Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
  • G03C1/825—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers characterised by antireflection means or visible-light filtering means, e.g. antihalation
  • G03C1/83—Organic dyestuffs therefor
  • G03C1/832—Methine or polymethine dyes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
  • C09B23/0066—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain being part of a carbocyclic ring,(e.g. benzene, naphtalene, cyclohexene, cyclobutenene-quadratic acid)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
  • C09B23/0091—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes having only one heterocyclic ring at one end of the methine chain, e.g. hemicyamines, hemioxonol
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
  • C09B23/02—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain containing an odd number of >CH- or >C[alkyl]- groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
  • C09B23/10—The polymethine chain containing an even number of >CH- groups

Definitions

• This invention relates to dyes and, more particularly, to novel benzothiazine dyes that are useful in imaging materials including photographic materials.
• a wide variety of dyes are employed in photographic materials.
• spectral sensitizing dyes are used to extend the sensitivity of silver halides, which are inherently sensitive only to blue light, to other wavelengths of radiation.
• dyes commonly employed for this purpose are the cyanines and merocyanines, which are discussed in T. H. James, ed., The Theory of the Photographic Process, 4th Ed., Macmillan, New York, 1977, Chapter 8, and in F. M. Hamer, Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds, Wiley, New York, 1964.
• Photographic materials often contain filter dyes to absorb light from different regions of the spectrum, such as red, blue, green, ultraviolet, and infrared, to name a few. These filter dyes are often required to perform the function of absorbing light during exposure of the material so as to prevent or at least inhibit light of a specific spectral region from reaching at least one of the radiation sensitive layers of the element. Dyes are also used in color photographic materials as filters, typically located in overcoats or interlayers, to absorb incident radiation and improve image sharpness. It is a particular problem that many polymethine dyes used as intergrain absorbers in photographic films are fluorescent, and upon absorbing light at their absorbance maxima can in turn emit light in the form of fluorescence, generally at a wavelength longer than that of their absorbance maxima. Fluorescence by absorber dyes can result in false sensitization of sensitized emulsions, rendering some classes of dyes unfit for use in photographic materials.
• dyes are often used in non-imaging layers as antihalation dyes which absorb the radiation that passes through the imaging layers unabsorbed, and hence prevent undesirable blurriness of the final image. After processing of the element, however, the continued presence of the antihalation dye will adversely affect the image quality of the photographic material. It is therefore desirable to use antihalation dyes that will be solubilized and removed or at least decolorized during photographic processing. Dyes that are easily solubilized, however, tend to wander throughout the photographic material during coating, adversely affecting the final image quality. To prevent dye wandering, the dyes can be coated with a mordant to bind the dye in the layer in which it is coated.
• Dye mordants while often useful, tend to either bind the dye too strongly, inhibiting solubilization of the dye during photographic processing, or too weakly, thus not preventing dye wandering.
• dyes used as antihalation dyes or filter dyes may be formulated as solid particle dispersions.
• Solid particle dispersions allow for the coating of filter dyes in a layer-specific manner such that the dyes are immobile in coated acidic emulsion layers, but then are fully removed in the high pH environment of photographic processes.
• Solid particle dispersions of highly stable dyes also offer advantages for use in output media such as inkjet printing.
• the dyes of this invention can be conveniently synthesized and are useful dyes in imaging elements, including silver halide photographic materials and inkjet materials. Further, the dyes of the invention do not cause undesirable fluorescence.
• R 1 and R 4 each independently represents an aryl group containing 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
• R 2 and R 3 together form an aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system containing 6 to 14 atoms (for example, a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring).
• X may represent a sulfoxide, sulfone or dicyanovinyl
• Y may represent a sulfoxide, sulfone, carbonyl or dicyanovinyl.
• R 5 groups each individually represents an alkyl group of 1 to 20 (preferably 1 to 8) carbon atoms, an alkenyl group of 2 to 20 (preferably 2 to 8) carbon atoms, or an aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic or cycloalkyl group of 5 to 14 carbon atoms, or a hydroxy, alkoxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, amido, cyano, halogen, nitro or hydrogen.
• W represents an aryl group.
• substituted or “substituent” means any group or atom other than hydrogen.
• group when used, it means that when a substituent group contains a substitutable hydrogen, it is also intended to encompass not only the substituent's unsubstituted form, but also its form further substituted with any substituent group or groups so long as the substituent does not destroy properties necessary for photographic utility. If desired, the substituents may themselves be further substituted one or more times with the described substituent groups.
• substituents used may be selected by those skilled in the art to attain the desired photographic properties for a specific application and can include, for example, hydrophobic groups, solubilizing groups, blocking groups, and releasing or releasable groups.
• substituents may be joined together to form a ring such as a fused ring unless otherwise provided.
• D preferably contains an atom with an available electron pair positioned in conjugation with the X and Y groups in Formula II or in conjugation with the carbonyl oxygen of the benzothiazine ring in Formula III, said atom being an O, N, Se, S or C with at least one electron-withdrawing group bonded thereto, or D may be a group containing a benzene ring.
• D may particularly contain an O or N atom, or a -C(CN) 2 positioned in conjugation with the X and Y groups in Formula II or in conjugation with the carbonyl oxygen of the benzothiazine ring in Formula III.
• D is not a hemicyanine moiety.
• Particular groups for D include:
• R 6 represents an aryl group (which includes substituted or unsubstituted) preferably containing 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
• R 7 groups each individually represents an alkyl group of 1 to 20 (preferably 1 to 8) carbon atoms, an alkenyl group of 2 to 20 (preferably 2 to 8) carbon atoms, or an aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic or cycloalkyl group of 5 to 14 carbon atoms, or a hydroxy, carboxy, cyano, chloro, nitro or hydrogen.
• R 8 represents a hydrogen, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl, or an alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, or alkylthio group preferably of 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
• R 9 represents an alkyl group preferably of 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, or an arylalkyl or cycloalkyl group preferably of 5 to about 10 carbon atoms.
• G represents -O or -C(CN) 2 .
• Groups of up to 12 carbon atoms may particularly include aryl groups such as phenyl, or cycloalkyl groups such as a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.
• R 10 represents an alkyl group ("group" wherever used in the present application including the possibility of being substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) of 1 to 20 (preferably 1 to 8) carbon atoms or an alkenyl group of 2 to 20 (preferably of 2 to 8) carbon atoms; or an aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic or cycloalkyl group preferably of 5 to about 14 carbon atoms.
• R 11 represents an electron withdrawing group.
• preferred electron withdrawing substituents would have a Hammett ⁇ p constant of greater than 0.1 and preferably between 0.1 and 1.0 (for example, between any of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 or 0.6 and 1.0).
• Hammett ⁇ p values are discussed in Advanced Organic Chemistry 3rd Ed., J. March, (John Wiley Sons, N.Y.;1985). Note that the "p" subscript refers to the fact that the ⁇ values are measured with the substituents in the para position of a benzene ring. Additional tables relating to Hammett ⁇ p constants can be found in Chemical Reviews Volume 91, pages 165-195 (authored by C Hansch et al.).
• Groups for R 11 may include cyano, acyl, benzoyl, phenacyl, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, or alkylsulfonyl group (any of which particularly may have 2 to 20, and preferably of 2 to 8, carbon atoms), or an arylsulfonyl or any sulfamoyl group (either particularly including those of 1 to 8, and preferably 1 to 20, carbon atoms).
• R 10 and R 11 may together represent the non-metallic atoms necessary to complete a substituted or unsubstituted ring containing at least one 5-or 6-membered heterocyclic or unsaturated alicyclic nucleus.
• R 12 , R 15 , R 16 and R 17 each individually represents hydrogen, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl, or an alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, or alkylthio group preferably of 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
• R 13 and R 14 each individually represents an alkyl group preferably of 1 to 20 (and more preferably 1 to 8) carbon atoms or an alkenyl group preferably of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, or an aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic or cycloalkyl group preferably of 5 to about 14 carbon atoms.
• R 13 and R 14 together represent the non-metallic atoms required to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered ring with each other, or R 13 and R 14 individually represent the non-metallic atoms necessary to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered fused ring with the phenyl ring to which the nitrogen is attached.
• R 18 represents an alkyl group preferably of 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, or an arylalkyl or cycloalkyl group preferably of 5 to about 10 carbon atoms.
• G represents -O or -C(CN) 2 .
• Z 1 , Z 2 and Z 3 each individually represents the non-metallic atoms necessary to complete a substituted or unsubstituted ring system containing at least one 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic nucleus.
• the group formed by Z 2 may include pyridine, pyrazole, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and congeners, or fused ring systems such as indole, benzoxazole, and congeners.
• the atoms represented by Z 3 can complete a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic nucleus, which can be fused with additional substituted or unsubstituted rings such as a benzo ring.
• Suitable heterocyclic nuclei are of the type commonly used in sensitizing dyes and are well known in the art. Many are described, for example, in James, The Theory of the Photographic Process, 4th Edition, pages 195-203.
• Useful heterocyclic nuclei include thiazole, selenazole, oxazole, imidazole, indole, benzothiazole, benzindole, naphthothiazole, naphthoxazole, benzimidazole, and the like.
• Z represents the atoms necessary to complete a substituted or unsubstituted benzoxazole or benzothiazole nucleus.
• n 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
• p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
• q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
• r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
• s is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
• t is 0 or 1.
• Active methylene moieties of D4, as represented below, where G represents O, are well known in the art and are described, for example, in Hamer, Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds, pages 469-494 and 595-604.
• M + is a cation such as H + , Et 3 NH + , C 5 H 5 NH + , Na + , K + ,
• L 1 through L 6 are methine groups (the term "group", as already mentioned, is used in this application to include substituted or unsubstituted).
• Substituents on L 1 through L 6 may include a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, chloro or acetoxy, or cycloalkyl group, as described above for R 6 and R 7 .
• Any of L 1 through L 6 may be members of a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring (particularly a 5- or 6-membered ring of either type), such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and congeners.
• alkyl groups examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and congeners.
• Cycloalkyl groups can be cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl, and congeners.
• Alkenyl groups can be vinyl, 1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and congeners.
• Aryl groups can be phenyl, naphthyl, styryl, and congeners.
• Arylalkyl groups can be benzyl, phenethyl, and congeners.
• Useful substituents on any of the foregoing or other groups disclosed, include halogen, alkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, carbonamido, carboxy, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, sulfo, nitro, hydroxy, amino and congeners.
• Dyes introduced by this method are generally highly mobile and rapidly diffusing and often wander into other layers of the element, usually with deleterious results. While the use of polymeric mordants can prevent dye wandering, such mordants aggravate the stain problem encountered when the dye remains in the element through processing. Filter dyes have also been prepared as conventional dispersions in aqueous gelatin using standard colloid milling or homogenization methods or as loaded latices.
• Solid particle filter dyes introduced as dispersions when coated at sufficiently low pH, can eliminate problems associated with dye wandering.
• the particles have a mean diameter from 0.01 to 100 micrometers.
• the dyes may be located in any layer of the element where it is desirable to absorb light, but in photographic elements it is particularly advantageous to locate them in a layer where they will be solubilized and washed out during processing. Useful amounts of dye range from 1 to 1000 mg/m 2 .
• the dye should be present in an amount sufficient to yield an optical density at the absorbance Dmax in the spectral region of interest before processing of at least 0.10 density units and preferably at least 0.50 density units. This optical density will generally be less than 5.0 density units for most photographic applications.
• the dyes of the invention can be used as interlayer dyes, trimmer dyes, antihalation dyes or light-absorbing elements. They can be used to prevent crossover in X-ray materials as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,900,652 and 4,803,150 and European Patent Application Publication No. 0 391 405, to prevent unwanted light from reaching a sensitive emulsion layer of a multicolor photographic element as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,988,611, and for other uses as indicated by the absorbance spectrum of the particular dye.
• the dyes can be used in a separate filter layer or as an intergrain absorber.
• the dyes of Formula (II, IIA, III and IIIA) are useful for the preparation of radiation sensitive materials. Such materials are sensitive to radiation such as visible light, ultraviolet, infrared, or X-ray.
• the dyes of Formula (II, IIA, III and IIIA) are also useful in non-photographic imaging elements such output materials for inkjet applications.
• the non-photographic imaging material may also be an optical recording medium, such as a CD or other medium sensitive to a laser, or light-emitting diode.
• the radiation sensitive element is a photographic element comprising a support bearing at least one light sensitive hydrophilic colloid layer (Generally this is a silver halide emulsion layer) and at least one other hydrophilic colloid layer.
• a dye of Formula (II, IIA, III and IIIA) may be incorporated in a hydrophilic layer of the photographic element in any known way.
• the support of the element of the invention can be any of a number of well-known supports for photographic elements as discussed more fully below.
• the photographic elements made by the method of the present invention can be single color elements or multicolor elements.
• Multicolor elements contain dye image-forming units sensitive to each of the three primary regions of the spectrum.
• Each unit can be comprised of a single emulsion layer or of multiple emulsion layers sensitive to a given region of the spectrum.
• the layers of the element, including the layers of the image-forming units, can be arranged in various orders as known in the art.
• the emulsions sensitive to each of the three primary regions of the spectrum can be disposed as a single segmented layer.
• a typical multicolor photographic element comprises a support bearing a cyan dye image-forming unit comprised of at least one red-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having associated therewith at least one cyan dye-forming coupler, a magenta dye image-forming unit comprising at least one green-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having associated therewith at least one magenta dye-forming coupler, and a yellow dye image-forming unit comprising at least one blue-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having associated therewith at least one yellow dye-forming coupler.
• the element can contain additional layers, such as filter layers, interlayers, overcoat layers, subbing layers, and the like. All of these can be coated on a support which can be transparent or reflective (for example, a paper support).
• Photographic elements of the present invention may also usefully include a magnetic recording material as described in Research Disclosure, Item 34390, November 1992, or a transparent magnetic recording layer such as a layer containing magnetic particles on the underside of a transparent support as in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,279,945 and 4,302,523.
• the element typically will have a total thickness (excluding the support) of from 5 to 30 micrometers. While the order of the color sensitive layers can be varied, they will normally be red-sensitive, green-sensitive and blue-sensitive, in that order on a transparent support, (that is, blue sensitive furthest from the support) and the reverse order on a reflective support being typical.
• the present invention also contemplates the use of photographic elements of the present invention in what are often referred to as single use cameras (or "film with lens” units). These cameras are sold with film preloaded in them and the entire camera is returned to a processor with the exposed film remaining inside the camera. Such cameras may have glass or plastic lenses through which the photographic element is exposed.
• the silver halide emulsions employed in the photographic elements of the present invention may be negative-working, such as surface-sensitive emulsions or unfogged internal latent image forming emulsions, or positive working emulsions of internal latent image forming emulsions (that are either fogged in the element or fogged during processing).
• negative-working such as surface-sensitive emulsions or unfogged internal latent image forming emulsions
• positive working emulsions of internal latent image forming emulsions that are either fogged in the element or fogged during processing.
• Suitable emulsions and their preparation as well as methods of chemical and spectral sensitization are described in Sections I through V.
• Color materials and development modifiers are described in Sections V through XX.
• Vehicles which can be used in the photographic elements are described in Section II, and various additives such as brighteners, antifoggants, stabilizers, light absorbing and scattering materials, hardeners, coating aids, plasticizers, lubricants and matting agents are described, for example, in Sections VI through XIII. Manufacturing methods are described in all of the sections, layer arrangements particularly in Section XI, exposure alternatives in Section XVI, and processing methods and agents in Sections XIX and XX.
• a negative image can be formed.
• a positive (or reversal) image can be formed although a negative image is typically first formed.
• the photographic elements of the present invention may also use colored couplers (e.g., to adjust levels of interlayer correction) and masking couplers such as those described in EP 213 490; Japanese Published Application 58-172,647; U.S. Patent 2,983,608; German Application DE 2,706,117C; U.K. Patent 1,530,272; Japanese Application A-113935; U.S. Patent 4,070,191 and German Application DE 2,643,965.
• the masking couplers may be shifted or blocked.
• the photographic elements may also contain materials that accelerate or otherwise modify the processing steps of bleaching or fixing to improve the quality of the image.
• Bleach accelerators described in EP 193 389; EP 301 477; U.S. 4,163,669; U.S. 4,865,956; and U.S. 4,923,784 are particularly useful.
• nucleating agents, development accelerators or their precursors UK Patent 2,097,140; U.K. Patent 2,131,188
• electron transfer agents U.S. 4,859,578; U.S.
• antifogging and anti color-mixing agents such as derivatives of hydroquinones, aminophenols, amines, gallic acid; catechol; ascorbic acid; hydrazides; sulfonamidophenols; and non color-forming couplers.
• the elements may also contain filter dye layers comprising colloidal silver sol or yellow and/or magenta filter dyes and/or antihalation dyes (particularly in an undercoat beneath all light sensitive layers or in the side of the support opposite that on which all light sensitive layers are located) formulated either as oil-in-water dispersions, latex dispersions, solid particle dispersions, or as direct gelatin dispersions. Additionally, they may be used with "smearing" couplers (e.g., as described in U.S. 4,366,237; EP 096 570; U.S. 4,420,556; and U.S. 4,543,323.) Also, the couplers may be blocked or coated in protected form as described, for example, in Japanese Application 61/258,249 or U.S. 5,019,492.
• filter dye layers comprising colloidal silver sol or yellow and/or magenta filter dyes and/or antihalation dyes (particularly in an undercoat beneath all light sensitive layers or in the side of the support opposite that on which all light sensitive
• the photographic elements may further contain other image-modifying compounds such as "Developer Inhibitor-Releasing” compounds (DIR's).
• DIR's Developer Inhibitor-Releasing compounds
• DIR compounds are also disclosed in "Developer-Inhibitor-Releasing (DIR) Couplers for Color Photography," C.R. Barr, J.R. Thirtle and P.W. Vittum in Photographic Science and Engineering, Vol. 13, p. 174 (1969),
• the concepts of the present invention may be employed to obtain reflection color prints as described in Research Disclosure, November 1979, Item 18716, available from Kenneth Mason Publications, Ltd, Dudley Annex, 12a North Street, Emsworth, Hampshire PO10 7DQ, England.
• the emulsions and materials to form elements of the present invention maybe coated on pH adjusted support as described in U.S. 4,917,994; with epoxy solvents (EP 0 164 961); with additional stabilizers (as described, for example, in U.S. 4,346,165; U.S. 4,540,653 and U.S. 4,906,559); with ballasted chelating agents such as those in U.S.
• the silver halide used in the photographic elements may be silver iodobromide, silver bromide, silver chloride, silver chlorobromide, silver chloroiodobromide, and the like.
• the silver halide used in the photographic elements of the present invention may contain at least 90% silver chloride or more (for example, at least 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% silver chloride).
• some silver bromide may be present but typically substantially no silver iodide.
• Substantially no silver iodide means the iodide concentration would be no more than 1%, and preferably less than 0.5 or 0.1%.
• the silver chloride could be treated with a bromide source to increase its sensitivity, although the bulk concentration of bromide in the resulting emulsion will typically be no more than about 2 to 2.5% and preferably between about 0.6 to 1.2% (the remainder being silver chloride).
• the foregoing % figures are mole %.
• the grain are silver iodobromide with no more than 10% iodide.
• the type of silver halide grains preferably include polymorphic, tabular, cubic, and octahedral.
• the grain size of the silver halide may have any distribution known to be useful in photographic compositions, and may be either polydipersed or monodispersed.
• Tabular grains are those with two parallel major faces each clearly larger than any remaining grain face and tabular grain emulsions are those in which the tabular grains account for at least 30 percent, more typically at least 50 percent, preferably >70 percent and optimally >90 percent of total grain projected area.
• the tabular grains can account for substantially all (>97 percent) of total grain projected area.
• the emulsions typically exhibit high tabularity (T), where T (i.e., ECD/t2) > 25 and ECD and t are both measured in micrometers (mm).
• the tabular grains can be of any thickness compatible with achieving an aim average aspect ratio and/or average tabularity of the tabular grain emul-sion.
• the tabular grains satisfying projected area requirements are those having thicknesses of ⁇ 0.3 mm, thin ( ⁇ 0.2 mm) tabular grains being specifically preferred and ultra-thin ( ⁇ 0.07 mm) tabular grains being contemplated for maximum tabular grain performance enhancements.
• thicker tabular grains typically up to 0.5 mm in thickness, are contemplated.
• High iodide tabular grain emulsions are illustrated by House U.S. Patent 4,490,458, Maskasky U.S. Patent 4,459,353 and Yagi et al EPO 0 410 410.
• Tabular grains formed of silver halide(s) that form a face centered cubic (rock salt type) crystal lattice structure can have either ⁇ 100 ⁇ or ⁇ 111 ⁇ major faces.
• Emulsions containing ⁇ 111 ⁇ major face tabular grains, including those with controlled grain dispersities, halide distributions, twin plane spacing, edge structures and grain dislocations as well as adsorbed ⁇ 111 ⁇ grain face stabilizers, are illustrated in those references cited in Research Disclosure I, Section I.B.(3) (page 503).
• the silver halide grains to be used in the invention may be prepared according to methods known in the art, such as those described in Research Disclosure I and James, The Theory of the Photographic Process. These include methods such as ammoniacal emulsion making, neutral or acidic emulsion making, and others known in the art. These methods generally involve mixing a water soluble silver salt with a water soluble halide salt in the presence of a protective colloid, and controlling the temperature, pAg, pH values, etc, at suitable values during formation of the silver halide by precipitation.
• the silver halide to be used in the invention may be advantageously subjected to chemical sensitization with noble metal (for example, gold) sensitizers, middle chalcogen (for example, sulfur) sensitizers, reduction sensitizers and others known in the art.
• noble metal for example, gold
• middle chalcogen for example, sulfur
• reduction sensitizers and others known in the art.
• Compounds and techniques useful for chemical sensitization of silver halide are known in the art and described in Research Disclosure I and the references cited therein.
• Photographic emulsions generally include a vehicle for coating the emulsion as a layer of a photographic element.
• Useful vehicles include both naturally occurring substances such as proteins, protein derivatives, cellulose derivatives (e.g., cellulose esters), gelatin (e.g., alkali-treated gelatin such as cattle bone or hide gelatin, or acid treated gelatin such as pigskin gelatin), gelatin derivatives (e.g., acetylated gelatin, phthalated gelatin, and the like), and others as described in Research Disclosure I.
• Also useful as vehicles or vehicle extenders are hydrophilic water-permeable colloids.
• the vehicle can be present in the emulsion in any amount useful in photographic emulsions.
• the emulsion can also include any of the addenda known to be useful in photographic emulsions.
• Chemical sensitizers such as active gelatin, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhenium, phosphorous, or combinations thereof. Chemical sensitization is generally carried out at pAg levels of from 5 to 10, pH levels of from 5 to 8, and temperatures of from 30 to 80°C, as described in Research Disclosure I, Section IV (pages 510-511) and the references cited therein.
• the silver halide may be sensitized by sensitizing dyes by any method known in the art, such as described in Research Disclosure I.
• the dye may be added to an emulsion of the silver halide grains and a hydrophilic colloid at any time prior to (e.g., during or after chemical sensitization) or simultaneous with the coating of the emulsion on a photographic element.
• the dyes may, for example, be added as a solution in water or an alcohol.
• the dye/silver halide emulsion may be mixed with a dispersion of color image-forming coupler immediately before coating or in advance of coating (for example, 2 hours).
• Photographic elements of the present invention are preferably imagewise exposed using any of the known techniques, including those described in Research Disclosure I, section XVI. This typically involves exposure to light in the visible region of the spectrum, and typically such exposure is of a live image through a lens, although exposure can also be exposure to a stored image (such as a computer stored image) by means of light emitting devices (such as light emitting diodes, CRT and the like).
• a stored image such as a computer stored image
• Photographic elements comprising the composition of the invention can be processed in any of a number of well-known photographic processes utilizing any of a number of well-known processing compositions, described, for example, in Research Disclosure I, or in T.H. James, editor, The Theory of the Photographic Process, 4th Edition, Macmillan, New York, 1977.
• a negative working element the element is treated with a color developer (that is, one which will form the colored image dyes with the color couplers), and then with a oxidizer and a solvent to remove silver and silver halide.
• the element is first treated with a black and white developer (that is, a developer which does not form colored dyes with the coupler compounds) followed by a treatment to fog silver halide (usually chemical fogging or light fogging), followed by treatment with a color developer.
• a black and white developer that is, a developer which does not form colored dyes with the coupler compounds
• a treatment to fog silver halide usually chemical fogging or light fogging
• a color developer usually chemical fogging or light fogging
• the slurry was added slowly, at 0°C, to 300 ml of a stirring and dilute 10% v/v acetic acid solution, resulting in the precipitation of dye material.
• the crude dye material was collected by filtration and washed repeatedly with 150 ml of dilute acetic acid and 150 ml P-950 ligroin. Vacuum drying afforded 3.086 grams (92% yield) pure dye material. All analytical data were consistent with the structure.
• the slurry was added slowly, at 0°C, to 300 ml of a stirring and dilute 10% v/v acetic acid solution, resulting in the precipitation of dye material.
• the crude dye material was collected by filtration and washed repeatedly with 150 ml of dilute acetic acid and 150 ml P-950 ligroin. Vacuum drying afforded 3.843 grams (98% yield) pure dye material. All analytical data were consistent with the structure.
• This method is a significant improvement over preparations cited in the literature. It is general for placing many different alkyl or aralkyl substituents on the sulfonamide nitrogen.
• the alkylation/ring closure reaction series can be carried out in one pot as described above, or as separate reactions.
• the best results for the sulfonamide alkylation are obtained using a weak base, in which the pKa of the conjugate acid is less than 15, and most preferably a buffered system using carbonate or bicarbonate bases in dry solvent.
• the solvent is preferably 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone or a similar nitrogen-containing solvent that can be alkylated during the reaction. These solvents are superior to dimethylformamide, or alcoholic solvents.
• the alkylation reaction is carried out preferably between 25-150C, most preferably between 80-130C.
• the alkylation agent is preferably a milder variety such as methyl p-toluenesulfonate which is superior to more active alkylating agents such as methyl iodide or dimethylsulfate.
• the relative reactivities of common alkylating agents follow the approximate order R-Cl ⁇ RO-SO 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 - p ⁇ R-Br ⁇ R-I ⁇ R-O-SO 2 -O-R.
• Methyl brosylates, tosylates and nosylates are also preferred reagents for these sulfonamide alkylations.
• Dyes according to formulae (II) and (III) were prepared as solid particle dispersions by ball-milling according to the following procedure. Water (21.7 ml) and a 6.7% solution of Triton X-200TM surfactant (2.65 g) were placed in a 60 ml screw-capped bottle. A 1.00 g sample of dye was added to this solution. Zirconium oxide beads (40 ml, 2 mm diameter) were added and the container with the cap tightly secured was placed in a mill and the contents milled for four days. The container was removed and the contents added to a 12.5% aqueous gelatin (8.0 g) solution. The new mixture was placed on a roller mill for 10 minutes, and the resulting mixture was filtered to remove the zirconium oxide beads. The resulting dye dispersion had a particle size mean diameter less than 1.0 ⁇ m.
• the solid particle dispersions of these dyes were coated on a polyester support according to the following procedure.
• a spreading agent surfactant 10GTM
• a hardener bis(vinylsulfonylmethyl)ether
• a melt from this mixture was then coated on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) support to achieve a dye coverage of 0.27 g/m 2 , a gelatin coverage of 1.61 g/m 2 , a spreading agent level of 0.097 g/m 2 , and a hardener level of 0.016 g/m 2 .
• the absorbance of the dye dispersion was measured with a spectrophotometer.

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