EP1348633B1 - Foldable crate - Google Patents

Abstract

The box, generally of cardboard, is supplied flat and is assembled prior to use. Its base comprises four panels - two end panels (5, 5') and two side panels (6, 6'). The end panels have cuts (15, 16; 15', 16') and fold lines (11, 12) to make tabs (13, 14; 13', 14') that are inserted into slots (18, 19; 18', 19') in the side panels and folded over to form a closed base. The folded tabs are located on the inside of the base and make direct contact with its contents.

Description

The present invention relates to the field of collapsible boxes, that is to say boxes that are formed from a flat material, usually cardboard, with cutouts and fold lines, intended to form the four sides of the body and on either side of them the first four flaps intended to constitute the bottom of the body and four second flaps intended to form the cover. The bottom and the cover are obtained by folding and assembling the four respective flaps.

The advantage of the collapsible box is that it takes up space reduced when not set in volume, either before or after use. This size is indeed limited to that of two aligned sides, with on both sides two bottom flaps and two cover flaps, on a double thickness of the planar material.

The drawback of a collapsible box is the difficulty of obtaining effective consolidation of the assembly of the flaps forming the bottom and incidentally of those forming the cover. Generally to get sufficient consolidation, the user is led to implement external means for locking the flaps, in particular by gluing strips of adhesive tape extending over the bottom and part of both sides opposite of the case.

The presence of such adhesive tapes prevents sagging of the flaps constituting the bottom of the body under the application of the load contained in said case.

However, to return the box, after use, to its position flat, it is necessary to cut or remove the strips of adhesive tape. If you just cut out, there are portions of ribbon on the case adhesive, which gives it a used look. If we remove the tape adhesive, it is frequent that the removal of it leads to degradations of body surface, or even a localized tearing of material, which can limit the reuse of it.

To avoid the use of external means of fastening the flaps forming the bottom of a collapsible box, it has already been proposed to give said flaps a particular configuration to obtain an assembly more resistant to the application of the load contained in the body. More in particular, some flaps have peripheral cutouts, allowing, when folded, to embed the flaps relative to each other to the others so as to obtain a certain overlap of the adjacent flaps. In this type of box with rectangular bottom, known as semi-automatic closing, the small flaps are on the inside, while the large flaps are on the outside of the bottom of the box.

However, this solution is not entirely satisfactory for significant charges contained in the box. Also to put the case back in its flat configuration, it is necessary to exert traction on one flaps so as to deform it enough to dissociate others. This deformation can cause breaks in the material constituting the box and therefore a deterioration which limits its reuse. We finds, in practice, that users continue to consolidate the fund the body with adhesive tapes, even when the configuration of the flaps allows a more resistant assembly of said bottom. Finally, the cutouts formed in the flaps to obtain the desired embedding modify very substantially the outline of the body, which makes the superimposition of a set of boxes laid flat for transport.

The aim of the present invention is to provide a box foldable which overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks.

This goal is perfectly achieved by the collapsible box, the bottom of which is formed by folding and assembling four flaps, namely two flaps overlapping longitudinal panels and two transverse flaps.

a) au moins un rabat présente des découpes périphériques et des lignes de pliage délimitant , dans ledit rabat, deux ailes de blocage , repliables selon lesdites lignes de pliage,

b) les rabats sans aile de blocage présentent une ou deux fentes, qui est disposée en sorte que l'assemblage des quatre rabats de fond est obtenu en rabattant les rabats sans aile de blocage puis le ou les rabats avec ailes de blocage et en faisant pénétrer chaque aile de blocage repliée dans lesdites fentes, de telle sorte que les ailes de blocage puissent être en contact direct avec la charge contenue dans la caisse.

Typically according to the invention:

a) at least one flap has peripheral cutouts and fold lines delimiting, in said flap, two locking wings, foldable along said fold lines,

b) the flaps without locking wing have one or two slots, which is arranged so that the assembly of the four bottom flaps is obtained by folding the flaps without locking wing then the flap (s) with locking wings and making penetrate each locking wing folded back into said slots, so that the locking wings can be in direct contact with the load contained in the body.

Thus according to the particular configuration of the present invention, the consolidation of the bottom of the body is obtained through the direct application of the load on the locking wings which, after their introduction into the slots, are applied to the inside of the flaps in which they have penetrated. In addition for the disassembly of the body, this being necessarily empty of any charge, it suffices for the user to carry out a slight pull on the flap (s) with locking wings, more precisely on the portion accessible from outside the bottom, so that the locking wings easily come out of the slots and thus release the other flaps without locking wing.

In a first variant embodiment, which is preferred, the two transverse flaps have peripheral cutouts and lines of folding delimiting, in each of said flaps, two locking wings, foldable along said fold lines and the two longitudinal flaps each have two slots which are arranged so that the assembly of the four bottom flaps is obtained by folding down the two flaps longitudinal then by penetrating each locking wing, folded, into a slot in the corresponding longitudinal flap.

In the case of a box with a rectangular bottom, the terms longitudinal and transverse correspond respectively to the long sides and at the short sides of the rectangle. However, this is not exclusive. The box may have a square bottom. In this case the terms longitudinal and transverse simply serve to distinguish the two sets of flaps opposite one to the other.

According to this first variant, these are therefore four wings which are distributed on the inside of the bottom of the body and which allow the consolidation of said bottom during the application of the load.

It should be noted that, in this case and unlike conventional cases with semi-automatic closing, most of the transverse flaps (or small flaps) are on the outside of the bottom of the box.

In another alternative embodiment, suitable for boxes of smaller dimensions, a single longitudinal flap has cutouts peripherals and fold lines delimiting two locking wings, foldable along said fold lines, while the second flap longitudinal has two slots and the two transverse flaps have each a slit, which slits being arranged so that the assembly of the four bottom flaps is obtained by folding the two transverse flaps then the second longitudinal flap and making it penetrate each locking wing, folded, in two slots opposite the second longitudinal flap and a transverse flap.

So in this second variant, there are only two locking wings distributed on the inside of the bottom of the box.

The penetration of a locking wing into the corresponding slot is made during the pivoting of the flap comprising said wing along the line folding which extends between said flap and the corresponding side of the box. So that the entire length of each slot is substantially occupied by a locking wing, it is necessary that this penetration can be done without constraint. For this each locking wing has a peripheral cut in an arc towards its end opposite the line folding the corresponding flap.

It is desirable that the slots are made in the flaps at one certain distance d from the edge of said flap, so as not to decrease significantly the mechanical resistance of this flap. To do this, the transverse cut which delimits the blocking wing is also formed at a distance d from the fold line between said flap and the adjacent side of the checkout.

Preferably the flat material from which the body is made collapsible is a plate of extruded cellular plastic. We know that such a plate which is constituted by two flat, parallel sheets, which are connected by transverse internal partitions, forming alveoli longitudinal in the direction of extrusion of the plate.

Preferably, with regard to the first variant, the slots practiced in the longitudinal flaps follow the general direction of longitudinal cells. In this case, the fold lines of the locking wings are on the contrary perpendicular to the longitudinal cells which improves the mechanical resistance of said fold lines, and their elastic return, after insertion into the slots.

A difficulty may appear when overlapping several boxes containing heavy loads, i.e. a risk of collapse of the or crates from the bottom of the stack which can occur either immediately when setting up the crates, i.e. gradually some time after this placement. To resolve this difficulty, the folding box according to the present invention has internal elements reinforcement which consist of reinforcement panels fixed on certain internal side walls of the body and having the same height as said side walls, each reinforcing panel having at least one line vertical folding delimitation, beyond the part fixed to the side wall corresponding, a folding extension, along said fold line, between a first position, assembled body, in which said extension extends obliquely in an interior corner of the body and a second position, folded body, in which said extension extends parallel to the folded side walls of the body.

According to this particular provision, the box being assembled, the extensions of the reinforcement panels form, in a way, vertical stiffening posts, preferably in each corner of the body, when applied between the side walls on either side of the corresponding edge.

In an alternative embodiment, the folding box has two reinforcement panels with two extensions, fixed to the two side walls opposite, each reinforcement panel having a total width greater than the width of the side wall on which it is fixed and having a width between two vertical fold lines less than the width of said side wall.

The reinforcement panels can be fixed by any means, for example by riveting or by gluing.

La figure 1 est une vue schématique en plan d'un des deux panneaux permettant de confectionner la caisse repliable selon un premier exemple de réalisation,

La figure 2 est une vue schématique en plan et de dessous des quatre rabats formant la caisse repliable du premier exemple , le fond étant ouvert,

La figure 3 est une vue en plan et de dessous du fond assemblé de la caisse repliable du premier exemple,

La figure 4 est une vue en plan et de dessus du fond assemblé de la caisse repliable du premier exemple,

La figure 5 est une vue en plan de dessous du fond en position ouverte d'une caisse repliable selon un second exemple,

La figure 6 est une vue en plan et de dessous du fond assemblé de la caisse repliable selon le second exemple,

La figure 7 est une vue en plan et de dessus du fond assemblé de la caisse repliable du second exemple,

La figure 8 correspond à la représentation de la figure 2 d'une caisse, équipée de deux panneaux de renfort à deux prolongements

La figure 9 illustre , de manière schématique , le repliement de la caisse de la figure 8 et

La figure 10 est une vue partielle de face d'un panneau de renfort équipant une paroi latérale d'une caisse en plastique alvéolaire extrudée.

The present invention will be better understood on reading the description of two exemplary embodiments of a collapsible box, the bottom flaps of which include locking wings and slots for introducing said wings, illustrated by the appended drawing in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of one of the two panels making it possible to make the collapsible box according to a first exemplary embodiment,

FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view and from below of the four flaps forming the collapsible box of the first example, the bottom being open,

FIG. 3 is a plan view and from below of the assembled bottom of the collapsible box of the first example,

FIG. 4 is a plan view and from above of the assembled bottom of the collapsible box of the first example,

FIG. 5 is a bottom plan view of the bottom in the open position of a collapsible box according to a second example,

FIG. 6 is a plan view and from below of the assembled bottom of the folding box according to the second example,

FIG. 7 is a plan view and from above of the assembled bottom of the collapsible box of the second example,

Figure 8 corresponds to the representation of Figure 2 of a box, equipped with two reinforcing panels with two extensions

Figure 9 illustrates, schematically, the folding of the box of Figure 8 and

Figure 10 is a partial front view of a reinforcing panel fitted to a side wall of an extruded cellular plastic case.

A collapsible box, whether made from cardboard or a extruded cellular plastic plate, is made from one or two panels which have cutouts and fold lines and which is closed on itself to form the four side walls of the box and, adjacent to said walls, four bottom flaps and four lid flaps and, laterally a small flap for the closure on themselves of the four side walls.

In the first example, the collapsible box 1 consists of two identical panels 2 as illustrated in FIG. 1. Each of these two panels have cutouts and fold lines defining one side longitudinal 3, a transverse side 4, a transverse bottom flap 5, a longitudinal bottom flap 6, a transverse cover flap 7, a flap longitudinal cover 8 and a side closing flap 9.

The closure on itself of the body is done by overlapping and fixing the side flap 9 of a given panel 2 on the outer edge 4a of the transverse side 4 of the other panel 2.

According to the feature of the invention, the transverse bottom flap 5 comprises cutouts 10 and fold lines 11, 12 which delimit, in said flap 5, two locking wings 13,15, foldable relative to said flap 5, along the two said fold lines 11, 12.

The cutouts 10, in the example illustrated, form on the one hand two transverse notches 15, 15, spaced from each other by a distance D, the fold lines 11, 12 being formed from the end 15 a and 15 has two said notches 15,15, in the direction which is perpendicular to the fold line 21 separating the transverse bottom flap 5 and the transverse side 4. On the other hand there are cutouts which form arcs of circle 10 a in the end portions of the two locking wings 13, 15, opposite the fold line 21. In addition, the two notches 16, 16 are spaced from said fold line 21 by a distance d. Thus, as appears in particular in Figure 1, the transverse bottom flap 5 consists of a main portion, T-shaped 17 of the two locking wings 13,15, folded relative to this central portion 17, share and the other of the vertical amount of said T. Each notch 15,15 has a depth L.

According to the invention, the longitudinal bottom flap 6 is provided with two slots 18,19, in the same alignment and parallel to the fold line 20 which extends between said flap 6 and the longitudinal side 3. These two slots 18,19 are spaced from said fold line 20 by a distance L, which is equal to the depth of the notches 15.15. In addition, they are far from lateral edge of the longitudinal bottom flap 6 from a distance substantially equal to d. The width e of the two slots 18,19 is a function of the thickness of the material used for the construction of the panel 2. In the case where the panel 2 consists of an extruded cellular plastic plate 3mm thick, the width e of the slots 18.19 can be in the range of 8 to 10mm.

It is the same for the width of the notches 15,16.

In Figure 2, there is shown the body 1, with the two panels 2 assembled to each other using the side flaps 9.

In this first example, the body 1 is formed of two panels identical 2, 2 'as described above and illustrated in Figure 1.

To assemble the bottom 22 of the body 1, we proceed to folding of the two longitudinal flaps 6, 6 'along the fold lines 20.20. These two 6.6 'flaps partially overlap on a certain width. Then fold a first transverse bottom flap 5 according to the fold line 21, and, after having folded the two locking wings 13,14 along the fold lines 11, 12, the said wings 14, 15 are made to penetrate into the two slots 18,18 'of the two longitudinal bottom flaps 6,6'. We do then the same for the other transverse bottom flap 5 '. If necessary, the wings 14,15 are folded against the longitudinal flaps 6,6 ', which locks the assembly of the four bottom flaps 5.5 ', 6.6'.

Thus, at the end of this assembly, only the central portions 17, 17 'in T, appear on the outside of the body 1 (Figure 3).

By cons these are the four locking wings 13,14, 13 ', 14', transverse flaps 5, 5 'which are visible in the interior view from the bottom (figure 4). We understand that when filling the box, the load which comes into application on the bottom rests on both the longitudinal flaps 6.6 'but also on the locking wings 13,14, 13', 14 '. The application of this load on the wings achieves a consolidation of the bottom never obtained so far without the use of external means such as applying tape. This is understandable since the load which applies to the two locking wings 13,14, with the same transverse flap 5 opposes the relative sliding of these two wings 13,14 with respect to the two longitudinal flaps 6,6 'against which they are applied.

It is estimated that the potential increase in charge of such body according to the invention is greater than 20% compared to the known system assembly of the bottom flaps, without the intervention of external means blocking devices such as adhesive tapes.

Being a box made from plastic plate extruded alveolar it is best that the general direction of the slots 18.19 and therefore fold lines 20.20 ', 21.21' either in the direction general of the alveoli. This allows to have a fold line 11, 12 of blocking wings 13,14 which is perpendicular to said direction, which avoids to weaken said fold lines during assembly of the bottom.

The locking system 7, 8 of lid. It can be a known system or possibly a system identical to that which has just been described for the bottom flaps 5,6.

It should also be noted, as another advantage of the invention, that disassembly of the box, after use, is particularly easy. Being given that, during this disassembly, the body is empty of all charges, no pressure is exerted on the locking wings 13, 14, 13 ', 14'. It is enough then to the user, after having turned over the box 1, so that the bottom accessible to him, grab the extreme edge 22 of the T-shaped portion of the transverse flap 5, and lift it by rotating it along the line of folding 21 to bring out the two locking wings 13,14 of the two slots respectively 19 ', 18 of the two longitudinal flaps 6', 6. This operation renewed on the second transverse flap 5 ', allows to release the two longitudinal flaps 6.6 ';

Optionally the fold lines 11, 12 between the two wings of blocking 13,14 and the central T-shaped portion 17 of the transverse bottom flap 5 can be doubled. So in this case, we have two fold lines, parallel to each other and a short distance apart, for example from 10mm in the case of an extruded cellular plastic plate. This special arrangement allows for an S-configuration at the level of the slot 18, 19 for the area of the transverse flap located at the level of said slot, without however causing breakage.

The second exemplary embodiment which is illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 6 shows a case 23 which has four bottom flaps, respectively two transverse flaps 24, 24 ', two longitudinal flaps 25, 25', among which only one of these four flaps has two locking wings 26, 27. This is a longitudinal flap 25. The two locking wings 26, 27 are formed in said flap 25, in the same manner as in the first example, thanks to two notches 28, 29, in alignment one of the other and parallel to the fold line 30 extending between the side longitudinal 31 and said longitudinal bottom flap 25.

The other three flaps 24, 24 'and 25' are provided with slots, namely a single slot 32, 32 'in each of the two transverse flaps 24, 24' and two slots respectively 33 'and 34' in the second longitudinal flap of 25 'bottom.

For the formation of these slots, the distances must be respected d and L as in the first example, with regard to the flap longitudinal 25 provided with locking wings 26, 27 and the slots 30, 32 'of the two adjacent transverse flaps 24, 24 '. Regarding both other slots 33 ', 34', made in the second longitudinal flap 25 ', they are perpendicular to the fold line 30 ', at a distance L from the edge lateral of said flap 25 '. The spacing of said slots relative to the line of folding 30 'depends on the overlap area of the two flaps longitudinal 25, 25 'when closing the bottom.

To achieve this closure, the user first folds the two transverse bottom flaps 24, 24 'along fold lines 35, 35', flap then the second longitudinal flap 25 ', the four slots made in these three flaps coming to overlap two by two. Then just the user fold the first longitudinal flap 25 along the fold line 30, while by folding the two locking wings 26, 27 along the fold lines 36, 37 and making said blocking wings 26, 27 penetrate into the aligned slots respectively 32, 33 'for the locking wing 26 and 32', 34 'for the locking wing blocking 27.

In this second embodiment example, there are therefore only two wings of blocking 26, 27 which are visible on the bottom 38 of the body seen from the interior (Figure 7). On the outside of the bottom 38, appears only one T-shaped portion 39 of the bottom longitudinal flap 25.

The folding boxes according to the first and second examples which have just been described, can advantageously be equipped with reinforcement panels, in particular when they are intended to accommodate heavy loads and to be stacked on top of each other. The presence of internal reinforcement panels aims to avoid the risk of the body sagging located at the bottom of the stack.

An internal reinforcement panel according to the present invention is consisting of a panel, part of which is fixed to a side wall internal of the body, which is the full height of this internal side wall and which has a fold line which delimits an extension itself foldable, with respect to said fold line, between two positions, namely a first position, assembled body, in which the extension extends obliquely in a corner of the body and a second position, body folded, in which the extension extends parallel to the walls internal side of the body.

The example of embodiment which is illustrated in FIG. 8 corresponds strictly in the first example of FIG. 2 of a folding box equipped two internal reinforcement panels 40,41, these two panels being fixed by rivets 42 on two opposite side walls 43, 44 forming in the short sides of the body 1.

Each reinforcement panel 40, 41 includes two fold lines vertical 45, 46 which delimit in said panel 40,41, three parts, to know the central part 47 which is fixed to the side wall 43 by the rivets 42 and two lateral extensions 48, 49. The total width of these three parts is greater than the width of the side wall 43 while the width of the fixed central part 47 is less than the width of the side wall 43. Thus when the body 1 is assembled, the lateral extensions 48.49 of the reinforcement panel 40 necessarily extend obliquely in the corner corresponding 50, 51 of the box 1. When the box is filled with its load, said load comes to bear against the internal face of the panel reinforcement 40 and consequently pushes back the lateral extensions 48, 49, the extreme edges 52, 53 of said extensions coming to apply against the adjacent side wall. We then understand that each angle of the body is particularly reinforced by the presence of the lateral extension 48 which somehow forms a stiffening post of triangular section coming over the entire interior height of the body.

It should be noted that when folding the box, as illustrated in the Figure 9, the lateral extensions 48,49, fold naturally by compared to fold lines 45, 46 and do not interfere with the flat folding of the checkout.

In Figure 10, there is partially shown a box made from of extruded cellular plastic sheets, which is equipped with a reinforcement panel 40. The central part 47 of this panel is fixed to the side wall 43 of the body 1 by two rivets 42. The two extensions lateral 48, 49 are foldable along the two fold lines 45, 46.

As indicated above, in the case of a body made at from extruded cellular plastic sheets, it is preferable that the general direction of the fold lines 11, 12 of the transverse flap 5 from the bottom of the body 1 is perpendicular to the general direction of cells, which avoids weakening said fold lines 11, 12 during the bottom assembly. The general direction of the alveoli is represented on Figure 10 by solid lines F.

Preferably the general direction of the cells of the panel reinforcement 40 is parallel to the vertical direction of the fold lines 45, 46 of the reinforcement panel 40. This allows a maximum reinforcement of the body thanks to the continuity of the plate over its entire height, as constituting as many hollow tubes attached to each other, forming the stiffening reinforcement.

In Figure 10, there is shown a carrying handle 54 which is formed by partially cutting both the side wall 43 and the part central 47 of the reinforcement panel 40, this partial cut allowing clear an opening for the passage of the hand. The fact that there are two thicknesses at this handle 54, thanks to the reinforcement panel 40, again provides improved mechanical strength for said handle 54.

The present invention is not limited to the two embodiments which have just been exposed by way of nonlimiting examples. She covers all possible variants of collapsible box whose bottom is formed of flaps having locking wings and slots for introducing said flaps locking wings, which are visible on the inside of the bottom of the the body and at least partially support the load contained therein when filling it.

Claims (10)

1. Folding crate, the base of which is formed by folding and assembling four flaps, namely two superimposable longitudinal flaps (6,6'; 25,25') and two transverse flaps (5,5'; 32,32'), characterised in that:

   a) at least one flap (5,5'; 25) has peripheral cuts and fold lines delimiting, in said flap, two tabs (14,15; 26,27) which can be folded along said fold lines (11,12; 36,37);

   b) the flaps without tabs have one or two slots (18,19; 32,33',34') which is/are arranged so that assembling the four base flaps is achieved by folding over the flaps without tabs then the flap or flaps with tabs and by making each folded tab go into said slots, in such a way that the tabs may be in direct contact with the load contained in the crate.
2. Folding crate according to claim 1, characterised in that the two transverse flaps (5,5') have peripheral cuts and fold lines (11,12; 11',12') delimiting, in each of said flaps (5,5'), two tabs (13,14; 13',14') which can be folded along said fold lines (11,12; 11',12') and the two longitudinal flaps (6,6') each have two slots (18,19; 18',19') which are disposed in such a way that assembling the four base flaps is achieved by folding over the two longitudinal flaps (6,6') then making each folded tab (14,15; 14',15') go into a slot (18,19; 18'19') in the corresponding longitudinal flap (6,6').
3. Folding crate according to claim 1, characterised in that a single longitudinal flap (25) has peripheral cuts and fold lines (36,37) delimiting two tabs (26,27) which can be folded along said fold lines (36,37), whilst the second longitudinal flap (25') has two slots (33', 34') and the two transverse flaps (24, 24') each have a slot (32, 32'), these slots (32,32', 33',34') being disposed in such a way that assembling the four base tabs (24,24',25,25') is achieved by folding over the two transverse flaps (32,32') then the second longitudinal flap (25') and by making each folded tab (26, 27) go into two slots (32,33') (32', 34') opposite the second longitudinal flap and a transverse flap.
4. Folding crate according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that each tab (13) has a peripheral cut (10) in the shape of an arc of a circle (10a) towards its end opposite the fold line (21) of the corresponding flap (5).
5. Folding crate according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the flat material of which the folding crate is constituted is a sheet of an alveolar extruded plastics material.
6. Folding crate according to claims 2 and 5, characterised in that the slots (18,19; 18', 19') provided in the longitudinal flaps (6,6') follow the general direction of the longitudinal cells of the sheet.
7. Folding crate, the cover and base of which are both formed by folding and assembling four flaps which have the configuration of the base flaps of the crate according to one of claims 1 to 6.
8. Folding crate according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that it includes reinforcing panels (40, 41) fixed on certain internal side walls (43, 44) of the crate (1) and of the same height as said side walls, each reinforcing panel (40, 41) having at least one vertical fold line (48,49) delimiting, beyond the portion (47) fixed to the corresponding side wall, an extension (48, 49) which can be folded along said fold line (48,49) between a first position, assembled crate, in which said extension (48,49) extends obliquely into an interior angle (50, 51) of the crate, and a second position, folded crate, in which said extension (48,49) extends parallel to the folded side walls of the crate.
9. Folding crate according to claim 8, characterised in that it includes two reinforcing panels (40, 41) with two extensions (48, 49) fixed to two opposite side walls, each reinforcing panel having a total width which is greater than the width of the side wall on which it is fixed and having a width between two vertical fold lines which is smaller than the width of said side wall.
10. Folding crate according to one of claims 8 or 9 and according to claim 5, characterised in that the general direction of the cells of the reinforcing panels (40, 41) is parallel to the vertical direction of the fold lines (45,46)

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