EP1330595A2 - Particulate filter for purifying exhaust gases of internal combustion engines comprising hot spot ceramic ignitors - Google Patents

Particulate filter for purifying exhaust gases of internal combustion engines comprising hot spot ceramic ignitors

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Publication number
EP1330595A2
EP1330595A2 EP01983647A EP01983647A EP1330595A2 EP 1330595 A2 EP1330595 A2 EP 1330595A2 EP 01983647 A EP01983647 A EP 01983647A EP 01983647 A EP01983647 A EP 01983647A EP 1330595 A2 EP1330595 A2 EP 1330595A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
igniters
filter
filter body
hot spot
filter according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP01983647A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1330595B1 (en
Inventor
Sébastien BARDON
Craig Willkens
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saint Gobain Centre de Recherche et dEtudes Europeen SAS
Original Assignee
Saint Gobain Centre de Recherche et dEtudes Europeen SAS
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Publication date
Application filed by Saint Gobain Centre de Recherche et dEtudes Europeen SAS filed Critical Saint Gobain Centre de Recherche et dEtudes Europeen SAS
Publication of EP1330595A2 publication Critical patent/EP1330595A2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1330595B1 publication Critical patent/EP1330595B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S55/00—Gas separation
    • Y10S55/10—Residue burned
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S55/00—Gas separation
    • Y10S55/30—Exhaust treatment

Definitions

  • the filter according to the present invention makes it possible to establish and maintain a substantially uniform temperature in the filtering body 1.
  • the device shown in FIG. 7 comprises, igniters 3a, 3b and 3c connected to a computer 18 by means of electric wires 20a, 20b and 20c, respectively, and means of evaluation 22 of thermomechanical constraints in the filter body 1.
  • the evaluation means 22 are able to inform the computer 18.
  • the evaluation means 22 may comprise means for measuring the temperature gradients within the filter body 1, for example temperature sensors disposed in the filter body 1, and means for deducing the thermomechanical constraints therefrom. They can also include modeling means capable of evaluating these gradients and / or the thermo-mechanical constraints, for example as a function of the running time of the vehicle.
  • the ceramic hot spot igniters 3a-3c can advantageously be introduced into the thickness of the bonding zones.
  • the above-mentioned embodiments are given for the sole purpose of illustrating the invention and are in no way limiting.
  • the positioning of the igniters in and / or near the filter body could be done in various other ways, taking advantage of the small size of the ceramic igniters used in the invention.
  • igniters for reasons of simplification, we have only shown igniters in the form of sticks, but igniters having other shapes and dimensions suitable for use for the regeneration of filters according to the invention could be used.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
  • Filtering Materials (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)

Abstract

The invention concerns a particulate filter for purifying exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, in particular of a diesel engine, comprising a filtering body and heating means for initiating combustion of soot particles accumulated on and in the filtering body. The invention is characterised in that said means comprise at least a hot spot ceramic ignitor (3). The invention is applicable in the automotive industry.

Description

Filtres à particules pour la purification des gaz d'échappement des moteurs à combustion interne comportant des allumeurs céramiques du type à point chaud.Particulate filters for purifying exhaust gases from internal combustion engines with ceramic hot spot type igniters.
L'invention concerne l'utilisation d'allumeurs céramiques pour la régénération des filtres à particules de purification des gaz d'échappement des moteurs à combustion interne, en particulier des moteurs diesel équipant les véhicules automobiles. Des structures poreuses en nid d'abeille sont utilisées comme corps filtrants pour la filtration des particules émises par les véhicules diesel. Généralement, ces corps filtrants sont en céramique (cordiérite, carbure de silicium,...). Ils peuvent être monolithiques ou bien constitués de différents blocs. Dans ce dernier cas, les blocs sont assemblés entre eux par collage au moyen d'un ciment céramique. Le tout est ensuite usiné pour lui conférer la section souhaitée, ronde ou ovoïde en général. Le corps filtrant peut comporter une pluralité de canaux, obturés à l'une ou l'autre de leurs extrémités, qui peuvent avoir, en section transversale, des formes et des diamètres différents et est inséré dans une enveloppe métallique, par exemple comme décrit dans FR-A-2 789 327. Après un certain temps d'utilisation, des suies s'accumulent dans les canaux du corps filtrant, en particulier sur la face amont, ce qui augmente la perte de charge due au corps filtrant et diminue ainsi la performance du moteur. Pour cette raison, le corps filtrant doit être régénéré régulièrement (par exemple tous les 500 kilomètres).The invention relates to the use of ceramic igniters for the regeneration of particulate filters for purifying exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, in particular diesel engines fitted to motor vehicles. Porous honeycomb structures are used as filtering bodies for the filtration of particles emitted by diesel vehicles. Generally, these filter bodies are made of ceramic (cordierite, silicon carbide, etc.). They can be monolithic or else consist of different blocks. In the latter case, the blocks are assembled together by gluing using a ceramic cement. The whole is then machined to give it the desired section, round or ovoid in general. The filter body may comprise a plurality of channels, closed at one or the other of their ends, which may have, in cross section, different shapes and diameters and is inserted in a metal casing, for example as described in FR-A-2 789 327. After a certain period of use, soot builds up in the channels of the filter body, in particular on the upstream face, which increases the pressure drop due to the filter body and thus decreases the engine performance. For this reason, the filter body must be regenerated regularly (for example every 500 km).
La régénération consiste à oxyder les suies. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire de chauffer étant donné que la température d'auto-inflammation des suies est de l'ordre de 600°C dans des conditions de fonctionnement classiques alors que la température des gaz d'échappement n'est que de l'ordre de 300°C. Il est possible, cependant, d'ajouter des additifs dans le carburant qui permettent de catalyser la réaction d'oxydation des suies et d'abaisser la température d'auto-inflammation de 150°C environ. Le chauffage peut concerner les gaz d'échappement, le corps filtrant ou bien même directement les suies. Différentes techniques ont été développées mais elles demandent beaucoup d'énergie et sont très souvent difficiles à contrôler.Regeneration consists of oxidizing the soot. To do this, it is necessary to heat since the auto-ignition temperature of the soot is of the order of 600 ° C. under conventional operating conditions while the temperature of the exhaust gases is only around 300 ° C. It is possible, however, to add additives to the fuel which catalyze the oxidation reaction of the soot and lower the auto-ignition temperature by about 150 ° C. The heating can relate to the exhaust gases, the filter body or even directly soot. Different techniques have been developed but they require a lot of energy and are very often difficult to control.
Une approche récente et avantageuse consiste à chauffer localement (en avant du corps filtrant) de manière à initier la combustion qui se propage alors progressivement à l'ensemble du corps filtrant. Ce type de technique est par exemple décrit dans FR-A-2 771 449 ou DE-A-19530749. Les moyens de chauffage des particules déposées sur le corps filtrant sont reliés à une source d'alimentation en énergie électrique du véhicule et sont constitués, par exemple, de bougies de préchauffage pour moteur diesel.A recent and advantageous approach consists in heating locally (in front of the filter body) so as to initiate combustion which then progressively propagates to the whole of the filter body. This type of technique is for example described in FR-A-2 771 449 or DE-A-19530749. The means for heating the particles deposited on the filter body are connected to a source of electrical energy supply to the vehicle and consist, for example, of glow plugs for diesel engines.
Ces moyens de chauffage présentent plusieurs inconvénients. Tout d'abord, leur encombrement est important ce qui rend leur positionnement par rapport au corps filtrant difficile. Sur la figure 2 de FR-A-2 771 449, on voit bien qu'il n'est pas possible de placer ces moyens de chauffage au contact direct des suies et encore moins au cœur du corps filtrant. Par ailleurs, on constate que la présence de ces moyens de chauffage rend un certain nombre de canaux du corps filtrant inaccessible aux gaz d'échappement ce qui réduit considérablement son efficacité. D'autre part, l'énergie consommée est importante et, la montée en température étant assez lente, le système de régénération a donc un temps de réponse médiocre.These heating means have several drawbacks. First of all, their size is important which makes their positioning relative to the filter body difficult. In FIG. 2 of FR-A-2 771 449, it is clear that it is not possible to place these heating means in direct contact with the soot and even less in the heart of the filter body. Furthermore, it can be seen that the presence of these heating means makes a certain number of channels of the filter body inaccessible to the exhaust gases, which considerably reduces its efficiency. On the other hand, the energy consumed is important and, the rise in temperature being quite slow, the regeneration system therefore has a mediocre response time.
D'autres moyens de chauffage, tels que de simples résistances électriques, sont mal adaptés car les températures peuvent atteindre plus de 1000°C dans le filtre lors de la combustion des suies et, dans ces conditions de température et d'oxydation, peu de matériaux peuvent être utilisés, les problèmes d'usure rapide due à la corrosion devenant très importants.Other heating means, such as simple electrical resistances, are ill-suited since the temperatures can reach more than 1000 ° C. in the filter during the combustion of the soot and, under these conditions of temperature and oxidation, little materials can be used, problems of rapid wear due to corrosion becoming very important.
Il existe donc un besoin pour des moyens de chauffage pour filtres à particules de purification des gaz d'échappement des moteurs à combustion interne, notamment des moteurs Diesel, qui soient exempts des inconvénients précités.There is therefore a need for heating means for particulate filters for purifying the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, in particular diesel engines, which are free from the abovementioned drawbacks.
L'invention vise à satisfaire ce besoin.The invention aims to satisfy this need.
Plus particulièrement l'invention a pour objet un filtre à particules de purification des gaz d'échappement d'un moteur à combustion interne, en particulier d'un moteur diesel, comprenant un corps filtrant et des moyens de chauffage dudit corps filtrant, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens comprennent au moins un allumeur céramique du type à point chaud.More particularly, the subject of the invention is a particulate filter for purifying the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, in particular of a diesel engine, comprising a filter body and means for heating said filter body, characterized in that said means comprises at least one ceramic igniter of the hot spot type.
Les allumeurs céramiques à point chaud sont disponibles dans le commerce et sont de petites pièces qui, lorsqu'elles sont traversées par un courant électrique, sont localement portées à une température très élevée (1200 à 1400°C) permettant l'allumage de gaz. Ces pièces sont utilisées dans certains appareils ménagers tels que les cuisinières à gaz, par exemple, pour allumer les brûleurs. Ces allumeurs sont habituellement constitués d'un matériau céramique hautement résistif tel que le carbure de silicium, parfois en mélange avec d'autres composants céramiques. La relation entre la résistance électrique de ces pièces et leur géométrie est bien connue ; ainsi, les allumeurs céramiques peuvent adopter des formes nombreuses et diverses ce qui rend leur utilisation facile. A titre indicatif, dans la gamme des allumeurs MINI-IGNITER® disponibles auprès de la société NORTON, la longueur des pièces peut varier entre 2 et 4 centimètres pour une largeur de quelques millimètres.Ceramic hot spot igniters are commercially available and are small parts which, when crossed by an electric current, are locally brought to a very high temperature (1200 to 1400 ° C) allowing the ignition of gas. These parts are used in some household appliances such as gas stoves, for example, to light the burners. These igniters are usually made of a highly resistive ceramic material such as silicon carbide, sometimes mixed with other ceramic components. The relationship between the electrical resistance of these parts and their geometry is well known; thus, ceramic igniters can take many and diverse forms which makes their use easy. As an indication, in the range of MINI-IGNITER® igniters available from the company NORTON, the length of the parts can vary between 2 and 4 centimeters for a width of a few millimeters.
Des informations détaillées concernant la structure et la fabrication des allumeurs céramiques peuvent être trouvées dans les brevets U.S. Nos. 5 191 508, 5 085 804, 5 045 237, 4 429 003 et 3 974 106, tous propriété de la Société NORTON COMPANY. Les avantages offerts par l'utilisation de ces allumeurs céramiques sont nombreux.Detailed information regarding the structure and manufacture of ceramic igniters can be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,191,508, 5,085,804, 5,045,237, 4,429,003 and 3,974,106, all owned by NORTON COMPANY. The advantages offered by the use of these ceramic igniters are numerous.
Tout d'abord, leur encombrement est faible ce qui permet de nouveaux positionnements plus avantageux dans le filtre. Placés plus près des suies, ces moyens de chauffage transmettent la chaleur en minimisant les déperditions. De plus, les allumeurs céramiques à point chaud consomment peu d'énergie puisqu'ils présentent une faible surface à chauffer et que les matériaux céramiques utilisés sont parfaitement adaptés. Ainsi, ils peuvent tout à fait être alimentés par la ou les sources d'énergie du véhicule sur lequel le filtre est monté.First of all, their size is small which allows new, more advantageous positions in the filter. Placed closer to the soot, these heating means transmit heat while minimizing heat loss. In addition, ceramic hot-spot igniters consume little energy since they have a small surface to be heated and the ceramic materials used are perfectly suited. Thus, they can completely be supplied by the energy source or sources of the vehicle on which the filter is mounted.
L'utilisation des allumeurs céramiques à point chaud permet surtout d'avoir un système avec un temps de réponse très court. En effet, alors que les bougies mettent de 10 à 40 secondes pour atteindre 1000°C, les allumeurs céramiques ne mettent que 3 à 6 secondes pour atteindre la même température. Ceci est crucial puisque si le chauffage n'est pas suffisamment rapide, les suies ont tendance à se consumer plutôt que de s'enflammer ; il en résulte une sorte de barrière qui empêche la propagation de la combustion. Par ailleurs, la régénération du filtre n'est commandée et généralement déclenchée que lorsque le régime du moteur est optimal. En effet, l'efficacité de la régénération dépend beaucoup du régime moteur. Avec un temps de réponse très court, on limite considérablement le risque d'un changement de régime important entre le déclenchement du processus de régénération et le moment où les suies s'enflamment effectivement.The use of ceramic hot spot igniters above all makes it possible to have a system with a very short response time. Indeed, while the candles take 10 to 40 seconds to reach 1000 ° C, the ceramic igniters take only 3 to 6 seconds to reach the same temperature. This is crucial since if the heating is not fast enough, the soot tends to burn rather than ignite; this results in a kind of barrier which prevents the propagation of combustion. Furthermore, the regeneration of the filter is only controlled and generally triggered when the engine speed is optimal. Indeed, the efficiency of regeneration depends a lot on the engine speed. With a very short response time, we considerably limit the risk of a significant change in diet between the initiation of the regeneration process and the moment when the soot actually ignites.
La faible consommation d'énergie de chaque allumeur rend possible l'utilisation simultanée de plusieurs allumeurs ainsi que l'ont montré des essais. Toutefois, le nombre d'allumeurs peut être plus ou moins important en fonction de leurs caractéristiques propres ainsi que du type du filtre sur lequel ils sont utilisés. La petite taille des allumeurs permet un positionnement très précis. Ceci peut être avantageux en particulier pour bien couvrir les zones où l'on sait que la régénération se fait mal dans les systèmes classiques, le plus souvent en périphérie du corps filtrant. Le faible encombrement de ces sources de chaleur permet également de se rapprocher le plus possible du corps filtrant ; on peut même avoir un point de contact entre le point chaud de l'allumeur et le corps filtrant ou les suies déposées à sa surface.The low energy consumption of each igniter makes it possible to use several igniters simultaneously, as tests have shown. However, the number of igniters can be more or less important depending on their own characteristics as well as the type of filter on which they are used. The small size of the igniters allows very precise positioning. This can be advantageous in particular for properly covering the areas where it is known that regeneration is badly done in conventional systems, most often at the periphery of the filter body. The small size of these heat sources also makes it possible to get as close as possible to the filter body; one can even have a point of contact between the hot spot of the igniter and the filtering body or the soot deposited on its surface.
Avantageusement, ledit corps filtrant comporte une pluralité de blocs filtrants assemblés par l'intermédiaire d'au moins une zone de collage, encore appelée « joint d'assemblage », au moins un desdits allumeurs étant disposé dans l'épaisseur de ladite zone.Advantageously, said filter body comprises a plurality of filter blocks assembled by means of at least one bonding zone, also called “assembly joint”, at least one of said igniters being arranged in the thickness of said zone.
L'invention concerne encore un procédé d'atténuation de contraintes thermomécaniques dans un filtre à particules, remarquable en ce qu'on chauffe sélectivement des zones relativement froides dudit filtre, de manière à diminuer les gradients de températures à l'origine desdites contraintes.The invention also relates to a method for attenuating thermomechanical stresses in a particle filter, remarkable in that selectively heating relatively cold zones of said filter, so as to reduce the temperature gradients at the origin of said stresses.
L'invention concerne enfin un dispositif de mise en œuvre du procédé d'atténuation de contraintes thermo-mécaniques selon l'invention, remarquable en ce qu'il comporte des allumeurs adaptés au chauffage d'au moins une desdites zones, un calculateur de commande desdits allumeurs, et des moyens d'évaluation desdits contraintes aptes à informer ledit calculateur, ledit calculateur étant programmé de manière à commander l'allumage sélectif desdits allumeurs quand lesdites contraintes dépassent un seuil déterminé.The invention finally relates to a device for implementing the method for attenuating thermo-mechanical stresses according to the invention, remarkable in that it includes igniters suitable for heating at least one of said zones, a control computer. said igniters, and means for evaluating said constraints capable of informing said computer, said computer being programmed so as to command the selective ignition of said igniters when said constraints exceed a determined threshold.
La description qui va suivre, faite en se référant aux dessins annexés, permettra de mieux comprendre et apprécier les avantages de l'invention. Sur les dessins :The description which follows, made with reference to the accompanying drawings, will make it possible to better understand and appreciate the advantages of the invention. In the drawings:
Les figures 1 a et 1 b sont des vues schématiques en coupe longitudinale montrant deux modes de réalisation d'un filtre selon l'invention dans lesquels les allumeurs céramiques à point chaud sont fixés à travers l'enveloppe métallique entourant le corps filtrant et en amont de celui-ci. Les figures 2a et 2b sont des vues schématiques en coupe axiale longitudinale et en coupe transversale selon la ligne ll-ll de la figure 2a, respectivement, montrant un autre mode de réalisation dans lequel les allumeurs céramiques à point chaud sont fixés sur un anneau positionné au contact de la face avant du corps filtrant. Les figures 3a et 3b sont des vues schématiques en coupe axiale longitudinale et en coupe transversale selon la ligne lll-lll de la figure 3a, respectivement, montrant encore un autre mode de réalisation dans lequel les allumeurs céramiques à point chaud sont disposés dans des canaux du corps filtrant. La figure 4 est une vue schématique en coupe transversale montrant un autre mode de réalisation dans lequel les allumeurs céramiques à point chaud sont positionnés au contact de la face amont du corps filtrant.Figures 1a and 1b are schematic views in longitudinal section showing two embodiments of a filter according to the invention in which the ceramic hot spot igniters are fixed through the metal casing surrounding the filter body and upstream of it. Figures 2a and 2b are schematic views in longitudinal axial section and in cross section along line II-II of Figure 2a, respectively, showing another embodiment in which the ceramic hot spot igniters are fixed on a ring positioned in contact with the front face of the filter body. Figures 3a and 3b are schematic views in longitudinal axial section and in cross section along the line III-III of Figure 3a, respectively, showing yet another embodiment in which the ceramic hot spot igniters are arranged in channels of the filter body. Figure 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another embodiment in which the ceramic hot-spot igniters are positioned in contact with the upstream face of the filter body.
La figure 5 est une vue schématique en coupe axiale longitudinale montrant encore un autre mode de réalisation dans lequel les allumeurs céramiques à point chaud sont positionnés dans le corps du corps filtrant, mais au travers de l'enveloppe métallique.FIG. 5 is a schematic view in longitudinal axial section showing yet another embodiment in which the ceramic hot spot igniters are positioned in the body of the filter body, but through the metal casing.
La figure 6 est une vue schématique en coupe axiale longitudinale illustrant un mode de réalisation supplémentaire dans lequel les allumeurs à point chaud sont disposés en aval du corps filtrant. La figure 7 représente schématiquement un dispositif de mise en œuvre du procédé d'atténuation de contraintes thermo-mécaniques selon l'invention, le filtre étant représenté en coupe transversale.Figure 6 is a schematic view in longitudinal axial section illustrating an additional embodiment in which the hot-spot igniters are arranged downstream of the filter body. FIG. 7 schematically represents a device for implementing the method for attenuating thermo-mechanical stresses according to the invention, the filter being shown in cross section.
Les figures 1a et 1 b montrent un filtre comprenant un corps filtrant 1 abrité dans une enveloppe métallique 2. Le corps filtrant 1 est constitué de blocs collés les uns aux autres et percés de multiples canaux comme on le verra mieux sur la figure 2b. Les gaz d'échappement arrivent par l'entrée 4. Dans les deux modes de réalisation représentés, quatre allumeurs céramiques à point chaud 3 (deux seulement sont visibles sur les figures 1a et 1 b) traversent l'enveloppe métallique 2. Ils sont positionnés dans des plans orthogonaux deux à deux et, soit obliquement par rapport à l'axe longitudinal du filtre (figure 1a), soit perpendiculairement à cet axe (figure 1 b) en faisant en sorte que le point chaud 3' de chaque allumeur soit situé à proximité immédiate de la face amont du corps filtrant. Le rayonnement et l'émission de chaleur permettent ainsi d'enflammer les suies et d'initier leur combustion par propagation dans tout le corps filtrant. Les figures 2a et 2b illustrent un mode de réalisation dans lequel les allumeurs sont portés par une bague 5 disposée dans l'enveloppe métallique 2 juste devant le corps filtrant 1 . Pour que le positionnement de la bague par rapport au corps filtrant soit très précis, on peut envisager de la coller avec un ciment céramique de même type que celui utilisé pour coller les différents blocs de canaux constituant le corps filtrant. Cette bague 5 peut être constituée du même matériau que le corps filtrant et a la même section. Dans cet exemple, il s'agit d'une section circulaire comme le montre bien la figure 2b. Quatre allumeurs céramiques 3 sont répartis équiangulairement sur le pourtour intérieur de la bague 5 par exemple comme le montre mieux la figure 2b. Sur cette figure, on voit en arrière-plan (représentées en pointillés) les zones de collage 6 entre les différents blocs 7 percés de canaux constituant le corps filtrant. Pour simplifier le dessin, les canaux ont été représentés dans un seul bloc, leur nombre a été diminué et leur section ainsi que l'épaisseur entre les parois de deux canaux consécutifs ont été augmentées. La bague 5 est orientée de façon que les allumeurs 3 soient en coïncidence avec des zones de collage 6.Figures 1a and 1b show a filter comprising a filter body 1 housed in a metal casing 2. The filter body 1 consists of blocks glued to each other and pierced with multiple channels as will be seen better in Figure 2b. The exhaust gases arrive via the inlet 4. In the two embodiments shown, four ceramic hot-spot igniters 3 (only two are visible in FIGS. 1a and 1b) pass through the metal casing 2. They are positioned in orthogonal planes two by two and, either obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the filter (Figure 1a), or perpendicular to this axis (Figure 1b) by ensuring that the hot spot 3 'of each igniter is located in the immediate vicinity of the upstream face of the filter body. The radiation and the emission of heat thus make it possible to ignite the soot and to initiate its combustion by propagation throughout the filtering body. FIGS. 2a and 2b illustrate an embodiment in which the igniters are carried by a ring 5 arranged in the metal casing 2 just in front of the filter body 1. So that the positioning of the ring relative to the filter body is very precise, it can be envisaged to bond it with a ceramic cement of the same type as that used for bonding the various blocks of channels constituting the filter body. This ring 5 can be made of the same material as the filter body and has the same section. In this example, it is a circular section as shown in Figure 2b. Four ceramic igniters 3 are distributed equiangularly around the inner periphery of the ring 5 for example as best shown in FIG. 2b. In this figure, we see in the background (shown in dotted lines) the bonding zones 6 between the different blocks 7 pierced with channels constituting the filter body. To simplify the drawing, the channels have been shown in a single block, their number has been reduced and their cross section and the thickness between the walls of two consecutive channels have been increased. The ring 5 is oriented so that the igniters 3 are in coincidence with bonding zones 6.
Ce mode de réalisation présente plusieurs avantages sur ceux des figures 1a et 1b.This embodiment has several advantages over those of FIGS. 1a and 1b.
En effet, il permet d'éviter le positionnement des allumeurs à travers l'enveloppe métallique ce qui est un point important pour les lignes d'assemblage automatisé utilisées dans l'industrie automobile.Indeed, it makes it possible to avoid the positioning of the igniters through the metal casing which is an important point for the automated assembly lines used in the automotive industry.
Il y a un contact intime entre le point chaud des allumeurs et le corps filtrant ou les suies accumulées sur le corps filtrant et la chaleur se transmet de l'un à l'autre par conduction et non plus seulement par rayonnement. La montée en température rapide des allumeurs ainsi que le contact intime susmentionné permettent d'avoir un temps de réponse du système largement amélioré par rapport aux dispositifs de l'art antérieur.There is an intimate contact between the hot spot of the igniters and the filter body or the soot accumulated on the filter body and the heat is transmitted from one to the other by conduction and no longer only by radiation. The rapid rise in temperature of the igniters as well as the aforementioned intimate contact make it possible to have a response time of the system greatly improved compared to the devices of the prior art.
Par ailleurs, ce mode de réalisation a l'avantage supplémentaire de ne pas affecter du tout le fonctionnement du filtre. En effet, les allumeurs étant positionnés en regard de zones de collage 6, ceci évite d'obstruer des canaux.Furthermore, this embodiment has the additional advantage of not affecting the operation of the filter at all. Indeed, the igniters being positioned opposite bonding zones 6, this avoids obstructing channels.
Ce mode de réalisation concerne un filtre dont le corps filtrant est constitué de l'assemblage de différents blocs de section carrée mais le principe consistant à monter les allumeurs sur un support distinct du corps filtrant et contigu à celui-ci pourrait s'appliquer à d'autres conceptions de corps filtrants.This embodiment relates to a filter, the filter body of which consists of the assembly of different blocks of square section, but the principle consisting in mounting the igniters on a support separate from and adjacent to the filter body could apply to d other designs of filter bodies.
Les figures 3a et 3b illustrent également un mode de réalisation dans lequel on a inséré une bague 5" dans l'enveloppe métallique 2 devant le corps filtrant 1. Ici, la bague circonscrit une grille de support 8 constituée du même matériau que la bague et d'un seul tenant avec elle. Aux intersections 9 de la grille sont fixés quatre allumeurs céramiques 3 orientés perpendiculairement à la grille et insérés à l'intérieur de canaux du corps filtrant. Comme précédemment, on a schématisé en arrière-plan quelques sections de canaux 7. C'est évidemment la petite taille des allumeurs qui permet un tel positionnement.FIGS. 3a and 3b also illustrate an embodiment in which a ring 5 "has been inserted in the metal casing 2 in front of the filter body 1. Here, the ring circumscribes a support grid 8 made of the same material as the ring and in one piece with it. At the intersections 9 of the grid are fixed four ceramic igniters 3 oriented perpendicularly to the grid and inserted inside channels of the filter body. As before, we have schematized in the background some sections of channels 7. It is obviously the small size of the igniters that allows such positioning.
Ce mode de réalisation est décrit en relation avec un filtre dont le corps filtrant résulte de l'assemblage de différents blocs de section carrée mais le principe consistant à positionner les allumeurs à l'intérieur de canaux du corps filtrant pourrait, bien évidemment, s'appliquer à d'autres conceptions de corps filtrants.This embodiment is described in relation to a filter, the filter body of which results from the assembly of different blocks of square section, but the principle consisting in positioning the igniters inside channels of the filter body could, of course, apply to other designs of filter bodies.
La figure 4 montre la face amont d'un corps filtrant 1 logé dans une enveloppe métallique 2. Le corps filtrant est constitué de blocs collés les uns aux autres selon des zones de collage 6. La schématisation a suivi les mêmes règles que pour les figures 2b et 3b. Dans ce mode de réalisation, la face amont du corps filtrant a été usinée à l'endroit des zones de collage 6 de manière à former des renfoncements dans lesquels sont encastrés les allumeurs céramiques 3. Ceux-ci peuvent être collés ou non sur la face du corps filtrant.FIG. 4 shows the upstream face of a filter body 1 housed in a metal casing 2. The filter body is made up of blocks glued to each other according to bonding zones 6. The diagram has followed the same rules as for the figures 2b and 3b. In this embodiment, the upstream face of the filter body has been machined at the location of the bonding zones 6 so as to form recesses in which the ceramic igniters 3 are embedded. These may or may not be bonded to the face of the filter body.
En variante de cet exemple, et pour des raisons de simplicité de mise en œuvre, on pourrait simplement coller les allumeurs sur la face amont du corps filtrant sans usinage de ce dernier.As a variant of this example, and for reasons of simplicity of implementation, one could simply stick the igniters on the upstream face of the filter body without machining the latter.
Ces modes de réalisation présentent l'avantage de ne pas traverser l'enveloppe métallique et de ne pas nécessiter l'ajout d'un élément supplémentaire tel qu'une bague. Par ailleurs, le passage des gaz d'échappement n'est pas affecté puisque aucun canal n'est obstrué par les allumeurs.These embodiments have the advantage of not passing through the metal casing and of not requiring the addition of an additional element such as a ring. Furthermore, the passage of the exhaust gases is not affected since no channel is obstructed by the igniters.
Ce mode de réalisation est décrit en relation avec un filtre dont le corps filtrant résulte de l'assemblage de différents blocs de section carrée mais le principe consistant à fixer les allumeurs directement sur le corps filtrant ou dans des renfoncements pratiqués à la surface du filtre pourrait s'appliquer à d'autres conceptions de corps filtrants.This embodiment is described in relation to a filter whose filter body results from the assembly of different blocks of square section but the principle consisting in fixing the igniters directly on the filter body or in recesses made on the surface of the filter could apply to other designs of filter bodies.
La figure 5 représente un mode de réalisation dans lequel l'enveloppe et le corps filtrant sont percés afin d'y ménager des alésages dans lesquels les allumeurs céramiques 3 sont insérés. Avec ce mode de réalisation on évite ainsi de chauffer le flux gazeux et toute l'énergie calorifique est transmise aux suies. De manière surprenante, les allumeurs céramiques fonctionnent dans ces conditions particulières d'utilisation. En effet, ils sont utilisés de manière courante pour enflammer un gaz qui les entoure, or, dans la nouvelle application présente, ils sont le plus souvent au contact des particules solides à enflammer, ou bien en contact direct ou par l'intermédiaire d'une colle avec le filtre céramique. Ce contact modifie le fonctionnement des allumeurs : avec une énergie fournie équivalente, la température de fonctionnement sera plus faible. Dans cette application elle sera de l'ordre de 1000°C alors que les allumeurs utilisés de manière classique, sont portés à des températures de l'ordre de 1200 à 1400°C. Toutefois, si on le souhaitait, on pourrait apporter plus d'énergie et ainsi atteindre des températures plus importantes. Ces niveaux de température permettent de penser que la transmission de la chaleur se fait principalement par émission. Dès lors, on peut envisager de positionner aussi des allumeurs sur la face aval du filtre où se trouve une quantité importante de suies,FIG. 5 represents an embodiment in which the casing and the filter body are drilled in order to provide bores therein in which the ceramic igniters 3 are inserted. With this embodiment, this avoids heating the gas flow and all the heat energy is transmitted to the soot. Surprisingly, ceramic igniters operate under these particular conditions of use. In fact, they are commonly used to ignite a gas which surrounds them, however, in the new application present, they are most often in contact with the solid particles to be ignited, or else in direct contact or through glue with the ceramic filter. This contact modifies the igniter operation: with equivalent supplied energy, the operating temperature will be lower. In this application, it will be of the order of 1000 ° C. whereas the igniters used in a conventional manner are brought to temperatures of the order of 1200 to 1400 ° C. However, if desired, we could provide more energy and thus reach higher temperatures. These temperature levels suggest that the transmission of heat is mainly by emission. Consequently, it is possible to envisage also positioning igniters on the downstream face of the filter where there is a large amount of soot,
* comme illustré par la figure 6 qui montre la disposition contre la face aval du filtre 1 d'une bague 5 porteuse d'allumeurs semblable à celle des figures 2a et 2b. On pourrait également envisager de remplacer certains des bouchons obturant certains canaux sur la face avale du corps filtrant par des allumeurs. * as illustrated by FIG. 6 which shows the arrangement against the downstream face of the filter 1 of a ring 5 carrying igniters similar to that of FIGS. 2a and 2b. One could also consider replacing some of the plugs closing off certain channels on the downstream face of the filter body with igniters.
Le fonctionnement normal d'un filtre à particules produit un échauffement différent des différentes zones du filtre, particulièrement pendant les phases de régénération. Pendant ces phases en effet, les zones du corps filtrant 1 situées à proximité de la face aval sont plus chaudes que celles à proximité de la face amont car les gaz d'échappement transportent vers l'aval toute l'énergie calorifique dégagée par la combustion des suies.The normal operation of a particulate filter produces a different heating of the different areas of the filter, especially during the regeneration phases. During these phases, in fact, the zones of the filter body 1 located near the downstream face are warmer than those near the upstream face because the exhaust gases transport downstream all the heat energy released by the combustion soot.
En outre, compte tenu de la forme du filtre à particules et du trajet des gaz d'échappement qui en résulte, les suies ne s'accumulent pas nécessairement de façon homogène, s'accumulant par exemple de manière préférentielle dans la zone du corps filtrant située à proximité de son axe longitudinal. La combustion des suies provoque donc une élévation de température dans le cœur du corps filtrant 1 supérieure à celle dans les zones périphériques. Le trajet des gaz d'échappement chauds et le refroidissement de l'enveloppe métallique 2 par l'air environnant, conduisent également, mais dans une moindre mesure, à des températures supérieures au cœur du corps filtrant 1 en absence de combustion des suies.In addition, given the shape of the particulate filter and the resulting exhaust gas path, the soot does not necessarily accumulate homogeneously, for example accumulating preferentially in the area of the filter body. located near its longitudinal axis. The combustion of soot therefore causes a rise in temperature in the heart of the filter body 1 greater than that in the peripheral zones. The path of the hot exhaust gases and the cooling of the metal casing 2 by the surrounding air also lead, but to a lesser extent, to temperatures higher than the heart of the filter body 1 in the absence of combustion of the soot.
L'hétérogénéité des températures dans le corps filtrant 1 produit de fortes contraintes thermo-mécaniques, pouvant être à l'origine de fissures diminuant la durée de vie du filtre à particules.The heterogeneity of the temperatures in the filtering body 1 produces high thermo-mechanical stresses, which can be at the origin of cracks reducing the lifetime of the particle filter.
Avantageusement, le filtre selon la présente invention permet d'établir et de maintenir une température sensiblement homogène dans le corps filtrant 1 . A cet effet, le dispositif représenté sur la figure 7 comporte, des allumeurs 3a, 3b et 3c connectés à un calculateur 18 par l'intermédiaire de fils électriques 20a, 20b et 20c, respectivement, et des moyens d'évaluation 22 des contraintes thermomécaniques dans le corps filtrant 1. Les moyens d'évaluation 22 sont aptes à informer le calculateur 18.Advantageously, the filter according to the present invention makes it possible to establish and maintain a substantially uniform temperature in the filtering body 1. To this end, the device shown in FIG. 7 comprises, igniters 3a, 3b and 3c connected to a computer 18 by means of electric wires 20a, 20b and 20c, respectively, and means of evaluation 22 of thermomechanical constraints in the filter body 1. The evaluation means 22 are able to inform the computer 18.
Les moyens d'évaluation 22 peuvent comprendre des moyens de mesure des gradients de température au sein du corps filtrant 1, par exemple des capteurs de température disposés dans le corps filtrant 1, et des moyens d'en déduire les contraintes thermo-mécaniques. Ils peuvent également comprendre des moyens de modélisation aptes à évaluer ces gradients et/ou les contraintes thermo-mécaniques, par exemple en fonction du temps de roulage du véhicule.The evaluation means 22 may comprise means for measuring the temperature gradients within the filter body 1, for example temperature sensors disposed in the filter body 1, and means for deducing the thermomechanical constraints therefrom. They can also include modeling means capable of evaluating these gradients and / or the thermo-mechanical constraints, for example as a function of the running time of the vehicle.
A la réception d'une information « i » l'alertant sur la présence et la position de contraintes thermo-mécaniques locales inacceptables, par exemple parce qu'elles dépassent un seuil prédéterminé, le calculateur 18 envoie un courant d'allumage à un ou plusieurs des allumeurs 3a-3c de manière à provoquer le chauffage des zones relativement froides concernées par ces contraintes. Le chauffage réduit le gradient de températures et, de ce fait, l'intensité des contraintes thermo-mécaniques.On receipt of information “i” alerting him to the presence and the position of unacceptable local thermo-mechanical stresses, for example because they exceed a predetermined threshold, the computer 18 sends an ignition current to one or more several of the igniters 3a-3c so as to cause the heating of the relatively cold zones affected by these constraints. Heating reduces the temperature gradient and, therefore, the intensity of thermo-mechanical stresses.
Les allumeurs céramiques à point chaud 3a-3c peuvent avantageusement être introduits dans l'épaisseur des zones de collage. Les modes de réalisation susmentionnés sont donnés dans l'unique but d'illustrer l'invention et ne sont en aucun cas limitatifs. En particulier, le positionnement des allumeurs dans et/ou à proximité du corps filtrant pourrait se faire de diverses autres manières, profitant du faible encombrement des allumeurs céramique utilisés dans l'invention. Par ailleurs, pour des raisons de simplification nous n'avons représenté que des allumeurs sous forme de bâtonnets mais on pourrait utiliser des allumeurs présentant d'autres formes et dimensions adaptées à l'utilisation pour la régénération des filtres selon l'invention. The ceramic hot spot igniters 3a-3c can advantageously be introduced into the thickness of the bonding zones. The above-mentioned embodiments are given for the sole purpose of illustrating the invention and are in no way limiting. In particular, the positioning of the igniters in and / or near the filter body could be done in various other ways, taking advantage of the small size of the ceramic igniters used in the invention. Furthermore, for reasons of simplification, we have only shown igniters in the form of sticks, but igniters having other shapes and dimensions suitable for use for the regeneration of filters according to the invention could be used.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Filtre à particules de purification des gaz d'échappement d'un moteur à combustion interne, en particulier d'un moteur diesel, comprenant un corps filtrant et des moyens de chauffage dudit corps filtrant, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens comprennent au moins un allumeur céramique (3) du type à point chaud.1. Particulate filter for purifying exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine, in particular a diesel engine, comprising a filter body and means for heating said filter body, characterized in that said means comprise at least a ceramic igniter (3) of the hot spot type.
2. Filtre selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte plusieurs allumeurs.2. Filter according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises several igniters.
3. Filtre selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le point chaud d'au moins un allumeur est en contact direct avec le corps filtrant ou les suies déposées sur le corps filtrant.3. Filter according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the hot spot of at least one igniter is in direct contact with the filter body or the soot deposited on the filter body.
4. Filtre selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que les allumeurs sont disposés à proximité de la face amont du corps filtrant.4. Filter according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the igniters are arranged near the upstream face of the filter body.
5. Filtre selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que les allumeurs sont disposés à proximité de la face aval du corps filtrant. 5. Filter according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the igniters are arranged near the downstream face of the filter body.
6. Filtre selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que les points chauds des allumeurs sont disposés à l'intérieur du corps filtrant.6. Filter according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the hot spots of the igniters are arranged inside the filter body.
7. Filtre selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les allumeurs sont disposés perpendiculairement aux canaux du corps filtrant.7. Filter according to claim 5, characterized in that the igniters are arranged perpendicular to the channels of the filter body.
8. Filtre selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les allumeurs sont disposés à l'intérieur de canaux du corps filtrant.8. Filter according to claim 5, characterized in that the igniters are arranged inside channels of the filter body.
9. Filtre selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ledit corps filtrant (1) comporte une pluralité de blocs filtrants (7) assemblés par l'intermédiaire d'au moins une zone de collage (6), au moins un desdits allumeurs (3) étant disposé dans l'épaisseur de ladite zone. 9. Filter according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said filter body (1) comprises a plurality of filter blocks (7) assembled by means of at least one bonding zone (6), at least one of said igniters (3) being arranged in the thickness of said zone.
10. Procédé d'atténuation de contraintes thermo-mécaniques dans un filtre à particules, caractérisé en ce qu'on chauffe sélectivement des zones relativement froides dudit filtre, de manière à diminuer les gradients de températures à l'origine desdites contraintes. . . . 10. Method for attenuating thermo-mechanical stresses in a particulate filter, characterized in that selectively heating relatively cold zones of said filter, so as to reduce the temperature gradients at the origin of said stresses. . . .
1 1. Dispositif de mise en œuvre du procédé selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte des allumeurs (3a, 3b, 3c) adaptés au chauffage d'au moins une desdites zones, un calculateur (18) de commande desdits allumeurs (3a, 3b, 3c), et des moyens d'évaluation (22) desdits contraintes aptes à informer ledit calculateur (18), ledit calculateur (18) étant programmé de manière à commander l'allumage sélectif desdits allumeurs (3a, 3b, 3c) quand lesdites contraintes dépassent un seuil déterminé. 1 1. Device for implementing the method according to claim 10, characterized in that it includes igniters (3a, 3b, 3c) suitable for heating at least one of said zones, a computer (18) for controlling said igniters (3a, 3b, 3c), and means of evaluation (22) of said constraints capable of informing said computer (18), said computer (18) being programmed so as to control selective ignition of said igniters (3a, 3b, 3c) when said constraints exceed a determined threshold.
EP01983647A 2000-10-31 2001-10-29 Particulate filter for purifying exhaust gases of internal combustion engines Expired - Lifetime EP1330595B1 (en)

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FR0013998 2000-10-31
FR0013998A FR2816002B1 (en) 2000-10-31 2000-10-31 PARTICLE FILTERS FOR THE PURIFICATION OF EXHAUST GASES FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES COMPRISING CERAMIC IGNITERS
PCT/FR2001/003358 WO2002036941A2 (en) 2000-10-31 2001-10-29 Particulate filter for purifying exhaust gases of internal combustion engines

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AU2002215084B2 (en) 2005-11-24
DE60119362T2 (en) 2007-05-10
US6989048B2 (en) 2006-01-24
WO2002036941A3 (en) 2003-04-24
FR2816002A1 (en) 2002-05-03
ZA200304232B (en) 2004-08-27
RU2266411C2 (en) 2005-12-20
RU2266411C9 (en) 2006-04-20
US20040025500A1 (en) 2004-02-12
DK1330595T3 (en) 2006-08-14
AR034420A1 (en) 2004-02-25
CN1471611A (en) 2004-01-28
DE60119362D1 (en) 2006-06-08
CA2426574A1 (en) 2002-05-10
FR2816002B1 (en) 2003-06-20
CA2426574C (en) 2008-08-26
PT1330595E (en) 2006-08-31
PL361029A1 (en) 2004-09-20
AU1508402A (en) 2002-05-15
WO2002036941A2 (en) 2002-05-10
EP1330595B1 (en) 2006-05-03
ATE325259T1 (en) 2006-06-15
JP2004522887A (en) 2004-07-29
ES2262691T3 (en) 2006-12-01
BR0115040A (en) 2004-02-03

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