EP1364160A1 - Combustion device - Google Patents

Combustion device

Info

Publication number
EP1364160A1
EP1364160A1 EP02700955A EP02700955A EP1364160A1 EP 1364160 A1 EP1364160 A1 EP 1364160A1 EP 02700955 A EP02700955 A EP 02700955A EP 02700955 A EP02700955 A EP 02700955A EP 1364160 A1 EP1364160 A1 EP 1364160A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion
air
fuel
supplied
combustion device
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP02700955A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1364160B1 (en
Inventor
Hakan Thunström
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP1364160A1 publication Critical patent/EP1364160A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1364160B1 publication Critical patent/EP1364160B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L1/00—Passages or apertures for delivering primary air for combustion 
    • F23L1/02—Passages or apertures for delivering primary air for combustion  by discharging the air below the fire
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
    • F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
    • F23C6/045—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C7/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply
    • F23C7/02—Disposition of air supply not passing through burner
    • F23C7/06—Disposition of air supply not passing through burner for heating the incoming air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L5/00—Blast-producing apparatus before the fire
    • F23L5/02—Arrangements of fans or blowers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2205/00—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G2205/12—Waste feed arrangements using conveyors
    • F23G2205/121—Screw conveyor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2205/00—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G2205/20—Waste feed arrangements using airblast or pneumatic feeding

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improved combustion device for burning relatively finely granulated biofuel, more specifically it relates to a combustion device that utilises preheated combustion air that is supplied to the combustion chamber in the combustion device.
  • the burning of gas intensive biofuels is associated with a plurality of problems.
  • One specific problem in all biofuel combustions is to find combustion devices that allow for a high reduction speed for the carbon particles in the combustion zone. If a retort or a combustion chamber is used, the burning of the highly energetic fuels having a low degree of moisture content causes the fuels to gasify at a low effect output before they have reached the retort or the combusition chamber. High resistance in the throughput causes difficulties to direct a uniform blow-through of the fuel mass, which results in local burnings, where the main part of the airstream will flow through, while other parts of the fuel will be unaffected.
  • a particular problem is that the melting point for ash often is easily reached. In connection to this, if a retort or an equivalent device is used, a deposition of slag and uncombusted fuel is easily created, which in turn disturbs the desired distribution of air and fuel.
  • FIG.l shows a cross-section of one embodiment of the present invention. Description of the invention
  • the combustion device comprises a combustion chamber 1, which essentially consists of an excentric input part 2, a cylindrical middle part 3, and a conical output part 4.
  • a number of apertures 12 for air-blasting are disposed in the input part 2, the middle part 3, and the output part 4 to supply preheated air on the one hand through the face of the fuel mass and on the other hand through the created gas volume, wherein the blowing is performed in marked zones of primary air, secondary ari and tertiary air, from the input part 2 to the output part 4.
  • Primary air defines the fuel evaporation air
  • secondary air defines the gas combustion air
  • tertiary air is defined as the air in the final combustion of the rests.
  • the combustion device is equipped with a fuel grating in the lower part of the conical shaped output part 4.
  • a grating is here defined as a device that provides small evacuation paths out of the combustion chamber 1. The grating is provided to allow the combusted fuel particles to fall down through the grating and out of the combustion chamber, while the burned gases leave the combustion chamber through the apertures in the conically shaped output part 4.
  • the fuel is fed horisontally into the combustion chamber 1 through a feeding pipe 7 by means of a feeding screw 6 disposed in the feeding pipe 7.
  • a feeding screw 6 disposed in the feeding pipe 7.
  • the combustion air is supplied around the feeding pipe 7 of the feeding screws 6, therebye cooling the fuel.
  • the fuel is preferably ignited by means of an electrical ignition device 10 disposed in the end of the feeding pipe 7.
  • the end of the feeding pipe is adjacent to the excentric input part 2.
  • the combustion air continues towards the excentric input part 2 and cools this part.
  • the combustion air then continues in a pipe 9, that surrounds the combustion chamber and a cylindrically shaped heat shield 8, which in turn surrounds a large part of the combustion chamber 1, preferably it surrounds the whole of the middle part and at least 2/3 of the conically shaped output part 4.
  • the combustion air first encounters the conically shaped output part 4, and then shifts direction approximately 180 °C and passes in under the heat shield 8. In this position the air is heated by the combustion chamber, but in the contact with the output part 4 heat is absorbed from the output part 4, which means that the air will be pre- heated at the same time as a cooling of the output part 4 is obtained.
  • the combustion air enters the cylindrical middle part 3 as pre-heated primary air.
  • the abovementioned heat shield have three functions.
  • the first function is to shield the cylindrical pipe 9 from the heat that is radiated from the combustion chamber 1. Without this shielding the cylindrical pipe would implicitly influence the temperature in the combustion zones.
  • the second purpose is to force the combustion air to cool the conical output part 4 in the combustion device, and therebye implicitly supply a lower temperature with the secondary air, which in turn reduces the creation of nitrogen oxides in the final stage of the combustion.
  • the third purpose is to preheat the primary air that is to gasify the fuel under a sufficiently short time so that the creation of carbon monoxide radically decreases and so that the chemical process instead goes directly to carbon dioxide.
  • the main part of the combustion takes place in the primary zone when the preheated air quickly gasifies the fuel.
  • the combustion air is turbulent and directed against the feeding direction of the fuel.
  • the rising burn gases might contain partially uncombusted parts that encounter the air supplied through the apertures in the upper part of the cylindrically shaped middle part 3, wherebye gases emanating from the fuel are trapped and mixed with fire flames from the front of the fuel. These gases are now forced, through the increase in volume, towards the conical output part 4 where they are mixed with air supplied from apartures in the conical part 4.
  • the heat shield 8 that supports the preheating of the primary air also provides for a preheating of the moisture embedded in the fuel, which means that overheated vapour will be present in the process.
  • the overheated vapour is heavier than the other gases and is transported out of the combustion chamber through the grating 5, where the overheated vapour encounters carbon particles which leads to a reduction reaction since carbon in combination with water creates carbon dioxide.
  • the output aparture 4 is provided with a grating 5 in the lower part.
  • the grating 5 prevents carbon particles larger than a certain size from leaving the combustion zone before they have been "prepared” with overheated vapour. The remains of the carbon that are still present after the combustion cannot leave the combustion zone since they are built by carbon chrystals that are drawn to materials in the form of fluid or gas. They can be removed by treatment with overheated water vapour, which is a by-product in the combustion of biofuel.
  • the grating in the lower part of the conically shaped output aperture is a way of overcoming the problem that the time required to burn the carbon particles completely cannot be achieved under normal conditions.
  • Characteristic for all combustions of biofuels is that the gas generation and the reductions always reach an equilibrium that is directly linked to the reaction temperature.
  • the combustion air is preheated in all combustion zones except the ash zone. It is always well calibrated in relation to the supplied amount of fuel in the combustion zone.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Solid-Fuel Combustion (AREA)
  • Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for the combustion of finely divided solid fuel. The device comprises a combustion chamber (1) arranged with a fuel inlet section (2), a cylindrical central combustion section (3) and a conical exhaust section (4). The Wall of these sections is arranged with openings (12) for the inlet of combustion air. The central section (3) and at least part of the exhaust section (4) are surrounded by a heat shield (8). The combustion chamber (1) is further arranged with a casing (9) extending outside of the heat shield (8) from the inlet section (2) to the exhaust section (4). Supplied combustion air passes from the inlet section (2) to the exhaust section (4) through the passage between the heat shield (8) and the casing (9). The combustion air then passes back under the heat shield (8) and parallel to the central section (3) and enters the combustion zone through the wall openings (12). The combustion air thereby cools the exhaust section (4) and is preheated before it reaches the combustion zone.

Description

Combustion device
This invention relates to an improved combustion device for burning relatively finely granulated biofuel, more specifically it relates to a combustion device that utilises preheated combustion air that is supplied to the combustion chamber in the combustion device.
Background to the invention
The burning of gas intensive biofuels, such as pellets, briquets, wood chips and the like, is associated with a plurality of problems. One specific problem in all biofuel combustions is to find combustion devices that allow for a high reduction speed for the carbon particles in the combustion zone. If a retort or a combustion chamber is used, the burning of the highly energetic fuels having a low degree of moisture content causes the fuels to gasify at a low effect output before they have reached the retort or the combusition chamber. High resistance in the throughput causes difficulties to direct a uniform blow-through of the fuel mass, which results in local burnings, where the main part of the airstream will flow through, while other parts of the fuel will be unaffected.
A particular problem is that the melting point for ash often is easily reached. In connection to this, if a retort or an equivalent device is used, a deposition of slag and uncombusted fuel is easily created, which in turn disturbs the desired distribution of air and fuel.
Another problem in combustions is that salts condensates in the temperature range of 600-1000 °C, as does certain gases within the fuel. This causes depositions to form on the outside surfaces of the combustion device. These depositions are hard to remove and may clog the air holes disposed in the combustion device. The present invention is intended to overcome these problems and simultaneously ensure an efficient combustion during all burning conditions. This and other advantages are obtained with the combustion device according to the present invention.
Brief description of the drawing Fig.l shows a cross-section of one embodiment of the present invention. Description of the invention
As is clear from Fig.l, the combustion device according to the invention comprises a combustion chamber 1, which essentially consists of an excentric input part 2, a cylindrical middle part 3, and a conical output part 4. A number of apertures 12 for air-blasting, in general marked with X in the figure, are disposed in the input part 2, the middle part 3, and the output part 4 to supply preheated air on the one hand through the face of the fuel mass and on the other hand through the created gas volume, wherein the blowing is performed in marked zones of primary air, secondary ari and tertiary air, from the input part 2 to the output part 4. Primary air defines the fuel evaporation air, secondary air defines the gas combustion air, and tertiary air is defined as the air in the final combustion of the rests. In addition to the abovementioned parts the combustion device is equipped with a fuel grating in the lower part of the conical shaped output part 4. A grating is here defined as a device that provides small evacuation paths out of the combustion chamber 1. The grating is provided to allow the combusted fuel particles to fall down through the grating and out of the combustion chamber, while the burned gases leave the combustion chamber through the apertures in the conically shaped output part 4.
During operation the fuel is fed horisontally into the combustion chamber 1 through a feeding pipe 7 by means of a feeding screw 6 disposed in the feeding pipe 7. With help from organs, such as a blower, the combustion air is supplied around the feeding pipe 7 of the feeding screws 6, therebye cooling the fuel. The fuel is preferably ignited by means of an electrical ignition device 10 disposed in the end of the feeding pipe 7. The end of the feeding pipe is adjacent to the excentric input part 2. The combustion air continues towards the excentric input part 2 and cools this part. The combustion air then continues in a pipe 9, that surrounds the combustion chamber and a cylindrically shaped heat shield 8, which in turn surrounds a large part of the combustion chamber 1, preferably it surrounds the whole of the middle part and at least 2/3 of the conically shaped output part 4. After having travelled over the heat shield 8, the combustion air first encounters the conically shaped output part 4, and then shifts direction approximately 180 °C and passes in under the heat shield 8. In this position the air is heated by the combustion chamber, but in the contact with the output part 4 heat is absorbed from the output part 4, which means that the air will be pre- heated at the same time as a cooling of the output part 4 is obtained. Finally, the combustion air enters the cylindrical middle part 3 as pre-heated primary air. Since the side channels have a divergent orientation with regard to the fuel input direction a loosening of the fuel mass as well as a smaller volume height is obtained, which gives an increased contact surface for the supplied primary air. The abovementioned heat shield have three functions. The first function is to shield the cylindrical pipe 9 from the heat that is radiated from the combustion chamber 1. Without this shielding the cylindrical pipe would implicitly influence the temperature in the combustion zones. The second purpose is to force the combustion air to cool the conical output part 4 in the combustion device, and therebye implicitly supply a lower temperature with the secondary air, which in turn reduces the creation of nitrogen oxides in the final stage of the combustion. The third purpose is to preheat the primary air that is to gasify the fuel under a sufficiently short time so that the creation of carbon monoxide radically decreases and so that the chemical process instead goes directly to carbon dioxide. The main part of the combustion takes place in the primary zone when the preheated air quickly gasifies the fuel. Here, the combustion air is turbulent and directed against the feeding direction of the fuel. The rising burn gases might contain partially uncombusted parts that encounter the air supplied through the apertures in the upper part of the cylindrically shaped middle part 3, wherebye gases emanating from the fuel are trapped and mixed with fire flames from the front of the fuel. These gases are now forced, through the increase in volume, towards the conical output part 4 where they are mixed with air supplied from apartures in the conical part 4. This is where the final combustion of the remaining uncombusted gases takes place. During the gasification, the heat shield 8 that supports the preheating of the primary air also provides for a preheating of the moisture embedded in the fuel, which means that overheated vapour will be present in the process. The overheated vapour is heavier than the other gases and is transported out of the combustion chamber through the grating 5, where the overheated vapour encounters carbon particles which leads to a reduction reaction since carbon in combination with water creates carbon dioxide.
As mentioned above, the output aparture 4 is provided with a grating 5 in the lower part. The grating 5 prevents carbon particles larger than a certain size from leaving the combustion zone before they have been "prepared" with overheated vapour. The remains of the carbon that are still present after the combustion cannot leave the combustion zone since they are built by carbon chrystals that are drawn to materials in the form of fluid or gas. They can be removed by treatment with overheated water vapour, which is a by-product in the combustion of biofuel. The grating in the lower part of the conically shaped output aperture is a way of overcoming the problem that the time required to burn the carbon particles completely cannot be achieved under normal conditions. The reason for this is partly the amount of fuel and the supply of air, but it also depends on the compositions that carbon particles bind on their surface without forming chemical bonds. If the uncombusted carbon particles did not fall down through the surface of the grating, the combustion zone would decrease in the same degree, whereby the increased volume of carbon particles would affect the combustion negatively, partly through increased volume-pressure relations, partly through a lower combustion temperature, something that in practice would mean shorter retention times and an increased output of uncombusted gases and indirectly a lower heating effect.
Characteristic for all combustions of biofuels is that the gas generation and the reductions always reach an equilibrium that is directly linked to the reaction temperature. In a combustion device according to the present invention, the combustion air is preheated in all combustion zones except the ash zone. It is always well calibrated in relation to the supplied amount of fuel in the combustion zone.

Claims

Claims
1. A combustion device for burning relatively fine distributed biofuels, comprising a combustion chamber (1), wherein said combustion chamber comprises: an input part (2) for fuel with an input pipe (7), said input pipe (7) being equipped with a feeding screw (6) for the fuel; a middle part (3) and an output part (4); means for supplying combustion air, said combustion device being characterised in that; said middle part (3) has a cylindrical shape, said output part (4) has a conical shape and said middle part (3), output part (4) and input part for fuel is equipped with a number of apertures to receive supplied air and to direct the supplied air into the surface of the fuel and into the gasvolume that is created by the combustion of the fuel; further is said middle part (3) and at least parts of said output part surrounded by a heat shield (8); said combustion chamber (1) further comprises a pipe (9); said pipe (9) runs from the input part (2) over said heatshield to the output part (4), the pipe is disposed so that supplied air is fed through the pipe towards the output part (4) and back in under heatshield (8), essentially parallel to the middle part (3), to finally enter through an aparture in middle part (3), so that combustion air supplied through the pipe cools the output part (4) and heat from the middle part (3) preheats the supplied combustion air before it reaches the middle part (3).
2. Combustion device according to claim 1, further characterised in that the lower part of said conically shaped output part (4) is provided with a grating (5) that prevents uncombusted particles from leaving the combustion chamber (1).
3. Combustion device according to claim 1 or 2, further chararacterised in that it is provided with an electrical ignition device (10) in the end part of the input part
(7) to ignite the forward-fed fuel.
4. Combustion device according to claims 1-3, further characterised in that said heat shield (8) surrounds at least 2/3 of the conically shaped output part (4).
5. Combustion device according to claims 1-4, characterised in that the air supply apertures are designed to create a turbulent air flow.
6. Combustion device according to any of the abovegiven claims where the apertures through which air is supplied are designed to direct the airflow essentially perpendicularly to the feeding direction of the fuel mass.
7. Combustion device according to any of the claims 1-6, characterised in that part of the supplied air is supplied from under the grating (5), whereby the uncombusted particles are blown away.
8. Combustion device according to any of the abovegiven claims characterised in that said means (11) for supplying air is a blower.
EP02700955A 2001-02-27 2002-02-27 Combustion device Expired - Lifetime EP1364160B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE0100662 2001-02-27
SE0100662A SE0100662D0 (en) 2001-02-27 2001-02-27 combustion device
PCT/SE2002/000339 WO2002068865A1 (en) 2001-02-27 2002-02-27 Combustion device

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1364160A1 true EP1364160A1 (en) 2003-11-26
EP1364160B1 EP1364160B1 (en) 2006-03-29

Family

ID=20283142

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP02700955A Expired - Lifetime EP1364160B1 (en) 2001-02-27 2002-02-27 Combustion device

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1364160B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE321977T1 (en)
DE (1) DE60210252T2 (en)
DK (1) DK1364160T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2264720T3 (en)
SE (1) SE0100662D0 (en)
WO (1) WO2002068865A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2907198A1 (en) * 2006-10-12 2008-04-18 S N E Ronot BURNER WITH CEREALS

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FI71408C (en) * 1982-06-24 1986-12-19 Laempoetaltio Oy BRAENNANORDNING
EP0114219B1 (en) * 1982-12-22 1986-12-10 GEBRÜDER WELGER GmbH & Co. KG Furnace for straw or similar material
US5678494A (en) * 1995-03-22 1997-10-21 Ulrich; Gael Biomass-fueled furnace

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO02068865A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2002068865A1 (en) 2002-09-06
DE60210252T2 (en) 2006-12-14
DE60210252D1 (en) 2006-05-18
DK1364160T3 (en) 2006-07-31
ES2264720T3 (en) 2007-01-16
SE0100662D0 (en) 2001-02-27
EP1364160B1 (en) 2006-03-29
ATE321977T1 (en) 2006-04-15

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