EP1366614A2 - Systeme d'acheminement logique - Google Patents
Systeme d'acheminement logiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP1366614A2 EP1366614A2 EP02720981A EP02720981A EP1366614A2 EP 1366614 A2 EP1366614 A2 EP 1366614A2 EP 02720981 A EP02720981 A EP 02720981A EP 02720981 A EP02720981 A EP 02720981A EP 1366614 A2 EP1366614 A2 EP 1366614A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- node
- logical
- message
- destination
- function
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
- H04L61/45—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping
- H04L61/4541—Directories for service discovery
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
- H04L61/30—Managing network names, e.g. use of aliases or nicknames
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
- H04L61/45—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping
- H04L61/4552—Lookup mechanisms between a plurality of directories; Synchronisation of directories, e.g. metadirectories
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L2101/00—Indexing scheme associated with group H04L61/00
- H04L2101/30—Types of network names
- H04L2101/365—Application layer names, e.g. buddy names, unstructured names chosen by a user or home appliance name
Definitions
- the described technology generally relates to mapping of logical identifiers to physical identifiers.
- URI Uniform Resource Identifier
- a URI is either a Uniform Resource Locator ("URL”) or Uniform Resource Name (“URN”), or any other formatted string that identifies a network resource.
- URLs are discussed in detail in T. Berners-Lee et al., Uniform Resource Locators (URL), RVC 1738, CERN, Xerox PARC, Univ. of Minn., December 1994. Each URL contains a domain name identifying where the resource is located.
- the URL "http://www.odi.com/home.htm” indicates that the resource named "home.htm” is located at the domain of "odi.com.”
- the HTTP protocol uses an underlying transport layer such as TCP/IP to route messages to the computer associated with the domain name identified in the URL.
- the TCP/IP protocol identifies computers using IP addresses (e.g., "128.32.0.6") rather than domain names.
- IP addresses e.g., "128.32.0.6”
- DNS domain name service
- ISP IP address service
- the local domain name server may be identified in a configuration file of the client computer executing the browser.
- the local domain name server checks a local cache to determine whether it has a mapping of that domain name to IP address. If so, it returns the IP address to the application. If not, it forwards the resolution request to a root domain name server.
- the root domain name server contains a mapping of each top-level domain name (e.g., "com") to its name server(s).
- the root domain name server responds to the resolution request by providing the name of the top-level domain name server to the local domain name server.
- the local domain name server caches the name of the top-level domain name server.
- the local domain name server then sends the resolution request to the top-level domain name server and receives (and may cache) the name of the domain name server for the second-level domain name (e.g., "odi.com").
- the local domain name server forwards the resolution request to the domain name server for the second-level domain name.
- the domain name server returns an IP address associated with the second-level domain name.
- the local domain name server may repeat the process for each level of domain name.
- the local domain name server sends an IP address of the domain name to the computer executing the application, e.g.
- Figure 1 is a block diagram for illustrating the logical routing system in one embodiment.
- Figure 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing when a client program sends a message to an application.
- Figure 3 is a block diagram for illustrating the logical routing system where instances of the application are executing at multiple nodes.
- Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating use of the node identification function to effect load balancing for an application.
- Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating the architecture of the application layer 510, the logical routing layer 520 and the physical routing layer 530 used by the logical routing system.
- Figure 6 is a block diagram illustrating connections at the physical routing layer between various nodes.
- Figure 7 illustrates a data structure used by the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 8 illustrates data structures used by the physical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 9 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the send message function of the physical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 10 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the "search for route to node" function in one embodiment.
- Figure 11 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the lookup node function in one embodiment.
- Figure 12 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the establish peer connection function in one embodiment.
- Figure 13 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the receive message function of the physical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 14 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the forward message function of the physical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 15 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the process node search function in one embodiment.
- Figure 16 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the send logical message function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 17 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the resolve logical destination function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 18 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the search logical destination function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 19 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the get response function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 20 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the process logical destination update function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 21 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the user information function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 22 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the receive logical message function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 23 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the register logical name function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 24 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the generate logical destination update function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 25 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the process logical name search function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figure 26 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of an application initialization function in one embodiment.
- Figure 27 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of a function of an application that receives a message from the logical routing layer.
- a logical routing system allows each application or entity (e.g., user of an application) to register its logical identifier to physical identifier mapping when the application starts executing on a computer.
- a client program uses the registered mapping to identify the physical identifier of the computer. If an application later starts executing on a different computer, then the application can register a different mapping.
- the logical routing system allows an application to register a function that is used to generate the physical identifier for the logical identifier associated with the application.
- the use of a function allows the mapping to physical identifier to vary based on various criteria, such as location of a client computer or workload balancing goals.
- the logical routing system also allows a logical identifier to map to multiple physical identifiers. With such a mapping, a client program would send a message to each of the computers identified by the multiple physical identifiers.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram for illustrating the logical routing system in one embodiment.
- the logical routing system is used to send messages between client computer systems 101 ("client nodes") and application computer systems 103 ("application nodes").
- the computer systems are interconnected through a communications mechanism 104, such as the Internet.
- Applications executing at application nodes provide services to client programs executing at client nodes.
- the logical routing system provides a logical naming mechanism that allows client nodes to send messages to (e.g., requesting services of) applications by identifying the application by a logical identifier (also referred to as a "logical destination”), rather than a physical identifier (also referred to as a "node identifier").
- a logical identifier of an application may be "address book,” whereas a physical identifier may be a globally unique identifier that uniquely identifies the node where the application is executing.
- An address book application maintains a mapping of names (e.g., John Smith) of people to electronic mail addresses (e.g., JohnSmith@company.com).
- the address book application receives messages from client programs requesting an electronic mail address for a person and sends a response message to the client program that includes the electronic mail address.)
- a client node or more precisely, a computer program executing at the client node
- wants to send a message to an application it provides the message to a logical routing system along with the logical identifier of the application.
- the logical routing system identifies the appropriate physical identifier of the node where the application is executing and sends the message to that node.
- an application starts its execution at an application node, it registers with the logical routing system.
- the logical routing system may maintain a mapping from logical identifiers of applications to physical identifiers of the application nodes where the applications are executing.
- a client node may identify the physical identifiers of an application from the logical identifier using this mapping.
- a logical identifier may map to multiple physical identifiers of different application nodes. For example, multiple copies of the address book application may be executing at different application nodes to accommodate the demands of the client program.
- the logical identifier of the retrieve address function might map to only one physical identifier.
- the logical identifier of the insert address function might map to the physical identifiers of all the nodes where the application is executing.
- the logical routing system thus provides a mechanism that allows client programs to be developed using logical identifiers of applications and allows the logical identifiers to be resolved to physical identifiers during execution of the client programs.
- a program executing at a node can be both an application and a client program in that it may respond to requests for services from client programs and request services from other applications.
- Applications register themselves with the logical routing system to map their logical identifiers to physical node identifiers.
- the logical routing system may maintain a logical routing map of these registrations.
- the logical routing system can implement the logical routing map across the application nodes and client nodes in a distributed manner, can implement the logical routing map as a central system, or can implement the logical routing map by a combination of distributed and centralized systems.
- a register message may be sent to a logical destination that identifies the logical routing map (e.g., "logical routing map").
- the logical routing system may send a message to the same logical destination to retrieve the physical identifiers of the application.
- the logical routing map may be considered to be an "application” that is not only used by the logical routing system, but is also accessible through the logical routing system itself.
- the logical routing map has a node identification function for each logical name that returns the node identifier of the node associated with that logical name.
- the application associated with a logical name registers with the logical routing system, the application provides its node identification function to the logical routing system.
- the node identification function may input parameters or criteria (e.g., the message to be sent) and returns the appropriate node identifier for those parameters or criteria.
- applications associated with a logical name may be executing at nodes physically located on each continent.
- the node identification function may input the country where the sending node is located and return the node identifier for the node located on the continent in which the country is located.
- the logical routing system allows mappings between logical identifiers and physical identifiers to be dynamically changed.
- the mappings can be dynamically changed in various ways. For example, an application can dynamically change its mappings by registering a new node identification function, which may be sent to a node executing a client program in response to a request for service by the client program. The node receiving the new node identification function can replace the old node identification function for that application.
- the logical routing system may use an existing network to transmit the mappings.
- the existing network may be the IP network and DNS of the Internet.
- the logical identifier may be mapped to a DNS name (i.e., a physical identifier) by the logical routing system and ultimately mapped to an IP address (i.e., a network address) by a transport system of the existing network.
- DNS name i.e., a physical identifier
- IP address i.e., a network address
- the dynamic changing of the mappings allows the servicing of requests to dynamically meet demand. For example, as the demand on the address book application increases, the application can be launched on additional nodes. The new identification function, which is sent to a node executing a client program, can distribute some of the requests to the additional nodes. Similarly, as the demand decreases, the number of nodes executing the address book application can also decrease.
- the logical routing system uses various criteria for routing messages.
- the logical routing system may allow the criteria to be supplied by the client program or the application that provides the service.
- the client program may specify a priority associated with a request, and the node identification function would identify a node that can service a request of that priority.
- the application may specify that clients in a certain country have all their requests sent to a certain node.
- the logical routing system allows criteria-based routing to one of multiple copies of an application using the same logical name. For example, to improve communications speed, the node identification function of an application may select a physical identifier for a node that is geographically close to the node of the client program.
- the logical routing system also allows the services of an application to be distributed over multiple nodes. For example, an address book application may execute on multiple nodes that each service address requests relating to different parts of the alphabet. One node may service requests for names starting with A-M, and another node may service requests for names starting with N-Z.
- the logical routing system may use a distributed model for maintaining the mappings of logical identifiers to physical identifiers (e.g., node identification functions).
- each node maintains the mappings for the applications executing on the node.
- the other node can cache the mapping.
- the logical routing system may search for the mapping by sending a search request to the nodes to which it is connected.
- Each node that receives a search request checks its local cache to see if it has the mapping. If so, it sends the mapping to the requesting node.
- Each node that receives the mapping on its way to the requesting node may cache the mapping. (This searching automatically discovers the topology of the network.)
- a node executing a client program may discover that an application is no longer available when the client program sends a message to that application. Upon such a discovery, the logical routing system may remove the mapping from its cache.
- the search message is an example of the logical routing system supporting node-level messages. Thus, the logical routing system supports both node-level and application-level messages.
- the logical routing system may use a combination of a distributed and a centralized model for maintaining the mappings.
- the logical routing system may have a server node that stores all mappings.
- Each application registers its logical identifier with the logical routing system.
- the logical routing system may cache a mapping of the logical identifier to physical identifier locally at the node and send the mapping to the server node.
- the logical routing system may first checks a local cache of mappings. If the logical identifier is not in the local cache, the logical routing system may request the mapping from the server node. If the server node is not available, then the logical routing system may search for the mapping in the same way as with the distributed model.
- a logical identifier may identify a user.
- a user logs on to an application or node, that user can be registered with the logical routing system using a logical identifier, such as the user's name.
- the other user uses the logical identifier to identify the user to the logical routing system.
- the logical routing system transmits the message to the user in the same way it transmits messages to client programs. Indeed, the logical routing system may send the message to a client program that is responsible for displaying the message to the user.
- the logical routing system maps from a logical identifier to a physical identifier and a transport system maps from the physical identifier to the network address.
- the physical identifier might be the ultimate identifier used by the transport system. (For example, the physical identifier might be a network address.)
- the transport system would not perform any mapping and would route messages to the nodes identified by physical identifier.
- the functions of the logical routing system can be integrated into a transport system and may even be considered part of a physical layer.
- FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing when a client program sends a message to an application.
- an application when it starts execution registers its logical identifier and the physical identifier of the node at which it is currently executing with the logical routing system. (Client programs register in a similar way.)
- a node identification function is registered. Whenever the physical identifier is needed, the node identification function is invoked, passing the message to be sent, and returns one or more physical identifiers.
- the address book application may register a node identification function that maps the last name of a person to the physical identifier of the node that is executing the instance of the application that is responsible for servicing requests with that last name.
- the logical routing system stores the mapping of logical identifier to node identification function for the application.
- the client program invokes the logical routing system to send a message to an application identified by a logical identifier.
- the logical routing system identifies the physical identifier using the logical routing mapping.
- the logical routing system at the client node invokes the node identification function passing the message.
- the node identification function returns the physical identifier associated with an instance of application.
- the logical routing system sends the message to the node addressed by that physical identifier.
- the logical routing system at the application node upon receiving the message, may determine whether the message should be forwarded to another node or processed by this node.
- the logical routing system at the application node may use a node identification function to identify the node that is to process the message.
- the application processes the message.
- the application sends a response to the client node using the logical routing system.
- the logical routing system may also send an updated node identification function to the client node.
- the client node receives the response and the updated node identification function.
- the logical routing system at the client node passes the response to the client program and uses the updated node identification function when sending subsequent messages to the logical identifier.
- the updated node identification function may reflect the changing architecture of how the application is distributed across multiple application nodes.
- Figure 3 is a block diagram for illustrating the logical routing system where instances of the application are executing at multiple nodes.
- the application is executing at application nodes 303, 305 and 306.
- the application was initially executing only one instance at application node 303.
- application nodes 305 and 306 were brought online and started executing instances of the application.
- the application node 303 services requests for names beginning with the letters A-J
- application node 305 services requests for names beginning with the letters K-S
- application node 306 services requests for names beginning with the letters T-Z.
- the logical routing system uses the node identification function for the logical identifier of "address book,” which identifies application node 303.
- the logical routing system sends the request to application node 303.
- the logical routing system at application node 303 uses its node identification function to identify application node 305.
- the logical routing system of application node 303 forwards the request to application node 305, where the logical routing system provides the message to the application.
- the instance of the application executing at application node 305 retrieves the electronic mail address and sends the address to the client node.
- the logical routing system of application node 305 may also send to the client node an updated node identification function that maps names beginning with the letters A-J to application node 303, names beginning with the letters K-S to application node 305 and names beginning with the letters T-Z to application node 306.
- an updated node identification function that maps names beginning with the letters A-J to application node 303, names beginning with the letters K-S to application node 305 and names beginning with the letters T-Z to application node 306.
- the logical routing system of the client node next uses the updated node identification function, it will identify the appropriate application node that is responsible for servicing the request and send the request directly to the identified application node.
- application node 305 does not send an updated node identification function, then subsequent requests will be routed through application node 303.
- the node identification function may select the physical identifier of an instance randomly, may select the physical identifier based on geographic proximity to the client node, and so on.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating use of the node identification function to effect load balancing for an application.
- the client nodes 401 use a node identification function that maps to one of the load balancing nodes 402. For example, the node identification function may randomly select one of the load balancing nodes.
- the node identification function used by the client nodes may be provided by the load balancing nodes.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the architecture of the application layer 510, the logical routing layer 520 and the physical routing layer 530 used by the logical routing system in one embodiment.
- the logical routing system corresponds to the functionality provided by the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- the physical routing layer is responsible for sending a message to a node identified by a node identifier. Each node in the network maybe assigned a unique node identifier.
- the physical routing layer provides a send message component 531 and a receive message component 532. The logical routing layer sends messages using the send message component and receives messages via the receive message component.
- the send message component is passed a message and a destination node identifier (e.g., "www.odi.com") and locates the network address (e.g., IP address and port) for that destination node identifier.
- the send message component then invokes the underlying transport layer, such as TCP/IP, to deliver the message to the network address.
- the send message component may request a physical routing map to provide the network address for the destination node identifier or may request other nodes to which it is connected (i.e., peer nodes) if they know of the network address for the destination node.
- the send message component may cache the network address in a physical routing table for use when sending subsequent messages to that destination node. The send message component then sends the message to that network address.
- the message may be sent by establishing a direct connection between the originating node and the destination node, by forwarding the message to the destination node via a peer node of the originating node, or by sending a message to a physical routing server for forwarding to the destination node.
- the send message component uses a "search for route to node" component 533, a lookup node component 534 and establish peer connection component 535, as described below in more detail.
- the receive message component processes messages that are received for a destination node. If this node (i.e., the node where a component is executing) is not the destination node, then the receive message component attempts to forward the message to the destination node.
- the receive message component passes the message to the logical routing layer by invoking the receive logical message component 522 or the process logical name search component 529A.
- the logical routing layer provides a send logical message component 521 , a receive logical message component 522, a register logical name component 523, a process logical name search component 529A, and a generate logical destination update function 529.
- the application layer sends messages to a logical destination, which may be an application or a user, using the send logical message component and receives response messages from the logical destination via the receive logical message component.
- the send logical message component is passed a logical identifier and a message, identifies the destination node identifier for the logical identifier, and uses the send message component of the physical routing layer to send the message to the destination node.
- the send logical message component may identify the destination node identifier using a node identification function provided by a central server, by a search of peer nodes, or by the logical destination itself.
- the send logical message component may cache the mapping of the logical identifier to the node identification function.
- the send logical message component uses a resolve logical destination component 524, a user information component 525, a logical destination search component 526, a get response component 527, and a process logical destination update component 528 that are described below in detail.
- the receive logical message component is invoked by the receive message component of the physical routing layer to pass the message to the logical routing layer.
- the receive logical message component processes the message and provides the message to the application layer.
- the process logical name search function and the generate logical destination update function are described below in detail.
- the register logical name component is used by the application layer to register a logical identifier with the logical routing layer.
- the generate logical destination update component is invoked by the process logical name search component.
- the application layer may provide an application initialization component 511 and an application receive component 512.
- the application initialization component may register the application's logical identifier with the logical routing layer.
- the application receive component is invoked by the receive logical message component to effect the passing of the message from the logical routing layer to the application layer.
- the application layer also invokes the send logical message to send messages to a logical destination.
- the logical routing system may execute on computer systems that include main memory, a central processing unit, input devices (e.g., keyboard and pointing devices), output devices (e.g., display devices) and a hard drive.
- the main memory and hard drive are computer-readable media that may contain instructions that implement the logical routing system.
- the computer systems may be interconnected via various communication channels that include the Internet, a wide area network, a point-to-point dial-up connection, or a local area network.
- Figure 6 is a block diagram illustrating connections at the physical routing layer between various nodes.
- client node 602 is connected to client node 603, and client node 603 is connected to application node 604.
- the send message component may attempt to establish a direct connection with the application node. However, if a connection cannot be established, then the send message component of client node 602 determines whether the application node is accessible through any of its peer nodes. In this case, application node 604 is accessible to client node 602 via client node 603.
- the client node 602 forwards the message to client node 603, which in turn forwards the message to application node 604.
- Figure 7 illustrates a data structure used by the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- the logical name table 701 (also referred to as a logical routing table) contains an entry for each logical name associated with an application executing at the node.
- a logical name is a logical identifier that identifies an application.
- a logical identifier may also identify a user or some other logical destination.
- Each entry includes a logical identifier, a fully qualified logical identifier, a class and a node identification function. The fully qualified logical identifier uniquely identifies the logical name associated with the application.
- the class identifies a message class of the logical destination.
- the class may be database, application or user.
- a logical identifier is unique within a class.
- the node identification function is used by client nodes to identify the node identifier to which a message for the logical name should be sent.
- Each entry may also include a function name that identifies a function supported by the application. For example, a function name of an address book application for inserting a new entity may be "insert address.”
- the logical name table contains an entry for each logical destination known to this node.
- the logical name table may also contain a mapping of user names to user identifiers.
- the user name is the logical name.
- the fully qualified logical name is the user identifier that uniquely identifies the user.
- the logical routing table includes a key function, criteria declaration, and route table.
- the criteria defines the data to be passed to the key function to generate a key.
- the key is then used to locate the node identifier from the route table.
- Figure 8 illustrates data structures used by the physical routing layer in one embodiment.
- the data structures of the physical routing layer include a physical routing table 801 and a peer table 802.
- the physical routing table contains an entry for each node identifier known to this node. Each entry maps the node identifier to the peer node identifier through which the node identifier is accessible.
- the peer table contains an entry for each peer node of this node. Each entry maps the node identifier to the network address of the peer node.
- Figures 9-27 are flow diagrams of functions of the logical routing system in one embodiment.
- One skilled in the art will appreciate that the functions described herein may implement only a subset of the described functionality, may reorder the described functionality, or may implement additional functionality.
- Figures 9-15 are flow diagrams illustrating the processing of the physical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figures 9-12 illustrate the send processing of the physical routing layer.
- Figure 9 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the send message function of the physical routing layer in one embodiment. The function is passed a destination node (i.e., component) identifier and a message and sends the message to the identified destination node. This function is invoked by the logical routing layer.
- a destination node i.e., component
- decision block 901 if an entry for the destination node identifier is in the physical routing table, then a route to the destination node has previously been identified and the function retrieves that entry and continues at block 902, else the function continues at block 905.
- the function adds to the header of the message route information that includes the node identifier of this node.
- the function retrieves the node identifier of the peer node from the entry and then retrieves the network address (e.g., the IP address and port number) for that peer node from the peer table.
- Blocks 905-914 are performed when an entry for the passed node identifier is not in the physical routing table. These blocks attempt to find a route through which the message can be sent to the destination node.
- the function invokes the "search for route to node" function, which searches for a peer node through which the destination node is accessible. If the invoked function finds such a peer node, then it adds an entry to the physical routing table and returns an indication of success.
- decision block 906 if a route was found, then the function continues at block 907, else the function continues at block 908.
- the function retrieves the entry for the destination node from the physical routing table and continues at block 902 to send the message to the destination node.
- decision block 908 if the policy for this node allows for a new peer connection to be created, then the function continues at block 909, else the function continues at block 913.
- An example policy may limit the number of connections to peer nodes to four. If this node already has four peer nodes, then the policy prevents connection to a fifth peer node.
- the function invokes the lookup node function, which identifies the network address for the destination node and adds it to the peer table. The invoked function may send a message to a server node to see if the destination node has registered with the server node.
- the invoked function also adds an entry to the peer table to store the node identifier and network address for the destination node.
- decision block 910 if the destination node was found, then the function continues at block 911 , else the function continues at block 914.
- the function invokes the establish peer connection function to establish a peer connection with the destination node and to update the physical routing table.
- decision block 912 if a connection is established to the destination node, then the function continues at block 907 to send the message directly to the destination node, else the function continues at block 913.
- decision block 913 if the policy of this node allows for server node forwarding, then the function continues at block 903 to forward the message to the server node, else the function returns an indication of error.
- this node When server node forwarding is allowed, this node sends the message to the server node so that the server node can forward the message to the destination node either now if the destination node is online or later when the destination node comes online.
- decision block 914 if the message should be dropped, then the function returns an indication of error, else the function continues in block 913.
- Figure 10 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the "search for route to node" function in one embodiment.
- the function is passed the node identifier of the destination node.
- the function is invoked to identify a path from a peer node of this node to the destination node.
- the function sends a message to each peer node of this node indicating that this node is searching for a path to the destination node.
- a peer node responds to the message when it has identified a path through the peer node to the destination node.
- searching techniques may be used.
- the messages may be sent to the peer nodes so that each peer node can attempt to identify a path before a message is sent to the next peer node, rather than initially sending a message to each peer node.
- decision block 1001 if this node has any peer nodes, then the function continues at block 1002, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function creates a node search message that includes the identifier of this node and the destination node.
- the function sends a copy of the node search message to each peer node of this node.
- the function sets a timer to limit the time that this node waits for a response from a peer node.
- the function waits for a response from a peer node or for a timeout.
- decision block 1006 if a response was received, then the function continues at block 1007, else the timeout occurred and the function returns an indication of error.
- the function updates the physical routing table by adding an entry to indicate that the destination node is accessible through the peer node that sent the response. The function cancels the timer and then returns an indication of success.
- Figure 11 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the lookup node function in one embodiment.
- This function is passed the node identifier of the destination node.
- the function contacts the server node to retrieve the network address for the destination node and adds an entry to the peer table if the server node responds with the network address of the destination node.
- decision block 1101 if the appropriate connection to the server node is available, then the function continues at block 1101 , else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function creates a lookup node message that includes the destination node identifier.
- the function sends the lookup node message to the server node.
- the function sets a timer.
- the function waits for a response from the server node or a timeout.
- decision block 1106 if a response is received from the server node, then the function continues at block 1107, else a timeout has occurred and the function returns an indication of error.
- the function adds an entry to the peer table that indicates the network address of the destination node, which was returned in the message. The function cancels the timer and then returns an indication of success.
- this node may request its peer nodes to contact the server node on its behalf or may check locally cached information relating to the network address of various nodes.
- Figure 12 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the establish peer connection function in one embodiment.
- This function is passed the identifier of the destination node.
- the function establishes a connection with the destination node and updates the physical routing table.
- the function looks up the destination node identifier in the peer table.
- decision block 1202 if the network address of the destination node is in the peer table, then the function continues at block 1203, else a connection cannot be established and the function returns an indication of error.
- the function creates a peer connect request message that identifies this node.
- the function sends the peer connect request message to the network address for the destination node.
- the function establishes a transport level connection to the network address and then sends the message. If a connection cannot be established, then the function returns an indication of error. In block 1205, the function sets a timer. In block 1206, the function waits for a response from the destination node or a timeout. In decision block 1207, if a response is received from the destination node, then the function continues at block 1208, else a timeout occurred and the function returns an indication of error. In block 1208, the function cancels the timer. In decision block 1209, if the response indicates that a connection can be established, then the function continues at block 1210, else the destination node is not willing to connect to this node and the function returns an indication of error.
- the function authenticates the destination node.
- Various well-known authentication techniques can be used, such as use of public/private key pairs in which the destination node sends a message encrypted with its private key and this node decrypts the message using the public key. If the destination node cannot be authenticated, then the function returns an indication of error.
- the function updates the physical routing table to indicate that the destination node is accessible as a peer node (i.e., connected at the physical routing layer) and then returns an indication of success.
- Figures 13-15 are flow diagrams illustrating the processing of a received message of the physical routing layer.
- Figure 13 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the receive message function of the physical routing layer in one embodiment.
- the function is passed a message that has been received from a peer node. The function determines whether the message is intended for this node or another node. If the message is intended for this node, then the function forwards the message to the logical routing layer.
- the function scans the message header for a new destination node. The message header identifies the destination node and each node in the path from the originating node to this node.
- the function updates the physical routing table to add any of the nodes identified in the message header that are not already in the physical routing table.
- the updates indicate that the identified nodes are accessible through the peer node that sent the message.
- decision block 1303 if the destination node is this node, then the function continues at block 1304, else the function continues at block 1305.
- decision block 1304 if the message is a response to a message previously sent, then the function continues at block 1304A, else the function continues at block 1304B.
- block 1304A the function notifies the logical routing layer that a response has been received by invoking the get response function of the logical routing layer and then returns.
- block 1304B the function invokes the receive logical message function of the logical routing layer passing the received message to pass the message to the logical routing layer and then returns.
- decision block 1305 if the message is a node search request, then the function continues at block 1306, else the function continues at block 1306A.
- the function invokes the process node search function passing the identifier of the destination node and the message and then returns. The invoked function checks the physical routing table of this node to determine whether the destination node is accessible through this node. If not, it sends the search request to its peer nodes.
- decision block 1306A if the message is a logical name search request, then the function continues at block 1306A, else the function continues at block 1307.
- block 1306B the function invokes the process logical name search function of the logical routing layer.
- the function invokes the forward message function to forward the message onto the next route (i.e., a peer node of this node) in the path to the destination node and then returns.
- Figure 14 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the forward message function of the physical routing layer in one embodiment.
- the function is passed a destination node identifier and a message to be forwarded. This function sends the message to a peer node that is in the path to the destination node.
- the function updates the message to add the information about this node into the message header.
- the function decrements the hop count in the message header. Each hop corresponds to a node along the path to the destination node. The hop count indicates the maximum number of hops that a message can travel on its way to the destination node. The node that originates the message can set the hop count.
- the message header may contain an indication of the number of hops that the message has traveled.
- Each node can decide, based on that number, whether to continue forwarding the message. In decision block 1403, if the hop count is zero, then the function continues at block 1407, else the function continues at block 1404. In decision block 1404, if the destination node identifier is in the physical routing table, then the destination node is accessible through this node and the function continues at block 1405, else the function continues at block 1407. In block 1405, the function sends the message to a peer node through which the destination node is accessible. In decision block 1406, if sending the message was successful, then the function reports an indication of success and returns, else the function reports an indication of error and returns.
- decision block 1407 if the policy of this node allows for forwarding to the server node, then the function continues at block 1408, else the function reports an indication of error and returns.
- decision block 1408 if a server node connection is available, then the function continues at block 1408 to forward the message to the server node, else the function reports an indication of error and returns. The server node can then forward the message to the destination node now if it is online or later when the destination node comes online.
- Figure 15 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the process node search function in one embodiment.
- the function is passed a destination node identifier and a message.
- the function forwards the message to the next node in the path to the destination node. If this node has already processed this message when the message was received from a different peer node, then the function may return without further processing.
- decision block 1501 if the destination node identifier is in the physical routing table, then the destination node is accessible through this node and the function continues at block 1502, else the function continues at block 1504.
- the function sends the message to the next peer node in the path as indicated in the physical routing table.
- the function sends a message to each of those peer nodes.
- decision block 1503 if sending the message to at least one peer node was successful, then the function returns, else the function reports an indication of error and returns.
- blocks 1504-1509 the function forwards the search message to the peer nodes of this node.
- the function decrements the hop count.
- decision block 1505 if the hop count is equal to zero, then the function discards the message and returns, else the function continues at block 1506.
- the function identifies the next peer node to forward the search message based on a search algorithm.
- the search algorithm described here is one that exhaustively searches all peer nodes to locate a destination node.
- search algorithms may select a single peer node for search message forwarding.
- the search algorithms may be optimized to best suit node topologies, hop counts, geographic location, and application requirements.
- decision block 1507 if a next peer node was identified, then the function continues at block 1508, else the function continues at block 1510.
- the function updates the message to add the information relating to this node to the message header.
- the function creates a copy of the message for each peer node to which the message is to be sent and continues at block 1502 to send the message to each identified peer node.
- the function discards the message and returns.
- Figures 16-25 are flow diagrams illustrating the processing of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- Figures 16-21 are flow diagrams, illustrating the processing of a send message of the logical routing layer.
- Figure 16 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the send logical message function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- the send logical message function is passed a logical destination and a message.
- the logical destination indicates where the message is to be sent.
- the logical destination may be identified by a user name, a logical name (.e.g., "address book") or a fully qualified logical name (e.g., "addressbook.node.opendesign.com").
- the function determines the identifier of the destination node corresponding to that logical destination and sends the message to that node by invoking the send message function of the physical routing layer.
- the function invokes the resolve logical destination function.
- the invoked function updates the logical routing table to add an entry for the logical destination if such an entry is not already in the table.
- decision block 1602 if the logical destination was successfully resolved, then the function retrieves the entry from the logical routing table and continues at block 1604, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function computes the destination node identifier by invoking the node identification function of the retrieved entry passing the message.
- the function invokes the send message function of the physical routing layer to send the message to the destination node and then returns the indication of success or error that is returned by the invoked send message function.
- the node identification function may use a criteria, a key function and a routing table. The key function is invoked passing the criteria to generate a key. The key is then used to search the routing table to identify the node identifier.
- the criteria for the address book application may be the last name, and the key function may return the first letter of the last name.
- the routing table may be a tree that maps letters to node identifiers.
- Figure 17 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the resolve logical destination function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- This function is passed an indication of a logical destination and returns a fully qualified logical name.
- decision block 1701 if the logical destination is a user name, then the function continues at block 1710, else the function continues at block 1702.
- decision block 1702 if the logical name of the logical destination is local to this node, then the function continues at block 1703, else the function continues at block 1705.
- the function retrieves the entry for the logical name from the logical routing table. The entry includes the fully qualified logical name.
- decision block 1704 if an entry for the logical name is found, then the function continues at block 1705, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function retrieves an entry for the fully qualified logical name from the logical routing table.
- decision block 1706 if the entry for the fully qualified logical name was retrieved, then the function sets the logical destination to the fully qualified logical name and returns an indication of success, else the function continues at block 1707.
- the function invokes the search logical destination function to search for the logical destination globally. The invoked function may search at a server node or through peer nodes to find the fully qualified logical name.
- decision block 1708 if a fully qualified logical name was found while searching, then the function returns an indication of success, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function invokes the user information function to find the user identifier for the user name. The invoked function may add an entry to the logical routing table to map the user identifier to the node identifier. The function then returns an indication of success.
- Figure 18 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the search logical destination function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- This function is passed a logical destination that is a fully qualified logical name and adds an entry to the logical routing table (if not already added) to map the fully qualified logical name to a node identifier.
- the node identifier can be extracted from the fully qualified name.
- the node identifier is retrieved by sending a message to a logical destination of the logical routing map. In this described embodiment, however, the node identifier is either retrieved from a server node or by searching peer nodes. This function sends a message to a server node that stores global logical destination information.
- the function sends a search message to its peer nodes, which it propagated throughout the network.
- the function looks up the passed logical destination in the logical routing table.
- decision block 1802 if an entry for the logical destination was found, then the function returns an indication of success, else the function continues at block 1803.
- the function creates a logical name lookup message of class SN. The message indicates that the sending node is requesting information for mapping the logical name to a node identifier.
- the function invokes the send logical message function passing the created message and the node identifier logical destination of the server node.
- decision block 1805 if the message was sent successfully, then the function continues at block 1806, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function invokes the get response function to wait for a response to be received.
- decision block 1807 if a response was received, then the function continues at block 1808, else the function continues at block 1809.
- the function invokes the process logical destination update function to update the logical routing table and then returns an indication of success.
- the function creates a logical name lookup message of class SEARCH.
- the SEARCH class indicates that message is sent from a peer node to search for a node identifier.
- the function invokes the send message function of the physical routing layer to send the created message.
- the search message is sent to peer nodes that respond when the logical destination can be accessed through them.
- decision block 1811 if the send message indication was successful, then the function continues at block 1812, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function invokes the get response function to wait for a message or a timeout.
- decision block 1813 if a response was received, then the function continues at block 1814, else the function returns an indication of error.
- decision block 1814 the function invokes the process logical destination update function to update the logical routing table and then returns an indication of success.
- Figure 19 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the get response function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- This function is a low-level function that is used to set a timer and wait for either a response to a message or a time out.
- the function sets a timer.
- decision block 1902 if a response was received, then the function continues at block 1903, else a timeout occurred and the function returns an indication of error.
- the function cancels the timer and returns an indication of success.
- Figure 20 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the process logical destination update function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- This function is passed information for a logical destination and updates an existing entry in, or adds a new entry to, the logical routing table for that logical destination.
- the function looks up the passed logical destination in the logical routing table.
- decision block 2002 if the logical destination was found, then the function continues at block 2004, else the function continues at block 2003.
- the function adds a new entry for the logical destination to the logical routing table.
- the function updates the entry in the logical routing table with the class and node identification function. The function then returns an indication of success.
- Figure 21 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the user information function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- This function is passed a user name, updates the logical routing table as appropriate to map the user identifier for the user name to a node identifier and returns the user identifier as the logical destination.
- the function looks up the user name in the logical routing table.
- decision block 2102 if the lookup was successful, then the function returns the user identifier as the logical destination along with an indication of success, else the function continues at block 2103.
- the function creates a get user identifier message of class SN. The message is a request to retrieve a user identifier associated with a user name.
- the function invokes the send logical message function to send the created message to a logical destination that maps user names to user identifiers.
- decision block 2105 if the message was successfully sent, then the function continues at block 2106, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function invokes the get response function.
- decision block 2107 if a response was successfully received, then the function continues at block 2108, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function adds an entry to the logical routing table that maps the user name to the user identifier provided in the response by the server node.
- the function creates a node user message of class SN.
- the function invokes the send logical message function to send the created message to the logical destination of the logical routing map to find out the node(s) of the user identifier.
- the function if the message was successfully sent, then the function continues at block 2112, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function invokes the get response function.
- decision block 2113 if a response was successfully received, then the function continues at block 2114, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function updates the logical routing table to add an entry for the user identifier and node identifier provided in the response and then returns the user identifier as the logical destination along with an indication of success.
- Figure 22 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the receive logical message function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- This function is passed the received message. If the logical function and specified instance of the message are known to this node, then the function computes the node identifier. If the identified node is this node, then the function passes the message to the application for processing. Otherwise, the function sends the message to the identified node.
- the function retrieves the logical destination from the message header along with the function and instance specified in the message header.
- the message header includes a logical destination ("Iname"), a class ("class”), and a criteria ("crit").
- decision block 2202 if the class is supported by this node as indicated by the logical routing table, then the function continues at block 2203, else the function reports an indication of error and returns.
- decision block 2203 if the logical destination is known to this node as indicated by the logical routing table, then the function continues at block 2204, else the function reports an indication of error and returns.
- the function computes the destination node identifier based on the node identification function for the logical destination and the criteria.
- decision block 2205 if the destination node identifier was successfully computed, then the function continues at block 2206, else the function reports an indication of error and returns.
- decision block 2206 if the computed node identifier identifies this node, then the function continues at block 2207, else the function continues at block 2208. In block 2207, the function consumes the message and returns. In block 2208, the function invokes the send message function of the physical routing layer to send the message to the computed node identifier and then returns.
- Figure 23 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the register logical name function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- This function is invoked by application programs to register their logical name both locally and globally.
- This function is passed the logical name and name class.
- decision block 2301 if the combination of logical name and class is not in the logical routing table, then the function continues at block 2302, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function creates a fully qualified logical name from the passed logical name. For example, the function may append the identifier of this node along with a registered domain name to the logical name to generate the fully qualified logical name (e.g., "logicalname" to "logicalname.nodelD.company.com").
- the function adds an entry to the logical routing table for the logical name. This entry includes the node identification function.
- the function creates a message to register the logical name globally.
- the function invokes the send logical message function of the logical routing layer to send the registration message for registration with the logical routing map.
- decision block 2306 if the message was sent successfully, then the function returns an indication of success, else the function continues at block 2307.
- the function sets a timer for retrying the sending of the registration message and then returns an indication of error.
- Figure 24 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the generate logical destination update function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- This function is invoked when this node is to respond to a search message for a logical destination or when this node detects that the node identification function of a client node (i.e., a node using the services of an application of this node) is not current.
- This function is passed a logical name.
- the function retrieves the entry for the logical name in the logical routing table.
- decision block 2402 if an entry was found, then the function continues at block 2403, else the function returns an indication of error.
- the function creates a message that contains the node identification function and returns an indication of success.
- Figure 25 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the process logical name search function of the logical routing layer in one embodiment.
- the function is passed a logical name and a message. This function is invoked when the physical routing layer receives a logical name search request.
- decision block 2501 if the logical name is in the logical routing table, then the function continues at block 2502, else the function continues at block 2506.
- the function invokes the generate logical destination update function to retrieve and prepare the information (e.g., node identification function) for the passed logical name.
- the function creates a logical route search response that includes the node identification function.
- the function sends the response to a peer node to be sent back to the originating node.
- decision block 2505 if the response was sent successfully, then the function returns, else the function reports error and then returns.
- the function decrements the hop count.
- decision block 2507 if the hop count is zero, then the function continues at block 2512, else the function continues at block 2508.
- the function determines the next peer node based on a search algorithm.
- decision block 2509 if a peer node was identified, then the function continues at block 2510, else the function continues at block 2512.
- the function updates the message to add the node identifier of this node.
- the function creates the copies of the message for each peer node to which the message is to be sent and continues at block 2504 to send a message to each peer node.
- the function discards the message and then returns.
- Figure 26 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of an application initialization function in one embodiment.
- This function illustrates the use of the logical routing layer by an application.
- the function authenticates the application with the server node.
- decision block 2602 if the authentication is successful, then the function continues at block 2603, else the function reports an indication of error and completes.
- the function invokes the register logical names function to register the logical routing map associated with this application. The function also adds entries to the logical routine table for this application.
- the function creates a request message to be sent to a logical destination. This reflects the actual processing that may be done by the application.
- the function invokes the send logical message function of the logical routing layer to send a message to the logical destination.
- decision block 2606 if the message was successfully sent, then the function completes, else the function reports an error and completes.
- Figure 27 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of a function of an application that receives a message from the logical routing layer.
- the function authenticates the message.
- decision block 2703 if the message is authenticated, then the function continues at block
- the function reports an error and then completes.
- the function consumes the message.
- decision block 2705 if a response is to be sent, then the function continues at block 2706, else the function completes.
- the function creates a response.
- the function invokes the send logical message function of the logical routing layer to send the response.
- decision block 2708 if the sending of the logical message was successful, then the function completes, else the function reports an error and then completes.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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- Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
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Abstract
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US2126501A | 2001-11-16 | 2001-11-16 | |
US21265 | 2001-11-16 | ||
PCT/US2002/004314 WO2002065727A2 (fr) | 2001-02-12 | 2002-02-12 | Systeme d'acheminement logique |
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EP1366614A2 true EP1366614A2 (fr) | 2003-12-03 |
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EP02720981A Ceased EP1366614A2 (fr) | 2001-02-12 | 2002-02-12 | Systeme d'acheminement logique |
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EP (1) | EP1366614A2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP4426183B2 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2002251942A1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2438203C (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2002065727A2 (fr) |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6154777A (en) * | 1996-07-01 | 2000-11-28 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | System for context-dependent name resolution |
US5946679A (en) * | 1997-07-31 | 1999-08-31 | Torrent Networking Technologies, Corp. | System and method for locating a route in a route table using hashing and compressed radix tree searching |
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2002
- 2002-02-12 CA CA2438203A patent/CA2438203C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-12 WO PCT/US2002/004314 patent/WO2002065727A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2002-02-12 AU AU2002251942A patent/AU2002251942A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-02-12 JP JP2002564913A patent/JP4426183B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-12 EP EP02720981A patent/EP1366614A2/fr not_active Ceased
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CA2438203A1 (fr) | 2002-08-22 |
JP2005505946A (ja) | 2005-02-24 |
WO2002065727A2 (fr) | 2002-08-22 |
JP4426183B2 (ja) | 2010-03-03 |
CA2438203C (fr) | 2014-08-05 |
AU2002251942A1 (en) | 2002-08-28 |
WO2002065727A3 (fr) | 2002-11-28 |
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