EP1342032B1 - Method for destroying and/or inerting waste - Google Patents

Method for destroying and/or inerting waste Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1342032B1
EP1342032B1 EP01270196A EP01270196A EP1342032B1 EP 1342032 B1 EP1342032 B1 EP 1342032B1 EP 01270196 A EP01270196 A EP 01270196A EP 01270196 A EP01270196 A EP 01270196A EP 1342032 B1 EP1342032 B1 EP 1342032B1
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Prior art keywords
waste
reactor
phase
glass
order
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EP01270196A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1342032A1 (en
Inventor
Pierre Jeanvoine
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/14—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of contaminated soil, e.g. by oil
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/033—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment comminuting or crushing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2202/00—Combustion
    • F23G2202/20—Combustion to temperatures melting waste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2205/00—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G2205/12—Waste feed arrangements using conveyors
    • F23G2205/121—Screw conveyor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2205/00—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G2205/12—Waste feed arrangements using conveyors
    • F23G2205/122—Belt conveyor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for treating waste, in particular industrial, agro-food and biological waste, in order to destroy them or at least to render them inert and harmless to the environment.
  • vitrification technique It is also known to vitrify the waste for example WO96 / 11359, that is to say to introduce them into a composition vitrifiable materials brought to their melting temperature. Although the vitrification technique appears to be very reliable, it is rather greedy in consumption of vitrifiable raw materials and in energy consumption.
  • the object of the invention is then to overcome these various disadvantages, by proposing a waste treatment process that is both high reliability and economically viable.
  • the invention firstly relates to a process for destroying and / or inerting waste, in particular industrial, biological or agro-food waste, such as is used to implement a reactor equipped with heating comprising at least one submerged burner.
  • a reactor equipped with heating comprising at least one submerged burner.
  • the waste to be treated is introduced in this phase, so that any organic components are decomposed by combustion and / or their possible mineral components are melted or coated in this phase.
  • the reactor is withdrawn from said phase loaded molten / coated waste and / or combustion products of said waste ash.
  • submerged burners is understood to mean burners configured so that the "flames” they generate or the combustion gases produced by these flames develop in the reactor where the combustion process takes place. conversion, within the mass of materials being processed. Generally, they are arranged so as to flush or protrude slightly from the side walls or the hearth of the reactor used (we are talking here about flames, even if it is not strictly speaking the same "flames" as those produced by overhead burners for simplicity).
  • the term "materials at least partly vitrifiable” includes all the conventional raw materials used to produce glass, silicates such as sodium silicate and / or calcium silicate, but also phosphates of sodium. alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, alkali and / or alkaline earth aluminates or any combination of at least two of these compounds. It may be, in particular, any material which by heat treatment leads to a material at least partly glassy, which can be partially or totally ceramized.
  • inerting is understood to mean the operation of rendering the waste inert. It may be either to destroy them entirely by combustion, or to keep them in an intact form or more or less degraded, but inert / harmless. It is then, in fact, to neutralize them in the broad sense (not in the restrictive sense of a chemical reaction).
  • a subsidiary advantage of this type of heating means is that it is possible to introduce the raw materials to melt directly within this liquid / foamy phase, which avoids the formation of dust from the fines of the raw materials, and the dispersion of these in the fumes emitted by the oven.
  • the waste to be treated may be inorganic, organic, or combine mineral components and organic components.
  • the composition of the waste can be optimized, in particular by associating waste of different natures, in order to reduce the cost of the raw materials and / or the energy cost of the process.
  • mineral wastes containing materials capable of melting at more than 800 ° C, such as foundry sands, polluted cullet can be introduced into the reactor both to trap / destroy their pollutant components and to provide a portion of the vitrifiable material required for the process.
  • organic waste or partly organic, they can be used as fuel for the burner (s) immersed (s): because of the convective mixing mentioned above, they are renewed continuously near the submerged burners until complete combustion. This reduces or even completely stops the fuel gas supply of the burners, with a substantial energy gain. The degradation of the organic molecules can thus be complete, until decomposition into carbon dioxide and water. The combustion ashes are trapped in the liquid / foamy phase.
  • This at least partly organic waste can therefore provide part, or most or most or all the fuel required for the burner (s) immersed (s). It is therefore possible to use directly in the reactor the combustible power of the waste, whatever the level of it.
  • a great innovation in the invention is to be able to adjust the operation of the heating means used, the submerged burners, depending on the type and quantity of waste to be destroyed / inerter, (the invention however includes variants where the means of heating combine submerged burners and more conventional means, such as overhead burners).
  • the means of heating combine submerged burners and more conventional means, such as overhead burners.
  • the process according to the invention can be carried out discontinuously, but it preferably operates continuously.
  • the waste and vitrifiable materials can be introduced continuously into the reactor, in particular by adjusting their respective contents in order to obtain a complete immersion of the waste and of their possible decomposition products in the liquid / foamy phase of the reactor. This control of the quantities introduced can be done automatically.
  • waste and / or vitrifiable materials are introduced under the level of the liquid / foamy phase of the reactor, in order to avoid or to limit as much as possible the flights of waste / fines.
  • the gaseous effluents optionally containing particles that are emitted into the reactor are evacuated, channeled in order to subject them, if necessary, all the appropriate filtration / depollution treatments.
  • These fumes can then be directed to heat recovery units in order to be thermally exhausted or countercurrent to one of the reactor feed streams, the heat thus returned can for example be used to preheat waste and / or materials. vitrifiable.
  • waste and / or vitrifiable materials that are in solid form can be crushed / crushed before being introduced into the reactor, in particular in order to reduce them to suitably sized aggregates.
  • the completion of the process consists in withdrawing from the reactor the phase charged with waste / waste decomposition products, which, once solidified, can be converted into granules.
  • vitrification in particular to constitute cullet or silicate (sodium or calcium silicate in particular), to make flat glass (glazing), hollow glass (bottle, flasks), mineral wool of insulation (glass wool, rockwool), or textile fiberglass, reinforcement.
  • cullet or silicate sodium or calcium silicate in particular
  • vitrifiat therefore depends closely on its composition. The important thing is that it complies with the standards in force.
  • the lower quality vitrifiats / aggregates can also be used as reinforcement fillers, for example for road surfaces.
  • a melter is made whose walls are made of refractory materials such as traditional glass furnaces or metal walls cooled with water. It defines a volume of substantially several m 3 . Its sole is equipped with several submerged burners, regularly placed on the floor, and which penetrate into the reactor on a reduced height. Each burner is likely to be supplied with air or oxygen on the one hand, and with fuel gas (of the natural gas or oil or other fuel gas type), by two feed circuits.
  • an inert gas of the nitrogen type can be injected into the burner.
  • the operation of the burners is described in more detail in the patent WO 9937591.
  • the reactor is fed with two auger feeders, one for vitrifiable materials, the other for waste.
  • the process is started by first supplying only vitrifiable materials (sands), which are melted to at least 1000 ° C thanks to the heat input supplied by burners fed both with oxidizer and with combustible. A bath of semi-liquid, semi-foamy melt materials was then formed over a given height, agitated by strong convective movements. The process can then be operated continuously: the reactor is fed continuously with waste and vitrifiable materials. Their relative amounts are adjusted according to the nature of the waste to be treated. Organic waste is completely burned. The mineral waste is melted or embedded in the bath.
  • the quantity and the nature of the mineral substances introduced into the reactor must be adjusted in order to ensure that the melt bath has a viscosity that is compatible with the operation of the burners immersed at the temperature in question, but also for ensure the best possible recovery of the silicate that will be produced.
  • the gas feed of the submerged burners is reduced or even halted (it is also possible to introduce solid or liquid organic fuel into the reactor in addition to ).
  • the fuel / gaseous oxidizer flow of the burners is regulated continuously, as a function of the waste introduced into the reactor.
  • the fumes are removed in the upper part of the reactor and can be reprocessed (for example in order to recover a particularly volatile mineral element contained in a waste).
  • the glass / silicate charged with mineral waste and / or ash from the combustion of organic waste is continuously discharged in the lower part of the reactor through a taphole.
  • the residence time of the waste in the reactor is short. Although small in size, this type of reactor can quickly handle large quantities of waste.
  • the process of the invention even with very compact reactors, can destroy or inerter waste efficiently with excellent performance, a reasonable energy cost and the ability to value the products obtained after treatment. It is therefore very competitive, thanks to a new application of submerged burner technology.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)

Abstract

A subject matter of the invention is a process for destroying waste and/or rendering it inert, in particular industrial, biological or farm-produce waste: use is made of a reactor provided with heating means comprising at least one submerged burner, and said reactor is fed with at least partially vitrifiable materials, which are heated with said heating means in order to form and to maintain, in the reactor, an at least partially liquid/foamy phase at at least 800° C. Then said waste is introduced into said phase in order for its organic components to be decomposed therein by combustion and/or its inorganic components to be melted or coated in said phase. Finally, said phase, charged with molten/coated waste and/or with combustion products from said waste, is withdrawn from the reactor.

Description

L'invention a trait à un procédé destiné à traiter les déchets, notamment les déchets industriels, agro-alimentaires, biologiques, afin de les détruire ou tout au moins afin de les rendre inertes et sans danger pour l'environnement.The invention relates to a process for treating waste, in particular industrial, agro-food and biological waste, in order to destroy them or at least to render them inert and harmless to the environment.

C'est en effet un problème qui se pose avec toujours plus d'acuité que de savoir comment éviter le stockage de déchets susceptibles d'être toxiques à des degrés divers, comment les détruire ou les « inerter » de la façon la plus efficace et la plus économique possible.It is a problem that is ever more acute than knowing how to avoid the storage of potentially toxic wastes to varying degrees, how to destroy them or "inert" them in the most efficient and effective way. the most economical possible.

Des solutions ont déjà été proposées pour y répondre. Il est ainsi connu de mélanger des déchets à des liants hydrauliques, technique intéressante sur le plan de la consommation énergétique, mais qui n'est pas optimale à long terme. En effet, les ciments présentent généralement une porosité qui favorise le relargage des déchets ainsi piégés.Solutions have already been proposed to answer them. It is thus known to mix waste with hydraulic binders, an interesting technique in terms of energy consumption, but which is not optimal in the long term. Indeed, the cements generally have a porosity that promotes the release of the waste thus trapped.

Il est également connu de vitrifier les déchets par exemple WO96/11359, c'est-à-dire de les introduire dans une composition de matières vitrifiables amenées à leur température de fusion. Si la technique de vitrification apparaît comme très fiable, en revanche elle est assez gourmande en consommation de matières premières vitrifiables et en consommation énergétique.It is also known to vitrify the waste for example WO96 / 11359, that is to say to introduce them into a composition vitrifiable materials brought to their melting temperature. Although the vitrification technique appears to be very reliable, it is rather greedy in consumption of vitrifiable raw materials and in energy consumption.

Le but de l'invention est alors de pallier ces différents inconvénients, en proposant un procédé de traitement des déchets qui soit à la fois de haute fiabilité et viable économiquement.The object of the invention is then to overcome these various disadvantages, by proposing a waste treatment process that is both high reliability and economically viable.

L'invention a tout d'abord pour objet un procédé de destruction et/ou d'inertage de déchets, notamment de déchets industriels, biologiques ou agro-alimentaires, tel qu'on utilise pour le mettre en oeuvre un réacteur muni de moyens de chauffage comportant au moins un brûleur immergé. On alimente le réacteur en matériaux au moins pour partie vitrifiables, que l'on chauffe avec lesdits moyens de chauffage afin de constituer et de maintenir dans le réacteur une phase au moins partiellement liquide et/ou mousseuse à au moins 800°C. On introduit les déchets à traiter dans cette phase, afin que leurs éventuels composants organiques soient décomposés par combustion et/ou que leurs éventuels composants minéraux soient fondus ou enrobés dans cette phase. Puis, on soutire du réacteur ladite phase chargée en déchets fondus/enrobés et/ou en produits de combustion desdits déchets du type cendres.The invention firstly relates to a process for destroying and / or inerting waste, in particular industrial, biological or agro-food waste, such as is used to implement a reactor equipped with heating comprising at least one submerged burner. We feed the reactor material at least partly vitrifiable, which is heated with said heating means to form and maintain in the reactor at least partially liquid phase and / or foamy at least 800 ° C. The waste to be treated is introduced in this phase, so that any organic components are decomposed by combustion and / or their possible mineral components are melted or coated in this phase. Then, the reactor is withdrawn from said phase loaded molten / coated waste and / or combustion products of said waste ash.

Au sens de l'invention, on comprend par « brûleurs immergés », des brûleurs configurés de manière à ce que les « flammes » qu'ils génèrent ou les gaz de combustion issus de ces flammes se développent dans le réacteur où s'opère la conversion, au sein même de la masse des matières en cours de transformation. Généralement, ils se trouvent disposés de façon à affleurer ou à dépasser légèrement des parois latérales ou de la sole du réacteur utilisé (on parle ici de flammes, même s'il ne s'agit pas à proprement parlé des mêmes « flammes » que celles produites par des brûleurs aériens pour plus de simplicité).Within the meaning of the invention, the term "submerged burners" is understood to mean burners configured so that the "flames" they generate or the combustion gases produced by these flames develop in the reactor where the combustion process takes place. conversion, within the mass of materials being processed. Generally, they are arranged so as to flush or protrude slightly from the side walls or the hearth of the reactor used (we are talking here about flames, even if it is not strictly speaking the same "flames" as those produced by overhead burners for simplicity).

Au sens de l'invention, on comprend par « matériaux au moins en partie vitrifiables », toutes les matières premières conventionnelles utilisées pour fabriquer du verre, des silicates comme du silicate de sodium et/ou du silicate de calcium, mais aussi des phosphates d'alcalins et/ou d'alcalino-terreux, des aluminates d'alcalins et/ou d'alcalino-terreux ou toute combinaison d'au moins deux de ces composés. Il peut s'agir, notamment, de tout matériau qui par traitement thermique conduit à un matériau au moins en partie vitreux, pouvant être partiellement ou totalement céramisé.For the purposes of the invention, the term "materials at least partly vitrifiable" includes all the conventional raw materials used to produce glass, silicates such as sodium silicate and / or calcium silicate, but also phosphates of sodium. alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, alkali and / or alkaline earth aluminates or any combination of at least two of these compounds. It may be, in particular, any material which by heat treatment leads to a material at least partly glassy, which can be partially or totally ceramized.

Au sens de l'invention, on comprend par « inertage », l'opération consistant à rendre les déchets inertes. Il peut donc s'agir soit de les détruire entièrement par combustion, soit de les conserver sous une forme intacte ou plus ou moins dégradée, mais inerte/inoffensive. Il s'agit alors, en fait, de les neutraliser au sens large (pas dans le sens restrictif d'une réaction chimique).For the purposes of the invention, the term "inerting" is understood to mean the operation of rendering the waste inert. It may be either to destroy them entirely by combustion, or to keep them in an intact form or more or less degraded, but inert / harmless. It is then, in fact, to neutralize them in the broad sense (not in the restrictive sense of a chemical reaction).

Le principe de fonctionnement d'un four à brûleurs immergés pour la fusion du verre est déjà connu, et a été notamment décrit dans les brevets WO 99/35099 et WO99/37591 : il consiste à pratiquer la combustion directement dans la masse des matières vitrifiables à fondre, en injectant le combustible (en général du gaz du type gaz naturel) et le comburant (en général de l'air ou de l'oxygène) via des brûleurs disposés sous le niveau de ta masse en fusion. Ce type de combustion immergée provoque par convection un brassage intensif de matières en cours de fusion, ce qui permet un processus de fusion rapide et ce qui entraîne aussi la formation d'une phase liquide qui a un peu l'aspect d'une mousse (avec beaucoup de « grosses » bulles par comparaison avec le verre en fusion obtenu avec des moyens de chauffage plus conventionnels du type électrodes immergées ou brûleurs aériens).The principle of operation of a submerged burner furnace for the melting of glass is already known, and has been described in particular in patents WO 99/35099 and WO99 / 37591: it consists in practicing the combustion directly in the mass of vitrifiable materials. to melt, injecting the fuel (in natural gas type gas) and the oxidant (usually air or oxygen) via burners located below the level of your molten mass. This type of submerged combustion causes a convection intensive mixing of materials during melting, which allows a rapid melting process and which also leads to the formation of a liquid phase that looks a little like a foam ( with many "big" bubbles compared to the molten glass obtained with more conventional heating means of the type immersed electrodes or air burners).

Un avantage subsidiaire de ce type de moyens de chauffage est qu'il est possible d'introduire les matières premières à fondre directement au sein de cette phase liquide/mousseuse, ce qui évite la formation de poussières en provenance des fines des matières premières, et la dispersion de celles-ci dans les fumées émises par le four.A subsidiary advantage of this type of heating means is that it is possible to introduce the raw materials to melt directly within this liquid / foamy phase, which avoids the formation of dust from the fines of the raw materials, and the dispersion of these in the fumes emitted by the oven.

L'invention a alors tiré partie de cette technologique pour inerter/détruire les déchets. Toute une série d'avantages en découle :

  • ➢ d'une part, on peut introduire les déchets directement dans la phase liquide/mousseuse, ce qui évite les envols de poussières éventuellement toxiques provenant des déchets : on peut piéger efficacement des déchets dans cette phase, en limitant la nécessité de filtrer/traiter les fumées,
  • ➢ d'autre part, on peut tirer profit de la nature même des déchets pour réduire le coût du procédé.
The invention then took advantage of this technology to inerter / destroy waste. A whole series of advantages follows:
  • ➢ On the one hand, the waste can be introduced directly into the liquid / foam phase, which avoids the potentially toxic dust from the waste: waste can be effectively trapped in this phase, limiting the need to filter / treat fumes,
  • ➢ On the other hand, the nature of the waste can be used to reduce the cost of the process.

En effet, les déchets à traiter, dont des exemples seront cités ci-après, peuvent être minéraux, organiques, ou associer des composants minéraux et des composants organiques. On peut optimiser la composition des déchets, notamment associer des déchets de natures différentes, pour diminuer le coût des matières premières et/ou le coût énergétique du procédé.
Ainsi, des déchets minéraux contenant des matériaux susceptibles de fondre à plus de 800°C, comme des sables de fonderie, du calcin pollué, peuvent être introduits dans le réacteur à la fois pour piéger/détruire leurs composants polluants et pour apporter une partie de la matière vitrifiable nécessaire au procédé.Indeed, the waste to be treated, examples of which will be given below, may be inorganic, organic, or combine mineral components and organic components. The composition of the waste can be optimized, in particular by associating waste of different natures, in order to reduce the cost of the raw materials and / or the energy cost of the process.
Thus, mineral wastes containing materials capable of melting at more than 800 ° C, such as foundry sands, polluted cullet, can be introduced into the reactor both to trap / destroy their pollutant components and to provide a portion of the vitrifiable material required for the process.

Quant aux déchets organiques, ou pour partie organiques, ils peuvent servir de combustible au(x) brûleur(s) immergé(s) : du fait du brassage convectif mentionné plus haut, ils sont renouvelés continuellement à proximité des brûleurs immergés jusqu'à combustion complète. Cela permet de diminuer, voire de stopper complètement, l'alimentation en gaz combustible des brûleurs, avec un gain énergétique substantiel. La dégradation des molécules organiques peut être ainsi complète, jusqu'à la décomposition en gaz carbonique et en eau. Les cendres de combustion se trouvent piégées dans la phase liquide/mousseuse. Ces déchets au moins pour partie organiques peuvent donc fournir une partie, ou la majorité ou l'essentiel voire tout le combustible nécessaire au(x) brûleur(s) immergé(s). On peut donc utiliser directement dans le réacteur le pouvoir combustible des déchets, quelque soit le niveau de celui-ci.As for organic waste, or partly organic, they can be used as fuel for the burner (s) immersed (s): because of the convective mixing mentioned above, they are renewed continuously near the submerged burners until complete combustion. This reduces or even completely stops the fuel gas supply of the burners, with a substantial energy gain. The degradation of the organic molecules can thus be complete, until decomposition into carbon dioxide and water. The combustion ashes are trapped in the liquid / foamy phase. This at least partly organic waste can therefore provide part, or most or most or all the fuel required for the burner (s) immersed (s). It is therefore possible to use directly in the reactor the combustible power of the waste, whatever the level of it.

Il se peut que des résidus de carbone restent emprisonnés dans la matrice vitreuse, ce qui peut offrir l'opportunité de fabriquer à moindre coût et sans difficulté de mise en oeuvre, des verres réduits.It is possible that carbon residues remain trapped in the vitreous matrix, which may offer the opportunity to manufacture low-cost glasses at a lower cost and without difficulty of implementation.

Dans le cas où l'on retraite que des déchets organiques, on obtient un procédé particulièrement économique :

  • ➢ sur le plan énergétique, une grande partie, voire la totalité, du combustible est fournie par les déchets,
  • ➢ sur le plan des matières premières, il suffit de peu de matières vitrifiables, puisqu'elles n'ont à piéger que des cendres, de faible volume. Le taux de renouvellement desdites matières vitrifiables dans le réacteur peut donc être bas, limité à l'incorporation correcte de ces cendres.
In the case where one retreats only organic waste, one obtains a particularly economic process:
  • ➢ in terms of energy, much, if not all, of the fuel is provided by the waste,
  • ➢ in terms of raw materials, only a few vitrifiable materials are needed, since they only have to trap ashes, of low volume. The turnover rate of said vitrifiable materials in the reactor can therefore be low, limited to the correct incorporation of these ashes.

Tous les compromis sont ensuite possibles : on peut ainsi associer différents types de déchets, par exemple des déchets de degrés de toxicité différents (pour que le produit final respecte les normes en vigueur), des déchets de natures différentes (par exemple pour assurer une teneur en composés organiques donnée sur la totalité des déchets introduits, donc pour contrôler la qunatité de combustible provenant des déchets et adapter en conséquence l'alimentation en gaz des brûleurs).All the compromises are then possible: it is thus possible to associate different types of waste, for example waste of different degrees of toxicity (so that the final product complies with the standards in force), waste of different natures (for example to ensure in organic compounds given on all the introduced waste, thus to control the qunatity of fuel coming from the waste and to adapt accordingly the gas supply of the burners).

Comme évoqué ci-dessus, beaucoup de déchets peuvent être traités selon l'invention. La liste suivante n'est donc pas exhaustive :

  • ➢ les déchets considérés comme peu ou pas toxiques sont notamment constitués d'au moins un des résidus industriels suivants : sables de fonderies, laitiers de hauts-fourneaux, scories, mâchefers, tubes de télévision et calcins divers tels que des calcins de cristallerie. Cette catégorie de déchets peut fournir une partie des oxydes formateurs et modificateurs nécessaires pour générer une matrice vitreuse,
  • ➢ les déchets considérés comme plus toxiques peuvent comporter par exemple au moins un des résidus suivants : tout type de résidus d'ordures ménagères notamment ceux communément désignés sous te terme de REFIOM (Résidus de l'Epuration des Fumées d'Incinération des Ordures ménagères), tout type de résidus d'incinération de déchets industriels, notamment ceux désignés sous le terme de REFIDI (Résidus d'Epuration des Fumées d'Incinération de Déchets Industriels) des silicates, des émaux, des poussières d'électrofiltres ou de désulfuration, du calcin pollué, des boues sidérurgiques, des gâteaux de filtre-presse, et tous les oxydes et hydroxydes issus de l'industrie chimique.
  • > Les déchets que vise l'invention peuvent aussi être de nature biologique ou être issus de l'industrie agro-alimentaire. Il s'agit plus particulièrement des farines animales qui ne sont plus consommables ou ne vont plus l'être dans un futur proche dans au moins une partie des pays européens, et qu'il faut donc détruire.
  • ➢ Les déchets peuvent aussi être des déchets de bois, de papier de l'industrie de la papeterie.
  • ➢ Ils peuvent aussi être constitués de polymères organiques, halogénés ou non, par exemple du polyéthylène, du PVC, des résidus de pneumatiques.
  • ➢ Il peut aussi s'agir de composites verre/plastique. On peut citer les vitrages feuilletés par exemple, associant au moins un verre avec au moins une feuille en polymère thermoplastique ou non, type polyvinylbutyral PVB, éthylène- vinyl acétate EVA , polyuréthane PU ou polyéthylène-téréphtatate PET .... On peut aussi citer les matériaux composites à base de polymère renforcé par du fil de verre (ou du fil de carbone ou autre type de fil de renfort), utilisés dans l'industrie automobile, ou dans les bateaux par exemple. On peut mentionner aussi les composites verre/métal (vitrages munis d'éléments de connectique, de revêtements métalliques).
As mentioned above, a lot of waste can be treated according to the invention. The following list is not exhaustive:
  • ➢ Wastes considered to be of little or no toxicity include at least one of the following industrial residues: foundry sands, blast furnace slags, slag, slag, television tubes and miscellaneous cullet such as crystalline cullet. This category of waste can provide a part of the forming and modifying oxides necessary to generate a vitreous matrix,
  • ➢ waste considered to be more toxic may contain, for example, at least one of the following residues: all types of household refuse residues, especially those commonly referred to as REFIOM (Waste Incineration Residues from Household Waste); , all types of waste incineration residues of industrial waste, in particular those designated under the term of REFIDI (residues of purification of the smoke of incineration of industrial waste) silicates, enamels, dusts of electrofilters or desulphurisation, of the polluted cullet, steel sludge, filter press cakes, and all oxides and hydroxides from the chemical industry.
  • > The waste that the invention aims may also be of a biological nature or come from the agri-food industry. It is more particularly the animal meal that is no longer consumable or will not be consumable in the near future in at least a portion of European countries, and therefore must be destroyed.
  • ➢ Waste can also be waste wood, paper from the paper industry.
  • ➢ They may also consist of organic polymers, halogenated or not, for example polyethylene, PVC, tire residues.
  • ➢ It can also be glass / plastic composites. It is possible to cite laminated glazings for example, associating at least one glass with at least one thermoplastic or non-thermoplastic polymer film, such as polyvinyl butyral PVB, ethylene-vinyl acetate EVA, polyurethane PU or polyethylene terephthalate PET. composite materials based on polymer reinforced with glass yarn (or carbon thread or other type of reinforcing thread), used in the automotive industry, or in boats for example. We can also mention the glass / metal composites (windows equipped with connectors, metal coatings).

Une grande innovation dans l'invention est de pouvoir ajuster le fonctionnement des moyens de chauffage utilisés, les brûleurs immergés, en fonction du type et de la quantité des déchets à détruire/inerter, (l'invention inclut cependant les variantes où les moyens de chauffage associent des brûleurs immergés et les moyens plus conventionnels, comme des brûleurs aériens). On peut ainsi, de préférence, réguler le débit de combustible et/ou de comburant gazeux alimentant le(s) brûleur(s) immergé(s) en fonction de la teneur en composés organiques des déchets, et de leurs pouvoirs calorifiques.A great innovation in the invention is to be able to adjust the operation of the heating means used, the submerged burners, depending on the type and quantity of waste to be destroyed / inerter, (the invention however includes variants where the means of heating combine submerged burners and more conventional means, such as overhead burners). We it is thus possible, preferably, to regulate the flow rate of fuel and / or gaseous oxidant supplying the immersed burner (s) as a function of the content of organic compounds of the waste, and of their calorific values.

Le procédé selon l'invention peut être mis en oeuvre de façon discontinue, mais il fonctionne de préférence en continu. On peut introduire en continu dans le réacteur les déchets et les matières vitrifiables, notamment en ajustant leurs teneurs respectives pour obtenir une immersion complète des déchets et de leurs éventuels produits de décomposition dans la phase liquide/mousseuse du réacteur. Ce contrôle des quantités introduites peut se faire de façon automatisée.The process according to the invention can be carried out discontinuously, but it preferably operates continuously. The waste and vitrifiable materials can be introduced continuously into the reactor, in particular by adjusting their respective contents in order to obtain a complete immersion of the waste and of their possible decomposition products in the liquid / foamy phase of the reactor. This control of the quantities introduced can be done automatically.

Avantageusement comme évoqué plus haut, on introduit les déchets et/ou les matières vitrifiables sous le niveau de la phase liquide/mousseuse du réacteur, pour éviter ou limiter au mieux les envols de déchets/fines.Advantageously, as mentioned above, waste and / or vitrifiable materials are introduced under the level of the liquid / foamy phase of the reactor, in order to avoid or to limit as much as possible the flights of waste / fines.

De préférence, les effluents gazeux contenant éventuellement des particules qui sont émis dans le réacteur sont évacués, canalisés afin de leur faire subir, si besoin est, tous les traitements de filtration/dépollution appropriés. Ces fumées peuvent ensuite être dirigées vers des récupérateurs de chaleur afin de s'y épuiser thermiquement, ou à contre-courant d'un des flux d'alimentation du réacteur, la chaleur ainsi restituée peut par exemple servir à préchauffer déchets et/ou matières vitrifiables.Preferably, the gaseous effluents optionally containing particles that are emitted into the reactor are evacuated, channeled in order to subject them, if necessary, all the appropriate filtration / depollution treatments. These fumes can then be directed to heat recovery units in order to be thermally exhausted or countercurrent to one of the reactor feed streams, the heat thus returned can for example be used to preheat waste and / or materials. vitrifiable.

Si cela s'avère approprié, on peut broyer/concasser les déchets et/ou les matières vitrifiables qui sont sous forme solide avant de les introduire dans le réacteur, notamment afin de les réduire en granulats de taille adéquate.If appropriate, the waste and / or vitrifiable materials that are in solid form can be crushed / crushed before being introduced into the reactor, in particular in order to reduce them to suitably sized aggregates.

L'achèvement du procédé consiste à soutirer du réacteur la phase chargée en déchets/produits de décompositions de déchets, qui, une fois solidifiée, peut être transforméeen granulats.The completion of the process consists in withdrawing from the reactor the phase charged with waste / waste decomposition products, which, once solidified, can be converted into granules.

On peut ainsi obtenir un vitrifiat valorisable, notamment pour constituer du calcin ou du silicate (silicate de sodium ou de calcium notamment), pour faire du verre plat (vitrages), du verre creux (bouteille, flacons), de la laine minérale d'isolation (laine de verre, laine de roche), ou du fil de verre textile, de renforcement.It is thus possible to obtain a valuable vitrification, in particular to constitute cullet or silicate (sodium or calcium silicate in particular), to make flat glass (glazing), hollow glass (bottle, flasks), mineral wool of insulation (glass wool, rockwool), or textile fiberglass, reinforcement.

On peut ainsi valoriser un vitrifiat à base de silicate de calcium pour la fabrication de verre plat silico-sodo-calcique ou pour la fabrication de verre textile (dans ce dernier cas, l'utilisation d'un silicate de calcium préfondu peut se substituer en tout ou en partie à la silice et à la chaux, ce qui permet de réduire les casses de fil sous filière).It is thus possible to valorize a calcium silicate vitrified for the manufacture of flat silico-soda-lime glass or for the manufacture of textile glass (in the latter case, the use of a prefabricated calcium silicate can replace all or part of the silica and lime, which reduces the breakage of wire sub-sector).

L'utilisation du vitrifiat dépend donc étroitement de sa composition. L'important est qu'il se conforme aux normes en vigueur.The use of vitrifiat therefore depends closely on its composition. The important thing is that it complies with the standards in force.

Les vitrifiats/granulats de moindre qualité peuvent aussi être utilisés en tant que charges de renfort, par exemple pour des revêtements routiers.The lower quality vitrifiats / aggregates can also be used as reinforcement fillers, for example for road surfaces.

L'invention sera ci-après décrite plus en détails à l'aide d'un exemple de réalisation non limitatif.The invention will hereinafter be described in more detail with the aid of a nonlimiting exemplary embodiment.

On réalise un fondoir dont les parois sont en matériaux réfractaires comme les fours verriers traditionnels ou en parois métalliques refroidies à l'eau. Il définit un volume de sensiblement plusieurs m3. Sa sole est équipée de plusieurs brûleurs immergés, disposés régulièrement sur la sole, et qui pénètrent dans le réacteur sur une hauteur réduite. Chaque brûleur est susceptible d'être alimenté en air ou en oxygène d'une part, et en gaz combustible (du type gaz naturel ou fioul ou autre gaz combustible), par deux circuits d'alimentation.A melter is made whose walls are made of refractory materials such as traditional glass furnaces or metal walls cooled with water. It defines a volume of substantially several m 3 . Its sole is equipped with several submerged burners, regularly placed on the floor, and which penetrate into the reactor on a reduced height. Each burner is likely to be supplied with air or oxygen on the one hand, and with fuel gas (of the natural gas or oil or other fuel gas type), by two feed circuits.

En fonctionnement de sécurité, quand on veut stopper la combustion, on peut injecter dans le brûleur un gaz inerte du type azote. Le fonctionnement des brûleurs est décrit plus en détail dans le brevet WO 9937591.In safety operation, when it is desired to stop the combustion, an inert gas of the nitrogen type can be injected into the burner. The operation of the burners is described in more detail in the patent WO 9937591.

On alimente le réacteur avec deux enfourneuses à vis sans fin, l'une pour les matières vitrifiables, l'autre pour les déchets. On peut aussi prévoir une étape prélable de mélange de déchets d'origines différentes. On peut aussi mélanger préalablement matières vitrifiables et déchets , et les introduire ensemble dans le réacteur).The reactor is fed with two auger feeders, one for vitrifiable materials, the other for waste. One can also provide a preliminary stage of mixing waste of different origins. It is also possible to mix vitrifiable materials and waste beforehand and to introduce them together into the reactor).

On amorce le procédé en l'alimentant d'abord uniquement en matières vitrifiables (sables), que l'on porte à fusion à au moins 1000°C grâce à l'apport thermique fourni par des brûleurs alimentés à la fois en comburant et en combustible.
On a alors constitué un bain de matières en fusion semi-liquide, semi-mousseux sur une hauteur donnée, agité de forts mouvements convectifs.
On peut ensuite faire fonctionner le procédé en continu : on alimente le réacteur en continu en déchets et en matières vitrifiables. On ajuste leurs quantités relatives selon la nature des déchets à traiter. Les déchets organiques sont entièrement brûlés. Les déchets minéraux sont fondus ou enrobés dans le bain.The process is started by first supplying only vitrifiable materials (sands), which are melted to at least 1000 ° C thanks to the heat input supplied by burners fed both with oxidizer and with combustible.
A bath of semi-liquid, semi-foamy melt materials was then formed over a given height, agitated by strong convective movements.
The process can then be operated continuously: the reactor is fed continuously with waste and vitrifiable materials. Their relative amounts are adjusted according to the nature of the waste to be treated. Organic waste is completely burned. The mineral waste is melted or embedded in the bath.

La quantité et la nature des matières minéraux introduites dans le réacteur (matériaux vitrifiables et matériaux faisant partie des déchets) sont à ajuster afin d'assurer au bain en fusion une viscosité compatible avec le fonctionnement des brûleurs immergés à la température considérée, mais aussi pour assurer la meilleure valorisation possible du silicate qui va être produit.The quantity and the nature of the mineral substances introduced into the reactor (vitrifiable materials and materials forming part of the waste) must be adjusted in order to ensure that the melt bath has a viscosity that is compatible with the operation of the burners immersed at the temperature in question, but also for ensure the best possible recovery of the silicate that will be produced.

En fonction de la quantité de matières organiques des déchets, au cours de procédé, on diminue ou même on stoppe l'alimentation en combustible gazeux des brûleurs immergés (on peut aussi choisir d'introduire du combustible organique solide ou liquide dans le réacteur en plus). On régule le débit de combustible/comburant gazeux des brûleurs en continu, en fonction des déchets introduits dans le réacteur.Depending on the amount of organic matter in the process, the gas feed of the submerged burners is reduced or even halted (it is also possible to introduce solid or liquid organic fuel into the reactor in addition to ). The fuel / gaseous oxidizer flow of the burners is regulated continuously, as a function of the waste introduced into the reactor.

Quand on stoppe l'alimentation en combustible gazeux des brûleurs immergés, on peut alimenter ceux-ci en air ou en oxygène par leurs deux circuits d'alimentation.When the gaseous fuel supply of the submerged burners is stopped, they can be supplied with air or oxygen through their two feed circuits.

Les fumées sont éliminées en partie haute du réacteur et peuvent être retraitées (par exemple en vue de récupérer un élément minéral particulièrement volatil contenu dans un déchet).The fumes are removed in the upper part of the reactor and can be reprocessed (for example in order to recover a particularly volatile mineral element contained in a waste).

Le verre/silicate chargé des déchets minéraux et/ou des cendres de combustion de déchets organiques est évacué en continu en partie basse du réacteur par un trou de coulée. Le temps de séjour des déchets dans le réacteur est court. Bien que de dimensions réduites, ce type de réacteur peut traiter rapidement de grandes quantités de déchets.The glass / silicate charged with mineral waste and / or ash from the combustion of organic waste is continuously discharged in the lower part of the reactor through a taphole. The residence time of the waste in the reactor is short. Although small in size, this type of reactor can quickly handle large quantities of waste.

On peut combiner différents déchets : il peut être avantageux de combiner un ou plusieurs déchets minéraux et un ou plusieurs déchets organiques au moins en partie, par exemple on peut associer :

  • ➢ des farines animales et des REFIOM,
  • ➢ des farines animales, des déchets de polyéthylène et des REFIOM, etc.,
  • en vue d'obtenir ta meilleure optimisation économique et énergétique.
One can combine different wastes: it can be advantageous to combine one or more mineral wastes and one or more organic waste at least in part, for example one can associate:
  • ➢ animal meal and REFIOM,
  • ➢ animal meal, polyethylene waste and REFIOM, etc.,
  • in order to obtain your best economic and energy optimization.

En conclusion, le procédé de l'invention, même avec des réacteurs très compacts, permet de détruire ou d'inerter des déchets efficacement avec un excellent rendement, un coût énergétique raisonnable et la capacité de valoriser les produits obtenus après traitement. Il est donc très compétitif, grâce à une nouvelle application de la technologie des brûleurs immergés.In conclusion, the process of the invention, even with very compact reactors, can destroy or inerter waste efficiently with excellent performance, a reasonable energy cost and the ability to value the products obtained after treatment. It is therefore very competitive, thanks to a new application of submerged burner technology.

Claims (14)

  1. A process for destroying waste and/or rendering it inert, in particular industrial, biological or farm-produce waste, characterized in that use is made of a reactor provided with heating means comprising at least one submerged burner, in that said reactor is fed with at least partially vitrifiable materials, which are heated with said heating means in order to form and to maintain, in the reactor, a phase forming a partly liquid and partly foamy bath over a given height at at least 800°C, in that said waste is introduced into said phase in order for its organic components to be decomposed therein by combustion and/or its inorganic components to be melted or coated in said phase, and in that said phase, charged with molten/coated waste and/or with combustion products from said waste, is withdrawn from the reactor.
  2. The process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the waste comprises at least one of the following compounds: waste products from the incineration of domestic refuse REFIOM, waste products from the incineration of industrial waste of the REFIDI type, enamels, dusts from electrostatic filters and from desulfurization, polluted cullet, sludges from the iron and steel industry, filter-press cakes, oxides and hydroxides resulting from the chemical industry, molding sand, scoria, clinker, sand polluted by hydrocarbons, glass furnace slag, wood waste or paper-manufacturing waste, animal meal, waste based on on halogenated or non halogenated organic polymer, glass/plastic composites or glass/metal composites.
  3. The process as claimed in either of the preceding claims, characterized in that the waste comprises organic components which at least partially supply the fuel necessary for the submerged burner(s), in particular the majority or the main part of said fuel.
  4. The process as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the waste comprises vitrifiable inorganic components which at least partially provide the vitrifiable materials necessary for forming the liquid phase at at least 800°C in the reactor.
  5. The process as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that various types of waste, exhibiting different degrees of toxicity and/or different contents of organic components and/or a different gross calorific value, are combined.
  6. The process as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the operation of the submerged burner(s) is adjusted according to the type and the amount of waste introduced.
  7. The process as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the flow rate of gaseous fuel and/or oxidant feed the submerged burner(s) is regulated at least according to the content of organic compounds in the waste.
  8. The process as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is implemented continuously, with continuous introductions into the reactor of the waste and vitrifiable materials, in particular by adjusting their respective contents in order to obtain complete immersion of the waste and of their possible decomposition products in the liquid/foamy phase.
  9. The process as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the waste and/or the vitrifiable materials is/are introduced under the level of the liquid/foamy phase, in particular using conveyor-belt or endless-screw furnace charging devices.
  10. The process as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the effluents in the gaseous and/or particulate form given off in the reactor are discharged, channeled and then treated/coated, if necessary.
  11. The process as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the phase charged with waste/waste decomposition products is withdrawn from the reactor in order to form aggregates therefrom.
  12. The process as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a preliminary stage of milling or crushing the waste in the solid form.
  13. The application of the process as claimed in one of the preceding claims in the manufacture of vitrified materials which can be enhanced in value, in particular for forming cullet or silicate, for forming flat glass, hollow glass, mineral wool or textile glass fiber, or for forming reinforcing fillers.
  14. The application of the process as claimed in one of claims 1 to 12 for vitrifying waste exhibiting different degrees of toxicity in order for it to conform, once vitrified, to the standards in force.
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JP3038185B2 (en) * 1998-04-16 2000-05-08 イノエンバイロテクノ株式会社 Waste incineration equipment

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EP1342032A1 (en) 2003-09-10
PT1342032E (en) 2006-11-30
ATE330178T1 (en) 2006-07-15
DE60120750T2 (en) 2007-06-14
AU2002219291A1 (en) 2002-06-24
FR2818358B1 (en) 2006-03-10
ES2265390T3 (en) 2007-02-16
US20040049094A1 (en) 2004-03-11
FR2818358A1 (en) 2002-06-21
DE60120750D1 (en) 2006-07-27
US6857999B2 (en) 2005-02-22
WO2002048612A1 (en) 2002-06-20

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