disks. The screw elements can have either a forward or negative slope, whereas the kneading disks can have a neutral slope in addition to the forward or negative slope. The kneading disks consist of staggered elliptical disks which are offset so that an overall conveying gradient is achieved. The width of the panes can vary from one element to another, but for one element the panes are equally wide. In addition to the changed slope in the kneading blocks, different screw elements can have different conveying slopes. The person skilled in the art can put together suitable screws in order to achieve the optimal shearing process and the optimal conveying effect, which lead to the desired end product.

The wider the kneading disc, the greater the shear that is imparted to the melt. The narrower the worm gear, the more shear is transferred. A person skilled in the art can combine all of these factors with one another, so that a screw is designed which has no thermal decomposition and which is often so post-crosslinking of the product achieves maximum transmission of shear.

In particular, in the event that any blow mold residues or polymer production rejects that are to be recycled are to be recycled, the lowest possible degree of thermal crosslinking is desirable. Since the residues may have to go through the extrusion melting process several times, it has proven advantageous in the context of the present invention that the degree of post-crosslinking of the polymer used is so low that it can be recycled up to ten times. The degree of post-crosslinking can be determined from the average molecular weight of the polymer. The higher the degree of post-crosslinking due to extrusion and melt, the higher the increase in the average molecular weight of the polymer. In a preferred method, the increase in the average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer thermoplastic is below 15%, preferably below 10%, particularly preferably below 8%, extremely preferably below 5%, in particular below 2%, with a single pass through the extrusion process , The average molecular weight of the polymers, in particular the partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, was determined by means of gel permeation chromatography.

In the case of preferred portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents according to the invention, the material for the covering, the wall thickness and the size of the covering are chosen such that the covering is immobile in still water of 20 ° C. in less than 300 seconds, preferably in less than 60 Dissolves seconds or releases the contents of the filling. It is not necessary for the entire molded body to dissolve spontaneously. Rather, it is sufficient if all of the components dissolve within the application period under the application conditions. For conventional washing or rinsing processes, this means temperatures of 20 ° C. and above, mechanical action and times of less than 200 minutes, preferably less than 60 minutes, in particular less than 20 minutes. The release of the ingredients of at least one compartment should, however, preferably take place in less than 300 seconds, in particular in less than 60 seconds. This can be done by using disintegration aids, by sealing a compartment with a thin, water-soluble film, by dissolving a "stopper" closing an opening, or in another conventional manner.

The portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents according to the invention can be realized with particular advantage if the proportion of water-soluble polymers in the coating is high. The entire casing preferably consists only of the water-soluble polymers and, if appropriate, auxiliaries (see above). Portioned detergents, dishwashing detergents or cleaning agents according to the invention are preferred here, in which the coating contains the abovementioned polymers in amounts of at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight, particularly preferably at least 80% by weight and in particular of at least 90% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the casing.

The portioned detergents, dishwashing detergents or cleaning agents according to the invention can be made up as detergents, cleaning agents or dishwashing agents, depending on which ingredients are enclosed in the casing. In addition to textile detergents, detergents for machine or manual dishwashing, universal household cleaners, for example, , Toilet cleaner, glass cleaner, etc. Depending on the intended use, the selection of the ingredients in the detergent, dishwashing or cleaning agent compositions which are present within the casing can be different. Important ingredients of these compositions are described below.

The detergent, dishwashing or cleaning agent compositions preferably contain surfactant (s), anionic, nonionic, cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants being used. From an application point of view, preference is given to mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants for textile detergents, the proportion of anionic surfactants being greater than the proportion of nonionic surfactants. The total surfactant content of the washing, rinsing or cleaning agent composition is preferably below 30% by weight, based on the total agent.

Preferred nonionic surfactants are alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) are used per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical may be methyl-branched linearly or preferably in the 2-position or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as is usually present in oxo alcohol radicals. However, alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred. Preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example C ₁₂ .ι ₄ - alcohols containing 3 EO, 7 EO or 4 EO, C ₉ n-alcohol with 7 EO, C. _{13 15} alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C ₁ -i8 alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of C ₁₂ .ι ₄ alcohol with 3 EO and C ₁₂ .ι ₈ alcohol with 7 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples of this are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO. Nonionic surfactants which contain EO and PO groups together in the molecule can also be used according to the invention. Here, block copolymers with EO-PO block units or PO-EO block units can be used, but also EO-PO-EO copolymers or PO-EO-PO copolymers. Of course, mixed alkoxylated nonionic surfactants can also be used, in which EO and PO units are not distributed in blocks but statistically. Such products can be obtained by the simultaneous action of ethylene and propylene oxide on fatty alcohols.

In addition, alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO (G) _x can also be used as further nonionic surfactants, in which R denotes a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched, in particular methyl-branched aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, C atoms and G is the symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably for glucose. The degree of oligomerization x, which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is any number between 1 and 10; x is preferably 1.2 to 1.4.

Another class of preferably used nonionic surfactants, which are used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants, are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, in particular fatty acid methyl esters.

Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-coconut alkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides can also be suitable. The amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, in particular not more than half of them.

Other suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula I,

I

R-CO-N- [Z] I

in which RCO stands for an aliphatic acyl radical with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R ¹ for hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical with 1 to 4 carbon atoms and [Z] for a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical with 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups. The polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.

The group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula II

R ¹ -OR ²

I R-CO-N- [Z] II

in which R represents a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, R ^{1 represents} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and R ^{2 represents} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical or an oxyalkyl radical with 1 to 8 Carbon atoms, C 1-4 alkyl or phenyl radicals are preferred and [Z] stands for a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propylated derivatives of this radical.

[Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose. The N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then be converted into the desired polyhydroxy fatty acid amides by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst.

The content of non-ionic surfactants in portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent compositions according to the invention which are suitable for textile washing is 5 to 20% by weight, preferably 7 to 15% by weight and in particular 9 to 14% by weight, based in each case on the total funds.

Low-foaming nonionic surfactants are preferably used in automatic dishwashing detergents. Machine dishwashing detergents according to the invention particularly preferably contain a nonionic surfactant which has a melting point above room temperature. Accordingly, preferred agents are characterized in that they contain nonionic surfactant (s) with a melting point above 20 ° C., preferably above 25 ° C., particularly preferably between 25 and 60 ° C. and in particular between 26.6 and 43, 3 ° C.

Suitable nonionic surfactants which have melting or softening points in the temperature range mentioned are, for example, low-foaming nonionic surfactants which can be solid or highly viscous at room temperature. If highly viscous nonionic surfactants are used at room temperature, it is preferred that they have a viscosity above 20 Pas, preferably above 35 Pas and in particular above 40 Pas. Nonionic surfactants that have a waxy consistency at room temperature are also preferred.

Preferred nonionic surfactants to be used as solid at room temperature originate from the groups of the alkoxylated nonionic surfactants, in particular the ethoxylated primary alcohols and mixtures of these surfactants with structurally more complex surfactants such as polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene (PO / EO / PO) surfactants. Such (PO / EO / PO) nonionic surfactants are also characterized by good foam control.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nonionic surfactant with a melting point above room temperature is an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant which results from the reaction of a monohydroxyalkanol or alkylphenol having 6 to 20 carbon atoms with preferably at least 12 mol, particularly preferably at least 15 mol, in particular at least 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol or alkylphenol has resulted.

A particularly preferred non-ionic surfactant which is solid at room temperature is made from a straight-chain fatty alcohol having 16 to 20 carbon atoms (Cι ₆ - ₂ o-alcohol), preferably a C ₁₈ alcohol and at least 12 mol, preferably at least 15 mol and in particular at least 20 mol, of ethylene oxide won. Among these, the so-called "narrow rank ethoxylates" (see above) are particularly preferred.

Accordingly, particularly preferred agents according to the invention contain ethoxylated nonionic surfactant (s) which consist of C ₆ . ₂ o-monohydroxyalkanols or C ^ o-alkylphenols or C ₁₆ . ₂ o-fatty alcohols and more than 12 moles, preferably more than 15 moles and in particular more than 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol has been obtained.

The nonionic surfactant preferably additionally has propylene oxide units in the molecule. Such PO units preferably make up up to 25% by weight, particularly preferably up to 20% by weight and in particular up to 15% by weight of the total molar mass of the nonionic surfactant. Particularly preferred nonionic surfactants are ethoxylated monohydroxyalkanols or alkylphenols, which additionally have polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer units. The alcohol or alkylphenol portion of such nonionic surfactant molecules preferably makes up more than 30% by weight, particularly preferably more than 50% by weight and in particular more than 70% by weight of the total molecular weight of such nonionic surfactants. Preferred rinse aids are characterized in that they contain ethoxylated and propoxylated nonionic surfactants in which the propylene oxide units in the molecule contain up to 25% by weight, preferably up to 20% by weight. and in particular make up up to 15% by weight of the total molecular weight of the nonionic surfactant.

Other nonionic surfactants with melting points above room temperature that are particularly preferably used contain 40 to 70% of one

Polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block polymer blends containing 75% by weight of a reverse block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene with 17 moles of ethylene oxide and 44 moles of propylene oxide and 25% by weight of a block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene, initiated with trimethylolpropane and containing 24 moles of ethylene oxide and 99 moles of propylene oxide per mole of trimethylolpropane.

Nonionic surfactants that may be used with particular preference are available, for example under the name Poly Tergent ^® SLF-18 from Olin Chemicals.

A further preferred portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to the invention contains nonionic surfactants of the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (CH ₃ ) O] _x [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _y [CH ₂ CH (OH) R ² ],

in which R ^{1 represents} a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical with 4 to 18 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof, R ² denotes a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical with 2 to 26 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof and x for values between 0.5 and 1.5 and y stands for a value of at least 15.

Further preferred nonionic surfactants are the end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x [CH ₂ ] _k CH (OH) [CH ₂ ] _j OR ²

in which R ¹ and R ^{2 represent} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R ^{3 represents} H or a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n- Butyl-, 2-butyl- or 2-methyl-2- Butyl radical, x stands for values between 1 and 30, k and j stand for values between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 5. If the value x ≥ 2, each R ³ in the above formula can be different. R ¹ and R ² are preferably linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, radicals having 8 to 18 carbon atoms being particularly preferred. H, -CH ₃ or -CH ₂ CH _{3 are} particularly preferred for the radical R ³ . Particularly preferred values for x are in the range from 1 to 20, in particular from 6 to 15.

As described above, each R ³ in the above formula can be different if x ≥ 2. This allows the alkylene oxide unit in the square brackets to be varied. For example, if x is 3, the radical R ³ can be selected to form ethylene oxide (R ³ = H) or propylene oxide (R ³ = CH ₃ ) units which can be joined together in any order, for example (EO) ( PO) (EO), (EO) (EO) (PO), (EO) (EO) (EO), (PO) (EO) (PO), (PO) (PO) (EO) and (PO) ( PO) (PO). The value 3 for x has been chosen here by way of example and may well be larger, the range of variation increasing with increasing x values and including, for example, a large number (EO) groups combined with a small number (PO) groups, or vice versa ,

Particularly preferred end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) alcohols of the above formula have values of k = 1 and j = 1, so that the above formula can be used

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x CH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OR ²

simplified. In the last-mentioned formula, R ¹ , R ² and R ^{3 are} as defined above and x stands for numbers from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 6 to 18. Particularly preferred are surfactants in which the radicals R ¹ and R ^{2 have} 9 to 14 carbon atoms, R ^{3 represents} H and x assumes values from 6 to 15.

If the latter statements are summarized, portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agents according to the invention are preferred, the end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x [CH ₂ ] _k CH (OH) [CH ₂ ] _J OR ²

contain in which R ¹ and R ^{2 represent} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R ^{3 represents} H or a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl or 2-methyl-2-butyl radical, x stands for values between 1 and 30, k and j stand for values between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 5, with surfactants of the type

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x CH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OR ²

in which x stands for numbers from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 6 to 18, are particularly preferred.

In connection with the surfactants mentioned, anionic, cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants can also be used, these being of only minor importance because of their foaming behavior in automatic dishwashing detergents and mostly only in amounts below 10% by weight, mostly even below 5% by weight .-%, for example from 0.01 to 2.5 wt .-%, each based on the agent. The agents according to the invention can thus also contain anionic, cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants as the surfactant component.

The agents according to the invention can contain, for example, cationic compounds of the formulas III, IV or V as cationic active substances:

R ¹

I

R ¹ -N ⁽⁺⁾ - (CH ₂ ) _n -TR ² (III)

I

(CH ₂ ) _n -TR ²

R ¹

I

R ¹ -N ⁽⁺⁾ - (CH ₂ ) _n -CH-CH ₂ (IV)

I I I

R ¹ TT

I I

R ² R ²

R ¹

I

R ³ -N ⁽⁺⁾ - (CH ₂ ) _n -TR ² (V)

I

R ⁴

wherein each R ^{1 group is} independently selected from C 1-4 alkyl, alkenyl or hydroxyalkyl groups; each R ^{2 group is} independently selected from C ₈ . ₂₈ alkyl or alkenyl groups; R ³ = R ¹ or (CH ₂ ) _n -TR ² ; R ⁴ = R ¹ or R ² or (CH) _n - TR ² ; T = -CH ₂ -, -O-CO- or -CO-O- and n is an integer from 0 to 5.

Anionic surfactants used are, for example, those of the sulfonate and sulfate type. The surfactants of the sulfonate type are preferably C ₉ . ₁₃ - Alkylbenzenesulfonates, olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkanesulfonates and disulfonates, as obtained, for example, from C ₁₂ -i ₈ monoolefins with terminal or internal double bond by sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonation products , in Consideration. Also suitable are alkanesulfonates, which are for example derived from C ₁₂ .ι ₈ alkanes by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation and subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization. The esters of α-sulfofatty acids (ester sulfonates), for example the α-sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, are also suitable.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters. Fatty acid glycerol esters are to be understood as meaning the mono-, di- and triesters and their mixtures, as obtained in the production by esterification of a monoglycerol with 1 to 3 moles of fatty acid or in the transesterification of triglycerides with 0.3 to 2 moles of glycerol. Preferred sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters are the sulfonation products of saturated fatty acids having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid.

The alk (en) yl sulfates are the alkali and in particular the sodium salts of the sulfuric acid half esters of C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ fatty alcohols, for example from coconut fatty alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or the C ₁₀ -C ₂ o- Oxo alcohols and those half esters of secondary alcohols of this chain length are preferred. Also preferred are alk (en) yl sulfates of the chain length mentioned which contain a synthetic, straight-chain alkyl radical prepared on a petrochemical basis and which have a degradation behavior analogous to that of the adequate compounds based on oleochemical raw materials. The C ₁₂ -C ₁₆ alkyl sulfates and C ₁₂ -C ₁₅ alkyl sulfates and C ₄ -C ₁₅ alkyl sulfates are preferred from a washing-technical point of view. In addition, 2,3-alkyl sulfates, which are produced for example in accordance with US Patent No. 3,234,258 or 5,075,041 and can be obtained as commercial products from Shell Oil Company under the name DAN ^®, are suitable anionic surfactants.

The sulfuric acid monoesters of straight-chain or branched C ₇ ethoxylated with 1 to 6 mol of ethylene oxide. ₂₁ alcohols, such as 2-methyl-branched C ₉ n alcohols with an average of 3.5 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) or C ₂ -β fatty alcohols with 1 to 4 EO, are suitable. Because of their high foaming behavior, they are used in cleaning agents only in relatively small amounts, for example in amounts of 1 to 5% by weight. Other suitable anionic surfactants are also the salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or as sulfosuccinic acid esters and which are monoesters and / or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and especially ethoxylated fatty alcohols. Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C ₈ . ₁₈ fatty alcohol residues or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain a fatty alcohol residue which is derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which in themselves are nonionic surfactants (description see below). Again, sulfosuccinates whose fatty alcohol residues are derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a narrow homolog distribution are particularly preferred. It is also possible to use alk (en) ylsuccinic acid with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk (en) yl chain or salts thereof.

Soaps are particularly suitable as further anionic surfactants. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid soaps are suitable, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, (hydrogenated) erucic acid and behenic acid, and in particular from natural fatty acids, e.g. Coconut, palm kernel, olive oil or tallow fatty acids, derived soap mixtures.

The anionic surfactants, including the soaps, can be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and also as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine. The anionic surfactants are preferably in the form of their sodium or potassium salts, in particular in the form of the sodium salts.

The content of anionic surfactants in preferred textile detergents according to the invention is 5 to 25% by weight, preferably 7 to 22% by weight and in particular 10 to 20% by weight, in each case based on the total composition.

In the context of the present invention, preferred agents additionally contain one or more substances from the group of builders, bleaching agents, bleach activators, enzymes, electrolytes, non-aqueous solvents, pH regulators, fragrances, perfume carriers, fluorescent agents, dyes, hydrotopes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, antiredeposition agents, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, run-in preventers, Anti-crease agents, color transfer inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, germicides, fungicides, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antistatic agents, ironing aids, phobing and impregnating agents, swelling and anti-slip agents as well as UV absorbers.

The builders that can be contained in the agents according to the invention include, in particular, phosphates, silicates, aluminum silicates (in particular zeolites), carbonates, salts of organic di- and polycarboxylic acids and mixtures of these substances.

The use of the generally known phosphates as builder substances is possible according to the invention, provided that such use should not be avoided for ecological reasons. Of the large number of commercially available phosphates, the alkali metal phosphates, with particular preference for pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), are of the greatest importance in the detergent and cleaning agent industry.

Alkali metal phosphates is the general term for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of the various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish between metaphosphoric acids (HPO ₃ ) _n and orthophosphoric acid H ₃ PO in addition to higher molecular weight representatives. The phosphates combine several advantages: They act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts and lime incrustations in tissues and also contribute to cleaning performance.

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH ₂ PO ₄ , exists as a dihydrate (density 1.91, preferably ^"3 , melting point 60 °) and as a monohydrate (density 2.04, preferably ^{" 3} ). Both salts are white powders that are very easily soluble in water, which lose water of crystallization when heated and into the weakly acidic diphosphate (disodium hydrogen diphosphate, Na ₂ H ₂ P ₂ θ ₇ ) at 200 ° C, and at higher temperatures in sodium trimetaphosphate (Na ₃ P ₃ O ₉ ) and Maddrell's salt (see below). NaH ₂ PO _{4 is} acidic; it occurs when phosphoric acid is adjusted to a pH of 4.5 with sodium hydroxide solution and the mash is sprayed. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (primary or monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium biphosphate, KDP), KH ₂ PO ₄ , is a white salt with a density of 2.33 like ^"3 , has one Melting point 253 ° [decomposes to form potassium polyphosphate (KPO ₃ ) _x ] and is easily soluble in water.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary sodium phosphate), Na ₂ HPO ₄ , is a colorless, very easily water-soluble crystalline salt. It exists anhydrous and with 2 mol. (Density 2.066 gladly ^"3 , water loss at 95 °), 7 mol. (Density 1.68 gladly ^'3 , melting point 48 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O) and 12 mol. Water ( Density 1, 52 like ^"3 , melting point 35 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O), becomes anhydrous at 100 ° and changes to diphosphate Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ when heated more strongly. Disodium hydrogen phosphate is prepared by neutralizing phosphoric acid with soda solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (secondary or dibasic potassium phosphate), K ₂ HPO, is an amorphous, white salt that is easily soluble in water.

Trisodium phosphate, tertiary sodium phosphate, Na ₃ PO, are colorless crystals which like dodecahydrate have a density of 1.62 ^"3 and a melting point of 73-76 ° C (decomposition), as decahydrate (corresponding to 19-20% P ₂ O ₅ ) has a melting point of 100 ° C and in anhydrous form (corresponding to 39-40% PO ₅₎ like to have a density of 2.536 ^{'. 3} trisodium phosphate is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction and is prepared by evaporating a solution of exactly 1 mole of disodium phosphate and 1 mol of NaOH, tripotassium phosphate (tertiary or triphase potassium phosphate), K ₃ PO, is a white, deliquescent, granular powder with a density of 2.56 ^"3 , has a melting point of 1340 ° and is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. It arises, for example, when heating Thomas slag with coal and potassium sulfate. Despite the higher price, the more soluble, therefore highly effective, potassium phosphates are often preferred over corresponding sodium compounds in the cleaning agent industry.

Tetrasodium diphosphate (sodium pyrophosphate), Na P ₂ O ₇ , exists in anhydrous form (density 2.534 like ^"3 , melting point 988 °, also given 880 °) and as decahydrate (density 1.815-1.836 like ^'3 , melting point 94 ° with loss of water). Substances are colorless crystals that are soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. Na P ₂ O ₇ is formed by heating disodium phosphate to> 200 ° or by reacting phosphoric acid with soda in a stoichiometric ratio and dewatering the solution. The decahydrate complexes heavy metal salts and hardness and therefore reduces the hardness of the water. Potassium diphosphate (potassium pyrophosphate), K ₄ P ₂ O ₇ , exists in the form of the trihydrate and is a colorless, hygroscopic powder with a density of 2.33 ^'3 , which is soluble in water, the pH value being 1% Solution at 25 ° is 10.4.

Condensation of the NaH ₂ PO ₄ or the KH ₂ PO ₄ produces higher moles. Sodium and potassium phosphates, in which one can differentiate cyclic representatives, the sodium or potassium metaphosphates and chain-like types, the sodium or potassium polyphosphates. A large number of terms are used in particular for the latter: melt or glow phosphates, Graham's salt, Kurrol's and Maddrell's salt. All higher sodium and potassium phosphates are collectively referred to as condensed phosphates.

The technically important pentasodium triphosphate, Na ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (sodium tripolyphosphate), is an anhydrous or non-hygroscopic, water-soluble salt of the general formula NaO- [P (O) (ONa) -O] _n that crystallizes with 6 H ₂ O. -Na with n = 3. Approx. 17 g of the salt free from water of crystallization dissolve in 100 g of water at room temperature, approx. 20 g at 60 ° and around 32 g at 100 °; After heating the solution at 100 ° for two hours, hydrolysis produces about 8% orthophosphate and 15% diphosphate. In the production of pentasodium triphosphate, phosphoric acid is reacted with sodium carbonate solution or sodium hydroxide solution in a stoichiometric ratio and the solution is dewatered by spraying. Similar to Graham's salt and sodium diphosphate, pentasodium triphosphate dissolves many insoluble metal compounds (including lime soaps, etc.). Pentapotassium triphosphate, K ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (potassium tripolyphosphate), is commercially available, for example, in the form of a 50% strength by weight solution (> 23% P ₂ O ₅ , 25% K ₂ O). The potassium polyphosphates are widely used in the detergent and cleaning agent industry. There are also sodium potassium tripolyphosphates which can also be used in the context of the present invention. These occur, for example, when hydrolyzing sodium trimetaphosphate with KOH:

(NaPO ₃ ) ₃ + 2 KOH -> Nas ^ O, «, * H ₂ O

According to the invention, these can be used just like sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of these two; also mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of Potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate can be used according to the invention.

Suitable crystalline, layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi _x θ ₂ χ ₊ ι H ₂ O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1, 9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2, 3 or 4. Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both ß- and δ-

Sodium disilicates Na ₂ Si ₂ θ5-yH ₂ O preferred.

Amorphous sodium silicates with a modulus Na ₂ O: SiO ₂ of 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2.6, can also be used are delayed in dissolving and have secondary washing properties. The delay in dissolution compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compression or by overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”. This means that the silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles deliver washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be interpreted as meaning that the products have microcrystalline areas of size 10 to a few hundred nm, values up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred. Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates also have a delay in dissolution compared to conventional water glasses. Compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates are particularly preferred.

The finely crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite used is preferably zeolite A and / or P. As zeolite P, zeolite ^MAP® (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred. However, zeolite X and are also suitable Mixtures of A, X and / or P. Commercially available and preferably used in the context of the present invention is, for example, a co-crystallizate of zeolite X and zeolite A (approx. 80% by weight zeolite X), which is available from CONDEA Augusta SpA is sold under the brand name VEGOBOND AX ^® and through the formula

nNa ₂ O ^■ (1-n) K ₂ O ^■ AI ₂ O ₃ ^• (2 - 2.5) SiO ₂ '(3.5 - 5.5) H ₂ O

can be described. The zeolite can be used as a spray-dried powder or as an undried stabilized suspension that is still moist from its manufacture. In the event that the zeolite is used as a suspension, it can contain minor additions of nonionic surfactants as stabilizers, for example 1 to 3% by weight, based on zeolite, of ethoxylated C ₁₈ -C ₁₈ fatty alcohols with 2 to 5 ethylene oxide groups, Cι ₂ -C ₁₄ fatty alcohols with 4 to 5 ethylene oxide groups or ethoxylated isotridecanols. Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 μm (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight, of bound water.

Other important builders are in particular the carbonates, citrates and silicates. Trisodium citrate and / or pentasodium tripolyphosphate and / or sodium carbonate and / or sodium bicarbonate and / or gluconates and / or silicate builders from the class of disilicates and / or metasilicates are preferably used.

Alkali carriers can be present as further constituents. Alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal hydrogen carbonates,

Alkali metal sesquicarbonates, alkali silicates, alkali metasilicates, and mixtures of the abovementioned substances, the alkali metal carbonates, in particular sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium sesquicarbonate, preferably being used for the purposes of this invention.

A builder system containing a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate is particularly preferred.

A builder system containing a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate and sodium disilicate is also particularly preferred. In addition, other ingredients may be present, washing, rinsing or cleaning agents according to the invention being preferred which additionally contain one or more substances from the group of the acidifying agents, chelate complexing agents or the deposit-inhibiting polymers.

Both inorganic acids and organic acids are suitable as acidifiers, provided they are compatible with the other ingredients. For reasons of consumer protection and handling safety, the solid mono-, oligo- and polycarboxylic acids in particular can be used. From this group, preference is again given to citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid and polyacrylic acid. The anhydrides of these acids can also be used as acidifying agents, maleic anhydride and succinic anhydride in particular being commercially available. Organic sulfonic acids such as amidosulfonic acid can also be used. Sokalan ^® DCS (trademark of BASF), a mixture of succinic acid (max. 31% by weight), glutaric acid (max. 50% by weight) and adipic acid (commercially available and also preferably used as an acidifying agent in the context of the present invention) max. 33% by weight).

Another possible group of ingredients are the chelating agents. Chelating agents are substances which form cyclic compounds with metal ions, with a single ligand occupying more than one coordination point on a central atom, i. H. is at least "bidentate". In this case, normally elongated connections are closed to form rings by complex formation via an ion. The number of ligands bound depends on the coordination number of the central ion.

Common chelate complexing agents preferred within the scope of the present invention are, for example, polyoxycarboxylic acids, polyamines, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). Complex-forming polymers, that is to say polymers which carry functional groups either in the main chain itself or laterally to it, which can act as ligands and which generally react with suitable metal atoms to form chelate complexes, can be used according to the invention. The polymer-bound ones of the The resulting metal complexes can originate from just one macromolecule or they can belong to different polymer chains. The latter leads to the crosslinking of the material, provided that the complex-forming polymers were not previously crosslinked via covalent bonds.

Complexing groups (ligands) of conventional complex-forming polymers are iminodiacetic acid, hydroxyquinoline, thiourea, guanidine, dithiocarbamate, hydroxamic acid, amidoxime, aminophosphoric acid, (cycl.) Polyamino, mercapto, 1,3-dicarbonyl - And crown ether residues with z. T. very specific Activities against ions of different metals. The base polymers of many commercially important complex-forming polymers are polystyrene, polyacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyridines and polyethyleneimines. Natural polymers such as cellulose, starch or chitin are also complex-forming polymers. In addition, these can be provided with further ligand functionalities by polymer-analogous conversions.

In the context of the present invention, particular preference is given to detergents, dishwashing detergents or cleaning agents which contain one or more chelate complexing agents from the groups of

(i) polycarboxylic acids in which the sum of the carboxylic and optionally

Hydroxyl groups is at least 5,

(ii) nitrogen-containing mono- or polycarboxylic acids,

(iii) geminal diphosphonic acids,

(iv) aminophosphonic acids,

(v) phosphonopolycarboxylic acids,

(vi) cyclodextrins

in amounts above 0.1% by weight, preferably above 0.5% by weight, particularly preferably above 1% by weight and in particular above 2.5% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the Dishwashing detergent included.

All complexing agents of the prior art can be used in the context of the present invention. These can belong to different chemical groups. The following are preferably used individually or in a mixture: a) polycarboxylic acids in which the sum of the carboxyl and optionally hydroxyl groups is at least 5, such as gluconic acid, b) nitrogen-containing mono- or polycarboxylic acids, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), N-hydroxyethylethylenediamine triacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid, isopropynedioic acid, nitrosedioic diacetic acid, nitrosedioic diacetic acid, and nitro-dio-diacetic acid, and nitro-dio-diacetic acid, nitro-3-dio-diacetic acid, nitro-3-dio-diacetic acid, and 3-nitro-dio-diacetic acid, and nitro-dio-diacetic acid, and 3-nitro-dio-diacetic acid, and 3-nitro-dio-diacetic acid, and nitro-3-dio-diacetic acid, and 3-nitro-dio-diacetic acid, and 3-nitro-dio-diacetic acid, and 3-nitro-dio-diacetic acid , N, N-di- (β-hydroxyethyl) glycine, N- (1,2-dicarboxy-2-hydroxyethyl) glycine, N- (1,2-dicarboxy-2-hydroxyethyl) aspartic acid or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA ), c) geminal diphosphonic acids such as 1-hydroxyethane-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), their higher homologues with up to 8 carbon atoms, and derivatives thereof containing hydroxyl or amino groups, and 1-aminoethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, their higher Homologs with up to 8 carbon atoms as well as derivatives thereof containing hydroxyl or amino groups, d) aminophosphonic acids such as ethylenediaminetetra (methylenephosphonic acid), diethylenetriaminepenta (methy lenphosphonic acid) or nitrilotri (methylenephosphonic acid), e) phosphonopolycarboxylic acids such as 2-phosphonobutane-1, 2,4-tricarboxylic acid and f) cyclodextrins.

In the context of this patent application, polycarboxylic acids a) are understood to mean carboxylic acids - also monocarboxylic acids - in which the sum of carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups contained in the molecule is at least 5. Complexing agents from the group of nitrogen-containing polycarboxylic acids, in particular EDTA, are preferred. At the alkaline pH values of the treatment solutions required according to the invention, these complexing agents are at least partially present as anions. It is immaterial whether they are introduced in the form of acids or in the form of salts. In the case of use as salts, alkali metal, ammonium or alkylammonium salts, in particular sodium salts, are preferred.

Deposit-inhibiting polymers can also be contained in the agents according to the invention. These substances, which can have different chemical structures, originate, for example, from the groups of low molecular weight polyacrylates with molecular weights between 1000 and 20,000 daltons, polymers with molecular weights below 15,000 daltons being preferred.

Deposit-inhibiting polymers can also have cobuilder properties. Organic cobuilders which can be used in the dishwasher detergents according to the invention are, in particular, polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, polyacetals, dextrins, other organic cobuilders (see below) and phosphonates. These classes of substances are described below.

Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids which can be used in the form of their sodium salts, polycarboxylic acids being understood to mean those carboxylic acids which carry more than one acid function. For example, these are citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), as long as such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these.

The acids themselves can also be used. In addition to their builder action, the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH value of detergents or cleaning agents. Citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures thereof can be mentioned in particular.

Polymeric polycarboxylates are also suitable as builders or scale inhibitors, for example the alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 500 to 70,000 g / mol.

For the purposes of this document, the molecular weights given for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molecular weights M _{w of} the particular acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), where a UV detector was used. The measurement was made against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship to the polymers investigated. This information differs significantly from the molecular weight information for which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard. The molecular weights measured against polystyrene sulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights given in this document.

Suitable polymers are in particular polyacrylates, which preferably have a molecular weight of 500 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the short-chain polyacrylates with molecular weights from 1000 to 10000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 1000 to 4000 g / mol, can in turn be preferred from this group.

Both polyacrylates and copolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids, monomers containing sulfonic acid groups and optionally other ionic or nonionic monomers are particularly preferably used in the agents according to the invention. The copolymers containing sulfonic acid groups are described in detail below.

Also suitable are copolymeric polycarboxylates, in particular those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable. Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 2,000 to 70,000 g / mol, preferably 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol and in particular 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol.

The (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution. The content of (co) polymeric polycarboxylates in the agents is preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, in particular 3 to 10% by weight.

Also particularly preferred are biodegradable polymers made up of more than two different monomer units, for example those which, as monomers, are salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid, and also vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives, or the contain as monomers salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid as well as sugar derivatives. Further preferred copolymers are those which preferably have acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate as monomers.

Also to be mentioned as further preferred builder substances are polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids, their salts or their precursor substances. Polyaspartic acids or their salts and derivatives are particularly preferred which, in addition to cobuilder properties, also have a bleach-stabilizing effect.

Other suitable builder substances are polyacetals, which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups. Preferred polyacetals are obtained from dialdehydes such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and their mixtures and from polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.

Other suitable organic builder substances are dextrins, for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches. The hydrolysis can be carried out by customary processes, for example acid-catalyzed or enzyme-catalyzed. They are preferably hydrolysis products with average molar masses in the range from 400 to 500,000 g / mol. A polysaccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range from 0.5 to 40, in particular from 2 to 30, is preferred, DE being a customary measure of the reducing action of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100 , is. Both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glucose syrups with a DE between 20 and 37 as well as so-called yellow dextrins and white dextrins with higher molar masses in the range from 2000 to 30000 g / mol can be used.

The oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function. A product oxidized at C _{6 of} the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous. Oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenediamine disuccinate, are further suitable cobuilders. In this case, ethylenediamine-N, ^{N'-disuccinate} (EDDS) is preferably in the form of its sodium or magnesium salts. Glycerol disuccinates and glycerol trisuccinates are also preferred in this context. Suitable amounts for use in formulations containing zeolite and / or silicate are 3 to 15% by weight.

Other useful organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may also be in lactone form and which contain at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and a maximum of two acid groups.

Another class of substances with cobuilder properties are the phosphonates. These are, in particular, hydroxyalkane or aminoalkane phosphonates. Among the hydroxyalkane phosphonates, 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (HEDP) is of particular importance as a cobuilder. It is preferably used as the sodium salt, the disodium salt reacting neutrally and the tetrasodium salt in an alkaline manner (pH 9). Preferred aminoalkane phosphonates are ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonate (EDTMP), diethylene triamine pentamethylene phosphonate (DTPMP) and their higher homologs. They are preferably in the form of the neutral sodium salts, e.g. B. as the hexasodium salt of EDTMP or as the hepta and octa sodium salt of DTPMP. HEDP is preferably used as the builder from the class of the phosphonates. The aminoalkanephosphonates also have a pronounced ability to bind heavy metals. Accordingly, it may be preferred, particularly if the agents also contain bleach, to use aminoalkanephosphonates, in particular DTPMP, or to use mixtures of the phosphonates mentioned.

In addition to the substances from the classes of substances mentioned, the agents according to the invention can contain further usual ingredients of detergents, dishwashing detergents or cleaning agents, bleaching agents, bleach activators, enzymes, silver protection agents, colorants and fragrances being particularly important. These substances are described below. Sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate are of particular importance among the compounds which serve as bleaching agents and supply H ₂ O in water. Further bleaching agents which can be used are, for example, sodium percarbonate, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H ₂ O ₂ -producing peracid salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperacid or diperdodecanedioic acid.

In order to achieve an improved bleaching effect when washing at temperatures of 60 ° C. and below, bleach activators can be incorporated into the detergent tablets. Bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups. Preferred are multiply acylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N- Acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic acid anhydrides, especially phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, especially triacetyloxy and 2,5-diacetyloxy and 2,5-glycodiacetyl, ethylene glycol 2,5-dihydrofuran.

In addition to the conventional bleach activators or in their place, so-called bleach catalysts can also be incorporated into the moldings. These substances are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes such as, for example, Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salt complexes or carbonyl complexes. Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with nitrogen-containing tripod ligands as well as Co, Fe, Cu and Ru amine complexes can also be used as bleaching catalysts.

Enzymes in particular include those from the classes of hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All of these hydrolases help to remove stains such as protein, fat or starchy stains and graying in the laundry. Cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolases can also help to retain color and increase the softness of the textile by removing pilling and microfibrils. Oxireductases can also be used to bleach or inhibit the transfer of color. Enzymes obtained from bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyceus griseus and Humicola insolens are particularly suitable. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases which are obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used. Enzyme mixtures, for example from protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease and cellulase or from cellulase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or from protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytically active enzymes and cellulase, but especially protease and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes of particular interest. Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes. Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases. Suitable amylases include in particular α-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases. Cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and β-glucosidases, which are also called cellobiases, or mixtures thereof, are preferably used as cellulases. Since different cellulase types differ in their CMCase and avicelase activities, the desired activities can be set by targeted mixtures of the cellulases.

The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers or embedded in coating substances to protect them against premature decomposition. The proportion of the enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules can be, for example, approximately 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.12 to approximately 2% by weight.

The cleaning agents according to the invention for machine dishwashing may contain corrosion inhibitors to protect the wash ware or the machine, silver protection agents in particular being of particular importance in the area of machine dishwashing. The known substances from the stand can be used of the technique. In general, silver protection agents selected from the group of the triazoles, the benzotriazoles, the bisbenzotriazoles, the aminotriazoles, the alkylaminotriazoles and the transition metal salts or complexes can be used in particular. Benzotriazole and / or alkylaminotriazole are particularly preferably to be used. In addition, active chlorine-containing agents are often found in cleaner formulations, which can significantly reduce the corroding of the silver surface. In chlorine-free cleaners, especially oxygen- and nitrogen-containing organic redox-active compounds, such as di- and trihydric phenols, e.g. As hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, hydroxyhydroquinone, gallic acid, phloroglucin, pyrogallol or derivatives of these classes of compounds. Salt-like and complex-like inorganic compounds, such as salts of the metals Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Co and Ce, are also frequently used. Preferred here are the transition metal salts which are selected from the group of the manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably the cobalt (ammine) complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes , the chlorides of cobalt or manganese and manganese sulfate. Zinc compounds can also be used to prevent corrosion on the wash ware.

A wide number of different salts can be used as electrolytes from the group of inorganic salts. Preferred cations are the alkali and alkaline earth metals, preferred anions are the halides and sulfates. From a manufacturing point of view, the use of NaCl or MgCl ₂ in the agents according to the invention is preferred. The proportion of electrolytes in the agents according to the invention is usually 0.5 to 5% by weight.

Non-aqueous solvents which can be used in the agents according to the invention come, for example, from the group of mono- or polyhydric alcohols, alkanolamines or glycol ethers, provided that they are miscible with water in the concentration range indicated. The solvents are preferably selected from ethanol, n- or i-propanol, butanols, glycol, propane or butanediol, glycerol, diglycol, propyl or butyl diglycol, hexylene glycol, ethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol ethyl ether, ethylene glycol propyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether , Diethylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol methyl, ethyl or propyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl or ethyl ether, di-isopropylene glycol monomethyl or ethyl ether, methoxy, ethoxy or butoxytriglycol, 1-butoxyethoxy-2-propanol, 3-methyl - 3-methoxybutanol, propylene glycol t-butyl ether and mixtures of these solvents. Non-aqueous solvents can be used in the liquid detergents according to the invention in amounts between 0.5 and 10% by weight, but preferably below 5% by weight and in particular below 3% by weight.

In order to bring the pH of the agents according to the invention into the desired range, the use of pH adjusting agents can be indicated. All known acids or alkalis can be used here, provided that their use is not prohibited for application-related or ecological reasons or for reasons of consumer protection. The amount of these adjusting agents usually does not exceed 5% by weight of the total formulation.

In order to improve the aesthetic impression of the agents according to the invention, they can be colored with suitable dyes. Preferred dyes, the selection of which is not difficult for the person skilled in the art, have a high storage stability and insensitivity to the other ingredients of the compositions and to light, and no pronounced substantivity towards textile fibers in order not to dye them.

Foam inhibitors which can be used in the agents according to the invention are, for example, soaps, paraffins or silicone oils, which can optionally be applied to carrier materials. Suitable anti-redeposition agents, which are also referred to as soil repellents, are, for example, nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose with a proportion of methoxy groups of 15 to 30% by weight and of hydroxypropyl groups of 1 to 15% by weight, in each case based on the nonionic cellulose ether as well as the polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or of their derivatives known from the prior art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and / or nonionically modified derivatives thereof. Of these, the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers are particularly preferred.

Optical brighteners (so-called "whiteners") can be added to the agents according to the invention in order to prevent graying and yellowing of the treated textiles remove. These substances absorb on the fiber and bring about a brightening and fake bleaching effect by converting invisible ultraviolet radiation into visible longer-wave light, whereby the ultraviolet light absorbed from the sunlight is emitted as a slightly bluish fluorescence and pure with the yellow tone of the grayed or yellowed laundry White results. Suitable compounds originate for example from the substance classes of 4,4'-diamino-2,2 ^'- stilbenedisulfonic (flavonic), ^{4,4'-biphenylene} -Distyryl, Methylumbelliferone, coumarins, dihydroquinolinones, 1,3-diaryl pyrazolines, naphthalimides, benzoxazole , Benzisoxazole and benzimidazole systems and the pyrene derivatives substituted by heterocycles. The optical brighteners are usually used in amounts between 0.05 and 0.3% by weight, based on the finished composition.

Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing the dirt from being re-absorbed. For this purpose, water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable, for example glue, gelatin, salts of ether sulfonic acids of starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch. Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for this purpose. Soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above can also be used, e.g. degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc. Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. However, cellulose ethers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixed ethers such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof are preferably used in amounts of 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the composition

If the agents according to the invention are packaged as agents for automatic dishwashing, further ingredients can be used. Today, machine-washed dishes are often subject to higher requirements than hand-washed dishes. For example, dishes that have been completely cleaned of food residues are not considered to be perfect if, after machine dishwashing, they still have whitish stains based on water hardness or other mineral salts, which, due to the lack of wetting agents, originate from dried water drops. In order to obtain crystal-clear and spotless dishes, it is therefore used successfully today Rinse aid. The addition of rinse aid at the end of the wash program ensures that the water runs off the dishes as completely as possible, so that the different surfaces are residue-free and immaculately shiny at the end of the wash program. The automatic cleaning of dishes in domestic dishwashers usually comprises a pre-wash, a main wash and a rinse cycle, which are interrupted by intermediate wash cycles. In most machines, the pre-wash cycle for heavily soiled dishes can be activated, but is only selected by the consumer in exceptional cases, so that in most machines a main wash cycle, an intermediate rinse cycle with pure water and a rinse cycle are carried out. The temperature of the main wash cycle varies between 40 and 65 ° C depending on the machine type and program level selection. In the rinse cycle, rinse aids are added from a dosing tank in the machine, which usually contain non-ionic surfactants as the main component. Such rinse aids are in liquid form and are widely described in the prior art. Your main task is to prevent limescale and deposits on the dishes.

The agents according to the invention can be formulated as "normal" cleaners, which are used together with commercially available supplements (rinse aid, regeneration salt). It is particularly advantageous to dispense with the additional dosage of rinse aid with the products according to the invention. These so-called "2-in-1" products simplify handling and relieve the consumer of the additional dosage of two different products (detergent and rinse aid).

Even when using "2-in-1" products, two dosing processes are required to operate a household dishwasher at intervals, since after a certain number of rinsing processes the regeneration salt has to be refilled in the water softening system of the machine. These water softening systems consist of ion exchange polymers, which soften the hard water coming into the machine and are regenerated by rinsing with salt water after the washing program.

However, it is also possible to use products according to the invention which, as so-called “3in1” products, contain the conventional cleaners, rinse aids and a salt replacement function unite, provide. For this purpose, automatic dishwashing agents according to the invention are preferred which additionally contain 0.1 to 70% by weight of copolymers of i) unsaturated carboxylic acids ii) sulfonic acid group-containing monomers iii) optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers.

These copolymers have the effect that the items of crockery treated with such agents become significantly cleaner in subsequent cleaning operations than items of crockery that have been washed with conventional agents.

As an additional positive effect, there is a shortening of the drying time of the dishes treated with the cleaning agent, i.e. the consumer can take the dishes out of the machine and reuse them earlier after the cleaning program has ended.

The invention is characterized by an improved “cleanability” of the treated substrates in later cleaning processes and by a considerable reduction in the drying time compared to comparable agents without the use of polymers containing sulfonic acid groups.

In the context of the teaching according to the invention, drying time is generally understood to mean the meaning, i.e. the time which elapses until a dish surface treated in a dishwasher is dried, but in particular the time which elapses, up to 90% of one with a cleaning or Rinse aid is dried in a concentrated or diluted form treated surface.

In the context of the present invention, unsaturated carboxylic acids of the formula VI are preferred as the monomer

R ¹ (R ² ) C = C (R ³ ) COOH (VI),

in which R ¹ to R ³ independently of one another are -H -CH ₃ , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 Carbon atoms, alkyl or alkenyl radicals substituted by -NH ₂ , -OH or -COOH as defined above or represents -COOH or -COOR ⁴ , where R ^{4 is} a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.

The unsaturated carboxylic acids which can be described by formula VI include, in particular, acrylic acid (R ¹ = R ² = R ³ = H), methacrylic acid (R ¹ = R ² = H; R ³ = CH ₃ ) and / or maleic acid (R ¹ = COOH; R ² = R ³ = H) preferred.

In the case of the monomers containing sulfonic acid groups, preference is given to those of the formula VII

R ⁵ (R ⁶ ) C = C (R ⁷ ) -X-SO ₃ H (VII),

in which R ⁵ to R ⁷ independently of one another are -H -CH ₃ , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, with -NH ₂ , -OH or -COOH substituted alkyl or alkenyl radicals as defined above or represents -COOH or -COOR ⁴ , where R ^{4 is} a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and X represents an optionally present spacer group , which is selected from - (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, -COO- (CH ₂ ) _k - with k = 1 to 6, -C (O) -NH- C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - and -C (O) -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -.

Preferred among these monomers are those of the formulas VIIa, VIIb and / or VIIc,

H ₂ C = CH-X-SO ₃ H (Vlla),

H ₂ C = C (CH ₃ ) -X-SO ₃ H (VIIIb),

HO ₃ SX- (R ⁶ ) C = C (R ⁷ ) -X-SO ₃ H (Vllc),

in which R ⁶ and R ^{7 are} independently selected from -H, -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ and X represents an optionally present spacer group which is selected from - (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, -COO- (CH ₂ ) _k - with k = 1 to 6, -C (O) -NH- C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - and - C (O) -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -. Particularly preferred monomers containing sulfonic acid groups are 1-acrylamido-1-propanesulfonic acid (X = -C (O) NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) in the formula VIIa), 2-acrylamido-2-propanesulfonic acid (X = -C ( O) NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ in formula VIIa), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (X = -C (O) NH-CH (CH ₃ ) CH ₂ - in formula VIIa), 2 -Methacrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (X = -C (O) NH-CH (CH ₃ ) CH ₂ - in formula VIIIb), 3-methacrylamido-2-hydroxy-propanesulfonic acid (X = -C (O) NH-CH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ - in formula VIIIb), allylsulfonic acid (X = CH ₂ in formula VIIIa), methallylsulfonic acid (X = CH ₂ in formula VIIIb), allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid (X = -CH ₂ -OC ₆ H ₄ - in formula XVIIa), methallyloxybenzenesulfonic acid (X = -CH ₂ -OC ₆ H ₄ - in formula VIIIb), 2-hydroxy-3- (2-propenyloxy) propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-propen1-sulfonic acid (X = CH ₂ in formula VIII), styrene sulfonic acid (X = C ₆ H ₄ in formula VIII), vinyl sulfonic acid (X not present in formula VIII), 3-sulfopropyl acrylate (X = -C (O) NH-CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ - i n Formula VIII), 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (X = -C (O) NH-CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ - in formula VIIIb), sulfomethacrylamide (X = -C (O) NH- in formula VIIIb), sulfomethyl methacrylamide (X = -C (O) NH-CH ₂ - in formula VIIIb) and water-soluble salts of the acids mentioned.

Other ionic or nonionic monomers that can be used are, in particular, ethylenically unsaturated compounds. The content of monomers of group iii) in the polymers used according to the invention is preferably less than 20% by weight, based on the polymer. Polymers to be used with particular preference consist only of monomers of groups i) and ii).

In summary, copolymers are made of

i) unsaturated carboxylic acids of formula VI.

R ¹ (R ² ) C = C (R ³ ) COOH (VI),

in which R ¹ to R ³ independently of one another are -H -CH ₃ , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, with -NH ₂ , -OH or -COOH substituted alkyl or alkenyl radicals as defined above or represents -COOH or -COOR ⁴ , where R ^{4 is} a saturated one or is unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms,

ii) Monomers of the formula VII containing sulfonic acid groups

R ⁵ (R ⁶ ) C = C (R ⁷ ) -X-SO ₃ H (VII),

in which R ⁵ to R ⁷ independently of one another are -H -CH ₃ , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, with -NH ₂ , -OH or -COOH substituted alkyl or alkenyl radicals as defined above or represents -COOH or -COOR ⁴ , where R ^{4 is} a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and X represents an optionally present spacer group , which is selected from - (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, -COO- (CH ₂ ) _k - with k = 1 to 6, -C (O) -NH- C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - and -C (O) -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -

iii) optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers

particularly preferred.

Particularly preferred copolymers consist of

i) one or more unsaturated carboxylic acids from the group

Acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and / or maleic acid

ii) one or more monomers containing sulfonic acid groups of the formulas VIIa, VIIb and / or VIIc:

H ₂ C = CH-X-SO ₃ H (Vlla),

H ₂ C = C (CH ₃ ) -X-SO ₃ H (VIIIb),

HO ₃ SX- (R ⁶ ) C = C (R ⁷ ) -X-SO ₃ H (Vllc), in which R ⁶ and R ^{7 are} independently selected from -H, -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ and X represents an optionally present spacer group which is selected from - (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, -COO- (CH ₂ ) _k - with k = 1 to 6, -C (O) -NH- C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - and - C (O) -NH-CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -

iii) optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers.

The copolymers contained in the compositions according to the invention can contain the monomers from groups i) and ii) and optionally iii) in varying amounts, all representatives from group i) with all representatives from group ii) and all representatives from group iii ) can be combined. Particularly preferred polymers have certain structural units, which are described below.

For example, agents according to the invention are preferred which are characterized in that they contain one or more copolymers which have structural units of the formula VIII

- [CH ₂ -CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CHC (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] p- (VIII),

contain, in which m and p each represent an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y represents a spacer group which is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic

Hydrocarbon radicals with 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with spacer groups in which Y for -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, for -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, for -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - or -NH- CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -, are preferred.

These polymers are produced by copolymerization of acrylic acid with an acrylic acid derivative containing sulfonic acid groups. If the acrylic acid derivative containing sulfonic acid groups is copolymerized with methacrylic acid, another polymer is obtained, the use of which in the agents according to the invention is also preferred and is characterized in that the agents contain one or more copolymers which have structural units of the formula IX - [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) COOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CHC (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] p- (IX),

contain, in which m and p each represent an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y represents a spacer group which is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic

Hydrocarbon radicals with 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with spacer groups in which Y for -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, for -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, for -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - or -NH- CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -, are preferred.

Completely analogously, acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid can also be copolymerized with methacrylic acid derivatives containing sulfonic acid groups, which changes the structural units in the molecule. Agents according to the invention which contain one or more copolymers are structural units of the formula X

- [CH ₂ -CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] p- (X),

contain, in which m and p each represent an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y represents a spacer group which is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic

Hydrocarbon radicals with 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with spacer groups in which Y for -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, for -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, for -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - or -NH- CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) - are preferred, are also a preferred embodiment of the present invention, just as agents are preferred which are characterized in that they contain one or more copolymers which have structural units of the formula XI

- [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) COOH] _m - [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p - (XI),

contain, in which m and p each represent an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y represents a spacer group which is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic

Hydrocarbon radicals with 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with spacer groups in which Y for -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, for -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, for -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - or -NH- CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -, are preferred. Instead of or in addition to acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid, maleic acid can also be used as a particularly preferred monomer from group i). In this way, preferred agents according to the invention are obtained which are characterized in that they contain one or more copolymers, the structural units of the formula XI

- [HOOCCH-CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CHC (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p - (XI),

contain, in which m and p each represent an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y represents a spacer group which is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic

Hydrocarbon radicals with 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with spacer groups in which Y for -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, for -O- (C _e H ₄ ) -, for -NH-C (CH ₃ ) - or -NH- CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) - are preferred and to agents which are characterized in that they contain one or more copolymers, the structural units of the formula XII

- [HOOCCH-CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) C (O) OY-SO ₃ H] p- (XII),

contain, in which m and p each represent an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y represents a spacer group which is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic

Hydrocarbon radicals with 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with spacer groups in which Y for -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, for -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, for -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - or -NH- CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -, are preferred.

In summary, automatic dishwashing agents according to the invention are preferred which contain, as ingredient b), one or more copolymers which have structural units of the formulas VII and / or VIII and / or IX and / or X and / or XI and / or XII

- [CH ₂ -CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CHC (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p - (VII),

- [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) COOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CHC (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] p- (VIII),

- [CH ₂ -CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] p- (IX),

- [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) COOH] _m - [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) C (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p - (X), - [HOOCCH-CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -CHC (O) -Y-SO ₃ H] _p - (XI),

- [HOOCCH-CHCOOH] _m - [CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) C (O) OY-SO ₃ H] _p - (XII),

contain, in which m and p each represent an integer between 1 and 2000 and Y represents a spacer group which is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic

Hydrocarbon radicals with 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with spacer groups in which Y for -O- (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, for -O- (C ₆ H ₄ ) -, for -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - or -NH- CH (CH ₂ CH ₃ ) -, are preferred.

The sulfonic acid groups in the polymers may be wholly or partly in neutralized form, i.e. that the acidic hydrogen atom of the sulfonic acid group in some or all sulfonic acid groups can be replaced by metal ions, preferably alkali metal ions and in particular by sodium ions. Corresponding agents which are characterized in that the sulfonic acid groups in the copolymer are partially or fully neutralized are preferred according to the invention.

The monomer distribution of the copolymers used in the agents according to the invention is preferably 5 to 95% by weight i) or ii), particularly preferably 50 to 90% by weight, in the case of copolymers which contain only monomers from groups i) and ii). % Of monomer from group i) and from 10 to 50% by weight of monomer from group ii), in each case based on the polymer.

In the case of terpolymers, those which contain 20 to 85% by weight of monomer from group i), 10 to 60% by weight of monomer from group ii) and 5 to 30% by weight of monomer from group iii) are particularly preferred ,

The molar mass of the polymers used in the agents according to the invention can be varied in order to adapt the properties of the polymers to the desired intended use. Preferred automatic dishwashing detergents are characterized in that the copolymers have molar masses from 2000 to 200,000 gmor ¹ , preferably from 4000 to 25,000 gmol ^'1 and in particular from 5000 to 15,000 gmor ¹ . The content of one or more copolymers in the agents according to the invention can vary depending on the intended use and the desired product performance, preferred dishwasher detergents according to the invention being characterized in that they contain the copolymer (s) in amounts of 0.25 to 50% by weight. %, preferably from 0.5 to 35% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.75 to 20% by weight and in particular from 1 to 15% by weight.

As already mentioned further above, it is particularly preferred to use both polyacrylates and the above-described copolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids, monomers containing sulfonic acid groups and, if appropriate, further ionic or nonionic monomers in the agents according to the invention. The polyacrylates were described in detail above. Combinations of the above-described copolymers containing sulfonic acid groups with low molecular weight polyacrylates, for example in the range between 1000 and 4000 daltons, are particularly preferred. Such polyacrylates are commercially available under the trade names Sokalan ^® PA15 or Sokalan ^® PA25 (BASF).

The agents according to the invention can also be packaged as fabric softeners or washing additives. Depending on the intended use, additional ingredients can be used. Fabric softener compositions for rinse bath finishing are widely described in the prior art. Typically, these compositions contain as the active ingredient a cationic quaternary ammonium compound which is dispersed in water. Depending on the content of active substance in the finished plasticizer composition, one speaks of dilute, ready-to-use products (active substance contents below 7% by weight) or so-called concentrates (active substance contents above 7% by weight). Because of the lower volume and the associated lower packaging and transport costs, the textile softener concentrates have advantages from an ecological point of view and have become more and more established on the market. Due to the incorporation of cationic compounds which have only a low solubility in water, conventional fabric softener compositions are in the form of dispersions, have a milky, cloudy appearance and are not translucent. For reasons of product aesthetics, it may also be desirable to provide the consumer with translucent, To provide clear fabric softeners that stand out visually from the known products.

As a fabric softening active substance, portioned fabric softeners according to the invention preferably contain cationic surfactants which have already been described in detail above (formulas XII, XIII and XIV). "Softener portions" according to the invention particularly preferably contain so-called ester quats. While there are a large number of possible compounds from this class of substances, esterquats are used according to the invention with particular preference, which can be prepared in a manner known per se by reacting trialkanolamines with a mixture of fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids, optionally subsequent alkoxylation of the reaction product and quaternization is described in DE 195 39 846.

The esterquats produced in this way are outstandingly suitable for the production of portions according to the invention which can be used as fabric softeners. Since, depending on the choice of the trialkanolamine, the fatty acids and the dicarboxylic acids and the quaternizing agent, a large number of suitable products can be prepared and used in the agents according to the invention, a description of the esterquats to be used according to the invention via their route of production is more precise than the specification of a general formula.

The components mentioned, which react with one another to give the ester quats to be used with preference, can be used in varying proportions to one another. In the context of the present invention, portioned fabric softeners are preferred in which a reaction product of trialkanolamines with a mixture of fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids in a molar ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1, preferably 1: 5 to 5: 1, which optionally alkoxylates and then in was quaternized in a known manner, is present in amounts of 2 to 60, preferably 3 to 35 and in particular 5 to 30% by weight. The use of triethanolamine is particularly preferred, so that further preferred portioned fabric softeners of the present invention are a reaction product of triethanolamine with a mixture of fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids in a molar ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1, preferably 1: 5 to 5: 1, that optionally alkoxylated and then in a manner known per se was quaternized, in amounts of 2 to 60, preferably 3 to 35 and in particular 5 to 30 wt .-%.

All acids obtained from vegetable or animal oils and fats can be used as fatty acids in the reaction mixture to produce the esterquats. A fatty acid that is not solid at room temperature, i.e. pasty to liquid, fatty acid can be used.

The fatty acids can be saturated or mono- to polyunsaturated regardless of their physical state. Of course, not only "pure" fatty acids can be used, but also the technical fatty acid mixtures obtained from the cleavage of fats and oils, these mixtures again being clearly preferred from an economic point of view.

For example, individual species or mixtures of the following acids can be used in the reaction mixtures for producing the ester quats for the clear aqueous fabric softener according to the invention: caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, octadecan-12-ol acid, arachic acid, behenic acid , Lignoceric acid, cerotinic acid, melissic acid, 10-undecenoic acid, petroselinic acid, petroselaidic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, ricinoleic acid, linolaidic acid, α- and ß-elaestainic acid, gadoleic acid, erucic acid, brassidic acid. Of course, the fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms can also be used, for example undecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, heneicosanoic acid, tricosanoic acid,

Pentacosanoic acid, heptacosanoic acid.

In the context of the present invention, the use of fatty acids of the formula XIII in the reaction mixture for the preparation of the esterquats is preferred, so that preferred portioned fabric softener is a reaction product of trialkanolamines with a mixture of fatty acids of the formula XIII,

R ¹ -CO-OH (XIII) in which R1-CO- represents an aliphatic, linear or branched acyl radical having 6 to 22 carbon atoms and 0 and / or 1, 2 or 3 double bonds and dicarboxylic acids in a molar ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1, preferably 1: 5 to 5 : 1, which was optionally alkoxylated and then quaternized in a manner known per se, contained in the compositions in amounts of 2 to 60, preferably 3 to 35 and in particular 5 to 30% by weight.

Suitable dicarboxylic acids which are suitable for the preparation of the esterquats to be used in the agents according to the invention are, in particular, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated α-ω-dicarboxylic acids. Examples include the saturated species oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanoic and dodecanoic acid, brassylic acid, tetra- and pentadecanoic acid, thapic acid as well as hepta-, octa- and nonadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, eicosanoic acid and eicosanoic acid and also called phellogenic acid. Dicarboxylic acids which follow the general formula XXIII are preferably used in the reaction mixture, so that portioned agents according to the invention are preferred which are a reaction product of trialkanolamines with a mixture of fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids of the formula XIV,

HO-OC- [X] -CO-OH (XIV)

in which X represents an optionally hydroxyl-substituted alkylene group with 1 to 10 carbon atoms, in a molar ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1, preferably 1: 5 to 5: 1, which was optionally alkoxylated and then quaternized in a manner known per se, in quantities from 2 to 60, preferably 3 to 35 and in particular 5 to 30% by weight in the compositions.

Of the large number of esterquats that can be prepared and used according to the invention, those in which the alkanolamine is treithanolamine and the dicarboxylic acid is adipic acid have proven particularly useful. Thus, in the context of the present invention, agents are particularly preferred which are a reaction product of triethanolamine with a mixture of fatty acids and adipic acid in a molar ratio of 1: 5 to 5: 1, preferably 1: 3 to 3: 1, which is then known per se Was quaternized in amounts of 2 to 60, preferably 3 to 35 and in particular 5 to 30 wt .-% in the compositions

Regardless of whether they are formulated as textile detergents, washing aids or fabric softeners, the agents according to the invention can also be provided with further additional benefits. For example, color transfer inhibiting compositions, agents with an “anti-gray formula”, agents with ironing relief, agents with special fragrance release, agents with improved dirt release or prevention of re-soiling, antibacterial agents, UV protection agents, color-refreshing agents, etc. can be formulated. Some examples are explained below:

Since textile fabrics, in particular rayon, rayon, cotton and their mixtures, can be wrinkled because the individual fibers prevent bending and kinking. If pressing and squeezing across the fiber direction are sensitive, the agents according to the invention can contain synthetic anti-crease agents. These include, for example, synthetic products based on fatty acids, fatty acid esters. Fatty acid amides, alkylol esters, alkylolamides or fatty alcohols, which are mostly reacted with ethylene oxide, or products based on lecithin or modified phosphoric acid esters.

To combat microorganisms, the agents according to the invention can contain antimicrobial agents. Depending on the antimicrobial spectrum and mechanism of action, a distinction is made between bacteriostatics and bactericides, fungistatics and fungicides, etc. Important substances from these groups are, for example, benzalkonium chlorides, alkylarlylsulfonates, halophenols and phenol mercuric acetate, although these compounds can be dispensed with entirely in the inventive agents.

In order to prevent undesirable changes in the agents and / or the treated textiles caused by the action of oxygen and other oxidative processes, the agents can contain antioxidants. This class of compounds includes, for example, substituted phenols, hydroquinones, pyrocatechols and aromatic amines and organic sulfides, polysulfides, dithiocarbamates, phosphites and phosphonates.

Increased wearing comfort can result from the additional use of antstatics, which are additionally added to the agents according to the invention. Antistatic agents increase the surface conductivity and thus enable the flow of charges that have formed to improve. External antistatic agents are generally substances with at least one hydrophilic molecular ligand and give a more or less hygroscopic film on the surfaces. These mostly surface-active antistatic agents can be divided into nitrogen-containing (amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds), phosphorus-containing (phosphoric acid esters) and sulfur-containing (alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates) antistatic agents. Lauryl (or stearyl) dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides are suitable as antistatic agents for textiles or as an additive to detergents, with an additional softening effect.

To improve the water absorption capacity, the rewettability of the treated textiles and to facilitate the ironing of the treated textiles, for example silicone derivatives can be used in the agents according to the invention. These additionally improve the rinsing behavior of the agents according to the invention due to their foam-inhibiting properties. Preferred silicone derivatives are, for example, polydialkyl or alkylarylsiloxanes in which the alkyl groups have one to five carbon atoms and are completely or partially fluorinated. Preferred silicones are polydimethylsiloxanes, which can optionally be derivatized and are then amino-functional or quaternized or have Si-OH, Si-H and / or Si-Cl bonds. The viscosities of the preferred silicones at 25 ° C. are in the range between 100 and 100,000 centistokes, the silicones being used in amounts between 0.2 and 5% by weight, based on the total agent.

Finally, the agents according to the invention can also contain UV absorbers, which absorb onto the treated textiles and improve the light resistance of the fibers. Compounds which have these desired properties are, for example, the compounds and derivatives of benzophenone which are active by radiationless deactivation and have substituents in the 2- and / or 4-position. Substituted benzotriazoles are furthermore phenyl-substituted acrylates in the 3-position (Cinnamic acid derivatives), optionally with cyano groups in the 2-position, salicylates, organic Ni complexes and natural substances such as umbelliferone and the body's own urocanoic acid.

Examples:

EXAMPLE 1 :

Envelopes according to the invention in the form of hemispheres, cups, with an inner radius of 24 mm were produced by injection molding on a hydraulic screw-type injection molding machine type 221 M from Arburg. These cups were then optionally filled with agent and (both in filled and in unfilled versions) sealed with a welded-on, also water-soluble, cover film in a liquid-tight manner.

When connected, the products were checked for their resistance and leak tightness in mechanical stress tests.

The water-soluble casing material for taking up the cleaning-active composition was a thermoplastically processable PVA blend from Texas Polymers, U.S.A., type "Vinex 2019" (Melt Flow Index 26-30; 2.16 kg; 190 ° C). The polymer pellets, metered in via a metering screw, were drawn into the injection molding extruder and melted from the feed to the die head as the temperature profile increased (zone 1: 140 ° C; zones 2 to 5: 160 ° C to 195 ° C; die: 210 ° C), then fed to the cyclically closed injection mold via the injection point for spraying out the articles.

Half of the half-shells were each filled with 25 ml of the low-water detergent composition described below.

Low water ADD detergent formulation [%]:

Sodium carbonate 16.0

Sodium tripolyphosphate 71, 7

Sodium perborate 5.0

Tetraacetylethylenediamine 1, 25

Benzotriazole 0.5

C12 fatty alcohol with 3 EO 1, 25

Dye 0.1

Enzymes 3.0

Perfume 0.2

Silicone oil 1, 0 The filled / unfilled half-shells were then welded along a circumferential brim (web width 2 mm) with a water-soluble PVA film in a multi-cavity sealing tool from lllig Maschinenbau

(Sealing temperature 180 - 190 ° C) and afterwards protruding film material punched out (optionally along or with the projecting brim). Two types of PVA film were used, as are known from the production of conventional sachets (PVA pouches) with compositions that are active in washing or cleaning: Aicello SA 75, Greensol M 8630.

The casings were subjected to mechanical stress tests using a universal testing machine from Zwick, type 1425, these mechanical measurements being carried out both immediately after the casings were produced and after conditioning in a standard climate of 23 ° C. and 50% relative humidity (12 hours).

The following measured values resulted:

- Deformation work w and return speed v of the unfilled cups at one

Compression path of 22 mm along the shortest axis

(empty cups lying on the foil side; press-in test with 8 mm round rod):

F ^ deformation force w: deformation work v: return speed

F _max : compression resistance according to DIN 555526.1 (filled cups lying on the film side)

EXAMPLE 2:

Bubble-extruded, water-soluble casings were produced in-line using the blow-fill-seal process and then checked for their repeated mechanical strength.

For this purpose, 50 ml portions of liquid detergent in the form of spheres provided on both sides with a 4 mm deep engraving with an outer diameter of 47.7 mm were produced by the following method.

Various blow-extrudable PVA compounds (eg "Vinex 2034" ex Texas Polymers) were used in different runs on a discontinuously cycled blow-fill-seal machine from Rommelag / Kocher-Plastik, type "bottelpack system 2012" (with quadruple blow head, sequential flow) and "L 734", "KSE Mowiflex LPTC 221" ex Clariant / Kuraray) with an even and rising temperature profile (180 ° C extruder zones, 180 to 196 ° C die) melted in the extruder and blown into four tube preforms at the same time.

The parisons extruded from the PVA blend were pushed into the opened blow mold and the tubular preforms were cut off below the mold by means of a cutting iron (warm cutter).

In a subsequent step, the mold was closed, which at the same time was thermally sealed on the bottom of the respective preform by means of the clamping effect. Using an integrated blowing and filling sleeve unit, inserted into the neck area of the respective preform in the tool, the respective preform was molded onto the spherical die walls of the respective tool cavities by means of compressed air and by means of a vacuum applied to the mold.

In an exemplary experiment, the total shell weight was 1.5 g, with products formed very regularly in all four cavities with regard to their wall thicknesses (wall thickness s in the area of the base jaw approx. 300 μm; in the equatorial area, at the predetermined breaking point, approx. 70 to 100 microns). Each casing was filled with 50 ml of a low-water liquid detergent formulation of the following composition via the integrated blowing and filling quill unit.

^a] Cι ₂ . ₁₄ -fatty alcohol + 5-EO + 4-PO ex Sasol ^bl dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid monoethanolamine salt ex Sasol ^c] coconut oil fatty acid cut (C _{8. 18} fatty acid) ex Cognis ^dl diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonic acid hepta sodium salt ex Solutia ^e] acrylic copolymer , carboxyl group containing ex 3V Sigma

Protease ex biozyme ^[9] amylase ex Novo ^hl cellulase ex Novo ^l] distyrylbiphenyl derivative, anionic ex Ciba

After filling, the integrated, four-part blowing and filling quill unit was withdrawn from the tool and then the upper jaws of the Tool closed so that the necessary sealing of the casing to a liquid-tight PVA container was carried out via thermal sealing.

To check the mechanical load capacity, compression tests with round rod 0 = 8 mm were carried out on a test machine from Zwick with a height-controlled test path of 22 mm in multiple determinations (repeat measurements on one casing each by repeatedly running the same test program).

The table below with the test values shows that the deformation work for the previously described filled casings has a standard deviation below 1% of the mean value when measured several times.

Push-in test with round rod 0 = 8 mm, 22 mm test path, on Zwick testing machine

EXAMPLE 3

Assembled sales packaging, each containing 12 pieces of the wrappings according to Example 2, loosely stored in a polyethylene bag, this polyethylene bag again being in a carton, was subjected to drop tests. The casings according to the invention survived a fall from a fall height of 2 m without the occurrence of damage or leakage.

Claims

claims:

1. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent, comprising a preparation which is surrounded by a covering; characterized in that the unfilled envelope

- Can be deformed along a path S _t by a force Fi> 0 N and ≤ 500 N and returns to its original shape after the force has ceased and / or

- after the deformation forces cease to have a return speed v> 0 mm / min and ≤ 1000 mm / min.

2. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to claim 1, characterized in that the unfilled envelope returns to its original shape after the loss of force.

3. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 1 or

2, characterized in that the unfilled casing is deformable by a force F ₂ ≤ 100 N, preferably by a force F ₃ ≤ 60 N, particularly preferably by a force F ≤ 40 N and in particular by a force F ₅ ≤ 20 N.

4. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 1 to

3, characterized in that the unfilled envelope after removal of the force a return speed v ≤ 500 mm / min, preferably v ≤ 100 mm / min, particularly preferably v ≤ 50 mm / min, more preferably v ≤ 10 mm / min and in particular v ≤ 1 mm / min.

5. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 1 to

4, characterized in that a deformation work w ≤ 5 Nm, preferably w ≤ 1 Nm, particularly preferably w ≤ 0.5 Nm, further preferably w ≤ 0.3 Nm and in particular w ≤ 0.25 Nm for the deformation of the unfilled casing is required.

6. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent, comprising a preparation which is surrounded by a covering; characterized in that the agent (= the filled casing) is deformable by a force F _r > 0 N and 500 500 N, preferably by a force F ₂ ≤ 100 N, particularly preferably by a force F ₃ ≤ 60 N and in particular by a force F ₄ ≤ 20 N after the loss of force returns to its original shape and / or, after the loss of the deformation force, has a return speed v> 0 mm / min and ≤ 1000 mm / min.

7. Portioned detergent, dishwashing or cleaning agent according to claim 6, characterized in that the agent (= the filled casing) after removal of the force, a reset speed v ≤ 500 mm / min, preferably v ≤ 100 mm / min, particularly preferably v ≤ 50 mm / min, more preferably v ≤ 10 mm / min and in particular v ≤ 1 mm / min.

8. portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 6 or 7 to 7, characterized in that for the deformation of the agent (= the filled casing) a deformation work w ≤ 5.0 Nm, preferably w ≤ 2.5 Nm, particularly preferably w ≤ 1.0 Nm, more preferably w <0.75 Nm and in particular w ≤ 0.5 Nm is required.

9. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 6 to

8, characterized in that the compression resistance F _{max of} the agent (= the filled casing) is 20 to 2000 N, preferably 50 to 1000 N, particularly preferably 75 to 600 N, more preferably 100 to 500 N and in particular 150 to 400 N.

10. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 1 to

9, characterized in that the filled / unfilled envelope at n times, with n> 2, for example 3 or 4, preferably 8, 10, 15 or 20, repetition of the respective measurement of the restoring speed, the deformation work or the compression resistance at one individual testing a percentage standard deviation, based on the mean measured value, of less than 100%, preferably less than 50%, more preferably less than 40%, particularly preferably less than 30%, in particular less than 20%, particularly preferably less than 10% , most preferably less than 8%, for example less than 5%, advantageously less than 3%, for example less than 2% and extremely preferably less than 1%.

11. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 1 to

10, characterized in that the wall thickness of the casing is 100 to 5000 microns, preferably 200 to 3000 microns, particularly preferably 300 to 2000 microns and in particular 500 to 1500 microns.

12. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 1 to

11, characterized in that the covering comprises one or more materials from the group consisting of polymers containing acrylic acid, polyacrylamides, oxazoline polymers, polystyrene sulfonates, polyurethanes, polyesters, graft polymers and polyethers and mixtures thereof.

13. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 1 to

12, characterized in that the coating one or more water-soluble polymer (s), preferably a material from the group (optionally acetalized) polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyalkylene oxides, in particular polyethylene oxide, gelatin, cellulose, and their derivatives and their mixtures, more preferably (optionally acetalized) polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL).

14. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to claim 13, characterized in that the covering comprises a polyvinyl alcohol, the degree of hydrolysis 70 to 100 mol%, preferably 80 to 90 mol%, particularly preferably 81 to 89 mol% and is in particular 82 to 88 mol%.

15. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 13 or 14, characterized in that the covering comprises a polyvinyl alcohol, the molecular weight in the range from 10,000 to 100,000 gmor ¹ , preferably from 11,000 to 90,000 gmol ^"1 , particularly preferred from 12,000 to 80,000 gmol ^' and in particular from 13,000 to 70,000 gmol ^"1 .

16. Portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 13 to 15, characterized in that the covering comprises a polyvinyl alcohol, the degree of polymerization of which is between approximately 200 to approximately 2100, preferably between approximately 220 to approximately 1890, particularly preferably between approximately 240 to about 1680 and especially between about 260 to about 1500.

17. Portioned detergent, dishwashing detergent or cleaning agent according to one of claims 13 to 15, characterized in that the coating said polymers in amounts of at least 50 wt .-%, preferably at least 70 wt .-%, particularly preferably at least Contains 80% by weight and in particular at least 90% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the casing.

18. A process for the production of a portioned washing, rinsing or cleaning agent according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the production is carried out by injection molding and / or blow extrusion, in particular blow-fill-seal process, and / or thermoforming process.