EP1425488B1 - Moment-resistant building frame structure componentry and method - Google Patents
Moment-resistant building frame structure componentry and method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1425488B1 EP1425488B1 EP01968363.0A EP01968363A EP1425488B1 EP 1425488 B1 EP1425488 B1 EP 1425488B1 EP 01968363 A EP01968363 A EP 01968363A EP 1425488 B1 EP1425488 B1 EP 1425488B1
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- Prior art keywords
- collar
- column
- columns
- members
- moment
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
- E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
- E04B2001/2409—Hooks, dovetails or other interlocking connections
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
- E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
- E04B2001/2454—Connections between open and closed section profiles
Definitions
- This invention (structure and method) relates to building structure, and in particular to a novel column/beam/collar-interconnect structural organization (and related methodology) which functions to create an improved and very capable moment-resistant frame for a building.
- Featured in the practice of the invention is a unique, bearing-face collar-interconnect structure which joins adjacent columns and beams at nodes of intersection between them.
- US 5 678 375 A discloses a building framework comprising a plurality of steel girders, steel columns, and steel connecting members for joining at least one girder with at least one column to form the building framework. Further provided is a plurality of substantially flat coupling elements, each having opening therein, wherein at least one column and at least one connecting member each terminate with at least one coupling element.
- the coupling elements substantially match each other and extend outward beyond the outer wall of the column and of the connecting member for providing attachment therebetween.
- the girders, columns and coupling elements are reinforced with concrete extending through the coupling elements via the openings.
- US 6 082 070 A discloses a patio construction, which is easy to assemble and disassemble by the user.
- the patio construction includes at least four base joint to respectively support four vertical construction beams extended upwardly.
- Four top ends of said four vertical construction beams respectively connect four triaxial construction joints adapted for connecting at least four horizontal construction beams.
- a plurality of ceiling bars are detachably mounted between at least two of said horizontal construction beams.
- US 6 092 347 A discloses a skeleton of a greenhouse including a plurality of equidistant posts, a plurality of beams each fixedly mounted between every two of the posts, a plurality of bracing struts each having a lower end welded with an L-shaped fixing member, a plurality of drain pipes each fixedly mounted between every two of the L-shaped fixing members, and a plurality of vertical rods each having a lower end welded with an inverted U-shaped member fitted with a respective one of the drain pipes and fixed in place by bolts, whereby the skeleton of a greenhouse can be rapidly and easily built in a short time.
- WO 98 / 36134 A disclose a joint for steel structure, provided with an upper diaphragm combined with a lower surface of an upper column, a lower diaphragm combined with an upper surface of a lower column, a connection core having a cross section smaller than that of the upper and the lower diaphragms, and a height corresponding to that of a beam, and gusset plates disposed between the upper and lower diaphragms and fixed at their circumferential edge portions to at least the connection core, combination bolt holes being formed in the upper and lower diaphragms and gusset plates. This enables the upper and the lower diaphragms and upper and lower flanges of the beam to be combined together by bolts.
- US 5 289 665 A1 discloses a novel framework arrangement, wherein a bracket to shaft coupling assembly permits the face of horizontal beams to align with the face of a square tubular vertical post and thereby establishes an exceptionally strong framework made up of exceptionally light structural elements (posts, beams and connector device) and comprises a minimum of interchangeable parts which can be readily mass-produced, and which can be used to assemble any variety of orthogonal building structure.
- GB 1 204 327 A discloses vertical and horizontal scaffold tubes which are connected together by means of spigot and socket connecting members, the spigot being generally of dovetail form and upwardly tapering, and the socket members being of a similar shape, and guarded by gravity locks.
- Each lock may be replaced by an L-shaped clamp screwed to the horizontal tube with its longer limb pressed against the bottom of the spigot member and its shorter limb pressed against the bottom of the tube.
- the spigots extend out from a ring which may taper in thickness in the axial direction of the spigots.
- Adjacent vertical tubes may have a bayonet connection by means of an upper spigot with a lateral projection, which engages an inclined slot in the bottom of the tube.
- Similar socket connecting members may be pivotally attached to the ends of tubes acting as diagonal braces.
- nodal connections which result from practice of the present invention function to create what is referred to as three-dimensional, multi-axial, moment-coupling, load transfer interconnection and interaction between beams and columns.
- the proposed nodal collar structures include inner components which are anchored, as by welding, to the outside surfaces of columns, and an outer collar which is made up of components that are suitably anchored, also as by welding, to the opposite ends of beams.
- the inner and outer collar components are preferably and desirably formed by precision casting and/or machining, and are also preferably pre-joined to columns and beams in an automated, factory-type setting, rather than out on the construction job site. Accordingly, the invented collar components lend themselves to economical, high-precision manufacture and assembly with columns and beams, which can then be delivered to a job site ready for accurate assembly.
- Male/female cleat/socket configurations formed in and adjacent the confronting bearing-face portions of the inner and outer collar components function under the influence of gravity, during such preliminary building construction, not only to enable such gravity locking and positioning of the associated frame components, but also to establish immediate, substantial stability and moment resistance to lateral loads, even without further assembly taking place at the nodal locations of column-beam intersections.
- tension bolts are preferably introduced into the collar structures, and specifically into the components of the outer collar structures, effectively to lock the inner and outer collar structures in place against separation, and to introduce available tension load-bearing constituents into the outer collar structures.
- tension load bearing plays an important role in the way that the structure of the present invention gathers and couples beam moment loads multidirectionally into columns.
- Confronting faces between the inner and outer collar components function as bearing faces to deliver, or transfer, moment loads (carried in beams) directly as compression loads into the columns.
- these bearing faces deliver such compression loads to the columns at plural locations which are angularly displaced about the long axes of the columns (because of the axial encircling natures of the collars).
- Such load distribution takes substantially full advantage of the load-carrying capabilities of the columns with respect to reacting to beam moment loads.
- a building frame structure assembled in accordance with this invention results in a remarkably stable and capable frame, wherein all lateral loads transfer via compression multiaxially, and at distributed nodes, into the columns, and are born in a substantially relatively evenly and uniformly distributed fashion throughout the entire frame structure.
- Such a frame structure requires no bracing or shear walls, and readily accommodates the later incorporation (into an emerging building) of both outer surface skin structure, and internal floor structure.
- the nodal interconnections which exist between beams and columns according to this invention at least from one set of points of view, can be visualized as discontinuous floating connections -- discontinuous in the sense that there is no uninterrupted (homogenous) metal or other material path which flows structurally from beams to columns and floating in the sense that beams and columns could, if so desired, be nondestructively disconnected for any particular purpose.
- the connective interface that exists between a beam and a column according to this invention includes a portion which experiences no deformation during load handling, such portion being resident at the discontinuity which exists between beams and columns at the nodal interfaces.
- a building frame structure This structure is also referred to herein as building structure, and as a structural system.
- frame structure 20 might be constructed on, and rise from, any suitable, underlying support structure, such as the ground, but in the particular setting illustrated in Fig. 1 , structure 20 is shown supported on, and rising from, the top of a pre-constructed, underlying "podium" building structure 22, such as a parking garage.
- a pre-constructed, underlying "podium" building structure 22 such as a parking garage.
- podium structure 22 includes, among other structural elements, a distributed row-and-column array of columns, such as those shown at 22 a .
- a distributed row-and-column array of columns such as those shown at 22 a .
- frame structure 20 included in frame structure 20, and arranged therein in what has been referred to as a row-and-column array, are plural, upright, elongate columns, such as those shown at 24, 26, 28.
- the long axes of columns 24, 26, 28, are shown at 24 a , 26 a , 28 a , respectively.
- collar structures, or collars also referred to as collar-form interconnect structures
- 30, 32, 34 are elongate horizontal beams 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48.
- Collars 30, 32, 34 as is true for (and with respect to) all of the other collars employed in frame structure 20, are substantially alike in construction.
- Collar 30 accommodates the attachment to column 24 of beams 36, 38.
- Collar 32 accommodates the attachment to column 26 of beams 38, 40, 42.
- Collar 34 accommodates the attachment to column 28 of beams 42, 44, 46, 48.
- the row-and-column array of columns in frame structure 20 is such that the long axes of the associated columns are not aligned on a one-to-one basis with the long axes of previously mentioned columns 22 a in podium structure 22. It should further be noted that the bases of the columns in structure 20 may be anchored in place near the top of the podium structure in any suitable manner, the details of which are neither specifically illustrated nor discussed herein, inasmuch as these anchor connections form no part of the present invention.
- a nodal region (or node) is one which employs previously mentioned collar 34.
- collar 34 per se should be understood to be essentially a detailed description of all of the other collars employed in frame structure 20. With respect to this description, four orthogonally associated, outwardly facing, planar faces 28 b , 28 c , 28 d , 28 e , in column 28 are involved.
- FIG. 2 shown in dashed lines at 46 a is a representation of an optional conventional beam "fuse" which may be used in the beams in structure 20, if so desired.
- a fuse as a plastic yield protector is well understood.
- Representative fuse 46 a appears only in Fig. 2 .
- Collar 34 includes an inner collar structure (or column-attachable member) 50, and an outer collar structure 52. These inner and outer collar structures are also referred to herein as gravity-utilizing, bearing-face structures, or substructures.
- the inner collar structure is made up of four components shown at 54, 56, 58, 60.
- the outer collar structure is made up of four components (or beam-end attachable members) 62, 64, 66, 68. Each of these components in the inner and outer collar structures is preferably made off the job site by precision casting and/or machining, with each such component preferably being pre-assembled appropriately with a column or a beam, also at a off-site location.
- Inner collar components 54, 56, 58, 60 are suitably welded to faces 28 b , 28 c , 28 d , 28 e , respectively, in column 28.
- Outer collar components 62, 64, 66, 68 are suitably welded to those ends of beams 42, 44, 46, 48, respectively, which are near column 28 as such is pictured in Figs. 2-6 , inclusive.
- Component 58 includes a somewhat planar, plate-like body 56 a , with an inner, planar face 58 b which lies flush with column face 28 d .
- Body 56 a also includes a planar, outer face 58 c which lies in a plane that slopes downwardly and slightly outwardly away from the long axis 28 a of column 28 (see particularly Figs. 3 and 5 ).
- Face 58 c is referred to herein as a bearing face.
- cleat 58 d Projecting as an island outwardly from face 58 c as illustrated is an upwardly tapered, wedge-shaped cleat 58 d which extends, with generally uniform thickness, from slightly above the vertical midline of component 58 substantially to the bottom thereof.
- the laterally and upwardly facing edges of cleat 58 d are underbeveled for a reason which will become apparent shortly. This underbeveling is best seen in Figs. 3, 4 and 6 .
- Cleat 58 d is referred to herein also as cleat structure, and as gravity-effective, first-gender structure.
- inner collar component 58 connects, in a complementary manner which will now be described, with outer collar component 66 in outer collar structure 52.
- the somewhat planar body of component 66 has an outer face 66 a which is welded to beam 46, and which is vertical in disposition in structure 20.
- Component 66 also has a broad, inner face 66 b which lies in a plane that substantially parallels the plane of previously mentioned component face 58 c in inner collar component 58. Face 66 b is also referred to herein as a bearing face.
- cleat 58 d is referred to herein collectively as gravity-mating cleat and socket structure.
- the three lateral walls of socket 66 c are appropriately angled to engage (fittingly) three of the underbeveled edges in cleat 58 d .
- Socket 66 c is also referred to herein as gravity-effective, second-gender structure.
- components 58, 66 formed at the two lateral sides of component 66 are four, counter-sunk, bolt-receiving bore holes, such as those shown at 66 d , 66 e , 66 f , 66g.
- Formed in the lateral edges of component body 58 a are three related notches, such as those shown at 58 e , 58 f , 58g.
- Notches 58 e , 58 f , 58g align with bore holes 66 e , 66 f , 66g, respectively, when components 58, 66 are properly seated relative to one another as pictured in Figs. 1-5 , inclusive.
- Figs. 4 , 5 and 6 illustrate the central axes of these (and other non-membered) boreholes, and how these axes (certain ones of them) align with the mentioned and illustrated notches.
- the notches herein are also referred to as bolt clearance passages.
- Figs. 1-6 sets of appropriate tension bolts and nuts are employed to lock together the components that make up the outer collar structures.
- four sets of four nut and bolt assemblies join the sides of outer collar structure components 62, 64, 66, 68, extending at angles as shown across the corners of the resulting outer collar structure.
- Four such assemblies are shown generally at 70, 72, 74, 76 in Fig. 2 .
- Assembly 74 as seen in Fig. 4 , includes a bolt 74 a with an elongate shank 74 b that extends, inter alia , in the bolt-clearance passage created by notch 58 f and by the counterpart notch present in adjacent component 56.
- These nut and bolt assemblies effectively lock the outer collar structure around the inner collar structure, and impede vertical movement of the outer collar structure relative to the inner collar structure.
- the bolt and nut assemblies also perform as tension-transmitting elements between adjacent outer collar components with respect to moment loads that are carried in the beams which connect through collar structure 34 to column 28.
- the bolt and nut assemblies assure a performance whereby each moment load in each beam is delivered by collar 34 in a circumsurrounding fashion to column 28.
- FIGs. 7-10 these four drawing figures (herein new and different reference numerals are employed) help to illustrate certain assembly and operational features and advantages that are offered by the present invention.
- Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate stabilizing, positioning, and aligning activities that take place during early building-frame assembly during lowering of beams into place for connection through the collars to the columns.
- Figs. 9 and 10 illustrate generally how the apparatus of the present invention functions uniquely to handle moment loads that become developed in the beams, and specifically how these loads are handled by delivery through bearing face compression to and around the long axis of a column. As will become apparent, some of the moment-handling performance which is pictured in Figs. 9 and 10 also takes place during the events pictured in Figs. 7 and 8 .
- FIG. 7 there are illustrated, fragmentarily and in solid lines (moved positions), two upright columns 100, 102, and a not-yet-in-place, generally horizontal beam 104.
- Column 100 is appropriately equipped, at a desired elevation, with an inner collar structure 106, and column 102 with a similar inner collar structure 108.
- inner collar structures 106, 108 are relevant. These include, in collar 106, an inclined bearing face 106 a and an associated cleat 106 b , and in collar 108, an inclined bearing face 108 a and a projecting cleat 108 b .
- columns 100, 102 are shown inclined away from one another as pictured in the plane of Fig. 7 , and specifically with their respective long axes, 100 a , 102 a , occupying outwardly displaced angles ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 , respectively, relative to the vertical. Reference to these angular displacements being outward is made in relation to the vertical centerline of Fig. 7 . It should also be noted that the angular vertical misalignment pictured in columns 100, 102 has been exaggerated for the purpose of exposition and illustration herein.
- the out-of-verticality condition (as a practical reality) will typically be modest enough so, that upon lowering of a beam into position for attachment, such as lowering of beam 110 for attachment (through collar components 106, 108, 110, 112) to columns 100, 102, the confronting bearing faces and cleat and socket structure present in the opposite ends of the beam will be close enough to one another to cause the components to engage without special effort required to cause this to happen.
- components 106, 110 begin to contact one another, as do also components 108, 112.
- the respective confronting (and now engaging) cleats and sockets begin to nest complementarily.
- the underbeveled edges of the lateral sides of the cleats in cooperation with the matching complementary lateral surfaces in the gathering sockets, to draw the two columns toward one another.
- the two columns are shifted angularly toward one another (see arrows 115, 117) into conditions of correct relative spacing, alignment and relative angular positioning, with beam 110 ending up in a true horizontal disposition.
- a true horizontal condition for beam 104 depends, of course, upon the columns having the correct relative vertical dispositions.
- Figure 7 has been employed to illustrate a specific condition in a single plane where two columns are effectively splayed outwardly away from one another, the columns might be in a host of different relative angular dispositions in relation to the vertical. For example, they could both effectively be leaning in the same direction as pictured in Fig. 7 , or they could be leaning toward one another. Further, they could be leaning in either or all of those different kinds of conditions, and also leaning into and/or out of the plane of Fig. 7 .
- Fig. 8 pictures schematically this more general, probable scene of column nonverticality. It does so in a somewhat three-dimensional manner.
- single elongate lines are pictured to illustrate obvious representations of an array of columns (vertical lines) and a layer of beams (angled lines) interconnected to the columns through collars which are represented by ovate shapes that surround regions of intersection of the beams and columns.
- Black ovate dots which are presented on certain regions of the lines representing beams, along with single-line dark arrows, suggest, in the case of the black dots, former non-vertical, angular positions for the upper regions of the adjacent columns, with the arrows indicating directions of adjustments that occur as various ones of the different beams are lowered into positions between the columns.
- a column 120 having an elongate axis 120 a coupled through a collar 122 to four beams, only three of which are shown in Fig. 9 -- these being illustrated at 124, 126, 128. Digressing for just a moment to Fig. 10 which shows the same beam and column arrangement, here, the fourth beam 130 can be seen.
- Fig. 9 beams 124, 128 are shown loaded with moments, such being represented by arrows 132, 134, respectively. Focusing on just one of these moments, and specifically, moment 132, this moment is coupled by bearing-face compression through the inner and outer components of collar 122, as indicated by arrow 136. It is thus through compression that the moment load experienced (as illustrated in Fig. 9 ) by beam 124 is communicated, at least partially, by collar 122 to column 120.
- the outer collar structure within collar 122 also delivers compression through bearing faces that are present on the right side of collar 122 in Fig. 9 . Such compression delivery is illustrated by arrow 138 in Fig. 9 .
- moment 132 is delivered through bearing-face compression to angularly spaced locations that are distributed around (at different angular locations relative to) the long axis 120 a of column 120.
- major load handling capability of column 120 is called upon and used immediately to deal with moment 132.
- Fig. 10 illustrates how lateral loads may come into existence in the beams so as to create, in a particular plane of beams, horizontal moment loads such as those illustrated by arrows 140, 142, 144, 146. If such moment loads come into existence, each one of them is effectively delivered as bearing-face compression through collar structure to plural, angularly distributed sides of columns, such as column 120.
- Such plural-location compression delivery of moment loads 140, 142, 144, 146 is represented by arrows 148, 150, 152, 154.
- a frame can be employed as pictured in Fig. 1 --, i.e., on top of a podium structure, with respect to which columns in the super structure do not align axially with the columns in the podium structure.
- An important reason for this advantage is that the structure of the present invention distributes loads in such a fashion that all columns in the row and column array of columns, interconnected through collar form nodes constructed according to the invention, share relatively equally in bearing lateral loads delivered to the superstructure frame. Specifically all of the columns share loads in such a fashion that they can be employed without requiring that they be aligned with underlying structure columns, at least up to certain superstructure building dimensions which are larger than any which would be typically permitted today under currently applicable building codes.
- a further obvious advantage of the invention is that the components proposed by it are extremely simple in construction can be manufactured economically.
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Description
- This invention (structure and method) relates to building structure, and in particular to a novel column/beam/collar-interconnect structural organization (and related methodology) which functions to create an improved and very capable moment-resistant frame for a building. Featured in the practice of the invention is a unique, bearing-face collar-interconnect structure which joins adjacent columns and beams at nodes of intersection between them.
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US 5 678 375 A discloses a building framework comprising a plurality of steel girders, steel columns, and steel connecting members for joining at least one girder with at least one column to form the building framework. Further provided is a plurality of substantially flat coupling elements, each having opening therein, wherein at least one column and at least one connecting member each terminate with at least one coupling element. The coupling elements substantially match each other and extend outward beyond the outer wall of the column and of the connecting member for providing attachment therebetween. The girders, columns and coupling elements are reinforced with concrete extending through the coupling elements via the openings. -
US 6 082 070 A discloses a patio construction, which is easy to assemble and disassemble by the user. The patio construction includes at least four base joint to respectively support four vertical construction beams extended upwardly. Four top ends of said four vertical construction beams respectively connect four triaxial construction joints adapted for connecting at least four horizontal construction beams. A plurality of ceiling bars are detachably mounted between at least two of said horizontal construction beams. -
US 6 092 347 A discloses a skeleton of a greenhouse including a plurality of equidistant posts, a plurality of beams each fixedly mounted between every two of the posts, a plurality of bracing struts each having a lower end welded with an L-shaped fixing member, a plurality of drain pipes each fixedly mounted between every two of the L-shaped fixing members, and a plurality of vertical rods each having a lower end welded with an inverted U-shaped member fitted with a respective one of the drain pipes and fixed in place by bolts, whereby the skeleton of a greenhouse can be rapidly and easily built in a short time. - WO 98 / 36134 A disclose a joint for steel structure, provided with an upper diaphragm combined with a lower surface of an upper column, a lower diaphragm combined with an upper surface of a lower column, a connection core having a cross section smaller than that of the upper and the lower diaphragms, and a height corresponding to that of a beam, and gusset plates disposed between the upper and lower diaphragms and fixed at their circumferential edge portions to at least the connection core, combination bolt holes being formed in the upper and lower diaphragms and gusset plates. This enables the upper and the lower diaphragms and upper and lower flanges of the beam to be combined together by bolts.
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US 5 289 665 A1 discloses a novel framework arrangement, wherein a bracket to shaft coupling assembly permits the face of horizontal beams to align with the face of a square tubular vertical post and thereby establishes an exceptionally strong framework made up of exceptionally light structural elements (posts, beams and connector device) and comprises a minimum of interchangeable parts which can be readily mass-produced, and which can be used to assemble any variety of orthogonal building structure. -
GB 1 204 327 A - The nodal connections which result from practice of the present invention function to create what is referred to as three-dimensional, multi-axial, moment-coupling, load transfer interconnection and interaction between beams and columns.
- Focusing on the specific load-delivery interaction which occurs between a given single column and a connected single beam that bears a moment load, this load is coupled compressively into the column by the associated, single, nodal collar structure at plural bearing-face regions which are angularly spaced about the column's long axis. Compressive load-transfer coupling is not constrained to just one plane of action, or to just one localized region of load delivery. Compression couplets are created to take fuller advantage of columns' load-handling capabilities.
- The proposed nodal collar structures include inner components which are anchored, as by welding, to the outside surfaces of columns, and an outer collar which is made up of components that are suitably anchored, also as by welding, to the opposite ends of beams. The inner and outer collar components are preferably and desirably formed by precision casting and/or machining, and are also preferably pre-joined to columns and beams in an automated, factory-type setting, rather than out on the construction job site. Accordingly, the invented collar components lend themselves to economical, high-precision manufacture and assembly with columns and beams, which can then be delivered to a job site ready for accurate assembly.
- As will become apparent from an understanding of the respective geometries proposed by the present invention for the collar components, these components play a significant role during early building-frame assembly, as well as later in the ultimate performance of a building.
- At the regions of connection between beams and columns, and with respect to pairs of adjacent columns standing upright approximately correctly (vertically) in space on a job site, as beams are lowered into horizontal positions, the outer collar components that they carry at their opposite ends seat under the influence of gravity through special, angular, bearing-face geometry provided in them and in the confronting inner column components. This bearing-face geometry effectively guides and collects a lowered beam, and the associated two columns, into stabilized, gravity-locked conditions, with these now-associated beam and column elements then essentially correctly aligned and positioned in space relative to one another.. Male/female cleat/socket configurations formed in and adjacent the confronting bearing-face portions of the inner and outer collar components function under the influence of gravity, during such preliminary building construction, not only to enable such gravity locking and positioning of the associated frame components, but also to establish immediate, substantial stability and moment resistance to lateral loads, even without further assembly taking place at the nodal locations of column-beam intersections.
- Following preliminary frame assembly, appropriate tension bolts are preferably introduced into the collar structures, and specifically into the components of the outer collar structures, effectively to lock the inner and outer collar structures in place against separation, and to introduce available tension load-bearing constituents into the outer collar structures. Such tension load bearing plays an important role in the way that the structure of the present invention gathers and couples beam moment loads multidirectionally into columns.
- Confronting faces between the inner and outer collar components function as bearing faces to deliver, or transfer, moment loads (carried in beams) directly as compression loads into the columns. In particular, these bearing faces deliver such compression loads to the columns at plural locations which are angularly displaced about the long axes of the columns (because of the axial encircling natures of the collars). Such load distribution takes substantially full advantage of the load-carrying capabilities of the columns with respect to reacting to beam moment loads.
- Accordingly, a building frame structure assembled in accordance with this invention results in a remarkably stable and capable frame, wherein all lateral loads transfer via compression multiaxially, and at distributed nodes, into the columns, and are born in a substantially relatively evenly and uniformly distributed fashion throughout the entire frame structure. Such a frame structure requires no bracing or shear walls, and readily accommodates the later incorporation (into an emerging building) of both outer surface skin structure, and internal floor structure.
- The nodal interconnections which exist between beams and columns according to this invention at least from one set of points of view, can be visualized as discontinuous floating connections -- discontinuous in the sense that there is no uninterrupted (homogenous) metal or other material path which flows structurally from beams to columns and floating in the sense that beams and columns could, if so desired, be nondestructively disconnected for any particular purpose. Thinking about the latter consideration from yet another point of view, the connective interface that exists between a beam and a column according to this invention includes a portion which experiences no deformation during load handling, such portion being resident at the discontinuity which exists between beams and columns at the nodal interfaces.
- These, and various other, features and advantages which are offered by this invention will become more fully apparent as the description that now follows is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
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Fig. 1 is a fragmentary, isometric view illustrating a building frame structure , shown in a stage of assembly supported on top of an underlying, pre-constructed, lower building structure, referred to herein as a podium structure. -
Fig. 2 is a fragmentary, isolated, isometric view illustrating collar structure employed at one nodal location in the building frame structure ofFig. 1 in accordance with the present invention. -
Figs. 3, 4 and5 are fragmentary, cross-sectional views taken generally along the lines 3-3, 4-4 and 5-5, respectively, inFig. 2 . -
Fig. 6 is a fragmentary, angularly exploded, isometric view illustrating the structures of, and the operational relationship between, a pair of inner and outer collar components constructed and functioning in accordance with the present invention. -
Figs. 7 and 8 are two different views stylized to illustrate a feature of the present invention involving how gravity lowering of a horizontal beam into place between pairs of adjacent columns functions to create, immediately, a moment-resistant, properly spatially organized, overall building frame structure. -
Figs. 9 and 10 are employed herein to illustrate generally how collar components built in accordance with the present invention function to handle and distribute beam moment loads into columns. - Turning attention now to the drawings, and referring first of all to
Fig. 1 , pictured generally at 20 is a building frame structure. This structure is also referred to herein as building structure, and as a structural system. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art,frame structure 20 might be constructed on, and rise from, any suitable, underlying support structure, such as the ground, but in the particular setting illustrated inFig. 1 ,structure 20 is shown supported on, and rising from, the top of a pre-constructed, underlying "podium"building structure 22, such as a parking garage. One reason forillustrating structure 20 herein in the context of being on top ofpodium structure 22 is to point out an important feature offered by the present invention, and which will be discussed more fully shortly. One should note at this point, in relation to what is shown inFig. 1 , thatpodium structure 22 includes, among other structural elements, a distributed row-and-column array of columns, such as those shown at 22a.
In the context of describing shortly the just-suggested feature and advantage of said structure, reference will be made to the fact that the horizontally distributed row-and-column positions ofcolumns 22a is different from
that of the columns, now to be more fully discussed, which are present inframe structure 20. - Accordingly, included in
frame structure 20, and arranged therein in what has been referred to as a row-and-column array, are plural, upright, elongate columns, such as those shown at 24, 26, 28. The long axes ofcolumns frame structure 20, connected tocolumns horizontal beams frame structure 20, are substantially alike in construction.Collar 30 accommodates the attachment tocolumn 24 ofbeams Collar 32 accommodates the attachment tocolumn 26 ofbeams column 28 ofbeams - It should thus be understood that the particular embodiment of the invention now being described offers a system for connecting, at a single node of connection with a column, up to a total of four beams. As the description of this invention progresses herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that modifications of the invention can be introduced and employed easily enough to accommodate an even greater number of connections, at a particular "node of connection".
- The specific embodiment and methodology of the invention presented herein, is(are) shown and described with respect to a building frame structure wherein the columns are hollow in nature, are formed of steel, and possess a generally square cross-section, with four orthogonally associated, outwardly facing sides, or faces. Also, the invention is described herein in connection with employing conventional I-beam-configuration beams.
- These choices for column and beam cross-sectional configurations should be considered to be illustrative and not limiting with respect to the scope of utility, to advantages offered by, and to characteristics of, the present invention. Put another way the structure and methodology of the present invention accommodate wide ranges of beam and column configurations and materials.
- Continuing now with
Fig. 1 , one should note therein that the row-and-column array of columns inframe structure 20 is such that the long axes of the associated columns are not aligned on a one-to-one basis with the long axes of previously mentionedcolumns 22a inpodium structure 22. It should further be noted that the bases of the columns instructure 20 may be anchored in place near the top of the podium structure in any suitable manner, the details of which are neither specifically illustrated nor discussed herein, inasmuch as these anchor connections form no part of the present invention. - Directing attention now to
Figs. 1-6 , inclusive, the interconnection, or interface, region between a column and a beam is specifically discussed with respect to the region wherecolumn 28 connects with the adjacent ends ofbeams collar 34. The description which now follows forcollar 34 per se should be understood to be essentially a detailed description of all of the other collars employed inframe structure 20. With respect to this description, four orthogonally associated, outwardly facing, planar faces 28b, 28c, 28d, 28e, incolumn 28 are involved. - As an earlier note here, in
Fig. 2 , shown in dashed lines at 46a is a representation of an optional conventional beam "fuse" which may be used in the beams instructure 20, if so desired. The functionality of such a fuse, as a plastic yield protector is well understood. Representative fuse 46a appears only inFig. 2 . -
Collar 34 includes an inner collar structure (or column-attachable member) 50, and anouter collar structure 52. These inner and outer collar structures are also referred to herein as gravity-utilizing, bearing-face structures, or substructures. The inner collar structure is made up of four components shown at 54, 56, 58, 60. The outer collar structure is made up of four components (or beam-end attachable members) 62, 64, 66, 68. Each of these components in the inner and outer collar structures is preferably made off the job site by precision casting and/or machining, with each such component preferably being pre-assembled appropriately with a column or a beam, also at a off-site location.Inner collar components faces column 28.Outer collar components beams column 28 as such is pictured inFigs. 2-6 , inclusive. Such precision manufacture, and pre-assembly with columns and beams, results in what will be recognized to be a very high-precision interconnect system between beams and columns inframe 20. - Each of the four components just mentioned above (54, 56, 58, 60) which make up
inner collar structure 50 is essentially identical to the other such components, and accordingly, onlycomponent 58 is now described in detail.Component 58 includes a somewhat planar, plate-like body 56a, with an inner,planar face 58b which lies flush withcolumn face 28d. Body 56a also includes a planar,outer face 58c which lies in a plane that slopes downwardly and slightly outwardly away from thelong axis 28a of column 28 (see particularlyFigs. 3 and5 ).Face 58c is referred to herein as a bearing face. - Projecting as an island outwardly from
face 58c as illustrated is an upwardly tapered, wedge-shapedcleat 58d which extends, with generally uniform thickness, from slightly above the vertical midline ofcomponent 58 substantially to the bottom thereof. The laterally and upwardly facing edges ofcleat 58d are underbeveled for a reason which will become apparent shortly. This underbeveling is best seen inFigs. 3, 4 and6 .Cleat 58d is referred to herein also as cleat structure, and as gravity-effective, first-gender structure. - In building
structure 20,inner collar component 58 connects, in a complementary manner which will now be described, withouter collar component 66 inouter collar structure 52. The somewhat planar body ofcomponent 66 has anouter face 66a which is welded tobeam 46, and which is vertical in disposition instructure 20.Component 66 also has a broad,inner face 66b which lies in a plane that substantially parallels the plane of previously mentionedcomponent face 58c ininner collar component 58.Face 66b is also referred to herein as a bearing face. - Appropriately formed within the body of
component 66, and extending into this body fromface 66b, is an angular, wedge-shapedsocket 66c which is sized to receive, snuggly and complementarily, previously mentionedcleat 58d.Cleat 58d andsocket 66c are referred to herein collectively as gravity-mating cleat and socket structure. The three lateral walls ofsocket 66c are appropriately angled to engage (fittingly) three of the underbeveled edges incleat 58d.Socket 66c is also referred to herein as gravity-effective, second-gender structure. - Looking now at both of
components component 66 are four, counter-sunk, bolt-receiving bore holes, such as those shown at 66d, 66e, 66f, 66g. Formed in the lateral edges ofcomponent body 58a are three related notches, such as those shown at 58e, 58f, 58g.Notches bore holes components Figs. 1-5 , inclusive. Appropriate dash-dot lines and cross marks inFigs. 4 ,5 and 6 illustrate the central axes of these (and other non-membered) boreholes, and how these axes (certain ones of them) align with the mentioned and illustrated notches. The notches herein are also referred to as bolt clearance passages. - Returning now to a "larger" point of view regarding the nodal connection established at
collar 34, one can see that the four beams which here connect withcolumn 28 do so through the components of the collar's inner and outer collar structures, both of which make up the entirety ofcollar 34. In particular, one should note thatcollar 34 essentially circumsurrounds or encircles the outside ofcolumn 28, as such is viewed along itslong axis 28a.Outer collar structure 52 seats floatingly and discontinuously (as previously discussed) oninner collar structure 50. - Completing a description of what is shown in
Figs. 1-6 , inclusive, sets of appropriate tension bolts and nuts are employed to lock together the components that make up the outer collar structures. With reference to the connections established throughcollar 34, four sets of four nut and bolt assemblies join the sides of outercollar structure components Fig. 2 .Assembly 74, as seen inFig. 4 , includes a bolt 74a with an elongate shank 74b that extends, inter alia, in the bolt-clearance passage created bynotch 58f and by the counterpart notch present inadjacent component 56. - These nut and bolt assemblies effectively lock the outer collar structure around the inner collar structure, and impede vertical movement of the outer collar structure relative to the inner collar structure. The bolt and nut assemblies also perform as tension-transmitting elements between adjacent outer collar components with respect to moment loads that are carried in the beams which connect through
collar structure 34 tocolumn 28. The bolt and nut assemblies assure a performance whereby each moment load in each beam is delivered bycollar 34 in a circumsurrounding fashion tocolumn 28. - Switching attention now to
Figs. 7-10 , inclusive, these four drawing figures (herein new and different reference numerals are employed) help to illustrate certain assembly and operational features and advantages that are offered by the present invention.Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate stabilizing, positioning, and aligning activities that take place during early building-frame assembly during lowering of beams into place for connection through the collars to the columns.Figs. 9 and 10 illustrate generally how the apparatus of the present invention functions uniquely to handle moment loads that become developed in the beams, and specifically how these loads are handled by delivery through bearing face compression to and around the long axis of a column. As will become apparent, some of the moment-handling performance which is pictured inFigs. 9 and 10 also takes place during the events pictured inFigs. 7 and 8 . - Beginning the discussion of what is shown in
Fig. 7 , here there are illustrated, fragmentarily and in solid lines (moved positions), twoupright columns horizontal beam 104.Column 100 is appropriately equipped, at a desired elevation, with aninner collar structure 106, andcolumn 102 with a similarinner collar structure 108. For the purpose of explanation herein regarding what is shown inFig. 7 , two particular portions onlyinner collar structures collar 106, aninclined bearing face 106a and an associatedcleat 106b, and incollar 108, aninclined bearing face 108a and a projectingcleat 108b. - Welded, as previously described, to the opposite ends of
beam 104 are two outercollar structure components columns components socket 110b incomponent 110, and an inclined bearing face 112a and asocket 112b incomponent 112. - In solid lines,
columns Fig. 7 , and specifically with their respective long axes, 100a, 102a, occupying outwardly displaced angles α1 and α2, respectively, relative to the vertical. Reference to these angular displacements being outward is made in relation to the vertical centerline ofFig. 7 . It should also be noted that the angular vertical misalignment pictured incolumns - Generally speaking, while there may often (or always) be some lack of true verticality in columns that have not yet been connected in accordance with the invention, the out-of-verticality condition (as a practical reality) will typically be modest enough so, that upon lowering of a beam into position for attachment, such as lowering of
beam 110 for attachment (throughcollar components columns - Upon lowering of
beam 104 as indicated byarrow 113, and assuming that the angular misalignment condition which is exaggerated inFig. 7 is not quite so great,components components arrows 115, 117) into conditions of correct relative spacing, alignment and relative angular positioning, withbeam 110 ending up in a true horizontal disposition. Such a true horizontal condition forbeam 104 depends, of course, upon the columns having the correct relative vertical dispositions. Lowering of the beam, and urging of the columns into the positions just mentioned, effectively comes to a conclusion with gravity causing the beam to "lock" into a condition between the columns, with the cleats and receiving sockets fully and intimately engaged, and with the major bearing surfaces, 106a, 110a and 108a, 112a, confronting and in contact with one another. - It should thus be apparent that the act of lowering the beam into place, causes gravity effectively to create a stabilized and positionally locked relationship between a pair of columns and a beam. In addition to this action, creates a situation wherein the bearing surfaces that confront one another near the opposite ends of the beam, and between the relevant inner and outer collar structure components, immediately self-position themselves (as influenced by gravity) to deal with certain moment loads that may be experienced by the beams immediately thereafter and during ongoing fabrication of the overall building frame structure.
- It should be apparent that, while
Figure 7 has been employed to illustrate a specific condition in a single plane where two columns are effectively splayed outwardly away from one another, the columns might be in a host of different relative angular dispositions in relation to the vertical. For example, they could both effectively be leaning in the same direction as pictured inFig. 7 , or they could be leaning toward one another. Further, they could be leaning in either or all of those different kinds of conditions, and also leaning into and/or out of the plane ofFig. 7 . -
Fig. 8 pictures schematically this more general, probable scene of column nonverticality. It does so in a somewhat three-dimensional manner. Here, single elongate lines are pictured to illustrate obvious representations of an array of columns (vertical lines) and a layer of beams (angled lines) interconnected to the columns through collars which are represented by ovate shapes that surround regions of intersection of the beams and columns. Black ovate dots, which are presented on certain regions of the lines representing beams, along with single-line dark arrows, suggest, in the case of the black dots, former non-vertical, angular positions for the upper regions of the adjacent columns, with the arrows indicating directions of adjustments that occur as various ones of the different beams are lowered into positions between the columns. This arrangement of black dots and dark arrows inFig. 8 clearly illustrates a very typical situation where, until a layer, so-to-speak, of beams is set into place (by gravity) at a particular elevation in a frame structure, the columns may have different conditions and angles of nonverticality. - Still looking at
Fig. 8 , the black dot and the dark arrow which appear at the extreme left side of this figure, along with an open, small, ovate dot and an open stubby arrow somewhat below and to the right of the left side ofFig. 8 , generally picture the situation which was described with reference toFig. 7 above. - Turning attention now to
Figs. 9 and 10 , and beginning withFig. 9 , here there is shown acolumn 120 having anelongate axis 120a coupled through acollar 122 to four beams, only three of which are shown inFig. 9 -- these being illustrated at 124, 126, 128. Digressing for just a moment toFig. 10 which shows the same beam and column arrangement, here, thefourth beam 130 can be seen. - In
Fig. 9 ,beams arrows moment 132, this moment is coupled by bearing-face compression through the inner and outer components ofcollar 122, as indicated byarrow 136. It is thus through compression that the moment load experienced (as illustrated inFig. 9 ) bybeam 124 is communicated, at least partially, bycollar 122 tocolumn 120. Continuing because of the unique construction ofcollar 122 in accordance with the invention, and because of the presence of tension-transmitting nut and bolt assemblies incollar 122, the outer collar structure withincollar 122 also delivers compression through bearing faces that are present on the right side ofcollar 122 inFig. 9 . Such compression delivery is illustrated byarrow 138 inFig. 9 . - It is thus the case that
moment 132 is delivered through bearing-face compression to angularly spaced locations that are distributed around (at different angular locations relative to) thelong axis 120a ofcolumn 120. As a consequence, major load handling capability ofcolumn 120 is called upon and used immediately to deal withmoment 132. -
Moment 134 which has the direction indicated inFig. 9 creates a similar kind of reaction in the manner of being delivered by way of compression through bearing faces distributed at angularly-spaced locations around the axis ofcolumn 120. - It should thus be seen how, because of the unique structure of the nodal interconnections which exist in the relationship between a beam, a column and a collar structure according to the invention, moment loads are offered substantially the full-load handling resources of columns. And because of the fact that an overall frame structure which is constructed in accordance with the present invention is made up of an interconnected network of collar-form nodes, constructed and operating as described herein, essentially every lateral load delivered into such a building frame structure is distributed completely throughout the structure, and handled quite uniformly throughout, and by all of, the involved and associated columns.
-
Fig. 10 illustrates how lateral loads may come into existence in the beams so as to create, in a particular plane of beams, horizontal moment loads such as those illustrated byarrows column 120. Such plural-location compression delivery of moment loads 140, 142, 144, 146 is represented byarrows - Because of the manner just generally described in which the structure of the present invention performs to handle moment loads in beams, a frame can be employed as pictured in
Fig. 1 --, i.e., on top of a podium structure, with respect to which columns in the super structure do not align axially with the columns in the podium structure. An important reason for this advantage is that the structure of the present invention distributes loads in such a fashion that all columns in the row and column array of columns, interconnected through collar form nodes constructed according to the invention, share relatively equally in bearing lateral loads delivered to the superstructure frame. Specifically all of the columns share loads in such a fashion that they can be employed without requiring that they be aligned with underlying structure columns, at least up to certain superstructure building dimensions which are larger than any which would be typically permitted today under currently applicable building codes. - Another important feature of the invention which has already been suggested earlier is that the components of the collar structures lend themselves to precise pre-manufacture in a factory-like setting, and even under automated control, all with the result that a building frame can be constructed with a high degree of on the job simplicity and accuracy. Not only that, but the particular configurations proposed for the inner and outer collar components that interconnect beams and columns cause a frame, during assembly, and just under the influence of gravity, to lock in a stabilized and quite capable moment-load carrying condition, even before tension-carrying bolt assemblies are introduced to lock outer collar structures into rigidity relative to their various internal components, and to impede separation of inner and outer collar components.
- A further obvious advantage of the invention is that the components proposed by it are extremely simple in construction can be manufactured economically.
- The existence, according to the invention, of nodal interconnections which have the floating and discontinuous natures mentioned earlier herein results in a frame structure wherein, after a severe lateral load event, essentially "resettles" to its pre-load condition.
- Accordingly, while a preferred embodiment of the invention, and a manner of practicing it, have been illustrated and described herein, it is understood that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (7)
- A self-stabilizing, full-moment-resistant, inner and outer, collar-form, elongate-upright-column/horizontal elongate-beam interconnect structure for use in a building, comprising
an inner, collar-form column-attachable member (50) possessing plural interconnection bearing faces (54, 56, 58, 60), and
an outer, collar-form beam-end-attachable member (52) possessing plural interconnection bearing faces (62, 64, 66, 68), characterized in that said inner and outer members (50, 52) are constructed for seated interconnection in a manner whereby said outer member (52) circumsurrounds said inner member (50), and gravity causes their respective bearing faces (54, 56, 58, 60; 62, 64, 66, 68) to seat self-seekingly and complementarily relative to one another in confronting, bearing-face opposition, thereby to establish nominal, three-dimensional, positional and moment-resistant stability between the two members (50, 52) without the requirement for any other interconnecting structure. - The interconnect structure of claim 1, wherein, with said members (50 and 52) interconnected, said outer member (52) is floatingly seated principally under the influence of gravity on said inner member (50).
- The interconnect structure of claim 1, wherein said and members (50, 52) include complementarily mateable cleat and socket structure (58d, 66c).
- The interconnect structure of claim 1, wherein said outer member (52) includes plural, bolt-interconnected components, and said inner member (50) includes bolt-clearance passages which, with said and members (50, 52) interconnected relative to one another, and with bolts (74a), which includes shanks (74b), interconnecting said outer member (52), the shanks (74b) in said bolts (74a) extend within said clearance passages (58f) to impede unseating of the two members (50, 52).
- The interconnect structure of claim 1, wherein, with said and members (50, 52) seated relative to one another, each of said bearing faces (58) lies in a plane which slopes downwardly and away from the column's long axis (28a).
- The interconnect structure of claim 1 , wherein said inner member (50) forms an inner collar which is selectively anchorable to such a column (28) circumsurroundingly relative to the column's long axis (28a), and
said outer member (52) forms an outer collar which is selectively joinable to an end of such a beam, and constructed for discontinuous, circumsurrounding, bearing-face coupling to said inner collar structure (50) for the compression transfer of moment loads between the associated beam and column (28). - The interconnect structure of claim 1, wherein the inner, collar-form column attachable member (50) is attached to a column and the outer, collar-form beam-end-attachable member (52) is attached to a beam (36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48) and wherein said inner and outer collar-form members (50, 52) are configured whereby moment loads present in beams (36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48) are distributed to columns (24, 26, 28) through the members in the form of bearing-face compression.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2001/027223 WO2003021061A1 (en) | 2001-08-30 | 2001-08-30 | Moment-resistant building frame structure componentry and method |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP05013076 Division-Into | 2005-06-17 |
Publications (3)
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EP1425488A1 EP1425488A1 (en) | 2004-06-09 |
EP1425488A4 EP1425488A4 (en) | 2007-04-25 |
EP1425488B1 true EP1425488B1 (en) | 2017-02-08 |
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EP01968363.0A Expired - Lifetime EP1425488B1 (en) | 2001-08-30 | 2001-08-30 | Moment-resistant building frame structure componentry and method |
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EP (1) | EP1425488B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4165648B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1312367C (en) |
AU (1) | AU2001288615B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2458706C (en) |
ES (1) | ES2622071T3 (en) |
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US7155873B2 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2007-01-02 | National Oilwell, L.P. | Structural connector for a drilling rig substructure |
CN102979172B (en) * | 2012-11-26 | 2014-11-05 | 北京工业大学 | Industrialized assembled multi-story high-rise steel structure prestressed centrally-braced system |
CN102979171B (en) * | 2012-11-26 | 2014-12-03 | 北京工业大学 | Industrialized assembled multi-story high-rise steel structure frame system |
CN103961861B (en) * | 2013-01-30 | 2016-03-02 | 青岛英派斯健康科技股份有限公司 | Cage type sport facility |
CN104358320B (en) * | 2014-11-28 | 2016-08-17 | 西安建筑科技大学 | A kind of fully-prefabricated assembled bean column node |
JP6703815B2 (en) * | 2015-09-16 | 2020-06-03 | 株式会社竹中工務店 | Frame structure |
EP3366853B1 (en) | 2017-02-24 | 2020-04-22 | New World China Land Limited | Prefabricated structural system and assembling method thereof |
MX2020008342A (en) | 2018-02-09 | 2020-12-07 | Conxtech Inc | Full moment connection collar systems. |
CN114108823B (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2023-03-21 | 中冶赛迪工程技术股份有限公司 | Fabricated component and connecting method |
Family Cites Families (9)
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GB1204327A (en) * | 1966-12-15 | 1970-09-03 | Sterling Foundry Specialties | Scaffolding |
US3829999A (en) * | 1969-06-06 | 1974-08-20 | Dart Ind Inc | Illuminated modular type sign |
US5289665A (en) * | 1991-09-26 | 1994-03-01 | Higgins Gregory J | Orthogonal framework for modular building systems |
FI923118A0 (en) * | 1992-07-07 | 1992-07-07 | Tuomo Juola | Building framework. |
CA2139051A1 (en) * | 1994-12-23 | 1996-06-24 | George Pantev | Connecting mechanism for tubular frame elements |
WO1998036134A1 (en) * | 1997-02-13 | 1998-08-20 | Tanaka Steel Workshop | Joint for steel structure, and combining structure using the same joints for steel structure |
US6092347A (en) * | 1998-08-11 | 2000-07-25 | Hou; Chung-Chu | Skeleton of a greenhouse |
US6082070A (en) * | 1998-10-30 | 2000-07-04 | Jen; Michael T. | Easy-to-assembly patio construction |
US6390719B1 (en) * | 2000-02-29 | 2002-05-21 | Chun Jin Co., Ltd. | Joint of a supporting frame |
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2001
- 2001-08-30 EP EP01968363.0A patent/EP1425488B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-30 AU AU2001288615A patent/AU2001288615B2/en not_active Expired
- 2001-08-30 ES ES01968363.0T patent/ES2622071T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-30 MX MXPA04002964A patent/MXPA04002964A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-08-30 CA CA002458706A patent/CA2458706C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-30 JP JP2003525755A patent/JP4165648B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-30 WO PCT/US2001/027223 patent/WO2003021061A1/en active Application Filing
- 2001-08-30 CN CNB018237304A patent/CN1312367C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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ES2622071T3 (en) | 2017-07-05 |
CA2458706A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
EP1425488A4 (en) | 2007-04-25 |
CN1312367C (en) | 2007-04-25 |
WO2003021061A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
AU2001288615B2 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
EP1425488A1 (en) | 2004-06-09 |
JP4165648B2 (en) | 2008-10-15 |
CN1558981A (en) | 2004-12-29 |
CA2458706C (en) | 2008-11-18 |
MXPA04002964A (en) | 2005-06-20 |
JP2005501988A (en) | 2005-01-20 |
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