EP1417317A2 - Method for producing a marker-free mutated target organism and plasmid vectors suitable for the same - Google Patents

Method for producing a marker-free mutated target organism and plasmid vectors suitable for the same

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Publication number
EP1417317A2
EP1417317A2 EP02794516A EP02794516A EP1417317A2 EP 1417317 A2 EP1417317 A2 EP 1417317A2 EP 02794516 A EP02794516 A EP 02794516A EP 02794516 A EP02794516 A EP 02794516A EP 1417317 A2 EP1417317 A2 EP 1417317A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
target organism
plasmid vector
vector according
gene
galactose
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP02794516A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Markus Pompejus
Corinna Klopprogge
Oskar Zelder
Wolfgang Liebl
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/74—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora
    • C12N15/77—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora for Corynebacterium; for Brevibacterium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/64—General methods for preparing the vector, for introducing it into the cell or for selecting the vector-containing host

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a new method for changing the genome of gram-positive bacteria, these bacteria and new vectors.
  • the invention relates to a method for modifying Corynebacteria or Brevibacteria
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum is a gram-positive, aerobic bacterium that (like other Corynebacteria, ie Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium species) is used in industry for the production of a number of fine chemicals and also for the degradation of hydrocarbons and the oxidation of terpenoids ( For an overview, see, for example, Liebl (1992) "The Genus Corynebacterium", in: The Procaryotes, Volume II, Balows, A. et al., Eds. Springer).
  • DNA sequences can be introduced into the genome (newly introduced and / or existing sequences can be introduced in further copies), DNA sequence sections can also be removed from the genome (eg genes or parts of genes), but sequence exchanges can also be carried out (eg base exchanges) are carried out in the genome.
  • sequence exchanges can also be carried out (eg base exchanges) are carried out in the genome.
  • the change in the genome can be achieved by introducing DNA into the cell, which preferably does not replicate in the cell, and by recombining this introduced DNA with host genomic DNA and thus changing the genomic DNA. This procedure is described for example in van der Rest, ME et al. (1999) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52, 541-545 and references therein.
  • transformation marker used such as an antibiotic resistance gene
  • This marker can then be used again in further transformation experiments.
  • One way to do this is to use a conditionally negative dominant marker gene.
  • a conditionally negative dominant marker gene is a gene that is disadvantageous (e.g. toxic) for the host under certain conditions, but has no negative effects on the host carrying the gene under other conditions.
  • One example known from the literature is the URA3 gene from yeasts or fungi, an essential gene of pyrimidine biosynthesis, but which is disadvantageous for the host if the chemical 5-fluoro-0rotic acid is present in the medium (see for example DE19801120, Rothstein, R. (1991 ) Methods in Enzymology 194, 281-301).
  • conditionally negatively dominant marker gene for removing DNA sequences (for example the transformation markers used and / or vector sequences and other sequence segments), also called “pop-out”, is described, for example, in Schwarzstein, R. (1991) Methods in Enzymology 194, 281-301.
  • Galactose kinases (E.C.2.7.1.6, also called galactokinases) catalyze the phosphorilization of galactose to galactose phosphate.
  • Numerous galactose kinases from different organisms are known, for example the galK gene from Escherichia coli (described in Debouck et al. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 1841-1853), the galK gene from Bacillus subtilis (Glaser et al (1993) Mol. Microbiol. 10, 371-384) or the GALI gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Citron & Donelson (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 269-278) each for a galactose kinase.
  • genes for galactose kinases are good for use as conditionally dominant negative marker genes in gram-positive bacteria before Coryne bacteria are suitable.
  • Genes for galactose kinases in Corynebacteria cause sensitivity to galactose in the nutrient medium (typically in a concentration range of 0.1 to 4% galactose in the medium).
  • the invention relates to a plasmid vector which does not replicate in a target organism and contains the following components:
  • Target organism is to be understood as the organism which is to be genetically modified by the methods and plasmid vectors according to the invention. These are preferably gram-positive bacteria, in particular bacterial strains from the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium.
  • the promoter d) is preferably heterologous to the galactose kinase gene used.
  • Particularly suitable promoters are those from E. coli or C. gluta icum.
  • the tac promoter is a particularly preferred promoter.
  • the host organism in which the origin of replication a) is functionally active essentially serves to construct and multiply the plasmid vector according to the invention.
  • All common microorganisms that can be genetically manipulated can be used as the host organism.
  • Preferred host organisms are gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli or yeasts, for example Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • the host organism must be genetically different from the target organism, since replication of the plasmid vector should not take place in the target organism, while this is desired in the host organism through the use of the origin of replication a).
  • Those sequences which are involved in increasing the production of fine chemicals are preferably exchanged in the target organism. Examples of such genes are given in WO 01/0842, 843 & 844, WO 01/0804 & 805, WO 01/2583.
  • nucleic acid molecules for example complete genes
  • disruptions for example deletions or integrative disruptions
  • sequence changes for example single or multiple point mutations, complete gene exchangers.
  • Preferred disruptions are those which lead to a reduction of by-products of the desired fermentation product
  • preferred integrations are those which increase a desired metabolism to a fermentation product and / or reduce or eliminate "bottlenecks" (de-bottlenecking).
  • Appropriate etabolic adjustments are preferred for sequence changes.
  • the fermentation product is preferably a fine chemical.
  • the transfer of DNA into the target organism can be carried out by methods customary to the person skilled in the art, preferably by conjugation or electroporation.
  • DNA that is to be transferred to the target organism by conjugation contains special sequence sections (hereinafter referred to as mob sequences) that make this possible.
  • mob sequences and their use for conjugation are described, for example, in Schaefer, A. et al. (1991) J. Bacteriol. 172, 1663-1666.
  • a genetic marker is a selectable property that is mediated by a gene. These are preferably genes, the expression of which brings about resistance to antibiotics, in particular resistance to canycin, chloramphenicol, tetrahydroclinic or anti-picillin.
  • a medium containing galactose is understood to mean in particular a medium with at least 0.1% and at most 10% (by weight) of galactose.
  • Coryne bacteria in the sense of the invention are understood to mean all Coryne bacterium species, Brevibacterium species and Mycobacterium species. Corynebacterium species and Brevibacterium species are preferred.
  • Corynebacterium species and Brevibacterium species are: Brevibacterium brevis, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium lacto-fermentum.
  • Mycobacterium species are: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium smeg atis.
  • strains given in the following table are particularly preferred as target organisms:
  • Another object of the invention is a method for producing a marker-free mutant target organism comprising the following steps:
  • Clones by culturing in a galactose-containing medium for the presence of galactose sensitivity Clones by culturing in a galactose-containing medium for the presence of galactose sensitivity.
  • the invention further relates to the mutagenized gram-positive bacteria (mutants) produced using this method, in particular the mutagenized Corynebacteria.
  • mutants generated in this way can then be used for the production of fine chemicals or, for example in the case of C. diphtheriae, for the production e.g. of vaccines with weakened or non-pathogenic agents.
  • Fine chemicals are understood to mean: organic acids, both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, nucleotides and nucleosides, lipids and fatty acids, diols, carbohydrates, aromatic compounds, vitamins and cofactors as well as enzymes.
  • fine chemical is known in the art and includes molecules produced by an organism and used in various industries, such as, but not limited to, the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and cosmetic industries. These compounds include organic acids such as tartaric acid, itaconic acid and diaminopimelic acid, both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides (as described for example in Kuninaka, A. (1996) Nucleotides and related compounds, S 561-612, in Biotechnology Vol. 6, Rehm et al., Ed.
  • VCH Weinheim and the citations contained therein
  • lipids saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (for example arachidonic acid), diols (for example propanediol and butanediol), carbohydrates (for example Hyaluronic acid and trehalose), aromatic compounds (e.g. aromatic amines, vanillin and indigo), vitamins and cofactors (as described in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A27, "Vitamins", pp. 443-613 (1996) VCH: Weinheim and the contained therein quotes; and Ong, AS, Niki, E. and Packer, L.
  • amino acids comprise the basic structural units of all proteins and are therefore essential for normal cell functions.
  • amino acid is known in the art.
  • the proteinogenic amino acids of which there are 20 types, serve as structural units for proteins in which they are linked to one another via peptide bonds, whereas the non-proteinogenic amino acids (of which hundreds are known) are usually not found in proteins (see Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A2, pp. 57-97 VCH: Weinheim (1985)).
  • the amino acids can be in the D or L configuration, though
  • L-amino acids are usually the only type found in naturally occurring proteins. Biosynthetic and degradation pathways of each of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids are well characterized in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (see, for example, Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 3rd edition, pp. 578-590 (1988)).
  • the "essential" amino acids histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine
  • amino acids so designated because they have to be included in the diet due to the complexity of their biosynthesis, are identified by simple
  • Biosynthetic pathways converted into the remaining 11 "non-essential" amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine). Higher animals have the ability to synthesize some of these amino acids, but the essential amino acids must be ingested with food for normal protein synthesis to take place.
  • Lysine is not only an important amino acid for human nutrition, but also for monogastric animals such as poultry and pigs.
  • Glutamate is most commonly used as a flavor additive (monosodium glutamate, MSG) and widely used in the food industry, as well as aspartate, phenylalanine, glycine and cysteine.
  • Glycine, L-methionine and tryptophan are all used in the pharmaceutical industry.
  • Glutamine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, arginine, proline, serine and alanine are used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Threonine, tryptophan and D- / L-methionine are widespread feed additives (Leuchtenberger, W. (1996) Amino acids - technical production and use, pp. 466-502 in Rehm et al., (Ed.) Biotechnology Vol. 6, chapter 14a, VCH: Weinheim).
  • amino acids are also used as precursors for the synthesis of synthetic amino acids and proteins, such as N-acetylcysteine, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, (S) -5-hydroxytryptophan and others, in Ulimann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A2, pp. 57-97, VCH, Weinheim, 1985 are suitable substances.
  • Phenylalanine and tyrosine are synthesized from the precursors of the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate in a 9-step biosynthetic pathway that differs only in the last two steps after the synthesis of prephenate. Tryptophan is also produced from these two starting molecules, but its synthesis takes place in an 11-step process. Tyrosine can be catalyzed in a phenylalanine hydroxylase also produce the reaction from phenylalanine. Alanine, valine and leucine are each biosynthetic products from pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.
  • Aspartate is made from oxaloacetate, an intermediate of the citrate cycle. Asparagine, methionine, threonine and lysine are each produced by converting aspartate. Isoleucine is made from threonine. In a complex 9-step process, histidine is formed from 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, an activated sugar.
  • Amino acids the amount of which exceeds the protein biosynthesis requirements of the cell, cannot be stored and are instead broken down, so that intermediate products are provided for the main metabolic pathways of the cell (for an overview see Stryer, L., Biochemistry, 3rd ed. Chap. 21 "Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle”; S 495-516 (1988)).
  • the cell is able to convert unwanted amino acids into useful metabolic intermediates, the production of amino acids is expensive in terms of energy, precursor molecules and the enzymes required for their synthesis.
  • amino acid biosynthesis is regulated by feedback inhibition, where the presence of a particular amino acid slows or stops its own production (for an overview of the feedback mechanism in amino acid biosynthetic pathways, see Stryer, L ., Biochemistry, 3rd ed., Chapter 24, "Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Heme", pp. 575-600 (1988)).
  • the output of a certain amino acid is therefore restricted by the amount of this amino acid in the cell.
  • Vitamins, cofactors and nutraceuticals comprise another group of molecules. Higher animals have lost the ability to synthesize them and must therefore absorb them, although they are easily synthesized by other organisms such as bacteria. These molecules are either biologically active molecules per se or precursors of biologically active substances that serve as electron carriers or intermediates in a number of metabolic pathways. In addition to their nutritional value, these compounds also have a significant industrial value as dyes, antioxidants and catalysts or other processing aids. (For an overview of the structure,
  • vitamin is known in the art and encompasses nutrients which are required by an organism for normal function, but which cannot be synthesized by this organism itself.
  • the group of vitamins can include cofactors and nutraceutical compounds.
  • cofactor includes non-proteinaceous compounds that are necessary for normal enzyme activity to occur. These compounds can be organic or inorganic; the inventive
  • Cofactor molecules are preferably organic.
  • the term “nutraceutical” encompasses food additives which are beneficial to plants and animals, in particular humans. Examples of such molecules are vitamins, antioxidants and also certain lipids (e.g. polyunsaturated fatty acids).
  • Thiamine (vitamin Bi) is formed by chemical coupling of pyrimidine and thiazole units.
  • Riboflavin (vitamin B) is synthesized from guanosine 5 'triphosphate (GTP) and ribose 5' phosphate. Riboflavin in turn is used to synthesize flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
  • the family of compounds commonly referred to as "Vitamin B6" e.g. pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal 5 'phosphate and the commercially used pyridoxine hydrochloride
  • Vitamin B6 e.g. pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal 5 'phosphate and the commercially used pyridoxine hydrochloride
  • Panthothenate (pantothenic acid, R- (+) -N- (2, 4-di-hydroxy-3, 3-dimethyl-l-oxobutyl) -? - alanine) can be produced either by chemical synthesis or by fermentation.
  • the final steps in pantothenate biosynthesis consist of the ATP-driven condensation of ⁇ -alanine and pantoic acid. Those for the biosynthesis steps for the conversion into pantoic acid, into? -Alanine and for the condensation Enzymes responsible for pantothenic acid are known.
  • the metabolically active form of pantothenate is coenzyme A, whose biosynthesis takes place over 5 enzymatic steps.
  • Pantothenate pyridoxal-5 '-phosphate, cysteine and ATP are the precursors of coenzyme A. These enzymes not only catalyze the formation of pantothenate, but also the production of (R) -pantoic acid, (R) -pantolactone, (R) - Panthenol (provitamin B 5 ), Pantethein (and its derivatives) and coenzyme A.
  • the biosynthesis of biotin from the precursor molecule pimeloyl-CoA in microorganisms has been extensively investigated and several of the genes involved have been identified. It has been found that many of the corresponding proteins are involved in the Fe cluster synthesis and belong to the class of the nifS proteins.
  • the lipoic acid is from the
  • Octanoic acid is derived and serves as a coenzyme in energy metabolism, where it becomes part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the? -Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
  • Folates are a group of substances that are all derived from folic acid, which in turn is derived from L-glutamic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid and 6-methylpterine.
  • GTP guanosine 5'-triphosphate
  • Corrinoids such as the cobalamins and especially vitamin B ⁇ 2
  • the porphyrins belong to a group of chemicals that are characterized by a tetrapyrrole ring system.
  • the biosynthesis of vitamin B ⁇ 2 is sufficiently complex that it has not been fully characterized, but a large part of the enzymes and substrates involved is now known.
  • Nicotinic acid (nicotinate) and nicotinamide are pyridine derivatives, which are also called “niacin”.
  • Niacin is the precursor of the important coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and their reduced forms.
  • purine and pyrimidine metabolism and their corresponding proteins are important targets for the therapy of tumor diseases and viral infections.
  • purine or pyrimidine encompasses nitrogenous bases which are part of the nucleic acids, coenzymes and nucleotides.
  • nucleotide includes the basic structural units of the nucleic acid molecules, which are a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (RNA is the ribose sugar, DNA is the D-deoxyribose sugar) and
  • nucleoside encompasses molecules which serve as precursors of nucleotides, but which, in contrast to the nucleotides, have no phosphoric acid unit.
  • nucleotides that do not form nucleic acid molecules, but that serve as energy stores (i.e. AMP) or as coenzymes (i.e. FAD and NAD).
  • S-adenosyl-methionine, folate or riboflavin as an energy source for the cell
  • ATP for example ATP or GTP
  • Chemicals themselves are commonly used as flavor enhancers (e.g. IMP or GMP) or for many medical applications (see e.g. Kuninaka, A., (1996) "Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Biotechnology Vol. 6, Rehm et al., Ed. VCH: Weinheim, pp. 561-612)
  • Enzymes that are involved in the purine, pyrimidine, nucleoside or nucleotide metabolism are also increasingly used as targets against chemicals for crop protection, including fungicides, herbicides and insecticides be developed.
  • the purine nucleotides are synthesized via a series of steps via the intermediate compound inosine 5 'phosphate (IMP) from ribose 5 phosphate, which leads to the production of guanosine 5' monophosphate (GMP) or adenosine 5 'monophosphate (AMP) leads from which the triphosphate forms used as nucleotides can be easily produced.
  • IMP inosine 5 'phosphate
  • GMP guanosine 5' monophosphate
  • AMP adenosine 5 'monophosphate
  • Pyrimidine biosynthesis takes place via the formation of uridine 5 'monophosphate (UMP) from ribose 5-phosphate.
  • UMP in turn is converted to cytidine 5 'triphosphate (CTP).
  • CTP cytidine 5 'triphosphate
  • the deoxy forms of all nucleotides are produced in a one-step reduction reaction from the diphosphate ribose form of the nucleotide to the diphosphate deoxyribose form of the nucleotide. After phosphorylation, these molecules can participate in DNA synthesis.
  • Trehalose consists of two glucose molecules that are linked via an ⁇ , ⁇ -l, 1 bond. It is commonly used in the food industry as a sweetener, as an additive for dried or frozen food and in beverages. However, it is also used in pharmaceutical pharmaceutical industry, the cosmetics and biotechnology industries (see, for example, Nishimoto et al., (1998) US Pat. No. 5,759,610; Singer, MA and Lindquist, S. Trends Biotech. 16 (1998) 460-467 ; Paiva, CLA and Panek, AD Biotech Ann. Rev. 2 (1996) 293-314; and Shiosaka, MJ Japan 172 (1997) 97-102). Trehalose is produced by enzymes from many microorganisms and is naturally released into the surrounding medium from which it can be obtained by methods known in the art.
  • oligonucleotides can be used as primers, which can be defined on the basis of published sequences for galactose kinases (for example Genbank entry X02306).
  • the preparation of the template for the PCR (the genomic DNA from E. coli) and the PCR can be carried out according to methods which are well known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press or Ausubel, FM et al. (1994) "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley & Sons.
  • the gene for galactose kinase (galK gene), consisting of the sequence coding for the protein and 30 bp5 'of the coding sequence (ribosome binding site), can be provided with terminal interfaces for restriction endonucleases (for example EcoRI) in the course of the PCR and then this can be done PCR product can be cloned into suitable vectors (such as the plasmids pUCl ⁇ or pWST4B (Liebl et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 65, 299-304)) which have the suitable interfaces for restriction endonucleases.
  • suitable vectors such as the plasmids pUCl ⁇ or pWST4B (Liebl et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 65, 299-304)
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum R163 is described, for example, in Liebl et al. (1992) J. Bacteriol. 174, 1854-1861.
  • the galK gene from E. coli was initially brought under the control of a heterologous promoter.
  • the E. coli tac promoter was cloned by PCR methods.
  • the tac promoter and the galK gene were then cloned into the plasmid pWST4B (Liebl et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 65, 299-304), a shuttle vector which was found both in E. coli and in C. glutamicum is replicable and mediates resistance to chloramphenicol. After DNA transfer to C. glutamicum (see for example WO 01/02583) and selection of chloramphenicol-resistant colonies, these were examined for galactose sensitivity.
  • Example 3 Inactivation of the Corynebacterium glutamicum ddh gene
  • the two PCR products can be fused using known methods in such a way that the resulting product does not result in a functional ddh gene.
  • This inactive form of the ddh gene and the galK gene from E. coli can be cloned into pSLl ⁇ (Kim, YH & H.-S. Lee (1996) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6, 315-320) and thus the Get vector pSL18galK? Ddh.
  • the procedure is familiar to the person skilled in the art.
  • the transfer of this vector into Corynebacterium is known to the person skilled in the art and is possible, for example, by conjugation or electroporation.
  • the integrants can be selected with kanamycin, the "pop-out" selection as described in Example 2.
  • the inactivation of the ddh gene can be shown, for example, by a lack of Ddh activity. Ddh activity can be measured by known methods (see e.g. Misono et al. (1986) Agric. Biol. Che. 50, 1329-1330).

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Abstract

The invention relates to a plasmid vector which does not replicate in a target organism and contains the following constituents: a) an origin of replication for a host organism which is not identical to the target organism, b) at least one genetic marker, c) optionally a section of a sequence which enables the transfer of DNA by means of conjugation (mob sequence), d) a section of a sequence which is homologous to sequences of the target organism and enables homologous recombination in the target organism, e) a gene for a galactokinase under the control of a promoter.

Description

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines marker-freien mutierten Zielorganismus sowie dafür geeignete PlasmidvektorenProcess for the production of a marker-free mutant target organism and suitable plasmid vectors
Beschreibungdescription
Die Erfindung betrifft ein neues Verfahren zur Veränderung des Genoms von gram-positiven Bakterien, diese Bakterien und neue Vektoren. Insbesondere betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Veränderung von Corynebakterien oder Brevibakterien mitThe invention relates to a new method for changing the genome of gram-positive bacteria, these bacteria and new vectors. In particular, the invention relates to a method for modifying Corynebacteria or Brevibacteria
Hilfe eines neuen in den Bakterien konditional negativ dominant wirkenden Markergens .With the help of a new marker gene with a conditionally negative dominant effect in bacteria.
Corynebacterium glutamicum ist ein gram-positives, aerobes Bakterium, das (wie auch andere Corynebakterien, d.h. Corynebacterium und Brevibacterium - Arten) in der Industrie für die Produktion einer Reihe von Feinchemikalien, und auch zum Abbau von Kohlenwasserstoffen und zur Oxidation von Terpenoiden verwendet wird (Zur Übersicht siehe z.B. Liebl (1992) "The Genus Corynebacterium", in: The Procaryotes, Volume II, Balows, A. et al . , eds . Springer) .Corynebacterium glutamicum is a gram-positive, aerobic bacterium that (like other Corynebacteria, ie Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium species) is used in industry for the production of a number of fine chemicals and also for the degradation of hydrocarbons and the oxidation of terpenoids ( For an overview, see, for example, Liebl (1992) "The Genus Corynebacterium", in: The Procaryotes, Volume II, Balows, A. et al., Eds. Springer).
Aufgrund der Verfügbarkeit von Klonierungsvektoren zur Verwendung in Corynebakterien und Techniken zur genetischen Manipulation von C. glutamicum und verwandten Corynebacterium und Brevibacterium- Arten (siehe z.B. Yoshihama et al . , J. Bacteriol. 162 (1985) 591-597; Katsumata et al . , J. Bacteriol. 159 (1984) 306-311; und Santamaria et al . J. Gen. Microbiol. 130 (1984) 2237-2246) ist es möglich, diese Organismen genetisch zu verändern (beispiels- weise durch Überexpression von Genen) um sie beispielsweise als Produzenten von einer oder mehreren Feinchemikalien besser und effizienter zu machen.Due to the availability of cloning vectors for use in Corynebacteria and techniques for genetically manipulating C. glutamicum and related Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium species (see, e.g., Yoshihama et al., J. Bacteriol. 162 (1985) 591-597; Katsumata et al., J. Bacteriol. 159 (1984) 306-311; and Santamaria et al. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130 (1984) 2237-2246) it is possible to genetically modify these organisms (for example by overexpressing genes) by To make them better and more efficient, for example, as producers of one or more fine chemicals.
Die Verwendung von1 Plasmiden, die in Corynebakterien replizieren können ist dabei eine gut etablierte Technik, die dem Fachmann bekannt ist, breit angewendet wird und mehrfach in der Literatur dokumentiert ist (siehe z.B. Deb, J.K et al . (1999) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 175, 11-20).The use of 1 plasmids which can replicate in Corynebacteria is a well-established technique which is known to the person skilled in the art, is widely used and has been documented several times in the literature (see, for example, Deb, JK et al. (1999) FEMS Microbiol. Lett 175, 11-20).
Es ist ebenfalls möglich, Corynebakterien dadurch genetisch zu verändern, dass die DNA-Sequenz des Genoms modifiziert wird. Es können DNA-Sequenzen in das Genom eingebracht werden (neu eingebracht und/oder vorhandene Sequenzen in weiteren Kopien eingebracht werden) , es können auch DNA-Sequenzabschnitte aus dem Genom entfernt werden (z.B. Gene oder Teile von Genen), es können aber auch Sequenzaustausche (z.B. Basenaustausche) im Genom durchgeführt werden. Die Veränderung des Genoms kann dadurch erreicht werden, dass DNA in die Zelle eingebracht wird, die vorzugsweise nicht in der Zelle repliziert und dass diese eingebrachte DNA mit genomischer Wirts-DNA rekombini rt und so die genomische DNA verändert . Diese Vorgehensweise ist beispielsweise beschrieben in van der Rest, M.E. et al. (1999) Appl . Microbiol. Biotechnol . 52, 541-545 und Referenzen darin.It is also possible to genetically modify Corynebacteria by modifying the genome's DNA sequence. DNA sequences can be introduced into the genome (newly introduced and / or existing sequences can be introduced in further copies), DNA sequence sections can also be removed from the genome (eg genes or parts of genes), but sequence exchanges can also be carried out (eg base exchanges) are carried out in the genome. The change in the genome can be achieved by introducing DNA into the cell, which preferably does not replicate in the cell, and by recombining this introduced DNA with host genomic DNA and thus changing the genomic DNA. This procedure is described for example in van der Rest, ME et al. (1999) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52, 541-545 and references therein.
Es ist vorteilhaft, den verwendeten Transformationsmarker (wie z.B. ein Antibiotikaresistenzgen) wieder entfernen zu können, da dieser Marker dann bei weiteren Transformationsexperimenten wieder verwendet werden kann. Eine Möglichkeit dies durchzuführen, ist der Einsatz eines konditional negativ dominant wirkenden Markergens .It is advantageous to be able to remove the transformation marker used (such as an antibiotic resistance gene), since this marker can then be used again in further transformation experiments. One way to do this is to use a conditionally negative dominant marker gene.
Unter einem konditional negativ dominant wirkenden Markergen ist ein Gen zu verstehen, dass unter bestimmten Bedingungen nachteilig (z.B. toxisch) für den Wirt ist, unter anderen Bedingungen aber keine negativen Auswirkungen auf den das Gen tragenden Wirt hat. Ein Literatur-bekanntes Beispiel ist das URA3 Gen aus Hefen oder Pilzen, ein essentielles Gen der Pyrimidinbiosynthese, das jedoch für den Wirt nachteilig ist, wenn im Medium die Chemikalie 5-Fluoro-0rotsäure vorliegt (siehe beispielsweise DE19801120, Rothstein, R. (1991) Methods in Enzymology 194, 281-301) .A conditionally negative dominant marker gene is a gene that is disadvantageous (e.g. toxic) for the host under certain conditions, but has no negative effects on the host carrying the gene under other conditions. One example known from the literature is the URA3 gene from yeasts or fungi, an essential gene of pyrimidine biosynthesis, but which is disadvantageous for the host if the chemical 5-fluoro-0rotic acid is present in the medium (see for example DE19801120, Rothstein, R. (1991 ) Methods in Enzymology 194, 281-301).
Die Verwendung eines konditional negativ dominant wirkenden Markergens zur Entfernung von DNA-Sequenzen (beispielsweise der verwendeten Transformationsmarker und/oder von Vektorsequenzen und anderer Sequenzabschnitte) , auch " pop-out" genannt ist beispielsweise beschrieben in Schäfer et al . (1994) Gene 14, 69-73 oder in Rothstein, R. (1991) Methods in Enzymology 194, 281-301.The use of a conditionally negatively dominant marker gene for removing DNA sequences (for example the transformation markers used and / or vector sequences and other sequence segments), also called "pop-out", is described, for example, in Schäfer et al. (1994) Gene 14, 69-73 or in Rothstein, R. (1991) Methods in Enzymology 194, 281-301.
Galaktose Kinasen (E.C.2.7.1.6, auch Galaktokinasen genannt) katalysieren die Phosphorilierung von Galaktose zu Galaktose- Phosphat. Es sind zahlreiche Galaktose Kinasen aus unterschiedlichen Organismen bekannt, so kodieren beispielsweise das galK Gen aus Escherichia coli (beschrieben in Debouck et al . (1985) Nucleic Acids Res . 13, 1841-1853), das galK Gen aus Bacillus subtilis (Glaser et al . (1993) Mol. Microbiol. 10, 371-384) oder das GALl Gen aus Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( Citron & Donelson (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 269-278) jeweils für eine Galaktose Kinase.Galactose kinases (E.C.2.7.1.6, also called galactokinases) catalyze the phosphorilization of galactose to galactose phosphate. Numerous galactose kinases from different organisms are known, for example the galK gene from Escherichia coli (described in Debouck et al. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 1841-1853), the galK gene from Bacillus subtilis (Glaser et al (1993) Mol. Microbiol. 10, 371-384) or the GALI gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Citron & Donelson (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 269-278) each for a galactose kinase.
Es wurde nun überraschenderweise gefunden, dass sich Gene für Galaktose Kinasen gut für den Einsatz als konditional dominant negativ wirkende Markergene in gram-positiven Bakterien, bevor- zugt Corynebakterien eignen. Gene für Galaktose Kinasen verursachen bei Corynebakterien Sensitivität gegen Galaktose im Nährmedium (typischerweise in einem Konzentrationsbereich von 0,1 bis 4 % Galaktose im Medium) .It has now surprisingly been found that genes for galactose kinases are good for use as conditionally dominant negative marker genes in gram-positive bacteria before Coryne bacteria are suitable. Genes for galactose kinases in Corynebacteria cause sensitivity to galactose in the nutrient medium (typically in a concentration range of 0.1 to 4% galactose in the medium).
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Plasmidvektor, der in einem Zielorganismus nicht repliziert, enthaltend folgende Komponenten:The invention relates to a plasmid vector which does not replicate in a target organism and contains the following components:
a) einen Replikationsursprung ( origin of replication) für einen WirtsOrganismus , der nicht mit dem Zielorganismus identisch ist, b) mindestens einen genetischen Marker, c) optional einen Sequenzabschnitt, der den Transfer von DNA durch Konjugation ermöglicht (mob-Sequenz) , d) einen Sequenzabschnitt, der homolog zu Sequenzen des Zielorganismus ist und im Zielorganismus homologe Rekombination ermöglicht, e) einem Gen für eine Galaktose Kinase unter der Kontrolle eines Promotors .a) an origin of replication for a host organism that is not identical to the target organism, b) at least one genetic marker, c) optionally a sequence section that enables the transfer of DNA by conjugation (mob sequence), d) a sequence section which is homologous to sequences of the target organism and enables homologous recombination in the target organism, e) a gene for a galactose kinase under the control of a promoter.
Unter Zielorganismus ist der Organismus zu verstehen, der genetisch durch die erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren und Plasmid- vektoren modifiziert werden soll. Dies sind bevorzugt grampositive Bakterien, insbesondere Bakterien-Stämme aus der Gattung Brevibacterium oder Corynebacterium.Target organism is to be understood as the organism which is to be genetically modified by the methods and plasmid vectors according to the invention. These are preferably gram-positive bacteria, in particular bacterial strains from the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium.
Der Promotor d) ist bevorzugt heterolog zu dem verwendeten Galaktose Kinase Gen. Besonders geeignete Promotoren sind solche aus E. coli oder C. gluta icum. Ein besonders bevor- zugter Promotor ist der tac-Promotor .The promoter d) is preferably heterologous to the galactose kinase gene used. Particularly suitable promoters are those from E. coli or C. gluta icum. The tac promoter is a particularly preferred promoter.
Der Wirtsorganismus, in dem der Replikationsursprung a) funktioneil aktiv ist, dient im wesentlichen der Konstruktion und Vermehrung des erfindungsgemäßen Plasmidvektors . Als Wirts- Organismus können alle gängigen Mikroorganismen verwendet werden, die sich gentechnisch gut manipulieren lassen. Bevorzugte Wirtsorganismen sind gram-negative Bakterien wie Escherichia coli oder Hefen, beispielsweise Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Der Wirtsorganismus muss vom Zielorganismus genetisch verschieden sein, da im Zielorganismus eine Replikation des Plasmidvektors nicht stattfinden soll, während dies im Wirtsorganismus durch die Verwendung des Replikationsursprungs a) gewünscht ist. Bevorzugt werden solche Sequenzen im Zielorganismus ausgetauscht, die an einer Erhöhung der Produktion von Feinchemikalien beteiligt sind. Beispiele für solche Gene sind in WO 01/0842, 843 & 844, WO 01/0804 & 805, WO 01/2583 angegeben.The host organism in which the origin of replication a) is functionally active essentially serves to construct and multiply the plasmid vector according to the invention. All common microorganisms that can be genetically manipulated can be used as the host organism. Preferred host organisms are gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli or yeasts, for example Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The host organism must be genetically different from the target organism, since replication of the plasmid vector should not take place in the target organism, while this is desired in the host organism through the use of the origin of replication a). Those sequences which are involved in increasing the production of fine chemicals are preferably exchanged in the target organism. Examples of such genes are given in WO 01/0842, 843 & 844, WO 01/0804 & 805, WO 01/2583.
Beispiele für derartige Veränderungen sind genomische Integrationen von Nukleinsäuremolekülen (beispielsweise komplette Gene) , Disruptionen (beispielsweise Deletionen oder integrative Disruptionen) und Sequenzveränderungen (beispielsweise einfache oder mehrfache Punktmutationen, komplette Gen-Austauscher) sein. Bevorzugte Disruptionen sind solche die zu einer Reduzierung von Nebenprodukten des gewünschten Fermentationsproduktes führen, bevorzugte Integrationen sind solche, die einen gewünschten Metabolismus zu einem Fermentationsprodukt verstärken und/oder , Flaschenhälse' abmindern oder aufheben (de-bottlenecking) . Bei Sequenzveränderungen sind entsprechende etabolische Anpassungen bevorzugt. Bei dem Fermentationsprodukt handelt es sich bevorzugt um eine Feinchemikalie .Examples of such changes are genomic integrations of nucleic acid molecules (for example complete genes), disruptions (for example deletions or integrative disruptions) and sequence changes (for example single or multiple point mutations, complete gene exchangers). Preferred disruptions are those which lead to a reduction of by-products of the desired fermentation product, preferred integrations are those which increase a desired metabolism to a fermentation product and / or reduce or eliminate "bottlenecks" (de-bottlenecking). Appropriate etabolic adjustments are preferred for sequence changes. The fermentation product is preferably a fine chemical.
Der Transfer von DNA in den Zielorganismus kann durch dem Fachmann übliche Methoden, bevorzugt durch Konjugation oder Elektroporation erfolgen.The transfer of DNA into the target organism can be carried out by methods customary to the person skilled in the art, preferably by conjugation or electroporation.
DNA, die durch Konjugation in den Zielorganismus transferiert werden soll, enthält spezielle Sequenzabschnitte (im folgenden mob-Sequenzen genannt) , die dies ermöglichen. Solche mob- Sequenzen und ihre Verwendung zur Konjugation sind beispielsweise beschrieben in Schäfer, A. et al . (1991) J. Bacteriol. 172, 1663-1666.DNA that is to be transferred to the target organism by conjugation contains special sequence sections (hereinafter referred to as mob sequences) that make this possible. Such mob sequences and their use for conjugation are described, for example, in Schaefer, A. et al. (1991) J. Bacteriol. 172, 1663-1666.
Unter genetischer Marker wird eine selektionierbare Eigenschaft verstanden, die durch ein Gen vermittelt wird. Dies sind bevorzugt Gene, deren Expression Resistenz gegen Antibiotika, insbesondere eine Resistenz gegen Kana ycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetra- zyklin oder Aiτvpicillin bewirkt.A genetic marker is a selectable property that is mediated by a gene. These are preferably genes, the expression of which brings about resistance to antibiotics, in particular resistance to canycin, chloramphenicol, tetrahydroclinic or anti-picillin.
Unter Galaktose-haltigem Medium wird insbesondere ein Medium mit mindestens 0,1 % und höchstens 10 % (Gew.) Galaktose verstanden.A medium containing galactose is understood to mean in particular a medium with at least 0.1% and at most 10% (by weight) of galactose.
Unter Corynebakterien im Sinne der Erfindung werden alle Coryne- bacterium-Arten, Brevibacterium-Arten und Mycobacterium-Arten verstanden. Bevorzugt sind Corynebacterium-Arten und Brevibacterium-Arten .Coryne bacteria in the sense of the invention are understood to mean all Coryne bacterium species, Brevibacterium species and Mycobacterium species. Corynebacterium species and Brevibacterium species are preferred.
Als Beispiele für Corynebacterium-Arten und Brevibacterium- Arten seien genannt: Brevibacterium brevis, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes , Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium lacto- fermentum.Examples of Corynebacterium species and Brevibacterium species are: Brevibacterium brevis, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium lacto-fermentum.
Beispiele für Mycobacterium-Arten sind: Mycobacterium tuber- culosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium smeg atis .Examples of Mycobacterium species are: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium smeg atis.
Besonders bevorzugt als Zielorganismen sind die in der folgenden Tabelle angegebenen Stämme:The strains given in the following table are particularly preferred as target organisms:
Tabelle: Corynebacterium und Brevibacterium Stämme:Table: Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium strains:
ATCC American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, USA FERM Fermentation Research Institute, Chiba, Japan NRRL ARS Culture Collection, Northern Regional ResearchATCC American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, USA FERM Fermentation Research Institute, Chiba, Japan NRRL ARS Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research
Laboratory, Peoria, IL, USALaboratory, Peoria, IL, USA
CECT: Coleccion Espanola de Cultivos Tipo, Valencia, Spain NCIMB: National Collection of Industrial and Marine BacteriaCECT: Coleccion Espanola de Cultivos Tipo, Valencia, Spain NCIMB: National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria
Ltd. , Aberdeen, UKLtd. , Aberdeen, UK
CBS: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures , Baarn , NL Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines marker-freien mutierten Zielorganismus umfassend folgende Schritte:CBS: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, NL Another object of the invention is a method for producing a marker-free mutant target organism comprising the following steps:
a) Transfer eines Plasmidvektors nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10 in einen Zielorganismus, b) Selektion von Zielorganismus-Klonen bei denen mindestens ein durch den Plasmidvektor eingebrachter genetischer Marker vorhanden ist, c) Selektion der unter Schritt b) erhaltenen Zielorganismus-a) transfer of a plasmid vector according to one of claims 1 to 10 into a target organism, b) selection of target organism clones in which at least one genetic marker introduced by the plasmid vector is present, c) selection of the target organism obtained under step b)
Klone durch Kultivierung in einem Galaktose-haltigen Medium auf Vorhandensein von Galaktose-Sensitivität .Clones by culturing in a galactose-containing medium for the presence of galactose sensitivity.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind die mit diesem Ver- fahren hergestellten mutagenisierten gram-positiven Bakterien (Mutanten) , insbesondere die mutagenisierten Corynebacterien.The invention further relates to the mutagenized gram-positive bacteria (mutants) produced using this method, in particular the mutagenized Corynebacteria.
Die so erzeugten Mutanten können dann zur Herstellung von Feinchemikalien verwendet werden oder auch beispielsweise im Falle von C. diphtheriae für die Herstellung z.B. von Impfstoffen mit abgeschwächten oder nicht-pathogenen Erregern.The mutants generated in this way can then be used for the production of fine chemicals or, for example in the case of C. diphtheriae, for the production e.g. of vaccines with weakened or non-pathogenic agents.
Unter Feinchemikalien werden verstanden: organische Säuren, sowohl proteinogene als auch nicht-proteinogene Aminosäuren, Nukleotide und Nukleoside, Lipide und Fettsäuren, Diole, Kohlehydrate, aromatische Verbindungen, Vitamine und Cofaktoren sowie Enzyme .Fine chemicals are understood to mean: organic acids, both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, nucleotides and nucleosides, lipids and fatty acids, diols, carbohydrates, aromatic compounds, vitamins and cofactors as well as enzymes.
Der Begriff "Feinchemikalie" ist im Fachgebiet bekannt und beinhaltet Moleküle, die von einem Organismus produziert werden und in verschiedenen Industriezweigen Anwendungen finden, wie beispielsweise, jedoch nicht beschränkt auf die pharmazeutische Industrie, die Landwirtschafts-, und Kosmetik-Industrie. Diese Verbindungen umfassen organische Säuren, wie Weinsäure, Itacon- säure und Diaminopimelinsäure, sowohl proteinogene als auch nicht-proteinogene Aminosäuren, Purin- und Pyrimidinbasen, Nukleoside und Nukleotide (wie beispielsweise beschrieben in Kuninaka, A. (1996) Nucleotides and related compounds, S. 561-612, in Biotechnology Bd. 6, Rehm et al . , Hrsg. VCH: Weinheim und den darin enthaltenen Zitaten) , Lipide, gesättigte und ungesättigte Fettsäuren (beispielsweise Arachidonsäure) , Diole (beispielsweise Propandiol und Butandiol) , Kohlenhydrate (beispielsweise Hyaluronsäure und Trehalose) , aromatische Verbindungen (beispielsweise aromatische Amine, Vanillin und Indigo), Vitamine und Cofaktoren (wie beschrieben in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Bd. A27, "Vitamins", S. 443-613 (1996) VCH: Weinheim und den darin enthaltenen Zitaten; und Ong, A.S., Niki, E. und Packer, L. (1995) "Nutrition, Lipids, Health and Disease" Proceedings of the UNESCO/Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia and the Society for Free Radical Research - Asien, abgehalten am 1.-3. Sept. 1994 in Penang, Malysia, AOCS Press (1995)), Enzyme Polyketide (Cane et al . (1998) Science 282: 63-68), und sämtliche anderen von Gutcho (1983) in Chemicals by Fermentation, Noyes Data Corporation, ISBN: 0818805086 und den darin angegebenen Literaturstellen, beschriebenen Chemikalien. Der Metabolismus und die Verwendungen bestimmter Feinchemikalien sind nachstehend weiter erläutert .The term "fine chemical" is known in the art and includes molecules produced by an organism and used in various industries, such as, but not limited to, the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and cosmetic industries. These compounds include organic acids such as tartaric acid, itaconic acid and diaminopimelic acid, both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides (as described for example in Kuninaka, A. (1996) Nucleotides and related compounds, S 561-612, in Biotechnology Vol. 6, Rehm et al., Ed. VCH: Weinheim and the citations contained therein), lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (for example arachidonic acid), diols (for example propanediol and butanediol), carbohydrates (for example Hyaluronic acid and trehalose), aromatic compounds (e.g. aromatic amines, vanillin and indigo), vitamins and cofactors (as described in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A27, "Vitamins", pp. 443-613 (1996) VCH: Weinheim and the contained therein quotes; and Ong, AS, Niki, E. and Packer, L. (1995) "Nutrition, Lipids, Health and Disease" Proceedings of the UNESCO / Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia and the Society for Free Radical Research - Asia on the 1st-3rd Sept. 1994 in Penang, Malysia, AOCS Press (1995)), Enzyme Polyketide (Cane et al. (1998) Science 282: 63-68), and all others by Gutcho (1983) in Chemicals by Fermentation, Noyes Data Corporation, ISBN: 0818805086 and the references, chemicals described therein. The metabolism and uses of certain fine chemicals are further discussed below.
A. Aminosäure-Metabolismus und VerwendungenA. Amino acid metabolism and uses
Die Aminosäuren umfassen die grundlegenden Struktureinheiten sämtlicher Proteine und sind somit für die normalen Zellfunktionen essentiell. Der Begriff "Aminosäure" ist im Fachgebiet bekannt. Die proteinogenen Aminosäuren, von denen es 20 Arten gibt, dienen als Struktureinheiten für Proteine, in denen sie über Peptidbindungen miteinander verknüpft sind, wohingegen die nicht-proteinogenen Aminosäuren (von denen Hunderte bekannt sind) gewöhnlich nicht in Proteinen vorkommen (siehe Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Bd. A2, S. 57-97 VCH: Weinheim (1985)). Die Aminosäuren können in der D- oder L-Konfiguration vorliegen, obwohlThe amino acids comprise the basic structural units of all proteins and are therefore essential for normal cell functions. The term "amino acid" is known in the art. The proteinogenic amino acids, of which there are 20 types, serve as structural units for proteins in which they are linked to one another via peptide bonds, whereas the non-proteinogenic amino acids (of which hundreds are known) are usually not found in proteins (see Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A2, pp. 57-97 VCH: Weinheim (1985)). The amino acids can be in the D or L configuration, though
L-Aminosäuren gewöhnlich der einzige Typ sind, den man in natürlich vorkommenden Proteinen vorfindet. Biosynthese- und Abbauwege von jeder der 20 proteinogenen Aminosäuren sind sowohl bei prokaryotischen als auch eukaryotischen Zellen gut charakterisiert (siehe beispielsweise Stryer, L. Bio- chemistry, 3. Auflage, S. 578-590 (1988)). Die "essentiellen" Aminosäuren (Histidin, Isoleucin, Leucin, Lysin, Methionin, Phenylalanin, Threonin, Tryptophan und Valin) , so bezeichnet, da sie aufgrund der Komplexität ihrer Biosynthesen mit der Ernährung aufgenommen werden müssen, werden durch einfacheL-amino acids are usually the only type found in naturally occurring proteins. Biosynthetic and degradation pathways of each of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids are well characterized in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (see, for example, Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 3rd edition, pp. 578-590 (1988)). The "essential" amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine), so designated because they have to be included in the diet due to the complexity of their biosynthesis, are identified by simple
Biosyntheseswege in die übrigen 11 "nichtessentiellen" Aminosäuren (Alanin, Arginin, Asparagin, Aspartat, Cystein, Glutamat, Glutamin, Glycin, Prolin, Serin und Tyrosin) umgewandelt. Höhere Tiere besitzen die Fähigkeit, einige dieser Aminosäuren zu synthetisieren, jedoch müssen die essentiellen Aminosäuren mit der Nahrung aufgenommen werden, damit eine normale Proteinsynthese stattfindet.Biosynthetic pathways converted into the remaining 11 "non-essential" amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine). Higher animals have the ability to synthesize some of these amino acids, but the essential amino acids must be ingested with food for normal protein synthesis to take place.
Abgesehen von ihrer Funktion bei der Proteinbiosynthese sind diese Aminosäuren interessante Chemikalien an sich, und man hat entdeckt, dass viele bei verschiedenen Anwendungen in der Nahrungsmittel-, Futter-, Chemie-, Kosmetik-, Landwirt- schafts- und pharmazeutischen Industrie zum Einsatz kommen. Lysin ist nicht nur für die Ernährung des Menschen eine wichtige Aminosäure, sondern auch für monogastrische Tiere, wie Geflügel und Schweine. Glutamat wird am häufigsten als Geschmacksadditiv (Mononatriumglutamat, MSG) sowie weithin in der Nahrungsmittelindustrie verwendet, wie auch Aspartat, Phenylalanin, Glycin und Cystein. Glycin, L-Methionin und Tryptophan werden sämtlich in der pharmazeutischen Industrie verwendet. Glutamin, Valin, Leucin, Isoleucin, Histidin, Arginin, Prolin, Serin und Alanin werden in der pharmazeutischen Industrie und der Kosmetikindustrie verwendet . Threonin, Tryptophan und D-/L-Methionin sind weitverbreitete Futtermittelzusätze (Leuchtenberger , W. (1996) Amino acids - technical production and use, S. 466-502 in Rehm et al . , (Hrsg.) Biotechnology Bd. 6, Kapitel 14a, VCH: Weinheim). Man hat entdeckt, dass sich diese Aminosäuren außerdem als Vorstufen für die Synthese von synthetischen Aminosäuren und Proteinen, wie N-Acetylcystein, S-Carboxymethyl-L-cystein, (S) -5-Hydroxytryptophan und anderen, in Ulimann' s Ency- clopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Bd. A2 , S. 57-97, VCH, Weinheim, 1985 beschriebenen Substanzen eignen.Aside from their function in protein biosynthesis, these amino acids are interesting chemicals in themselves, and it has been discovered that many have various uses in food, feed, chemical, cosmetic, agricultural, industry and pharmaceutical industry. Lysine is not only an important amino acid for human nutrition, but also for monogastric animals such as poultry and pigs. Glutamate is most commonly used as a flavor additive (monosodium glutamate, MSG) and widely used in the food industry, as well as aspartate, phenylalanine, glycine and cysteine. Glycine, L-methionine and tryptophan are all used in the pharmaceutical industry. Glutamine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, arginine, proline, serine and alanine are used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Threonine, tryptophan and D- / L-methionine are widespread feed additives (Leuchtenberger, W. (1996) Amino acids - technical production and use, pp. 466-502 in Rehm et al., (Ed.) Biotechnology Vol. 6, chapter 14a, VCH: Weinheim). It has been discovered that these amino acids are also used as precursors for the synthesis of synthetic amino acids and proteins, such as N-acetylcysteine, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, (S) -5-hydroxytryptophan and others, in Ulimann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A2, pp. 57-97, VCH, Weinheim, 1985 are suitable substances.
Die Biosynthese dieser natürlichen Aminosäuren in Organismen, die sie produzieren können, beispielsweise Bakterien, ist gut charakterisiert worden (für einen Überblick der bakteriellen Aminosäure-Biosynthese und ihrer Regulation, s. Umbarger, H.E. (1978) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 47: 533-606). Glutamat wird durch reduktive Aminierung von ?-Ketoglutarat, einem Zwischenprodukt im Citronensäure-Zyklus, synthetisiert. Glut- amin, Prolin und Arginin werden jeweils nacheinander ausThe biosynthesis of these natural amino acids in organisms that can produce them, e.g. bacteria, has been well characterized (for an overview of bacterial amino acid biosynthesis and its regulation, see Umbarger, HE (1978) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 47: 533 -606). Glutamate is synthesized by reductive amination of? -Ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Glutamine, proline and arginine are each made out one after the other
Glutamat erzeugt. Die Biosynthese von Serin erfolgt in einem Dreischritt-Verfahren und beginnt mit 3-Phosphoglycerat (einem Zwischenprodukt bei der Glykolyse) , und ergibt nach Oxidations-, Transaminierungs- und Hydrolyseschritten diese Aminosäure. Cystein und Glycin werden jeweils aus Serin produziert, und zwar die erstere durch Kondensation von Homocystein mit Serin, und die letztere durch Übertragung des Seitenketten-?-Kohlenstoffatoms auf Tetrahydrofolat , in einer durch Serintranshydroxymethylase katalysierten Reaktion. Phenylalanin und Tyrosin werden aus den Vorstufen des Glyco- lyse- und Pentosephosphatweges , Erythrose-4-phosphat und Phosphoenolpyruvat in einem 9-Schritt-Biosyntheseweg synthetisiert, der sich nur in den letzten beiden Schritten nach der Synthese von Prephenat unterscheidet. Tryptophan wird ebenfalls aus diesen beiden Ausgangsmolekülen produziert, jedoch erfolgt dessen Synthese in einem 11-Schritt-Weg. Tyrosin lässt sich in einer durch Phenylalaninhydroxylase katalysier- ten Reaktion auch aus Phenylalanin herstellen. Alanin, Valin und Leucin sind jeweils Biosyntheseprodukte aus Pyruvat, dem Endprodukt der Glykolyse. Aspartat wird aus Oxalacetat, einem Zwischenprodukt des Citratzyklus, gebildet. Asparagin, Methionin, Threonin und Lysin werden jeweils durch Umwandlung von Aspartat produziert. Isoleucin wird aus Threonin gebildet . In einem komplexen 9-Schritt-Weg erfolgt die Bildung von Histidin aus 5-Phosphoribosyl-l-pyrophosphat , einem aktivierten Zucker.Produces glutamate. The biosynthesis of serine takes place in a three-step process and begins with 3-phosphoglycerate (an intermediate in glycolysis), and gives this amino acid after oxidation, transamination and hydrolysis steps. Cysteine and glycine are each produced from serine, the former by condensation of homocysteine with serine, and the latter by transferring the side chain -? - carbon atom to tetrahydrofolate, in a reaction catalyzed by serine transhydroxymethylase. Phenylalanine and tyrosine are synthesized from the precursors of the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate in a 9-step biosynthetic pathway that differs only in the last two steps after the synthesis of prephenate. Tryptophan is also produced from these two starting molecules, but its synthesis takes place in an 11-step process. Tyrosine can be catalyzed in a phenylalanine hydroxylase also produce the reaction from phenylalanine. Alanine, valine and leucine are each biosynthetic products from pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis. Aspartate is made from oxaloacetate, an intermediate of the citrate cycle. Asparagine, methionine, threonine and lysine are each produced by converting aspartate. Isoleucine is made from threonine. In a complex 9-step process, histidine is formed from 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, an activated sugar.
Aminosäuren, deren Menge den Proteinbiosynthesebedarf der Zelle übersteigt, können nicht gespeichert werden, und werden stattdessen abgebaut, so dass Zwischenprodukte für die Haupt- Stoffwechselwege der Zelle bereitgestellt werden (für einen Überblick siehe Stryer, L., Biochemistry, 3. Aufl. Kap. 21 "Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle"; S 495-516 (1988)). Die Zelle ist zwar in der Lage, ungewünschte Aminosäuren in nützliche Stoffwechsel-Zwischenprodukte umzuwandeln, jedoch ist die Aminosäureproduktion hinsichtlich der Energie, der Vorstufenmoleküle und der für ihre Synthese nötigen Enzyme aufwendig. Es überrascht daher nicht, dass die Aminosäure-Biosynthese durch Feedback-Hemmung reguliert wird, wobei das Vorliegen einer bestimmten Aminosäure ihre eigene Produktion verlangsamt oder ganz beendet (für einen Über- blick über den Rückkopplungs-Mechanismus bei Aminosäure- Biosynthesewegen, siehe Stryer, L., Biochemistry, 3. Aufl., Kap. 24, "Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Heme", S. 575-600 (1988)). Der Ausstoß einer bestimmten Aminosäure wird daher durch die Menge dieser Aminosäure in der Zelle eingeschränkt .Amino acids, the amount of which exceeds the protein biosynthesis requirements of the cell, cannot be stored and are instead broken down, so that intermediate products are provided for the main metabolic pathways of the cell (for an overview see Stryer, L., Biochemistry, 3rd ed. Chap. 21 "Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle"; S 495-516 (1988)). Although the cell is able to convert unwanted amino acids into useful metabolic intermediates, the production of amino acids is expensive in terms of energy, precursor molecules and the enzymes required for their synthesis. Not surprisingly, amino acid biosynthesis is regulated by feedback inhibition, where the presence of a particular amino acid slows or stops its own production (for an overview of the feedback mechanism in amino acid biosynthetic pathways, see Stryer, L ., Biochemistry, 3rd ed., Chapter 24, "Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Heme", pp. 575-600 (1988)). The output of a certain amino acid is therefore restricted by the amount of this amino acid in the cell.
Vitamine, Cofaktoren und Nutrazeutika-Metabolismus sowie VerwendungenVitamins, cofactors and nutraceutical metabolism and uses
Vitamine, Cofaktoren und Nutrazeutika umfassen eine weitere Gruppe von Molekülen. Höhere Tiere haben die Fähigkeit verloren, diese zu synthetisieren und müssen sie somit aufnehmen, obwohl sie leicht durch andere Organismen, wie Bakterien, synthetisiert werden. Diese Moleküle sind entweder biologisch aktive Moleküle an sich oder Vorstufen von bio- logisch aktiven Substanzen, die als Elektronenträger oder Zwischenprodukte bei einer Reihe von Stoffwechselwegen dienen. Diese Verbindungen haben neben ihrem Nährwert auch einen signifikanten industriellen Wert als Farbstoffe, Antioxidantien und Katalysatoren oder andere Verarbeitungs- Hilfsstoffe. (Für einen Überblick über die Struktur,Vitamins, cofactors and nutraceuticals comprise another group of molecules. Higher animals have lost the ability to synthesize them and must therefore absorb them, although they are easily synthesized by other organisms such as bacteria. These molecules are either biologically active molecules per se or precursors of biologically active substances that serve as electron carriers or intermediates in a number of metabolic pathways. In addition to their nutritional value, these compounds also have a significant industrial value as dyes, antioxidants and catalysts or other processing aids. (For an overview of the structure,
Aktivität und die industriellen Anwendungen dieser Verbindungen siehe beispielsweise Ulimann' s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Vitamins", Bd. A27, S. 443-613, VCH: Weinheim, 1996). Der Begriff "Vitamin" ist im Fachgebiet bekannt und umfasst Nährstoffe, die von einem Organismus für eine normale Funktion benötigt werden, jedoch nicht von diesem Organismus selbst synthetisiert werden können. Die Gruppe der Vitamine kann Cofaktoren und nutrazeutische Verbindungen umfassen. Der Begriff "Cofaktor" umfasst nicht- proteinartige Verbindungen, die für das Auftreten einer normalen Enzymaktivität nötig sind. Diese Verbindungen können organisch oder anorganisch sein; die erfindungsgemäßenFor activity and the industrial applications of these compounds, see, for example, Ulimann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Vitamins", Vol. A27, pp. 443-613, VCH: Weinheim, 1996). The term "vitamin" is known in the art and encompasses nutrients which are required by an organism for normal function, but which cannot be synthesized by this organism itself. The group of vitamins can include cofactors and nutraceutical compounds. The term "cofactor" includes non-proteinaceous compounds that are necessary for normal enzyme activity to occur. These compounds can be organic or inorganic; the inventive
Cofaktor-Moleküle sind vorzugsweise organisch. Der Begriff "Nutrazeutikum" umfasst Nahrungsmittelzusätze, die bei Pflanzen und Tieren, insbesondere dem Menschen, gesundheitsfördernd sind. Beispiele solcher Moleküle sind Vitamine, Antioxidantien und ebenfalls bestimmte Lipide (z.B. mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren) .Cofactor molecules are preferably organic. The term "nutraceutical" encompasses food additives which are beneficial to plants and animals, in particular humans. Examples of such molecules are vitamins, antioxidants and also certain lipids (e.g. polyunsaturated fatty acids).
Die Biosynthese dieser Moleküle in Organismen, die zu ihrer Produktion befähigt sind, wie Bakterien, ist umfassend charakterisiert worden (Ulimann' s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Vitamins", Bd. A27, S. 443-613, VCH: Weinheim, 1996, Michal, G. (1999) Biochemical Pathways : An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons; Ong, A.S., Niki, E. und Packer, L. (1995) "Nutrition, Lipids, Health and Disease" Proceedings of the UNESCO/Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia and the Society for free Radical Research - Asien, abgehalten am 1.-3. Sept. 1994 in Penang, Malaysia, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL X, 374 S) .The biosynthesis of these molecules in organisms capable of producing them, such as bacteria, has been extensively characterized (Ulimann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Vitamins", Vol. A27, pp. 443-613, VCH: Weinheim, 1996, Michal, G. (1999) Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Wiley &Sons; Ong, AS, Niki, E. and Packer, L. (1995) "Nutrition, Lipids, Health and Disease" Proceedings of the UNESCO / Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia and the Society for free Radical Research - Asia, held on September 1-3, 1994 in Penang, Malaysia, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL X, 374 S).
Thiamin (Vitamin Bi) wird durch chemisches Kuppeln von Pyrimidin und Thiazol-Einheiten gebildet. Riboflavin (Vitamin B ) wird aus Guanosin-5 ' -triphosphat (GTP) und Ribose-5 ' -phosphat synthetisiert . Riboflavin wiederum wird zur Synthese von Flavinmononukleotid (FMN) und Flavinadenin- dinukleotid (FAD) eingesetzt. Die Familie von Verbindungen, die gemeinsam als "Vitamin B6" bezeichnet werden (beispielsweise Pyridoxin, Pyridoxamin, Pyridoxal-5 ' -phosphat und das kommerziell verwendete Pyridoxinhydrochlorid) , sind alle Derivate der gemeinsamen Struktureinheit 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl- pyridin. Panthothenat (Pantothensäure, R- (+) -N- (2 , 4-Di- hydroxy-3 , 3-dimethyl-l-oxobutyl) -?-alanin) kann entweder durch chemische Synthese oder durch Fermentation hergestellt werden. Die letzten Schritte bei der Pantothenat-Biosynthese bestehen aus der ATP-getriebenen Kondensation von ?-Alanin und Pantoinsäure . Die für die Biosyntheseschritte für die Umwandlung in Pantoinsäure, in ?-Alanin und zur Kondensation in Pantothensäure verantwortlichen Enzyme sind bekannt. Die metabolisch aktive Form von Pantothenat ist Coenzym A, dessen Biosynthese über 5 enzymatische Schritte verläuft. Pantothenat, Pyridoxal-5 ' -phosphat, Cystein und ATP sind die Vorstufen von Coenzym A. Diese Enzyme katalysieren nicht nur die Bildung von Pantothenat, sondern auch die Produktion von (R) -Pantoinsäure, (R) -Pantolacton, (R) -Panthenol (Provitamin B5) , Pantethein (und seinen Derivaten) und Coenzym A.Thiamine (vitamin Bi) is formed by chemical coupling of pyrimidine and thiazole units. Riboflavin (vitamin B) is synthesized from guanosine 5 'triphosphate (GTP) and ribose 5' phosphate. Riboflavin in turn is used to synthesize flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The family of compounds commonly referred to as "Vitamin B6" (e.g. pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal 5 'phosphate and the commercially used pyridoxine hydrochloride) are all derivatives of the common structural unit 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridine. Panthothenate (pantothenic acid, R- (+) -N- (2, 4-di-hydroxy-3, 3-dimethyl-l-oxobutyl) -? - alanine) can be produced either by chemical synthesis or by fermentation. The final steps in pantothenate biosynthesis consist of the ATP-driven condensation of α-alanine and pantoic acid. Those for the biosynthesis steps for the conversion into pantoic acid, into? -Alanine and for the condensation Enzymes responsible for pantothenic acid are known. The metabolically active form of pantothenate is coenzyme A, whose biosynthesis takes place over 5 enzymatic steps. Pantothenate, pyridoxal-5 '-phosphate, cysteine and ATP are the precursors of coenzyme A. These enzymes not only catalyze the formation of pantothenate, but also the production of (R) -pantoic acid, (R) -pantolactone, (R) - Panthenol (provitamin B 5 ), Pantethein (and its derivatives) and coenzyme A.
Die Biosynthese von Biotin aus dem Vorstufenmolekül Pimeloyl- CoA in Mikroorganismen ist ausführlich untersucht worden, und man hat mehrere der beteiligten Gene identifiziert. Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass viele der entsprechenden Proteine an der Fe-Cluster-Synthese beteiligt sind und zu der Klasse der nifS-Proteine gehören. Die Liponsäure wird von derThe biosynthesis of biotin from the precursor molecule pimeloyl-CoA in microorganisms has been extensively investigated and several of the genes involved have been identified. It has been found that many of the corresponding proteins are involved in the Fe cluster synthesis and belong to the class of the nifS proteins. The lipoic acid is from the
Octanonsäure abgeleitet und dient als Coenzym beim Energie- Metabolismus, wo sie Bestandteil des Pyruvatdehydrogenase- komplexes und des ?-Ketoglutaratdehydrogenasekomplexes wird. Die Folate sind eine Gruppe von Substanzen, die alle von der Folsäure abgeleitet werden, die wiederum von L-Glutaminsäure, p-Aminobenzoesäure und 6-Methylpterin hergeleitet ist. Die Biosynthese der Folsäure und ihrer Derivate, ausgehend von den metabolischen Stoffwechselzwischenprodukten Guanosin- 5 ' -triphosphat (GTP) , L-Glutaminsäure und p-Aminobenzoesäure ist in bestimmten Mikroorganismen eingehend untersucht worden .Octanoic acid is derived and serves as a coenzyme in energy metabolism, where it becomes part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the? -Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Folates are a group of substances that are all derived from folic acid, which in turn is derived from L-glutamic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid and 6-methylpterine. The biosynthesis of folic acid and its derivatives, starting from the metabolic intermediates guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), L-glutamic acid and p-aminobenzoic acid, has been extensively investigated in certain microorganisms.
Corrinoide (wie die Cobalamine und insbesondere Vitamin Bχ2 ) und die Porphyrine gehören zu einer Gruppe von Chemikalien, die sich durch ein Tetrapyrrol-Ringsystem auszeichnen. Die Biosynthese von Vitamin Bι2 ist hinreichend komplex, dass sie noch nicht vollständig charakterisiert worden ist, jedoch ist inzwischen ein Großteil der beteiligten Enzyme und Substrate bekannt. Nikotinsäure (Nikotinat) und Nikotinamid sind Pyridin-Derivate, die auch als "Niacin" bezeichnet werden. Niacin ist die Vorstufe der wichtigen Coenzyme NAD (Nikotinamidadenindinukleotid) und NADP (Nikotinamidadenin- dinukleotidphosphat) und ihrer reduzierten Formen.Corrinoids (such as the cobalamins and especially vitamin Bχ 2 ) and the porphyrins belong to a group of chemicals that are characterized by a tetrapyrrole ring system. The biosynthesis of vitamin Bι 2 is sufficiently complex that it has not been fully characterized, but a large part of the enzymes and substrates involved is now known. Nicotinic acid (nicotinate) and nicotinamide are pyridine derivatives, which are also called "niacin". Niacin is the precursor of the important coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and their reduced forms.
Die Produktion dieser Verbindungen im Großmaßstab beruht größtenteils auf zellfreien chemischen Synthesen, obwohl einige dieser Chemikalien ebenfalls durch großangelegte Anzucht von Mikroorganismen produziert worden sind, wie Ribo- flavin, Vitamin B6, Pantothenat und Biotin. Nur Vitamin Bχ2 wird aufgrund der Komplexität seiner Synthese lediglich durch Fermentation produziert. In-vitro-Verfahren erfordern einen erheblichen Aufwand an Materialien und Zeit und häufig an hohen Kosten.The production of these compounds on a large scale is largely based on cell-free chemical syntheses, although some of these chemicals have also been produced by large-scale cultivation of microorganisms, such as riboflavin, vitamin B 6 , pantothenate and biotin. Only vitamin Bχ 2 is only produced by fermentation due to the complexity of its synthesis. In vitro procedures require one considerable expenditure of materials and time and often high costs.
C. Purin-, Pyrimidin-, Nukleosid- und Nukleotid-Metabolismus und VerwendungenC. Purine, Pyrimidine, Nucleoside and Nucleotide Metabolism and Uses
Gene für den Purin- und Pyrimidin-Stoffwechsel und ihre entsprechenden Proteine sind wichtige Ziele für die Therapie von Tumorerkrankungen und Virusinfektionen. Der Begriff "Purin" oder "Pyrimidin" umfasst stickstoffhaltige Basen, die Bestandteil der Nukleinsäuren, Coenzyme und Nukleotide sind. Der Begriff "Nukleotid" beinhaltet die grundlegenden Struktureinheiten der Nukleinsäuremoleküle, die eine stickstoffhaltige Base, einen Pentose-Zucker (bei RNA ist der Zucker Ribose, bei DNA ist der Zucker D-Desoxyribose) undGenes for the purine and pyrimidine metabolism and their corresponding proteins are important targets for the therapy of tumor diseases and viral infections. The term "purine" or "pyrimidine" encompasses nitrogenous bases which are part of the nucleic acids, coenzymes and nucleotides. The term "nucleotide" includes the basic structural units of the nucleic acid molecules, which are a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (RNA is the ribose sugar, DNA is the D-deoxyribose sugar) and
Phosphorsäure umfassen. Der Begriff "Nukleosid" umfasst Moleküle, die als Vorstufen von Nukleotiden dienen, die aber im Gegensatz zu den Nukleotiden keine Phosphorsäureeinheit aufweisen. Durch Hemmen der Biosynthese dieser Moleküle oder ' ihrer Mobilisation zur Bildung von Nukleinsäuremolekülen ist es möglich, die RNA- und DNA-Synthese zu hemmen; wird diese Aktivität zielgerichtet bei kanzerogenen Zellen gehemmt, lässt sich die Teilungs- und Replikations-Fähigkeit von Tumorzellen hemmen.Include phosphoric acid. The term “nucleoside” encompasses molecules which serve as precursors of nucleotides, but which, in contrast to the nucleotides, have no phosphoric acid unit. By inhibiting the biosynthesis of these molecules or 'their mobilization to form nucleic acid molecules, it is possible to inhibit RNA and DNA synthesis; if this activity is specifically inhibited in carcinogenic cells, the ability of tumor cells to divide and replicate can be inhibited.
Es gibt zudem Nukleotide, die keine Nukleinsäuremoleküle bilden, jedoch als Energiespeicher (d.h. AMP) oder als Coenzyme (d.h. FAD und NAD) dienen.There are also nucleotides that do not form nucleic acid molecules, but that serve as energy stores (i.e. AMP) or as coenzymes (i.e. FAD and NAD).
Mehrere Veröffentlichungen haben die Verwendung dieser Chemikalien für diese medizinischen Indikationen beschrieben, wobei der Purin- und/oder Pyrimidin-Metabolismus beeinflusst wird (beispielsweise Christopherson, R.I. und Lyons, S.D. (1990) "Potent inhibitors of de novo pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis as chemotherapeutic agents", Med. Res . Reviews 10: 505-548). Untersuchungen an Enzymen, die am Purin- und Pyrimidin-Metabolismus beteiligt sind, haben sich auf die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente konzentriert, die beispielsweise als Immunsuppressionsmittel oder Antiproliferantien verwendet werden können (Smith, J.L. "Enzymes in Nucleotide Synthesis" Curr. Opin. Struct . Biol . 5 (1995) 752-757; Biochem. Soc . Transact. 23 (1995) 877-902). Die Purin- und Pyrimidinbasen, Nukleoside und Nukleotide haben jedoch auch andere Einsatzmöglichkeiten: als Zwischenprodukte bei der Biosysnthese verschiedener Feinchemikalien (z.B. Thiamin,Several publications have described the use of these chemicals for these medical indications, the purine and / or pyrimidine metabolism being influenced (for example Christopherson, RI and Lyons, SD (1990) "Potent inhibitors of de novo pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis as chemotherapeutic agents ", Med. Res. Reviews 10: 505-548). Studies on enzymes involved in purine and pyrimidine metabolism have focused on the development of new drugs that can be used, for example, as immunosuppressants or antiproliferants (Smith, JL "Enzymes in Nucleotide Synthesis" Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol 5 (1995) 752-757; Biochem. Soc. Transact. 23 (1995) 877-902). However, the purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides also have other possible uses: as intermediates in the biosynthesis of various fine chemicals (e.g. thiamine,
S-Adenosyl-methionin, Folate oder Riboflavin) , als Energieträger für die Zelle (beispielsweise ATP oder GTP) und für Chemikalien selbst, werden gewöhnlich als Geschmacksverstärker verwendet (beispielsweise IMP oder GMP) oder für viele medizinische Anwendungen (siehe beispielsweise Kuninaka, A. , (1996) "Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Biotechnology Bd. 6, Rehm et al . , Hrsg. VCH: Weinheim, S. 561-612). Enzyme, die am Purin-, Pyrimidin-, Nukleosid- oder Nukleotid-Metabolismus beteiligt sind, dienen auch immer stärker als Ziele, gegen die Chemikalien für den Pflanzenschutz, einschließlich Fungiziden, Herbiziden und Insekti- ziden entwickelt werden.S-adenosyl-methionine, folate or riboflavin), as an energy source for the cell (for example ATP or GTP) and for Chemicals themselves are commonly used as flavor enhancers (e.g. IMP or GMP) or for many medical applications (see e.g. Kuninaka, A., (1996) "Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Biotechnology Vol. 6, Rehm et al., Ed. VCH: Weinheim, pp. 561-612) Enzymes that are involved in the purine, pyrimidine, nucleoside or nucleotide metabolism are also increasingly used as targets against chemicals for crop protection, including fungicides, herbicides and insecticides be developed.
Der Metabolismus dieser Verbindungen in Bakterien ist charakterisiert worden (für Übersichten siehe beispielsweise Zalkin, H. und Dixon, J.E. (1992) "De novo purin nucleotide biosynthesis" in Progress in Nucleic Acids Research and Mole- cular biology, Bd. 42, Academic Press, S. 259-287; und Michal, G. (1999) "Nucleotides and Nucleosides" ; Kap. 8 in: Biochemical Pathways : An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wiley, New York) . Der Purin-Metabolismus, das Objekt intesiver Forschung, ist für das normale Funktionieren derThe metabolism of these compounds in bacteria has been characterized (for reviews see, for example, Zalkin, H. and Dixon, JE (1992) "De novo purin nucleotide biosynthesis" in Progress in Nucleic Acids Research and Molecular Biology, Vol. 42, Academic Press , Pp. 259-287; and Michal, G. (1999) "Nucleotides and Nucleosides"; Chap. 8 in: Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wiley, New York). Purine metabolism, the object of intensive research, is essential for the normal functioning of the
Zelle essentiell. Ein gestörter Purin-Metabolismus in höheren Tieren kann schwere Erkrankungen verursachen, beispielsweise Gicht. Die Purinnukleotide werden über eine Reihe von Schritten über die Zwischenverbindung Inosin-5 ' -phosphat (IMP) aus Ribose-5-phosphat synthetisiert, was zur Produktion von Guanosin-5 ' -monophosphat (GMP) oder Adenosin-5 ' -mono- phosphat (AMP) führt, aus denen sich die als Nukleotide verwendeten Triphosphatformen leicht herstellen lassen. Diese Verbindungen werden auch als Energiespeicher verwendet, so dass ihr Abbau Energie für viele verschiedene biochemische Prozesse in der Zelle liefert. Die Pyrimidinbiosynthese erfolgt über die Bildung von Uridin-5 ' -monophosphat (UMP) aus Ribose-5-phosphat . UMP wiederum wird in Cytidin-5 ' -triphosphat (CTP) umgewandelt. Die Desoxyformen sämtlicher Nukleotide werden in einer Einschritt-Reduktionsreaktion aus der Diphosphat-Riboseform des Nukleotides zur Diphosphat- Desoxyriboseform des Nukleotides hergestellt. Nach der Phosphorylierung können diese Moleküle an der DNA-Synthese teilnehmen.Cell essential. A disturbed purine metabolism in higher animals can cause serious illnesses, for example gout. The purine nucleotides are synthesized via a series of steps via the intermediate compound inosine 5 'phosphate (IMP) from ribose 5 phosphate, which leads to the production of guanosine 5' monophosphate (GMP) or adenosine 5 'monophosphate (AMP) leads from which the triphosphate forms used as nucleotides can be easily produced. These compounds are also used as energy stores, so their degradation provides energy for many different biochemical processes in the cell. Pyrimidine biosynthesis takes place via the formation of uridine 5 'monophosphate (UMP) from ribose 5-phosphate. UMP in turn is converted to cytidine 5 'triphosphate (CTP). The deoxy forms of all nucleotides are produced in a one-step reduction reaction from the diphosphate ribose form of the nucleotide to the diphosphate deoxyribose form of the nucleotide. After phosphorylation, these molecules can participate in DNA synthesis.
Trehalose-Metabolismus und VerwendungenTrehalose metabolism and uses
Trehalose besteht aus zwei Glucosemolekülen, die über α,α-l, 1-Bindung miteinander verknüpft sind. Sie wird gewöhn- lieh in der Nahrungsmittelindustrie als Süßstoff, als Additiv für getrocknete oder gefrorene Nahrungsmittel sowie in Getränken verwendet. Sie wird jedoch auch in der pharma- zeutischen Industrie, der Kosmetik- und Biotechnologie- Industrie angewendet (s. beispielsweise Nishimoto et al . , (1998) US-Patent Nr. 5 759 610; Singer, M.A. und Lindquist, S. Trends Biotech. 16 (1998) 460-467; Paiva, C.L.A. und Panek, A.D. Biotech Ann. Rev. 2 (1996) 293-314; und Shiosaka, M. J. Japan 172 (1997) 97-102). Trehalose wird durch Enzyme von vielen Mikroorganismen produziert und auf natürliche Weise in das umgebende Medium abgegeben, aus dem sie durch im Fachgebiet bekannte Verfahren gewonnen werden kann.Trehalose consists of two glucose molecules that are linked via an α, α-l, 1 bond. It is commonly used in the food industry as a sweetener, as an additive for dried or frozen food and in beverages. However, it is also used in pharmaceutical pharmaceutical industry, the cosmetics and biotechnology industries (see, for example, Nishimoto et al., (1998) US Pat. No. 5,759,610; Singer, MA and Lindquist, S. Trends Biotech. 16 (1998) 460-467 ; Paiva, CLA and Panek, AD Biotech Ann. Rev. 2 (1996) 293-314; and Shiosaka, MJ Japan 172 (1997) 97-102). Trehalose is produced by enzymes from many microorganisms and is naturally released into the surrounding medium from which it can be obtained by methods known in the art.
Beispiel 1:Example 1:
PCR-Klonierung des Galaktose Kinase Gens (galK9 aus Escherichia coli C600.PCR cloning of the galactose kinase gene (galK9 from Escherichia coli C600.
Zur Klonierung des Gens für Galaktose Kinase aus E. coli per PCR können als primer Oligonukleotide verwendet werden, die auf Basis publizierter Sequenzen für Galaktose Kinasen (beispielsweise Genbank Eintrag X02306 ) definiert werden können. Die Präparation der Matrizze für die PCR (die genomische DNA aus E. coli) und die PCR können nach Methoden durchgeführt werden, die dem Fachmann wohlbekannt sind und beispielsweise in Sambrook, J. et al . (1989) "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press oder Ausubel, F.M. et al . (1994) "Current Proto- cols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley & Sons beschrieben sind. Das Gen für Galaktose Kinase (galK-Gen) , bestehend aus der das Protein kodierenden Sequenz sowie 30 bp5 ' der kodierenden Sequenz liegende Sequenzen (Ribosomenbindungsstelle) kann im Verlauf der PCR mit terminalen Schnittstellen für Restriktionsendonukleasen (beispielsweise EcoRI) versehen werden und anschließend kann das PCR-Produkt in geeignete Vektoren (wie die Plasmide pUClδ oder pWST4B (Liebl et al . (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 65, 299-304)) kloniert werden, die über die geeigneten Schnittstellen für Restriktionsendonukleasen verfügen. Diese Methode der Klonierung von Genen per PCR ist dem Fachmann bekannt und beispielsweise in Sambrook, J. et al . (1989) "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press oder Ausubel, F.M. et al . (1994) "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley & Sons beschrieben. Durch Sequenzanalyse kann nachgewiesen werden, dass das galK-Gen aus E. coli mit der bekannten Sequenz kloniert wurde. Beispiel 2 :To clone the gene for galactose kinase from E. coli by PCR, oligonucleotides can be used as primers, which can be defined on the basis of published sequences for galactose kinases (for example Genbank entry X02306). The preparation of the template for the PCR (the genomic DNA from E. coli) and the PCR can be carried out according to methods which are well known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press or Ausubel, FM et al. (1994) "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley & Sons. The gene for galactose kinase (galK gene), consisting of the sequence coding for the protein and 30 bp5 'of the coding sequence (ribosome binding site), can be provided with terminal interfaces for restriction endonucleases (for example EcoRI) in the course of the PCR and then this can be done PCR product can be cloned into suitable vectors (such as the plasmids pUClδ or pWST4B (Liebl et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 65, 299-304)) which have the suitable interfaces for restriction endonucleases. This method of cloning genes by PCR is known to the person skilled in the art and is described, for example, in Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press or Ausubel, FM et al. (1994) "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley & Sons. Sequence analysis can be used to demonstrate that the galK gene from E. coli was cloned with the known sequence. Example 2:
Testung der galK-vermittelten Galaktose-Sensitivität in Corynebacterium glutamicum R163Testing of galK-mediated galactose sensitivity in Corynebacterium glutamicum R163
Corynebacterium glutamicum R163 ist bspw. beschrieben in Liebl et al. (1992) J. Bacteriol. 174, 1854-1861.Corynebacterium glutamicum R163 is described, for example, in Liebl et al. (1992) J. Bacteriol. 174, 1854-1861.
Das galK Gen aus E. coli wurde zunächst unter die Kontrolle eines heterologen Promotors gebracht . Zu diesem Zweck wurde der tac- Promotor aus E. coli durch PCR-Methodenkloniert . Der tac-Promotor und das galK Gen wurden dann in das Plasmid pWST4B (Liebl et al . (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 65, 299-304) kloniert, einen shuttle-Vektor , der sowohl in E. coli , als auch in C. glutamicum replikationsfähig ist und Chloramphenicol- Resistenz vermittelt. Nach DNA-Transfer in C. glutamicum (siehe beispielsweise WO 01/02583) und Selektion Chloramphenicol resi- stenter Kolonien wurden diese auf Galaktose Sensitivität hin untersucht. Dazu wurden Zellen auf LB Medium (10 g/1 Pepton, 5 g/1 Hefeextrakt, 5 g/1 NaCl, 12 g/1 Agar, pH 7,2) ausgestrichen, welches mit Chloramphenicol (5 mg/1) bzw. mit Chlor- amphenicol (5 mg/1) und Galaktose (0,8 %) supplementiert war. Klone mit exprimiertem galK Gen waren über Nacht nur auf Galaktose-freien Platten angewachsen.The galK gene from E. coli was initially brought under the control of a heterologous promoter. For this purpose, the E. coli tac promoter was cloned by PCR methods. The tac promoter and the galK gene were then cloned into the plasmid pWST4B (Liebl et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 65, 299-304), a shuttle vector which was found both in E. coli and in C. glutamicum is replicable and mediates resistance to chloramphenicol. After DNA transfer to C. glutamicum (see for example WO 01/02583) and selection of chloramphenicol-resistant colonies, these were examined for galactose sensitivity. For this purpose, cells were spread on LB medium (10 g / 1 peptone, 5 g / 1 yeast extract, 5 g / 1 NaCl, 12 g / 1 agar, pH 7.2), which with chloramphenicol (5 mg / 1) or with Chloramphenicol (5 mg / 1) and galactose (0.8%) was supplemented. Clones with the expressed galK gene had grown overnight only on galactose-free plates.
Beispiel 3 : Inaktivierung des ddh Gens aus Corynebacterium glutamicumExample 3: Inactivation of the Corynebacterium glutamicum ddh gene
Man kann einen beliebigen Sequenzabschnitt am 5' -Ende des ddh-Gens von C. glutamicum (Ishino et al.(1987) Nucleic Acids Res . 15, 3917) und einen beliebigen Sequenz bschnitt am 3λ-Ende des ddh-Gens mit bekannten Methoden per PCR amplifizieren.Can be any sequence portion at the 5 'end of the ddh gene of C. glutamicum (Ishino et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 3917), and an arbitrary sequence at the 3 ection λ-end of the ddh gene with known Amplify methods using PCR.
Man kann die beiden PCR-Produkte mit bekannten Methoden derart fusionieren, dass das resultierende Produkt kein funktionales ddh-Gen ergibt. Man kann diese inaktive Form des ddh-Gens, sowie das galK Gen aus E. coli in pSLlδ (Kim, Y.H. & H.-S. Lee (1996) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6, 315-320) klonieren und so den Vektor pSL18galK?ddh erhalten. Die Vorgehensweise ist dem Fachmann geläufig. Der Transfer dieses Vektors in Corynebacterium ist dem Fachmann bekannt und ist beispielsweise möglich durch Konjugation oder Elektroporation.The two PCR products can be fused using known methods in such a way that the resulting product does not result in a functional ddh gene. This inactive form of the ddh gene and the galK gene from E. coli can be cloned into pSLlδ (Kim, YH & H.-S. Lee (1996) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6, 315-320) and thus the Get vector pSL18galK? Ddh. The procedure is familiar to the person skilled in the art. The transfer of this vector into Corynebacterium is known to the person skilled in the art and is possible, for example, by conjugation or electroporation.
Die Selektion der Integranten kann mit Kanamycin erfolgen, die Selektion auf den " pop-out" kann erfolgen wie in Beispiel 2 beschrieben. Die Inaktivierung des ddh-Gen kann beispielsweise durch fehlende Ddh-Aktivität gezeigt werden. Ddh-Aktivität kann nach bekannten Methoden (siehe z.B. Misono et al . (1986) Agric. Biol. Che . 50, 1329-1330) gemessen werden. The integrants can be selected with kanamycin, the "pop-out" selection as described in Example 2. The inactivation of the ddh gene can be shown, for example, by a lack of Ddh activity. Ddh activity can be measured by known methods (see e.g. Misono et al. (1986) Agric. Biol. Che. 50, 1329-1330).

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Plasmidvektor, der in einem Zielorganismus nicht repliziert, enthaltend folgende Komponenten:1. A plasmid vector which does not replicate in a target organism and contains the following components:
a) einen Replikationsursprung ( origin of replication) für einen Wirtsorganismus, der nicht mit dem Zielorganismus identisch ist, b) mindestens einen genetischen Marker, c) optional einen Sequenzabschnitt, der den Transfer von DNA durch Konjugation ermöglicht (mob-Sequenz ) , d) einen Sequenzabschnitt, der homolog zu Sequenzen des Zielorganismus ist und im Zielorganismus homologe Rekombination ermöglicht, e) einem Gen für eine Galaktose Kinase unter der Kontrolle eines Promotors .a) an origin of replication for a host organism that is not identical to the target organism, b) at least one genetic marker, c) optionally a sequence section that enables the transfer of DNA by conjugation (mob sequence), d) a sequence section which is homologous to sequences of the target organism and enables homologous recombination in the target organism, e) a gene for a galactose kinase under the control of a promoter.
2. Plasmidvektor nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Wirtsorganismus a) Escherichia coli ist.2. Plasmid vector according to claim 1, wherein the host organism a) is Escherichia coli.
3. Plasmidvektor nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Galaktose Kinase Gen aus Escherichia coli stammt.3. A plasmid vector according to claim 1, wherein the galactose kinase gene is derived from Escherichia coli.
4. Plasmidvektor nach Anspruch 1, wobei der genetische Marker b) eine Resistenz gegen Antibiotika verleiht.4. A plasmid vector according to claim 1, wherein the genetic marker b) confers resistance to antibiotics.
5. Plasmidvektor nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Promotor e) hetero- log ist.5. A plasmid vector according to claim 1, wherein the promoter e) is heterologous.
6. Plasmidvektor nach Anspruch 1 indem der Sequenzabschnitt c) vorhanden ist .6. plasmid vector according to claim 1 by the sequence section c) is present.
7. Plasmidvektor nach Anspruch 4. der eine Resistenz gegen Kana- mycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetrazyklin oder Ampicillin verleiht.7. A plasmid vector according to claim 4 which confers resistance to canaminocin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or ampicillin.
8. Plasmidvektor nach Anspruch 5. wobei der heterologe Promotor aus E. coli oder C. glutamicum stammt.8. A plasmid vector according to claim 5, wherein the heterologous promoter comes from E. coli or C. glutamicum.
9. Plasmidvektor nach Anspruch 5, wobei der heterologe Promotor ein tac-Promotor ist. 9. A plasmid vector according to claim 5, wherein the heterologous promoter is a tac promoter.
10. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines marker-freien mutierten Zielorganismus umfassend folgende Schritte:10. A method for producing a marker-free mutant target organism comprising the following steps:
a) Transfer eines Plasmidvektors nach einem der Ansprüche 1 5 bis 10 in einen Zielorganismus, b) Selektion von Zielorganismus-Klonen bei denen mindestens ein durch den Plasmidvektor eingebrachter genetischer Marker vorhanden ist, c) Selektion der unter Schritt b) erhaltenen Zielorganismus- 10 Klone durch Kultivierung in einem Galaktose-haltigena) transfer of a plasmid vector according to one of claims 1 5 to 10 into a target organism, b) selection of target organism clones in which at least one genetic marker introduced by the plasmid vector is present, c) selection of the target organism obtained under step b) - 10 clones by cultivation in a galactose-containing
Medium auf Vorhandensein von Galaktose-Sensitivität .Medium for the presence of galactose sensitivity.
11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10 wobei der Zielorganismus ein grampositiver Bakterien-Stamm ist.11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the target organism is a gram-positive bacterial strain.
1515
12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11 wobei der ZielOrganismus ein Bakterien-Stamm der Gattung Brevibacterium oder Corynebacterium ist.12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the target organism is a bacterial strain of the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium.
20 13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, wobei der DNA-Transfer durch Konjugation oder Elektroporation erfolgt.13. The method of claim 10, wherein the DNA transfer is carried out by conjugation or electroporation.
14. Mutagenisiertes gram-positives Bakterium, erhältlich nach einem Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 11.14. Mutagenized gram-positive bacterium, obtainable by a process according to claim 11.
2525
15. Verwendung eines Galaktose-Kinase Gens als konditional negativ dominanten Markergens .15. Use of a galactose kinase gene as a conditionally negative dominant marker gene.
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