EP1366499B2 - Medium- or high-voltage circuit breaker - Google Patents

Medium- or high-voltage circuit breaker Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1366499B2
EP1366499B2 EP02701328.3A EP02701328A EP1366499B2 EP 1366499 B2 EP1366499 B2 EP 1366499B2 EP 02701328 A EP02701328 A EP 02701328A EP 1366499 B2 EP1366499 B2 EP 1366499B2
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Prior art keywords
circuit breaker
contacts
filler
medium
volume
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1366499B1 (en
EP1366499A1 (en
Inventor
Nadine Rieux
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Schneider Electric Energy France SAS
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Schneider Electric Energy France SAS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
    • H01H33/66207—Specific housing details, e.g. sealing, soldering or brazing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/002—Inhomogeneous material in general
    • H01B3/004—Inhomogeneous material in general with conductive additives or conductive layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/002—Inhomogeneous material in general
    • H01B3/006—Other inhomogeneous material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/008—Other insulating material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
    • H01H33/66207—Specific housing details, e.g. sealing, soldering or brazing
    • H01H2033/6623—Details relating to the encasing or the outside layers of the vacuum switch housings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to medium and high voltage electrical devices using an electrically insulating material for over-molding on medium or high voltage devices.
  • the invention relates more particularly to circuit breakers using such a material.
  • the medium and high voltage electrical appliances comprise conductive elements between which can be a high voltage. This is the case, in a circuit breaker, conductive elements respectively connected to the contacts of the circuit breaker and placed partly outside the interrupting chamber, when the contacts are spaced from one another to perform a cut. For safety reasons, it is imperative that the conductive elements remain isolated from one another and that an electric arc can not be established between them in the air outside the interrupting chamber. Or atmospheric air is not a very good insulator: its insulating power is of the order of 3 kV / mm, and this insulating power is very sensitive to the composition of the air and especially to water vapor that it contains. On the other hand, electrical devices to be designed to be as compact and lightweight as possible, the distance between the conductive elements is strictly limited, which limits the possibility of using air as insulation. To meet both of these goals simultaneously, there are two techniques.
  • the first technique consists, in the case of a circuit breaker, to place the interrupting chamber inside a sealed chamber under pressure filled with a high insulating gas, the fluid generally used being the SF 6 gas . But this gas poses a risk to the environment, and it is desirable to reduce its use.
  • the second technique is to increase the distance between the conductive elements which is effective from the point of view of insulation, called bypass distance. This is the distance corresponding to a path that connects the conductive elements following the outer contour of the device.
  • bypass distance This is the distance corresponding to a path that connects the conductive elements following the outer contour of the device.
  • Such an increase is made by arranging around the apparatus an isolator of appropriate geometry, generally comprising a series of protuberances or fins which extend the said path. It has been common for a long time to make such insulators glass or ceramic. But these materials are fragile and do not lend themselves to the manufacture of elements by overmolding on a device.
  • the invention aims to provide a solid electrical insulation means for medium or high voltage electrical appliances, allowing a compact and economical realization of said devices and avoiding the use of gas for insulation.
  • the invention relates to the use of an insulating material suitable for forming an overmoulding on a medium or high voltage apparatus, characterized in that it comprises a mineral filler having an increasing electrical permittivity ⁇ with the applied electric field, in a proportion between 5 to 50% by volume, and a matrix in which said material is dispersed.
  • This material to have an electrical permittivity which increases with the applied field has the effect of ensuring a regular distribution of the electric field in the material, the distribution thereof being a function of the permittivity, and to avoid the establishment of high fields in certain areas.
  • said filler is chosen from the group consisting of (i) zinc oxide ZnO doped, the dopant being selected from bismuth oxide Bi 2 O 3 , cobalt oxide Co 3 O 4 or CoO, antimony oxide Sb 2 O 3 , manganese oxide MnO 2 or Mn 3 O 4 and transition metal oxides, and (ii) a wide bandgap semiconductor.
  • the matrix is suitably formed of a polymeric composition selected from the family of elastomers, thermosets and thermoplastics.
  • the inorganic filler is suitably formed of a particulate material having a particle size of between 100 nm and 500 ⁇ m.
  • the proportion of mineral filler is suitably between 15 and 30% by volume.
  • the inorganic filler preferably consists of doped zinc oxide powder having a particle size of 50 to 200 ⁇ m and is present in a proportion of about 18% by volume.
  • the subject of the invention is a medium or high-voltage circuit breaker, comprising a breaking chamber, contacts placed inside the breaking chamber, a mechanism for creating a relative displacement between the contacts, comprising conductive elements respectively connected to the contacts and arranged at least partly outside the interrupting chamber, characterized in that it comprises an overmoulding formed on the interrupting chamber, consisting of an insulating material as defined herein -above.
  • the subject of the invention is a medium-voltage circuit breaker, comprising a vacuum interrupter, contacts placed inside the vacuum interrupter, a mechanism for moving at least one of the contacts, comprising conductive elements respectively connected to the contacts and arranged at least partly outside the vacuum bulb, characterized in that it comprises an overmoulding formed on the vacuum bulb, consisting of an insulating material such as defined above.
  • the medium and high voltage insulating material used for the invention comprises a mineral filler dispersed in a matrix.
  • the mineral charge has the property of having an electrical permittivity ⁇ which increases substantially as a function of the applied electric field. This property is illustrated in the figure 1 , which presents the variation of the relative permittivity ⁇ as a function of the electric field in V / mm (in logarithmic scale), for an example of insulating material according to the invention.
  • the material in question comprises 30% by volume of a mineral filler formed of doped zinc oxide ZnO obtained by grinding a ceramic used for commercial varistors.
  • the filler has a particle size of 250 ⁇ m. It is dispersed in a matrix formed of LSR type silicone.
  • the relative permittivity ⁇ of this material remains at a constant value of about 7 to a field of about 270 V / mm.
  • the relative permittivity e increases rapidly. It reaches 15 for a field of 300 V / mm, 32 for a field of 340 V / mm and 37 for a field of 360 V / mm.
  • the Figure 2A represents a model used to study by simulation the effect on the distribution of the field lines of such an insulating material.
  • This model comprises a layer formed of an electrode 1 and a piece 2 of insulating material according to the invention, placed between two layers 3 and 4 of insulating polymer.
  • the electrode 1 has a section in the form of a right triangle and has its base 5 connected to a voltage source 6.
  • the part 2 has a complementary trapezoidal section.
  • the end 6 of the electrode 1 is located in the median plane of the layers 3 and 4.
  • the polymer layer 3 is connected to the ground at a point 7 located in said median plane.
  • the insulating material in the apparatus according to the invention consists, as indicated above, of a mineral filler having an increasing electrical permittivity ⁇ with the applied electric field, in a proportion of between 5% and 50% by volume, and a matrix in which said material is dispersed.
  • said charge consists of doped zinc oxide ZnO particles, the dopant being chosen from bismuth oxide Bi 2 O 3 , cobalt oxide Co 3 O 4 or CoO, antimony oxide Sb 2 O 3 , manganese oxide MnO 2 or Mn 3 O 4 and transition metal oxides.
  • the dopant being chosen from bismuth oxide Bi 2 O 3 , cobalt oxide Co 3 O 4 or CoO, antimony oxide Sb 2 O 3 , manganese oxide MnO 2 or Mn 3 O 4 and transition metal oxides.
  • the particulate doped ZnO charge one can start from a commercial varistor in ceramic form, having the desired permittivity characteristics, and grind this ceramic by means of a suitable grinder.
  • the shape of the particles of the filler is suitably spherical or ellipsoidal, but it is also conceivable to use elongated particles, such as pieces of fiber, or particles of random shape.
  • the particle size of the filler is suitably from 100 nm to 500 ⁇ m.
  • the particle size is to be chosen in particular according to the operating voltage.
  • a particle size adapted to medium voltages, from 10 to 50 kV, is between 50 microns and 200 microns. For higher voltages, a finer grain size is appropriate.
  • Another constituent that can be envisaged for the inorganic filler is a wide bandgap semiconductor such as silicon carbide SiC, in such particles as described above with reference to doped ZnO.
  • the matrix is suitably formed of a polymeric composition suitable for molding overmouldings for medium or high voltage electrical apparatus.
  • a polymeric composition suitable for molding overmouldings for medium or high voltage electrical apparatus.
  • a composition may be chosen from the family of elastomers and thermosetting resins.
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene
  • Suitable resins include silicones and epoxy resins.
  • thermoplastic polymers such as polyethylene or polymethylmethacrylate.
  • the choice of the polymer composition will be made by those skilled in the art depending on the elements specific to each particular case, including: operating voltage, geometry of the apparatus on which overmolding is to form and outer shape overmolding, ambient conditions (temperature, hygrometry).
  • the proportion of mineral filler is suitably between 15 and 30% by volume.
  • an overmoulding material comprising about 18% by volume of a doped ZnO powder, with a particle size of 50 to 200 ⁇ m, dispersed in a thermosetting resin or an elastomer, is an example embodiment suitable for making an overmoulding. on a medium voltage device such as a medium voltage circuit breaker.
  • the figure 3 schematically represents a medium-voltage circuit breaker whose cut-off member is a vacuum interrupter generally designated by the reference 10.
  • the vacuum interrupter comprises a housing 11 of generally cylindrical shape inside which are arranged a fixed contact 12 and a movable contact 13, the latter being movable to move away from the fixed contact, as shown in FIG. figure 3A , to make the cut.
  • Conducting elements 14 and 15 respectively connected to the fixed contact 12 and the movable contact 13 pass through openings in the end walls 16 and 17 respectively of the housing 10, the conductive element 15 being movable in translation to move the contact. 13 and connected to an actuator, not shown.
  • a bellows 18 is arranged around the movable conductive element 15 to ensure that the internal space of the housing 10 is held under vacuum.
  • the housing 10 is embedded in an overmolding which, in the embodiment of the figure 3 , is constituted homogeneously of an insulating material as defined above, namely a doped ZnO powder dispersed in a matrix such as silicone or thermosetting resin.
  • the circuit breaker as described has the advantage over known apparatus not to contain SF 6 insulating gas. It is also very compact.

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  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Inorganic Insulating Materials (AREA)
  • Insulating Bodies (AREA)
  • Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
  • Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Communication Cables (AREA)

Abstract

The invention concerns an insulating material suitable for forming an over-moulding on a medium or high voltage appliance. The inventive insulating material comprises a mineral filler enabling electrical permittivity epsilon increasing with the applied electric field, in a proportion ranging between 5 and 50 % by volume, and a matrix suited for over-moulding, wherein said filler is dispersed. The invention is applicable to medium and high voltage circuit breakers.

Description

L'invention concerne des appareils électriques moyenne et haute tension utilisant un matériau électriquement isolant pour surmoulage sur appareils moyenne ou haute tension. L'invention concerne plus particulièrement des disjoncteurs utilisant un tel matériau.The invention relates to medium and high voltage electrical devices using an electrically insulating material for over-molding on medium or high voltage devices. The invention relates more particularly to circuit breakers using such a material.

Les appareils électriques moyenne et haute tension comportent des éléments conducteurs entre lesquels peut régner une tension élevée. C'est le cas, dans un disjoncteur, des éléments conducteurs reliés respectivement aux contacts du disjoncteur et placés en partie à l'extérieur de la chambre de coupure, lorsque les contacts sont écartés l'un de l'autre pour effectuer une coupure. Pour des raisons de sécurité, il est impératif que les éléments conducteurs restent isolés l'un de l'autre et qu'un arc électrique ne puisse s'établir entre eux dans l'air à l'extérieur de la chambre de coupure. Or l'air atmosphérique n'est pas un très bon isolant : son pouvoir isolant est de l'ordre de 3 kV/mm, et ce pouvoir isolant est très sensible à la composition de l'air et notamment à la vapeur d'eau qu'il contient. D'autre part, les appareils électriques devant être conçus pour être aussi compacts et légers que possible, la distance entre les éléments conducteurs est strictement limitée, ce qui limite la possibilité d'utiliser l'air comme isolant. Pour satisfaire simultanément ces deux objectifs, il existe deux techniques.The medium and high voltage electrical appliances comprise conductive elements between which can be a high voltage. This is the case, in a circuit breaker, conductive elements respectively connected to the contacts of the circuit breaker and placed partly outside the interrupting chamber, when the contacts are spaced from one another to perform a cut. For safety reasons, it is imperative that the conductive elements remain isolated from one another and that an electric arc can not be established between them in the air outside the interrupting chamber. Or atmospheric air is not a very good insulator: its insulating power is of the order of 3 kV / mm, and this insulating power is very sensitive to the composition of the air and especially to water vapor that it contains. On the other hand, electrical devices to be designed to be as compact and lightweight as possible, the distance between the conductive elements is strictly limited, which limits the possibility of using air as insulation. To meet both of these goals simultaneously, there are two techniques.

La première technique consiste, dans le cas d'un disjoncteur, à placer la chambre de coupure à l'intérieur d'une enceinte étanche et sous pression remplie d'un gaz à haut pouvoir isolant, le fluide généralement utilisé étant le gaz SF6. Mais ce gaz présente un risque pour l'environnement, et il est souhaitable d'en réduire l'usage.The first technique consists, in the case of a circuit breaker, to place the interrupting chamber inside a sealed chamber under pressure filled with a high insulating gas, the fluid generally used being the SF 6 gas . But this gas poses a risk to the environment, and it is desirable to reduce its use.

La seconde technique consiste à augmenter la distance entre les éléments conducteurs qui est effective du point de vue de l'isolation, appelée distance de contournement. C'est la distance correspondant à un chemin qui relie les éléments conducteurs en suivant le contour extérieur de l'appareil. On réalise une telle augmentation en disposant autour de l'appareil un isolateur de géométrie appropriée, comportant généralement une série de protubérances ou d'ailettes qui allongent le dit chemin. Il est courant depuis longtemps de réaliser de tels isolateurs en verre ou céramique. Mais ces matériaux sont fragiles et ne se prêtent pas à la fabrication d'éléments par surmoulage sur un appareil. Il est courant d'utiliser des polymères tels que des résines époxy ou élastomères, qui se prêtent bien à la technique du surmoulage, mais le domaine d'application industrielle de ces polymères est limité à des tensions relativement peu élevées, ne dépassant pas 36 kV. Cependant, à partir de 24 kV, la mise en oeuvre de ces polymères demande un soin tout particulier, ce qui rend le procédé délicat et coûteux. En effet, les polymères à l'état solide comportent des vides dans lesquels la permittivité électrique ε est très inférieure à celle du polymère lui-même. Il en résulte que le champ électrique dû à la tension entre les éléments conducteurs se répartit préférentiellement à la limite de ces vides. Ceci provoque des décharges partielles à l'intérieur de ces vides qui ont pour effet de détériorer le polymère et d'affecter son pouvoir isolant.The second technique is to increase the distance between the conductive elements which is effective from the point of view of insulation, called bypass distance. This is the distance corresponding to a path that connects the conductive elements following the outer contour of the device. Such an increase is made by arranging around the apparatus an isolator of appropriate geometry, generally comprising a series of protuberances or fins which extend the said path. It has been common for a long time to make such insulators glass or ceramic. But these materials are fragile and do not lend themselves to the manufacture of elements by overmolding on a device. It is common to use polymers such as epoxy resins or elastomers, which are well suited to overmolding, but the industrial field of application of these polymers is limited to relatively low voltages, not exceeding 36 kV . However, from 24 kV, the implementation of these polymers requires special care, which makes the process delicate and expensive. Indeed, the solid state polymers have voids in which the electrical permittivity ε is much lower than that of the polymer itself. As a result, the electric field due to the voltage between the conductive elements is distributed preferentially to the limit of these voids. This causes partial discharges within these voids which have the effect of damaging the polymer and affect its insulating power.

L'invention vise à procurer un moyen d'isolation électrique solide pour appareils électriques moyenne ou haute tension, permettant une réalisation compacte et économique des dits appareils et évitant l'emploi de gaz pour l'isolation.The invention aims to provide a solid electrical insulation means for medium or high voltage electrical appliances, allowing a compact and economical realization of said devices and avoiding the use of gas for insulation.

L'invention concerne l'utilisation d'un matériau isolant convenant pour former un surmoulage sur un appareil moyenne ou haute tension, caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend une charge minérale présentant une permittivité électrique ε croissante avec le champ électrique appliqué, dans une proportion comprise entre 5 à 50% en volume, et une matrice dans laquelle ladite matière est dispersée.The invention relates to the use of an insulating material suitable for forming an overmoulding on a medium or high voltage apparatus, characterized in that it comprises a mineral filler having an increasing electrical permittivity ε with the applied electric field, in a proportion between 5 to 50% by volume, and a matrix in which said material is dispersed.

La propriété de ce matériau d'avoir une permittivité électrique qui augmente avec le champ appliqué a pour effet d'assurer une répartition régulière du champ électrique dans le matériau, la répartition de celui-ci étant fonction de la permittivité, et d'éviter l'établissement de champs élevés dans certaines zones.The property of this material to have an electrical permittivity which increases with the applied field has the effect of ensuring a regular distribution of the electric field in the material, the distribution thereof being a function of the permittivity, and to avoid the establishment of high fields in certain areas.

De façon préférée, la dite charge est choisie dans le groupe constitué par (i) l'oxyde de zinc ZnO dopé, le dopant étant choisi parmi l'oxyde de bismuth Bi2O3, l'oxyde de cobalt Co3O4 ou CoO, l'oxyde d'antimoine Sb2O3, l'oxyde de manganèse MnO2 ou Mn3O4 et les oxydes des métaux de transition, et (ii) un semi-conducteur à large bande interdite.Preferably, said filler is chosen from the group consisting of (i) zinc oxide ZnO doped, the dopant being selected from bismuth oxide Bi 2 O 3 , cobalt oxide Co 3 O 4 or CoO, antimony oxide Sb 2 O 3 , manganese oxide MnO 2 or Mn 3 O 4 and transition metal oxides, and (ii) a wide bandgap semiconductor.

La matrice est formée de façon appropriée d'une composition polymère choisie dans la famille des élastomères, des thermodurcissables et des thermoplastiques.The matrix is suitably formed of a polymeric composition selected from the family of elastomers, thermosets and thermoplastics.

La charge minérale est formée de façon appropriée d'une matière en particules ayant une granulométrie comprise entre 100 nm et 500µm.The inorganic filler is suitably formed of a particulate material having a particle size of between 100 nm and 500 μm.

La proportion de charge minérale est comprise de façon appropriée entre 15 et 30% en volume.The proportion of mineral filler is suitably between 15 and 30% by volume.

La charge minérale est constituée de préférence de poudre d'oxyde de zinc dopé ayant une granulométrie de 50 à 200 µm et est présente en proportion d'environ 18% en volume.The inorganic filler preferably consists of doped zinc oxide powder having a particle size of 50 to 200 μm and is present in a proportion of about 18% by volume.

Selon un aspect particulier, l'invention a pour objet un disjoncteur moyenne ou haute tension, comportant une chambre de coupure, des contacts placés à l'intérieur de la chambre de coupure, un mécanisme pour créer un déplacement relatif entre les contacts, comprenant des éléments conducteurs connectés respectivement aux contacts et disposés au moins en partie à l'extérieur de la chambre de coupure, caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend un surmoulage formé sur la chambre de coupure, constitué d'un matériau isolant tel que défini ci-dessus.According to one particular aspect, the subject of the invention is a medium or high-voltage circuit breaker, comprising a breaking chamber, contacts placed inside the breaking chamber, a mechanism for creating a relative displacement between the contacts, comprising conductive elements respectively connected to the contacts and arranged at least partly outside the interrupting chamber, characterized in that it comprises an overmoulding formed on the interrupting chamber, consisting of an insulating material as defined herein -above.

Selon un aspect plus particulier, l'invention a pour objet un disjoncteur moyenne tension, comportant une ampoule à vide, des contacts placés à l'intérieur de l'ampoule à vide, un mécanisme pour déplacer l'un au moins des contacts, comprenant des éléments conducteurs connectés respectivement aux contacts et disposés au moins en partie à l'extérieur de l'ampoule à vide, caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend un surmoulage formé sur l'ampoule à vide, constitué d'un matériau isolant tel que défini ci-dessus.According to a more particular aspect, the subject of the invention is a medium-voltage circuit breaker, comprising a vacuum interrupter, contacts placed inside the vacuum interrupter, a mechanism for moving at least one of the contacts, comprising conductive elements respectively connected to the contacts and arranged at least partly outside the vacuum bulb, characterized in that it comprises an overmoulding formed on the vacuum bulb, consisting of an insulating material such as defined above.

L'invention sera bien comprise à la lecture de la description ci-après, faite en référence aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est un graphique montrant la variation de la permittivité électrique en fonction du champ pour un constituant possible du matériau isolant ;
  • la figure 2A montre un modèle utilisé pour étudier par simulation la répartition du champ électrique dans un matériau isolant, et la figure 2B représente le résultat de la simulation;
  • la figure 3 représente schématiquement un disjoncteur du type à ampoule à vide selon un exemple de réalisation de l'invention.
The invention will be better understood on reading the description below, made with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
  • the figure 1 is a graph showing the variation of the electric permittivity as a function of the field for a possible constituent of the insulating material;
  • the Figure 2A shows a model used to study by simulation the distribution of the electric field in an insulating material, and the Figure 2B represents the result of the simulation;
  • the figure 3 schematically represents a circuit breaker of the vacuum bulb type according to an embodiment of the invention.

Le matériau isolant pour moyenne et haute tension utilisé pour l'invention comprend une charge minérale dispersée dans une matrice. La charge minérale possède la propriété d'avoir une permittivité électrique ε qui augmente de manière substantielle en fonction du champ électrique appliqué. Cette propriété est illustrée à la figure 1, qui présente la variation de la permittivité relative ε en fonction du champ électrique en V/mm (en échelle logarithmique), pour un exemple de matériau isolant selon l'invention. Le matériau en question comporte 30% en volume d'une charge minérale formée d'oxyde de zinc ZnO dopé, obtenu par broyage d'une céramique utilisée pour des varistances du commerce. La charge présente une granulométrie de 250 µm. Elle est dispersée dans une matrice formée de silicone de type LSR. Comme le montre la figure 1, la permittivité relative ε de ce matériau reste à une valeur constante, d'environ 7, jusqu'à un champ d'environ 270 V/mm. Pour des valeurs supérieures du champ, la permittivité relative e augmente de façon rapide. Elle atteint 15 pour un champ de 300 V/mm, 32 pour un champ de 340 V/mm et 37 pour un champ de 360 V/mm.The medium and high voltage insulating material used for the invention comprises a mineral filler dispersed in a matrix. The mineral charge has the property of having an electrical permittivity ε which increases substantially as a function of the applied electric field. This property is illustrated in the figure 1 , which presents the variation of the relative permittivity ε as a function of the electric field in V / mm (in logarithmic scale), for an example of insulating material according to the invention. The material in question comprises 30% by volume of a mineral filler formed of doped zinc oxide ZnO obtained by grinding a ceramic used for commercial varistors. The filler has a particle size of 250 μm. It is dispersed in a matrix formed of LSR type silicone. As shown in figure 1 the relative permittivity ε of this material remains at a constant value of about 7 to a field of about 270 V / mm. For higher values of the field, the relative permittivity e increases rapidly. It reaches 15 for a field of 300 V / mm, 32 for a field of 340 V / mm and 37 for a field of 360 V / mm.

Cette propriété a pour avantage que le champ électrique appliqué au matériau se répartit de façon régulière. Cela s'explique par le principe de Poisson, selon lequel le champ se répartit en raison inverse de la permittivité ε : dans des milieux de permittivités respectives ε1, ε2, la répartition des champs respectifs E1, E2 obéit à la relation ε1.E1 = ε2.E2. Dans le cas d'un matériau ayant la propriété décrite ci-dessus, une élévation éventuelle du champ dans une région du matériau aboutirait à une augmentation rapide de la permittivité ε dans cette région, ce qui, en vertu du principe de Poisson, aurait à son tour pour effet d'y abaisser le champ et ainsi de neutraliser une telle élévation.This property has the advantage that the electric field applied to the material is distributed evenly. This is explained by the Poisson principle, according to which the field is distributed in inverse ratio to the permittivity ε: in respective permittivities media ε1, ε2, the distribution of the respective fields E1, E2 obeys the relation ε1.E1 = ε2.E2. In the case of a material having the property described above, a possible elevation of the field in a region of the material would result in a rapid increase in the permittivity ε in this region, which, under the Poisson principle, would have to its turn is to lower the field and thus neutralize such an elevation.

La figure 2A représente un modèle utilisé pour étudier par simulation l'effet sur la répartition des lignes de champ d'un tel matériau isolant. Ce modèle comprend une couche formée d'une électrode 1 et d'une pièce 2 en matériau isolant selon l'invention, placée entre deux couches 3 et 4 de polymère isolant. L'électrode 1 a une section en forme de triangle rectangle et a sa base 5 reliée à une source de tension 6. La pièce 2 a une section trapézoïdale complémentaire. L'extrémité 6 de l'électrode 1 est située dans le plan médian des couches 3 et 4. La couche 3 de polymère est reliée à la terre en un point 7 situé dans le dit plan médian.The Figure 2A represents a model used to study by simulation the effect on the distribution of the field lines of such an insulating material. This model comprises a layer formed of an electrode 1 and a piece 2 of insulating material according to the invention, placed between two layers 3 and 4 of insulating polymer. The electrode 1 has a section in the form of a right triangle and has its base 5 connected to a voltage source 6. The part 2 has a complementary trapezoidal section. The end 6 of the electrode 1 is located in the median plane of the layers 3 and 4. The polymer layer 3 is connected to the ground at a point 7 located in said median plane.

La répartition du champ déterminée par simulation est illustrée à la figure 2B. On note que les lignes de champ C se répartissent de façon très régulière dans la couche 3 de polymère.The distribution of the field determined by simulation is illustrated in Figure 2B . It is noted that the field lines C are distributed very evenly in the polymer layer 3.

Le matériau isolant dans les appareils selon l'invention est constitué comme indiqué plus haut d'une charge minérale présentant une permittivité électrique ε croissante avec le champ électrique appliqué, dans une proportion comprise entre 5 à 50% en volume, et une matrice dans laquelle ladite matière est dispersée.The insulating material in the apparatus according to the invention consists, as indicated above, of a mineral filler having an increasing electrical permittivity ε with the applied electric field, in a proportion of between 5% and 50% by volume, and a matrix in which said material is dispersed.

Selon un exemple de réalisation, la dite charge est constituée de particules d'oxyde de zinc ZnO dopé, le dopant étant choisi parmi l'oxyde de bismuth Bi2O3, l'oxyde de cobalt Co3O4 ou CoO, l'oxyde d'antimoine Sb2O3, l'oxyde de manganèse MnO2 ou Mn3O4 et les oxydes des métaux de transition. Un tel constituant est connu pour son utilisation sous forme de céramique dans les varistances de parafoudres. Pour obtenir la charge de ZnO dopé sous forme de particules, on peut partir d'une varistance du commerce sous forme de céramique, ayant les caractéristiques de permittivité désirées, et broyer cette céramique au moyen d'un broyeur approprié. La forme des particules de la charge est de façon appropriée sphérique ou ellipsoïdale, mais il est aussi envisageable d'utiliser des particules de forme allongée, telles que des morceaux de fibres, ou des particules de forme aléatoire.According to an exemplary embodiment, said charge consists of doped zinc oxide ZnO particles, the dopant being chosen from bismuth oxide Bi 2 O 3 , cobalt oxide Co 3 O 4 or CoO, antimony oxide Sb 2 O 3 , manganese oxide MnO 2 or Mn 3 O 4 and transition metal oxides. Such a constituent is known for its use in the form of ceramics in the varistors of surge arresters. To obtain the particulate doped ZnO charge, one can start from a commercial varistor in ceramic form, having the desired permittivity characteristics, and grind this ceramic by means of a suitable grinder. The shape of the particles of the filler is suitably spherical or ellipsoidal, but it is also conceivable to use elongated particles, such as pieces of fiber, or particles of random shape.

La granulométrie de la charge est de façon appropriée comprise entre 100 nm et 500 µm. La granulométrie est à choisir en particulier en fonction de la tension de service. Une granulométrie adaptée aux moyennes tensions, de 10 à 50 kV, est comprise entre 50 µm et 200 µm. Pour des tensions plus élevées, une granulométrie plus fine est appropriée.The particle size of the filler is suitably from 100 nm to 500 μm. The particle size is to be chosen in particular according to the operating voltage. A particle size adapted to medium voltages, from 10 to 50 kV, is between 50 microns and 200 microns. For higher voltages, a finer grain size is appropriate.

Un autre constituant envisageable pour la charge minérale est un semi-conducteur à large bande interdite tel que le carbure de silicium SiC, en particules telles que décrit ci-dessus en référence au ZnO dopé.Another constituent that can be envisaged for the inorganic filler is a wide bandgap semiconductor such as silicon carbide SiC, in such particles as described above with reference to doped ZnO.

La matrice est formée de façon appropriée d'une composition polymère convenant pour réaliser des surmoulages pour appareils électriques moyenne ou haute tension. Une telle composition peut être choisie dans la famille des élastomères et des résines thermodurcissables. A titre d'exemple d'élastomère, on peut citer l'EPDM (éthylène-propylène-diène). Comme résine appropriée, on citera les silicones et les résines époxy. On peut aussi utiliser des polymères thermoplastiques tels que le polyéthylène ou le polyméthacrylate de méthyle. Le choix de la composition polymère sera fait par l'homme de métier en fonction des éléments propres à chaque cas d'espèce, notamment : tension de service, géométrie de l'appareil sur lequel le surmoulage est à former et forme extérieure du surmoulage, conditions ambiantes (température, hygrométrie).The matrix is suitably formed of a polymeric composition suitable for molding overmouldings for medium or high voltage electrical apparatus. Such a composition may be chosen from the family of elastomers and thermosetting resins. As an example of an elastomer, mention may be made of EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene). Suitable resins include silicones and epoxy resins. It is also possible to use thermoplastic polymers such as polyethylene or polymethylmethacrylate. The choice of the polymer composition will be made by those skilled in the art depending on the elements specific to each particular case, including: operating voltage, geometry of the apparatus on which overmolding is to form and outer shape overmolding, ambient conditions (temperature, hygrometry).

La proportion de charge minérale est comprise de façon appropriée entre 15 et 30% en volume. Une proportion comprise entre 15 et 20% en volume, de préférence de l'ordre de 18% en volume, apparaît comme convenable au regard des différentes exigences à satisfaire. Au total, un matériau de surmoulage comprenant environ 18% en volume d'une poudre de ZnO dopé, d'une granulométrie de 50 à 200 µm, dispersée dans une résine thermodurcissable ou un élastomère, est un exemple de réalisation approprié pour réaliser un surmoulage sur un appareil moyenne tension tel qu'un disjoncteur moyenne tension.The proportion of mineral filler is suitably between 15 and 30% by volume. A proportion of between 15 and 20% by volume, preferably of the order of 18% by volume, appears to be suitable in view of the different requirements to be met. In total, an overmoulding material comprising about 18% by volume of a doped ZnO powder, with a particle size of 50 to 200 μm, dispersed in a thermosetting resin or an elastomer, is an example embodiment suitable for making an overmoulding. on a medium voltage device such as a medium voltage circuit breaker.

La figure 3 représente schématiquement un disjoncteur moyenne tension dont l'organe de coupure est une ampoule à vide désignée dans son ensemble par la référence 10. L'ampoule à vide comporte un boîtier 11 de forme généralement cylindrique à l'intérieur duquel sont disposés un contact fixe 12 et un contact mobile 13, ce dernier étant déplaçable pour s'écarter du contact fixe, comme représenté sur la figure 3A, pour réaliser la coupure. Des éléments conducteurs 14 et 15 reliés respectivement au contact fixe 12 et au contact mobile 13 passent à travers des ouvertures ménagées dans les parois d'extrémité respectivement 16 et 17 du boîtier 10, l'élément conducteur 15 étant mobile en translation pour déplacer le contact 13 et relié à un organe d'actionnement, non représenté. Un soufflet 18 est disposé autour de l'élément conducteur mobile 15 pour assurer la tenue sous vide de l'espace intérieur du boîtier 10.The figure 3 schematically represents a medium-voltage circuit breaker whose cut-off member is a vacuum interrupter generally designated by the reference 10. The vacuum interrupter comprises a housing 11 of generally cylindrical shape inside which are arranged a fixed contact 12 and a movable contact 13, the latter being movable to move away from the fixed contact, as shown in FIG. figure 3A , to make the cut. Conducting elements 14 and 15 respectively connected to the fixed contact 12 and the movable contact 13 pass through openings in the end walls 16 and 17 respectively of the housing 10, the conductive element 15 being movable in translation to move the contact. 13 and connected to an actuator, not shown. A bellows 18 is arranged around the movable conductive element 15 to ensure that the internal space of the housing 10 is held under vacuum.

Dans la position de coupure représentée, une tension élevée existe entre les éléments conducteurs 14 et 15 et il importe d'assurer l'isolation électrique entre eux.In the cutoff position shown, a high voltage exists between the conductive elements 14 and 15 and it is important to provide electrical insulation between them.

Le boîtier 10 est enrobé dans un surmoulage qui, dans l'exemple de réalisation de la figure 3, est constitué de façon homogène d'un matériau isolant tel que défini plus haut, à savoir une poudre de ZnO dopé dispersée dans une matrice telle que silicone ou résine thermodurcissable.The housing 10 is embedded in an overmolding which, in the embodiment of the figure 3 , is constituted homogeneously of an insulating material as defined above, namely a doped ZnO powder dispersed in a matrix such as silicone or thermosetting resin.

Le disjoncteur tel que décrit présente l'avantage sur les appareils connus de ne pas contenir de gaz isolant SF6. Il est en outre de réalisation très compacte.The circuit breaker as described has the advantage over known apparatus not to contain SF 6 insulating gas. It is also very compact.

Il est envisageable d'enrober un surmoulage tel que décrit ci-dessus dans un second surmoulage constitué d'une résine appropriée telle qu'une résine époxy.It is conceivable to coat an overmoulding as described above in a second overmoulding constituted by a suitable resin such as an epoxy resin.

Claims (7)

  1. Medium- or high-voltage circuit breaker, comprising an interrupter chamber, contacts positioned inside the interrupter chamber, a mechanism for producing a relative displacement of the contacts, comprising conductive members connected respectively to the contacts and arranged at least in part outside the interrupter chamber, characterized by the fact that it comprises an overmoulding formed on the interrupter chamber and consisting of an insulating material comprising a mineral filler having an electrical permittivity ε which increases with the applied electrical field, in a proportion of between 5 and 50 % by volume, and a matrix suitable for overmoulding, in which said filler is dispersed.
  2. Medium-voltage circuit breaker, comprising a vacuum bulb, contacts positioned inside the vacuum bulb, a mechanism for displacing at least one of the contacts, comprising conductive members connected respectively to the contacts and arranged at least in part outside the vacuum bulb, characterized by the fact that it comprises an overmoulding formed on the vacuum bulb and consisting of an insulating material comprising a mineral filler having an electrical permittivity e which increases with the applied electrical field, in a proportion of between 5 and 50 % by volume, and a matrix suitable for overmoulding, in which said filler is dispersed.
  3. Circuit breaker according to anyone of claims 1 or 2, wherein said filler is selected from the group consisting of (i) doped zinc oxide ZnO, the doping agent being selected from bismuth oxide Bi2O3, cobalt oxide Co3O4 or CoO, antimony oxide Sb2O3, manganese oxide MnO2 or Mn3O4, and transition metal oxides, and (ii) a semiconductor with a wide forbidden band.
  4. Circuit breaker according to anyone of claims 1 to 3, wherein the matrix is formed of a polymeric composition selected from the group of elastomers, thermosetting plastics and thermoplastics.
  5. Circuit breaker according to anyone of claims 1 to 4, wherein the mineral filler is formed from a particulate material having a particle size of between 100 nm and 500 µm.
  6. Circuit breaker according to anyone of claims 1 to 5, wherein the proportion of mineral filler is between 15 and 30 % by volume.
  7. Circuit breaker according to anyone of claims 1 to 6, wherein the mineral filler consists of doped zinc oxide powder having a particle size of 50 to 200 µm and is present in a proportion of approximately 18 % by volume.
EP02701328.3A 2001-02-28 2002-01-28 Medium- or high-voltage circuit breaker Expired - Lifetime EP1366499B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0102739 2001-02-28
FR0102739A FR2821479B1 (en) 2001-02-28 2001-02-28 INSULATING MATERIAL FOR OVER-MOLDING ON MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE APPARATUSES, AND MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL APPARATUS USING SUCH MATERIAL
PCT/FR2002/000331 WO2002069352A1 (en) 2001-02-28 2002-01-28 Insulating material for over-moulding on medium and high voltage appliances, and medium and high voltage electric appliances using same

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EP1366499A1 EP1366499A1 (en) 2003-12-03
EP1366499B1 EP1366499B1 (en) 2010-08-18
EP1366499B2 true EP1366499B2 (en) 2014-04-02

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DE102008031473B3 (en) * 2008-07-02 2010-03-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Vacuum interrupter
DE102010043984B4 (en) * 2010-11-16 2022-01-20 Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG Vacuum interrupter with a tube body
FR2971884B1 (en) * 2011-02-17 2014-01-17 Alstom Grid Sas ELECTRIC CURRENT CUT-OFF CHAMBER FOR A HIGH OR MEDIUM VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER AND CIRCUIT BREAKER COMPRISING SUCH A CHAMBER
DE102014213944A1 (en) * 2014-07-17 2016-01-21 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electrical switching device for medium and / or high voltage applications
DE102016217625A1 (en) * 2016-03-30 2017-10-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft High voltage component and device with a high voltage component
DE102017201326A1 (en) * 2017-01-27 2018-08-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Isolator arrangement for a high voltage or medium voltage system
US12112906B2 (en) 2019-04-26 2024-10-08 G & W Electric Company Integrated switchgear assembly
DE102019211345A1 (en) * 2019-07-30 2021-02-04 Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG Interrupter unit with a vacuum tube and an insulating housing

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WO2002065484A1 (en) † 2001-02-09 2002-08-22 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Aqueous conductive dispersions of polyaniline having enhanced viscosity

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FR2821479A1 (en) 2002-08-30
FR2821479B1 (en) 2003-04-11
ATE478424T1 (en) 2010-09-15
DE60237351D1 (en) 2010-09-30
WO2002069352A1 (en) 2002-09-06
EP1366499B1 (en) 2010-08-18
EP1366499A1 (en) 2003-12-03

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