EP1322776A1 - Method for producing glycerides of conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty acids on the basis of their alkyl esters - Google Patents
Method for producing glycerides of conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty acids on the basis of their alkyl estersInfo
- Publication number
- EP1322776A1 EP1322776A1 EP01980406A EP01980406A EP1322776A1 EP 1322776 A1 EP1322776 A1 EP 1322776A1 EP 01980406 A EP01980406 A EP 01980406A EP 01980406 A EP01980406 A EP 01980406A EP 1322776 A1 EP1322776 A1 EP 1322776A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- fatty acids
- conjugated
- lipase
- acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 235000020777 polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 13
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 108090001060 Lipase Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 239000004367 Lipase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 102000004882 Lipase Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 235000019421 lipase Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229940108924 conjugated linoleic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 81
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 72
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 33
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 241000222120 Candida <Saccharomycetales> Species 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000589516 Pseudomonas Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000186216 Corynebacterium Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000159512 Geotrichum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019485 Safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000005713 safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003813 safflower oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- DQGMPXYVZZCNDQ-KBPWROHVSA-N (8E,10E,12Z)-octadecatrienoic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C=C/C=C/CCCCCCC(O)=O DQGMPXYVZZCNDQ-KBPWROHVSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JBYXPOFIGCOSSB-GOJKSUSPSA-N 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O JBYXPOFIGCOSSB-GOJKSUSPSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000228212 Aspergillus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001453380 Burkholderia Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000588881 Chromobacterium Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019483 Peanut oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000191940 Staphylococcus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000018936 Vitellaria paradoxa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012343 cottonseed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002385 cottonseed oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021388 linseed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021243 milk fat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- IJTNSXPMYKJZPR-ZSCYQOFPSA-N (9Z,11E,13E,15Z)-octadecatetraenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O IJTNSXPMYKJZPR-ZSCYQOFPSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NPDSHTNEKLQQIJ-SIGMCMEVSA-N 9-hode Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C\C=C\C(O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O NPDSHTNEKLQQIJ-SIGMCMEVSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IJTNSXPMYKJZPR-WVRBZULHSA-N alpha-parinaric acid Natural products CCC=C/C=C/C=C/C=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O IJTNSXPMYKJZPR-WVRBZULHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NPDSHTNEKLQQIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimorphecolic acid Natural products CCCCCC=CC=CC(O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O NPDSHTNEKLQQIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N linolenic acid Natural products CC=CCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002383 tung oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010497 wheat germ oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005233 alkylalcohol group Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- GKJZMAHZJGSBKD-ANYPYVPJSA-N 10-trans-12-cis-linoleic acid Natural products CCCCCC=C\C=C\CCCCCCCCC(O)=O GKJZMAHZJGSBKD-ANYPYVPJSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 51
- 229940040461 lipase Drugs 0.000 description 42
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 29
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 10
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- -1 fatty acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241001661345 Moesziomyces antarcticus Species 0.000 description 6
- 241000235403 Rhizomucor miehei Species 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 108010084311 Novozyme 435 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N Linoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 235000014593 oils and fats Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004809 thin layer chromatography Methods 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000235395 Mucor Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- LGHXTTIAZFVCCU-SSVNFBSYSA-N (2E,4E,6E,8E)-octadeca-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C(O)=O LGHXTTIAZFVCCU-SSVNFBSYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CUXYLFPMQMFGPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (9Z,11E,13E)-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid Natural products CCCCC=CC=CC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CUXYLFPMQMFGPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HPEUJPJOZXNMSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl stearate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC HPEUJPJOZXNMSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000030538 Thecla Species 0.000 description 2
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- CUXYLFPMQMFGPL-SUTYWZMXSA-N all-trans-octadeca-9,11,13-trienoic acid Chemical compound CCCC\C=C\C=C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O CUXYLFPMQMFGPL-SUTYWZMXSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000036983 biotransformation Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- MVLVMROFTAUDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC MVLVMROFTAUDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 150000002327 glycerophospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FCCDDURTIIUXBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lipoamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CCCCC1CCSS1 FCCDDURTIIUXBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013310 margarine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003264 margarine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JGFMXQLVWUGIPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadeca-11,13-dienoic acid Chemical class CCCCC=CC=CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O JGFMXQLVWUGIPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJKCKUNKNNYJNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadeca-8,10-dienoic acid Chemical class CCCCCCCC=CC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O QJKCKUNKNNYJNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940116369 pancreatic lipase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WTJKGGKOPKCXLL-RRHRGVEJSA-N phosphatidylcholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC WTJKGGKOPKCXLL-RRHRGVEJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015277 pork Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 108010079522 solysime Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
- C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
- C12P7/6445—Glycerides
- C12P7/6472—Glycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acid [PUFA] residues, i.e. having two or more double bonds in their backbone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
- C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
- C12P7/6445—Glycerides
- C12P7/6458—Glycerides by transesterification, e.g. interesterification, ester interchange, alcoholysis or acidolysis
Definitions
- the invention relates to processes for the lipase-catalyzed production of conjugated glycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, preferably triglycerides, from the corresponding alkyl esters of the conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids and glycerol or glycerides.
- the process is particularly preferred for alkyl esters of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA).
- CLA conjugated linoleic acids
- the use of position-selective lipases from microorganisms of the genera Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Candida, Geotrichum, Chromobacterium and Aspergillus is preferred.
- Conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are rather rare compared to other polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- conjugated fatty acids are conjugated linoleic acids (CLA; conjugated linoleic acid), cc-parinaric acid (18: 4 octa-decatetraenoic acid), eleostearic acid (18: 3 octadecetrienoic acid), conjugated linolenic acids, dimorphecolic acid and calendulic acid ( see scheme 1).
- CLA is a collective term for positional and structural isomers of linoleic acid, which are characterized by a conjugated double bond system starting at the carbon atom 8, 9, 10 or 11. Some examples are given in Scheme 2. Geometric isomers exist for each of these positional isomers, i.e. cis-cis, trans-cis, cis-trans, trans-trans.
- C18: 2 cis-9, trans-11 and C18: 2 trans-10, cis-12 CLAs which are the most biologically active isomers, are of particular interest because they have been shown to be cancer-preventive in animal experiments, anti-arteriosclerotic act and reduce body fat in humans and animals.
- CLAs are mainly sold as free fatty acids. Free fatty acids often have unfavorable sensory properties. For incorporation into food, triglycerides are preferred over free fatty acids also for technological reasons. There have therefore been attempts to convert industrially produced free CLAs into triglycerides.
- transesterification processes which are catalysed enzymatically or chemically.
- the processes are carried out at high temperatures in the presence of inorganic catalysts, such as sodium or sodium methylate.
- inorganic catalysts such as sodium or sodium methylate.
- These processes are used, for example, in magarine production for hardening, ie for the exchange of unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids for saturated ones.
- the drastic conditions result in side reactions, especially with unsaturated fatty acids.
- the side reactions include above all cis / trans isomerizations, migration of double bonds, but also hydrogenations of double bonds or cross-linking of the unsaturated fatty acids with one another (polymerization).
- Trans fatty acids and all-trans fatty acids have unfavorable physiological properties. Further It has been known for many years that trans fatty acids increase the serum cholesterol concentration. Therefore, the eis / trans isomerization with unsaturated fatty acids should be avoided. Enzymatically catalyzed processes are based on the use of lipases and must be carried out under significantly milder conditions, which keeps the proportion of undesirable by-products low.
- conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly sensitive compounds that are particularly susceptible to the side reactions described above.
- Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acid ester bonds in glycerides with the release of fatty acids (glycerol ester hydrolases). This reaction is reversible so that the enzymes can also catalyze the esterification.
- Lipases are found in plants, animals, bacteria and fungi. Pancreatic lipase from cattle, sheep and pork is often used, but is increasingly being replaced by microbial lipases. Lipases can be roughly divided into three categories. On the one hand, lipases can act position-specifically and split fatty acid esters regardless of their type and position in the glyceride (e.g. lipases from Corynebacterium or Candida).
- lipase with a cis- ⁇ 9 specificity has been isolated from Candida parapsilosis (Briand D et al., Lipids 1995; 30 (8), 747-754). This lipase also appears to have a general preference for unsaturated, long-chain fatty acids.
- An overview of lipases, their specificity and use can be found in Kazlauskas RJ et al. (Kazlauskas RJ et al., Biotransformation with Lipases i Biotechnology, Vol.8a, eds. Rehm HJ et al., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Ger any).
- the lipase reaction is reversible, so that saponification and esterification can take place in parallel. This enables conversion of acylglycerides by transesterification.
- 1,3-specific lipases which contain the otherwise very broad product range of a lipase-catalyzed limit transesterification.
- the method can be used to enrich acylglycerides, especially triglyceride, with certain fatty acids. The processes are mostly used for fat hardening.
- W0-91 / 08677 describes a transesterification process using lipases, a stearic acid source (stearic acid, methyl stearate or ethyl stearate) being reacted with vegetable oils.
- the main task of the process is the enrichment of the saturated fatty acid stearic acid in oils and fats with the aim of modifying their properties (e.g. spreadability etc.) (enzymatic fat hardening).
- the lipases used in the process are restricted. Position-unspecific lipases from Candida, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and lipases that have a preference for unsaturated fatty acids with a ⁇ 9 double bond are explicitly excluded.
- 1,3-specific lipases from Mucor miehei and Rhizopus delemar are preferred for use, the lipase from Mucor miehei (Novo Lipozyme 3A) being particularly preferred. Oils or fats are used as the starting material.
- EP-0093602 describes a continuous process for the transesterification of oils or fats with fatty acids with the catalysis of a 1,3-specific lipase from Aspergillus niger, Mucor or Rhizopus species.
- Free, unsaturated fatty acids such as myristic, palmitic and stearic acid are preferably used here, especially to modify palm oil.
- the content of saturated fatty acids should preferably be increased.
- EP-0305901 describes a continuous process for the transesterification of oils or fats with fatty acids or fatty acid esters using special high molecular weight lipases with 1,3-specificity.
- the molecular weight of the lipases used in the process described is 100,000 or more. Lipases from the species Alcaligenes, Achromobacter or Pseudomonas are preferred.
- EP 866 874 describes a process for the production of materials with an increased proportion of certain CLA / isomers using isomer-specific lipases.
- US-5288619 describes a process for margarine production with the transesterification of natural oils using a stearic acid source (stearic acid or stearic acid esters of short-chain monohydroxy alcohols) catalyzed by 1,3-specific lipases.
- a stearic acid source stearic acid or stearic acid esters of short-chain monohydroxy alcohols
- 1,3-specific lipases catalyzed by 1,3-specific lipases.
- Oils or fats are used as the starting material.
- a disadvantage of the processes described above is on the one hand the restriction to oils and fats as the starting material, and on the other hand the use of 1,3-specific lipases which do not allow transesterification of the 2-position.
- the 2-position can only be implemented via intramolecular acyl migration, as can be achieved by increased reaction times.
- a method for lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of all-Z-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-ethyl-docosahexaenate using a Pseudomonas lipase is described by Yamane et al. (Yamane T et al., Ann N Y Acad Sei. 1998; 864: 171-9).
- all-Z-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid is a polyunsaturated, non-conjugated fatty acid.
- Haraldsson describes the preparation of modified lipids by lipase-catalyzed conversion of free acids or esters of all-Z-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid or all-Z-5, 8, 11, 14, 17- Eicosapentaenoic acid with triglycerides or glycerin (Haraldsson GG in Enzymes in Lipid Modification, ed.Bornscheuer UT, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2000, pages 170-189). Both fatty acids are polyunsaturated, non-conjugated fatty acids.
- a method for the production of CLA-containing triglycerides is described in EP-0779033. Thereafter, linoleic acid is isomerized in a conventional process at 180 ° C. with NaOH in ethylene glycol to free CLA and the free CLA is transesterified with immobilized Mucor mieliei lipase with palm oil triglycerides.
- the triglyceride obtained as the product contains about 8% of the two desired CLA isomers (9c, 11t and 10t, 12c-CLA) in esterified form Shape.
- CLA isomer mixtures which contained individual isomers in enriched form, were transesterified with palm oil triglycerides and a CLA content of 30% in the triglyceride was achieved (GP McNeill et al., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 76 (1999) 5 1265).
- the transesterification of butterfat with free CLA is based on a similar process, immobilized Candida antarctica lipase, among others, serving as the preferred catalyst (Garcia HS et al., Biotechnol. Tech.
- the processes described above have the disadvantage that the production of the triglycerides starts from CLAs in the form of free fatty acids.
- the conventional manufacturing process for free CLA acids in which e.g. Isomerized with NaOH or KOH in ethylene glycol at 180 ° C 0 oils containing linoleic acid (e.g. sunflower, soybean or safflower oil) (Ip C et al, Cancer Res. 51 (1991) 6118-6124), requires over-stoichiometric amounts of alkali (based on fatty acids contained in the oil) and provides significant amounts of undesirable CLA isomers (especially 8t, 10c and 5 llc, 13t CLA).
- linoleic acid alkyl esters can be isomerized with catalytic amounts (0.3 to 1%) of base (potassium alcoholate), where CLA alkyl esters can be obtained in high purity (DE-1156788 and DE-1156789).
- the process according to the invention is based on fatty acid alkyl esters and not on the free fatty acids. As described above, these can be obtained in a higher purity than the free CLAs by a particularly mild, economical process without an increased proportion of undesired isomers. To date, no method has been known of how the alkyl esters of conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially the CLAs, can be converted into glycerides.
- the task is to increase the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the triglyceride.
- 1,3-specific lipases are mostly used in order to keep the possible variations in the transesterification low.
- lipases that selectively prefer unsaturated fatty acids are sometimes expressly not preferred.
- the process according to the invention achieves the task of achieving the highest possible proportion of conjugated unsaturated fatty acids in the glyceride.
- position-unspecific lipases or lipases are expressly used, which are a preference for have saturated fatty acids with a cis ⁇ 9 or trans ⁇ 10 double bond, preferred, especially if triglycerides are to be obtained as the preferred end product.
- 1,3-specific lipases such as, for example, the lipase from Mucor miehei is less advantageous when reacting with glycerol (see also Examples 10 and 11).
- the 1,3-specific lipases are suitable for producing mono- and diglycerides from glycerin, such as can be used as emulsifiers.
- 1, 3-specific lipases can also be used in the process according to the invention in order to achieve a defined introduction of the conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty acids as an educt in triglycerides (fats or oils).
- the process according to the invention can generally be used in the case of alkyl esters of conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids. All conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are sensitive compounds and tend to undesired side reactions, such as polymerizations, Diels-Alder reactions and cis / trans isomerizations under drastic reaction conditions.
- Fatty acid is understood to mean an unbranched carboxylic acid with an even carbon number and at least 16 carbon atoms, preferably from 16 to 22 carbon atoms, particularly preferably from 18 to 22 carbon atoms, very particularly preferably with 18 carbon atoms.
- Unsaturated fatty acid is understood to mean a fatty acid with at least two double bonds.
- Conjugated unsaturated fatty acid is understood to mean an unsaturated fatty acid with at least two double bonds which are conjugated to one another.
- alkyl esters of conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids such as, for example, conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), ⁇ -parinaric acid (18: 4 octadecatetraenoic acid), eleostearic acid (18: 3 octadecatrienoic acid), dimorphencolic acid, conjugated linolenic acids and calendulic acid, whereby CLA preparations, 9, CLA preparations, the trans -CLA alkyl esters and lOtrans, 12cis-CLA alkyl esters are particularly preferred.
- CLAs conjugated linoleic acids
- ⁇ -parinaric acid 18: 4 octadecatetraenoic acid
- eleostearic acid 18: 3 octadecatrienoic acid
- dimorphencolic acid conjugated linolenic acids and calendulic acid
- CLA preparations in which the proportion of CLAs is over 50% and which each has a proportion of less than 1% of the 11, 13-octadecadienoate isomers, 8, 10-octadecadienoate isomers and trans / trans-octadecadienoate esters. Have 5 isomers.
- Alkyl esters of the conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty acids are their esters with alkanols, preferably with C 1 -C 4 -alkanols such as e.g. Understand methanol, ethanol, propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol tert-butanol, or n-pentanol and its isomers 10 (2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-butane Methanol and ethanol are particularly preferred.
- a glyceride containing conjugated fatty acids is understood to mean a mono-, di- or triglyceride in which at least 15 of the conjugated fatty acids include a carboxylic acid.
- the method is preferably used for the production of glyceride preparations containing predominantly triglycerides.
- the proportion of triglycerides in the glyceride preparation is preferably above 50%, particularly preferably above 90%.
- Glyceride is understood to mean a glycerol esterified with one, two or three carboxylic acid residues.
- the glyceride used in the process according to the invention can comprise a synthetic or naturally occurring glyceride oil or fat or a derivative thereof.
- Synthetic glycerides which contain acyl radicals 30 with 1 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably with 18 carbon atoms, are preferred as starting materials.
- Natural oils and fats which contain acyl radicals with at least 16 carbon atoms, preferably from 35 16 to 22 carbon atoms, particularly preferably from 18 to 22 carbon atoms, very particularly preferably with 18 carbon atoms, are preferred as starting material.
- Natural oils and fats which have a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids are particularly preferred
- a glyceride in the sense of the method according to the invention is further understood to mean derivatives derived from glycerin. In addition to the fatty acid glycerides described above, this also includes glycerophospholipids and glyceroglycolipids.
- glycerophospholipids such as lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and alkyl acylglycerophospholipids such as plasma plasma.
- the invention relates to a lipase-catalyzed process for the production of triglycerides containing conjugated fatty acids from the corresponding alkyl esters of the conjugated fatty acids and glycerol or glycerides.
- Lipases are generally understood to mean enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acid ester bonds in glycerides with the liberation of fatty acids (glycerol ester hydrolases) or the reverse reaction.
- the method according to the invention is advantageously carried out using position-unspecific lipases.
- Position-unspecific lipases from microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi or yeasts are particularly preferred. Lipases from microorganisms of the genera Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Candida, Geotrichum, Chromobacterium, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus are advantageous.
- Burkholderia plantarii Burkholderia cepacia
- Candida antarctica Candida rugosa
- Candida cylindracea Corynebacterium acnes
- Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus
- Geotrichum candidum Pseudomonas cepacia
- Pseudomonas fluorescens Aspergillolytiumumumum Candida cytacium, Candida.
- lipases with a specificity for fatty acids with cis- ⁇ 9 or trans- ⁇ 10 double bonds. Lipases from Candida parapsilosis and Geotrichum candidum are particularly preferred.
- the lipase can be used as a free or bound (immobilized) enzyme.
- the lipase used can be used as a pure protein or as a more or less purified protein, or as a lipase-containing cell extract.
- the use of lipase-containing microorganisms or preparations derived therefrom is also possible.
- the use of a lipase preparation drawn up on a solid support is particularly preferred. Enzymes can be covalently bound to a variety of solid supports or via adsorption.
- Celite, silica gel, amberlite, carrier materials made from various polymers come as solid carriers (For example polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane polyacrylate) or solgele in question (Kazlauskas RJ et al., Biotransformation with Lipases in Biotechnology, Vol.8a, eds. Rehm HJ et al., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany).
- alkyl esters are transesterified from conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids with glycerol to glycerides containing conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- the corresponding alkanol is released from the alkyl ester.
- alkyl esters of the conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are reacted with glycerol in a ratio of 2 to 10 mol, particularly preferably 3 to 5 mol, of alkyl ester per mol of glycerol.
- the reaction is carried out with the addition of 0.01 to 100% by weight (with respect to the alkyl ester), particularly preferably 1 to 10% of a lipase with stirring at temperatures from 0 to 100 ° C., particularly preferably 30 to 80 ° C. It is advantageous, but not absolutely necessary, to remove the alkanol liberated from the reaction mixture. This can be done by distillation under normal pressure or in vacuo.
- the lipase used can be used as a more or less purified protein, as a lipase-containing cell extract or as a lipase preparation drawn up on a solid support.
- alkyl esters of the conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are reacted with acylglycerides (mono-, di- or triglycerides or mixtures thereof), e.g. natural oils or fats, converted under lipase catalysis to glycerides containing conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- acylglycerides mono-, di- or triglycerides or mixtures thereof
- alkyl esters of the conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids with oils such as sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, wheat germ oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, milk fat or shea oil, in a ratio of 1 to 10 mol alkyl ester (particularly preferably 3 to 5 mol) implemented per mol of acylglyceride.
- the reaction is carried out with the addition of 0.01 to 100% by weight (with respect to the alkyl ester, particularly preferably 0.2 to 10%) of a lipase with stirring at temperatures from 0 to 100 ° C., particularly preferably 30 ° to 80 ° C performed.
- the lipase used can be used as a more or less purified protein, as a lipase-containing cell extract or as a lipase preparation drawn on a solid support.
- the fatty acid alkyl esters formed as a by-product in this embodiment can be separated in a subsequent process step or as part of a continuous process by distillation in vacuo at below 200 ° C.
- Water can be introduced via the lipase preparation (commercially available lipase preparations contain water bound to the protein) or by addition to one of the reaction components or directly into the reaction mixture.
- the amount by weight of water in the reaction mixture is preferably less than 100% of the amount by weight of glycerol, particularly preferably less than 25%, very particularly preferably less than 10%.
- the amount by weight of water is also less than 100% of the amount by weight of glycerides in the reaction mixture.
- the process according to the invention can be carried out in the presence of organic solvents such as ethers such as MTB, THF, dioxane or dibutyl ether, hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene or alkanes, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane or ketones and nitriles such as acetone, acetonitrile or diethyl ketone can be.
- organic solvents such as ethers such as MTB, THF, dioxane or dibutyl ether, hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene or alkanes, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane or ketones and nitriles such as acetone, acetonitrile or diethyl ketone can be.
- organic solvents such as ethers such as MTB, THF, dioxane or dibutyl ether, hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene
- a CLA ethyl ester preparation (10 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c-CLA ethyl ester, ⁇ 3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (1.1 g), Burldio lderia plantarii Lipase (1.0 g, supported on polypropylene) was stirred at 35 ° C. under reduced pressure (10 mbar).
- a CLA ethyl ester preparation (10 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, ⁇ 3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (1.1 g), Candida anfcarcfcica- Lipase (1.0 g, supported; "Novozym 435") were stirred at 35 ° C. under reduced pressure (10 mbar).
- a CLA ethyl ester preparation (10 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, ⁇ 3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (1.1 g), Burlcholderia ⁇ epacia- Lipase (0.5 g) was stirred at 35 ° C under reduced pressure (10 mbar).
- a CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, ⁇ 3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), Bur ⁇ kholderia plantarii- Lipase (0.5 g, supported on polypropylene) were stirred at 70 ° C. under reduced pressure (500 mbar).
- Example 6 A CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36%
- a CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, ⁇ 3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), Burlcholderia cepacia- Lxpase 5 (0.25 g) were stirred at 70 ° C under reduced pressure (500 mbar).
- a CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36% 10 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, ⁇ 3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), toluene ( 5 g) and Candida antarctica lipase (0.25 g, supported; "Novozym 435") were stirred at 70 ° C. under reduced pressure (500 mbar).
- a CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, ⁇ 3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), dioxane (5th g) and Candida antarctica lipase (0.25 g, supported; "Novozym 435" were used
- Results of Examples 1 to 9 Small samples were taken after 1, 2, 4 and 7 hours and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. An increasing amount of 25 mono-, di- and triglycerides was detected over time.
- a CLA ethyl ester preparation (3.8 g; composition: 48% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 48% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, ⁇ 3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (8 g), Candida an tarctica Lipase (0.8 g, supported; "Novozym 435") were stirred at 55 ° C. under reduced pressure (500 mbar).
- GC area% glycerol 39%, 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester 19%, 10t, 12c-CLA ethyl ester 19%, monoglyceride 0.2%, diglyceride 1.1 triglyceride 2%.
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for producing glycerides that contain conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty acids by reacting the alkyl ester of the conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids with glycerol or glycerides and concurrent lipase catalysis.
Description
Verfahren zur Herstellung von Glyceriden konjugierter, mehrfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren aus deren Alkylestern Process for the preparation of glycerides of conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids from their alkyl esters
Beschreibungdescription
Die Erfindung betrifft Verfahren zur Lipase-katalysierten Herstellung von konjugierte, mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren enthaltenden Glyceriden, bevorzugt Triglyceriden, aus den ent- sprechenden Alkylestern der konjugierten mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren und Glycerin bzw. Glyceriden. Besonders bevorzugt ist das Verfahren für Alkylester konjugierter Linolsäuren (CLA; conjugated linoleic acid) . Bevorzugt ist der Einsatz von positionsunselektiven Lipasen aus Mikroorganismen der Gattungen Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Candida, Geotrichum, Chromobacterium und Aspergillus .The invention relates to processes for the lipase-catalyzed production of conjugated glycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, preferably triglycerides, from the corresponding alkyl esters of the conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids and glycerol or glycerides. The process is particularly preferred for alkyl esters of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). The use of position-selective lipases from microorganisms of the genera Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Candida, Geotrichum, Chromobacterium and Aspergillus is preferred.
Konjugierte mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren sind im Vergleich zu anderen mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren eher selten. Bei- spiele für konjugierte Fettsäuren sind die konjugierten Linolsäuren (CLA; conjugated linoleic acid) , cc-Parinarsäure (18:4 Octa- decatetraensäure) , Eleostearinsäure (18:3 Octadeca-triensäure) , die konjugierten Linolensäuren, Dimorphecolsäure und Calendula- säure (siehe Schema 1) .Conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are rather rare compared to other polyunsaturated fatty acids. Examples of conjugated fatty acids are conjugated linoleic acids (CLA; conjugated linoleic acid), cc-parinaric acid (18: 4 octa-decatetraenoic acid), eleostearic acid (18: 3 octadecetrienoic acid), conjugated linolenic acids, dimorphecolic acid and calendulic acid ( see scheme 1).
Schema 1: Konjugierte polyungesättigte FettsäurenScheme 1: Conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids
Calendulasäurecalendic
α-Parinarsäureα-parinaric
α-Eleostearinsäure α-eleostearic
Dimorphecolsäure
dimorphecolic
CLA ist ein Sammelbegriff für positionelle und strukturelle Isomere der Linolsäure, die sich durch ein konjugiertes Doppel- bindungsSystem beginnend am Kohlenstoffatom 8, 9, 10 oder 11 auszeichnen. Einige Beispiele sind in Schema 2 angegeben.
Geometrische Isomere existieren für jedes dieser positionellen Isomere, also cis-cis, trans-cis, cis-trans, trans-trans.CLA is a collective term for positional and structural isomers of linoleic acid, which are characterized by a conjugated double bond system starting at the carbon atom 8, 9, 10 or 11. Some examples are given in Scheme 2. Geometric isomers exist for each of these positional isomers, i.e. cis-cis, trans-cis, cis-trans, trans-trans.
Vor allem C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 und C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 CLAs, die die biologisch aktivsten Isomere darstellen, sind von besonderem Interesse, da sie sich im Tierexperiment als krebsvorbeugend erwiesen haben, anti-arteriosklerotisch wirken und in Mensch und Tier den Körperfettanteil reduzieren.Especially C18: 2 cis-9, trans-11 and C18: 2 trans-10, cis-12 CLAs, which are the most biologically active isomers, are of particular interest because they have been shown to be cancer-preventive in animal experiments, anti-arteriosclerotic act and reduce body fat in humans and animals.
Schema 2: Vier Isomere der konjugierten LinolsäurenScheme 2: Four isomers of conjugated linoleic acids
Kommerziell werden CLAs heute hauptsächlich als freie Fettsäuren vertrieben. Freie Fettsäuren besitzen oft unvorteilhafte sensorische Eigenschaften. Für eine Einarbeitung in Lebensmittel sind Triglyceride gegenüber freien Fettsäuren auch aus technologischen Gründen zu bevorzugen. Es hat daher Versuche gegeben, technisch hergestellte, freie CLAs in Triglyceride zu überführen.Commercially, CLAs are mainly sold as free fatty acids. Free fatty acids often have unfavorable sensory properties. For incorporation into food, triglycerides are preferred over free fatty acids also for technological reasons. There have therefore been attempts to convert industrially produced free CLAs into triglycerides.
Bei den im Stand der Technik beschriebenen Verfahren kommen Umesterungsverfahren zum Einsatz, die enzymatisch oder chemisch katalysiert werden. Bei den chemischen Prozessen werden die Prozesse bei hohen Temperaturen in der Gegenwart von anorganischen Katalysatoren, wie z.B. Natrium oder Natrium- methylat, ausgeführt. Diese Prozesse werden zum Beispiel bei der Magarineproduktion zur Härtung, d.h. zum Austausch von ungesättigten oder mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren gegen ge- sättigte, eingesetzt. Die drastischen Bedingungen haben jedoch Nebenreaktionen, vor allem bei ungesättigten Fettsäuren zur Folge. Zu den Nebenreaktionen zählen vor allem cis/trans-Isomeri- sierungen, Migration von Doppelbindungen, aber auch Hydrierungen von Doppelbindungen oder Vernetzungen der ungesättigten Fett- säuren untereinander (Polymerisation) . Trans-Fettsäuren und all- trans-Fettsäuren (nicht aber die cis/trans-konjugierten Linolsäuren) haben ungünstige physiologische Eigenschaften. Ferner
ist seit vielen Jahren bekannt, dass trans-Fettsäuren die Serum-Cholesterinkonzentration erhöhen. Daher ist die eis/ trans-Isomerisierung bei ungesättigten Fettsäuren zu vermeiden. Enzymatisch katalysierte Verfahren basieren auf dem Einsatz von Lipasen und sind unter deutlich milderen Bedingungen durchzuführen, was den Anteil an unerwünschten Nebenprodukten gering hält.The processes described in the prior art use transesterification processes which are catalysed enzymatically or chemically. In the chemical processes, the processes are carried out at high temperatures in the presence of inorganic catalysts, such as sodium or sodium methylate. These processes are used, for example, in magarine production for hardening, ie for the exchange of unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids for saturated ones. However, the drastic conditions result in side reactions, especially with unsaturated fatty acids. The side reactions include above all cis / trans isomerizations, migration of double bonds, but also hydrogenations of double bonds or cross-linking of the unsaturated fatty acids with one another (polymerization). Trans fatty acids and all-trans fatty acids (but not the cis / trans conjugated linoleic acids) have unfavorable physiological properties. Further It has been known for many years that trans fatty acids increase the serum cholesterol concentration. Therefore, the eis / trans isomerization with unsaturated fatty acids should be avoided. Enzymatically catalyzed processes are based on the use of lipases and must be carried out under significantly milder conditions, which keeps the proportion of undesirable by-products low.
Konjugierte, mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren sind aufgrund des konjugierten Doppelbindungssystems besonders empfindliche Verbindungen, die gegenüber den oben beschriebenen Nebenreaktionen besonders anfällig sind.Because of the conjugated double bond system, conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly sensitive compounds that are particularly susceptible to the side reactions described above.
Lipasen sind Enzyme, die die Hydrolyse von Fettsäureesterbindun- gen in Glyceriden unter Freisetzung von Fettsäuren katalysieren (Glycerolesterhydrolasen) . Diese Reaktion ist reversibel, so dass die Enzyme ebenso die Veresterung katalysieren können. Lipasen kommen in Pflanzen, Tieren, Bakterien und Pilzen vor. Häufig wird Pankreaslipase aus Rind, Schaf und Schwein verwendet, die aber zunehmend auch durch mikrobielle Lipasen ersetzt wird. Lipasen können grob in drei Kategorien unterteilt werden. Zum einen können Lipasen positionsunspezifisch agieren und Fettsäureester unabhängig von ihrer Art und Position im Glycerid spalten (z.B. Lipasen aus Corynebacterium oder Candida) . Sie können jedoch auch eine 1, 3-Spezifität haben, d.h. bevorzugt die Ester in Position 1 und 3 des Glycerides hydrolisieren (zum Beispiel Lipasen aus Rhizopus und Mucor) . Die Spezifität kann unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt sein. Ferner sind Spezifitäten für bestimmte Kettenlängen oder sogar bestimmte Fettsäuren möglich. Geotrichum candidurα Lipase 1 (GLC-1) hat eine Präferenz für Ester lang- kettiger Fettsäuren, zudem sind Fettsäuren mit einer cis-Δ9- Doppelbindung bevorzugt (Jensen RG et al., J Am Oil Chem Soc 1965; 42(12) :1029-32; Jensen RG Lipids . 1972; 7 (11) :738-41) . Eine weitere Lipase mit einer cis-Δ9-Spezifität ist aus Candida parapsilosis isoliert worden (Briand D et al . , Lipids 1995; 30 (8) , 747-754) . Diese Lipase scheint zudem eine generelle Präferenz für ungesättigte, langkettige Fettsäuren zu besitzen. Eine Überblick über Lipasen, ihre Spezifität und Verwendung findet sich bei Kazlauskas RJ et al. (Kazlauskas RJ et al., Biotransformation with Lipases i Biotechnology, Vol.8a, eds . Rehm HJ et al . , Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Ger any) .Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acid ester bonds in glycerides with the release of fatty acids (glycerol ester hydrolases). This reaction is reversible so that the enzymes can also catalyze the esterification. Lipases are found in plants, animals, bacteria and fungi. Pancreatic lipase from cattle, sheep and pork is often used, but is increasingly being replaced by microbial lipases. Lipases can be roughly divided into three categories. On the one hand, lipases can act position-specifically and split fatty acid esters regardless of their type and position in the glyceride (e.g. lipases from Corynebacterium or Candida). However, they can also have a 1.3 specificity, i.e. preferably hydrolyze the esters in positions 1 and 3 of the glyceride (for example lipases from Rhizopus and Mucor). The specificity can be different. Furthermore, specificities for certain chain lengths or even certain fatty acids are possible. Geotrichum candidurα Lipase 1 (GLC-1) has a preference for esters of long-chain fatty acids, in addition fatty acids with a cis-Δ9 double bond are preferred (Jensen RG et al., J Am Oil Chem Soc 1965; 42 (12): 1029 -32; Jensen RG Lipids. 1972; 7 (11): 738-41). Another lipase with a cis-Δ9 specificity has been isolated from Candida parapsilosis (Briand D et al., Lipids 1995; 30 (8), 747-754). This lipase also appears to have a general preference for unsaturated, long-chain fatty acids. An overview of lipases, their specificity and use can be found in Kazlauskas RJ et al. (Kazlauskas RJ et al., Biotransformation with Lipases i Biotechnology, Vol.8a, eds. Rehm HJ et al., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Ger any).
Die Lipasereaktion ist reversibel, so dass Verseifung und Veresterung parallel ablaufen können. Dies ermöglicht eine Konversion von Acylglyceriden mittels Umesterung. Kommerziell sind vor allem die 1, 3-spezifischen Lipasen von Interesse, die das ansonsten sehr breite Produktspektrum einer Lipase-kataly-
sierten Umesterung begrenzen. Die Methode kann verwendet werden um Acylglyceride, vor allem Triglycerid, mit bestimmten Fettsäuren anzureichern. Meistens werden die Verfahren zur Fetthärtung eingesetzt .The lipase reaction is reversible, so that saponification and esterification can take place in parallel. This enables conversion of acylglycerides by transesterification. Of particular commercial interest are the 1,3-specific lipases, which contain the otherwise very broad product range of a lipase-catalyzed limit transesterification. The method can be used to enrich acylglycerides, especially triglyceride, with certain fatty acids. The processes are mostly used for fat hardening.
In W0-91/08677 wird ein Umesterungsverfahren unter Einsatz von Lipasen beschrieben, wobei eine Stearinsäurequelle (Stearinsäure, Stearinsäuremethylester oder Stearinsäureethylester) mit pflanzlichen Ölen umgesetzt werden. Wesentliche Aufgabe des Verfahrens ist die Anreicherung der gesättigten Fettsäure Stearinsäure in Ölen und Fetten mit dem Ziel, deren Eigenschaften (z.B. Streichfähigkeit etc.) zu modifizieren (enzymatische Fetthärtung). Die in dem Verfahren verwendeten Lipasen werden eingeschränkt. Explizit ausgeschlossen sind positionsunspezifische Lipasen aus Candida, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, sowie Lipasen, die eine Präferenz für ungesättigte Fettsäuren mit einer Δ9-Doppelbindung haben. Zur Verwendung bevorzugt sind hingegen 1, 3-spezifische Lipasen zum Beispiel aus Mucor miehei und Rhizopus delemar, besonders bevorzugt ist die Lipase aus Mucor miehei (Novo Lipozyme 3A) . Als Ausgangsstoff werden Öle oder Fette eingesetzt.W0-91 / 08677 describes a transesterification process using lipases, a stearic acid source (stearic acid, methyl stearate or ethyl stearate) being reacted with vegetable oils. The main task of the process is the enrichment of the saturated fatty acid stearic acid in oils and fats with the aim of modifying their properties (e.g. spreadability etc.) (enzymatic fat hardening). The lipases used in the process are restricted. Position-unspecific lipases from Candida, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and lipases that have a preference for unsaturated fatty acids with a Δ9 double bond are explicitly excluded. In contrast, 1,3-specific lipases from Mucor miehei and Rhizopus delemar, for example, are preferred for use, the lipase from Mucor miehei (Novo Lipozyme 3A) being particularly preferred. Oils or fats are used as the starting material.
EP-0093602 beschreibt einen kontinuierlichen Prozess zur Umesterung von Ölen oder Fetten mit Fettsäuren unter Katalyse einer 1, 3-spezifischen Lipase aus Aspergillus niger, Mucor-, oder Rhizopus-Spezien. Bevorzugt werden hier freie, ungesättigte Fettsäuren wie Myristin-, Palmitin- und Stearinsäure verwendet, vor allem, um Palmöl zu modifizieren. Auch hier soll bevorzugt der Gehalt an gesättigten Fettsäuren erhöht werden.EP-0093602 describes a continuous process for the transesterification of oils or fats with fatty acids with the catalysis of a 1,3-specific lipase from Aspergillus niger, Mucor or Rhizopus species. Free, unsaturated fatty acids such as myristic, palmitic and stearic acid are preferably used here, especially to modify palm oil. Here too, the content of saturated fatty acids should preferably be increased.
EP-0305901 beschreibt ein kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Umesterung von Ölen oder Fetten mit Fettsäuren oder Fettsäureestern unter Verwendung spezieller hochmolekulargewichtiger Lipasen mit 1, 3-Spezifität . Das Molekulargewicht der im beschriebenen Ver- fahren eingesetzten Lipasen liegt bei 100000 oder mehr. Bevorzugt sind Lipasen aus den Spezies Alcaligenes, Achromobacter oder Pseudomonas .EP-0305901 describes a continuous process for the transesterification of oils or fats with fatty acids or fatty acid esters using special high molecular weight lipases with 1,3-specificity. The molecular weight of the lipases used in the process described is 100,000 or more. Lipases from the species Alcaligenes, Achromobacter or Pseudomonas are preferred.
EP 866 874 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Materialien mit einem erhöhten Anteil bestimmter CLA/Isomere unter Verwendung isomerspezifischer Lipasen.EP 866 874 describes a process for the production of materials with an increased proportion of certain CLA / isomers using isomer-specific lipases.
US-5288619 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Margarineherstellung unter Umesterung von natürlichen Ölen unter Verwendung einer Stearinsäurequelle (Stearinsäure oder Stearinsäureestern von kurzkettigen Monohydroxyalkoholen) katalysiert durch 1,3-spezifische Lipasen. Hier wird ausdrücklich der Anteil an
gesättigten Fettsäuren im Glycerid erhöht. Als Ausgangsstoff werden Öle oder Fette eingesetzt.US-5288619 describes a process for margarine production with the transesterification of natural oils using a stearic acid source (stearic acid or stearic acid esters of short-chain monohydroxy alcohols) catalyzed by 1,3-specific lipases. Here is the share of saturated fatty acids in glyceride increased. Oils or fats are used as the starting material.
Nachteilig in den oben beschriebenen Verfahren ist zum einen die Beschränkung auf Öle und Fette als Ausgangsstoff, zum anderen die Verwendung von 1, 3-spezifischen Lipasen, die keine Umesterung der 2-Position erlauben. Die 2-Position ist nur über eine intramolekulare Acylmigration, wie sie durch erhöhte Reaktionszeiten erreicht werden kann, umzusetzen.A disadvantage of the processes described above is on the one hand the restriction to oils and fats as the starting material, and on the other hand the use of 1,3-specific lipases which do not allow transesterification of the 2-position. The 2-position can only be implemented via intramolecular acyl migration, as can be achieved by increased reaction times.
Umsetzungen von Fettsäuren oder Fettsäureestern mit Glycerin als Edukt unter Lipase-Katalyse sind bekannt.Reactions of fatty acids or fatty acid esters with glycerol as an educt under lipase catalysis are known.
So ist eine Umsetzung von freier Linolsäure oder freier konjugierter Linolsäure mit Glycerin zu den entsprechenden Triglyceriden unter Katalyse einer Lipase aus Mucor miehei beschrieben (Arcos JA et al., Biotechnol Bioeng. 2000; 68 (5) :563-70) . Da die Lipase in dem beschriebenen Verfahren eine 1, 3-spezifische Lipase ist, sind lange Reaktionszeiten erforder- lieh. Triglyceride sind hier erst nach intramolekularer Acyl- gruppenwandererung und erneuter Acylierung erhältlich, so dass man anfangs überwiegend 1, 3-Diacylglyceride erhält. Bei diesem Verfahren kommen freie Fettsäuren zum Einsatz .A reaction of free linoleic acid or free conjugated linoleic acid with glycerol to the corresponding triglycerides with the catalysis of a lipase from Mucor miehei has been described (Arcos JA et al., Biotechnol Bioeng. 2000; 68 (5): 563-70). Since the lipase in the process described is a 1,3-specific lipase, long reaction times are required. Triglycerides are only available here after intramolecular acyl group migration and renewed acylation, so that initially 1,3-diacylglycerides are predominantly obtained. Free fatty acids are used in this process.
Ein Verfahren zur Lipase-katalysierten Glycerolyse von all-Z-4, 7, 10, 13 , 16, 19-Docosahexaensäureethylester unter Verwendung einer Pseudomonas Lipase beschreiben Yamane et al. (Yamane T et al . , Ann N Y Acad Sei. 1998; 864:171-9). all-Z-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-Docosahexaensäure ist eine polyunge- sättigte, nicht-konjugierte Fettsäure.A method for lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of all-Z-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-ethyl-docosahexaenate using a Pseudomonas lipase is described by Yamane et al. (Yamane T et al., Ann N Y Acad Sei. 1998; 864: 171-9). all-Z-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid is a polyunsaturated, non-conjugated fatty acid.
Haraldsson beschreibt die Darstellung von modifizierten Lipiden durch Lipase-katalysierte Umsetzung von freien Säuren oder Estern der all-Z-4, 7, 10, 13 , 16, 19-Docosahexaensäure oder all-Z-5, 8, 11, 14, 17-Eicosapentaensäure mit Triglyceriden oder Glycerin (Haraldsson GG in Enzymes in Lipid Modification, ed. Bornscheuer UT, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2000, Seite 170-189) . Beide Fettsäuren sind polyungesättigte, nicht- konjugierte Fettsäuren.Haraldsson describes the preparation of modified lipids by lipase-catalyzed conversion of free acids or esters of all-Z-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid or all-Z-5, 8, 11, 14, 17- Eicosapentaenoic acid with triglycerides or glycerin (Haraldsson GG in Enzymes in Lipid Modification, ed.Bornscheuer UT, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2000, pages 170-189). Both fatty acids are polyunsaturated, non-conjugated fatty acids.
Eine Methode zur Herstellung von CLA-haltigen Triglyceriden ist in EP-0779033 beschrieben. Danach wird Linolsäure in einem herkömmlichen Verfahren bei 180°C mit NaOH in Ethylenglykol zu freier CLA isomerisiert und die freie CLA mit immobilisierter Mucor mieliei Lipase mit Palmöl-Triglyceriden umgeestert. Das als Produkt erhaltene Triglycerid enthält je ca. 8 % der beiden erwünschten CLA-Isomere (9c, 11t- und 10t,12c-CLA) in veresterter
Form. In ähnlicher Weise wurde CLA-Isomerenmischungen, die einzelne Isomere in angereicherter Form enthielten, mit Palmöl-Tri- glyceriden umgeestert und ein CLA-Gehalt von 30 % im Triglycerid erreicht (GP McNeill et al . , J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 76 (1999) 5 1265) . Auf einem ähnlichen Verfahren beruht die Umesterung von Butterfett mit freier CLA, wobei unter anderem immobilisierte Candida antarctica-Lipase als bevorzugter Katalysator dient (Garcia HS et al., Biotechnol . Tech. 12 ( 1999) 369-373; Garcia HS et al., J Dairy Sei 2000, 83:371-377; Garcia HS et al., 0 Biotechnology Letters 1998; 20 (4) : 393-395) . Ähnlich wurde auch Maiskeimöl unter Verwendung von chemische hergestellten CLAs unter Lipase-Katalyse modifiziert (Martinez CE et al., Food Biotechnology 1999, 13 (2) .-183-193.A method for the production of CLA-containing triglycerides is described in EP-0779033. Thereafter, linoleic acid is isomerized in a conventional process at 180 ° C. with NaOH in ethylene glycol to free CLA and the free CLA is transesterified with immobilized Mucor mieliei lipase with palm oil triglycerides. The triglyceride obtained as the product contains about 8% of the two desired CLA isomers (9c, 11t and 10t, 12c-CLA) in esterified form Shape. In a similar way, CLA isomer mixtures, which contained individual isomers in enriched form, were transesterified with palm oil triglycerides and a CLA content of 30% in the triglyceride was achieved (GP McNeill et al., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 76 (1999) 5 1265). The transesterification of butterfat with free CLA is based on a similar process, immobilized Candida antarctica lipase, among others, serving as the preferred catalyst (Garcia HS et al., Biotechnol. Tech. 12 (1999) 369-373; Garcia HS et al., J Dairy Sei 2000, 83: 371-377; Garcia HS et al., 0 Biotechnology Letters 1998; 20 (4): 393-395). Similarly, corn oil was modified using chemically produced CLAs with lipase catalysis (Martinez CE et al., Food Biotechnology 1999, 13 (2).-183-193.
5 In anderen, nicht-enzy atischen Verfahren wird die Veresterung von Glycerin und die Umesterung von natürlicher Fette und Öle mit CLA-Säuren unter Zusatz von bekannten Veresterungs- Katalysatoren bei hohen Temperaturen (180°-240°C) durchgeführt (JD Mikusch; Farben, Lacke, Anstrichstoffe 4 (1950) 149-159; 0 DE-19718245). Die dabei entstehenden CLA enthaltende Triglyceride enthalten aufgrund der im Prozess notwendigen Temperaturbelastung einen für Ernährungsanwendungen inakzeptabel hohen Anteil unerwünschter Isomere (insbesondere 8t, 10c- und 11c, 13t-CLA-Fett- säurereste) . 55 In other, non-enzymatic processes, the esterification of glycerol and the transesterification of natural fats and oils with CLA acids with the addition of known esterification catalysts is carried out at high temperatures (180 ° -240 ° C) (JD Mikusch; Farben , Lacke, Anstrichstoffe 4 (1950) 149-159; 0 DE-19718245). The resulting CLA-containing triglycerides contain an unacceptably high proportion of undesirable isomers (especially 8t, 10c and 11c, 13t CLA fatty acid residues) that are unacceptable for nutritional applications due to the temperature stress required in the process. 5
Die oben beschriebenen Verfahren haben den Nachteil, dass die Herstellung der Triglyceride von CLAs in Form freier Fettsäuren ausgeht. Das herkömmliche Herstellverfahren für freie CLA-Säuren, bei denen z.B. mit NaOH oder KOH in Ethylenglykol bei 180°C 0 Linolsäure-haltige Öle (z.B. Sonnenblumen-, Soja- oder Färber- distelöl) isomerisiert werden (Ip C et al, Cancer Res. 51 (1991) 6118-6124) , erfordert überstöchiometrische Mengen an Alkali (bezogen auf im Öl enthaltene Fettsäuren) und liefert erhebliche Mengen unerwünschter CLA-Isomere (insbesondere 8t, 10c- und 5 llc,13t-CLA) . In einem verbesserten Verfahren wird die Iso- merisierung Linolsäure-haltiger Öle mit KOH in Propylenglykol bei 150°C durchgeführt. Es werden freie CLA-Säuren erhalten, die nur geringe Menge ungewünschter Isomere enthalten (EP-839897) . Aber auch dieses Verfahrens erfordert überstöchiometrische Mengen KOH 0 und entsprechende Mengen Mineralsäuren, um aus den gebildeten CLA-Seifen die freie CLA-Säuren freizusetzen. Verfahren, die auf dem Einsatz freier CLA-Säuren beruhen, sind daher wirtschaftlich unvorteilhaft .The processes described above have the disadvantage that the production of the triglycerides starts from CLAs in the form of free fatty acids. The conventional manufacturing process for free CLA acids, in which e.g. Isomerized with NaOH or KOH in ethylene glycol at 180 ° C 0 oils containing linoleic acid (e.g. sunflower, soybean or safflower oil) (Ip C et al, Cancer Res. 51 (1991) 6118-6124), requires over-stoichiometric amounts of alkali (based on fatty acids contained in the oil) and provides significant amounts of undesirable CLA isomers (especially 8t, 10c and 5 llc, 13t CLA). In an improved process, the isomerization of linoleic acid-containing oils with KOH in propylene glycol is carried out at 150 ° C. Free CLA acids are obtained which contain only a small amount of undesired isomers (EP-839897). However, this process also requires superstoichiometric amounts of KOH 0 and corresponding amounts of mineral acids in order to release the free CLA acids from the CLA soaps formed. Processes based on the use of free CLA acids are therefore economically disadvantageous.
5 In einem wirtschaftlichen und ökologisch vorteilhaften Verfahren können Linolsäure-Alkylester mit katalytischen Mengen (0,3 bis 1 %) Base (Kaliumalkoholat) isomerisiert werden, wobei
CLA-Alkylester in hoher Reinheit erhalten werden (DE-1156788 und DE-1156789) .5 In an economical and ecologically advantageous process, linoleic acid alkyl esters can be isomerized with catalytic amounts (0.3 to 1%) of base (potassium alcoholate), where CLA alkyl esters can be obtained in high purity (DE-1156788 and DE-1156789).
Bislang war kein wirtschaftliches Verfahren bekannt, um aus diesen CLA-Alkylester CLA enthaltende Triglyceride herzustellen. Ein wichtiger Anspruch an das Herstellverfahren ist, die CLA enthaltenden Triglyceride mit einem ähnlich niedrigen Gehalt an ungewünschten Isomeren (8t, 10c und 11c, 13t) zu erhalten, wie er in dem CLA-Alkylester Ausgangsmaterial vorlag. Dies schliesst die herkömmlichen chemischen Umesterungsverfahren aufgrund der mit ihnen verbundenen drastischen Bedingungen und unerwünschten Nebenprodukten aus. Es bestand daher insbesondere die Aufgabe, aus CLA-Alkylestern CLA enthaltende Triglyceride herzustellen.To date, no economic process has been known for producing triglycerides containing CLA from this CLA alkyl ester. An important requirement of the production process is to obtain the triglycerides containing CLA with a similarly low content of undesired isomers (8t, 10c and 11c, 13t) as was present in the CLA alkyl ester starting material. This precludes conventional chemical transesterification processes due to the drastic conditions associated with them and undesirable by-products. It was therefore particularly the task of producing triglycerides containing CLA from CLA alkyl esters.
Durch das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren wurde diese Aufgabe gelöst. Es unterscheidet sich von den im Stand der Technik beschriebenen Verfahren.This object was achieved by the method according to the invention. It differs from the methods described in the prior art.
Besonders vorteilhaft gegenüber den chemisch-katalysierten Umesterungsverfahren sind die schonenden Bedingungen des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens unter Einsatz von Lipasen, die das empfindliche konjugierte Doppelbindungssystem der AusgangsVerbindungen im Unterschied zu den gängigen chemischen Umesterungen nicht angreifen. Dies führt zu hohen Reinheits- graden und einer kostengünstigen Herstellung ohne grössere Aufreinigungsschritte zur Entfernung unerwünschter Nebenprodukte.The gentle conditions of the process according to the invention using lipases, which do not attack the sensitive conjugated double bond system of the starting compounds, in contrast to the conventional chemical transesterifications, are particularly advantageous compared to the chemically catalyzed transesterification process. This leads to high levels of purity and cost-effective production without major purification steps to remove unwanted by-products.
Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren geht im Unterschied zu vielen der oben genannten Verfahren von Fettsäurealkylestern und nicht von den freien Fettsäuren aus. Diese sind, wie oben beschrieben, in einer höheren Reinheit als die freien CLAs durch ein besonders mildes, ökonomisches Verfahren ohne einen erhöhten Anteil unerwünschter Isomere erhältlich. Bislang war kein Verfahren bekannt, wie man die Alkyester konjugierter, mehrfach ungesättigter Fett- säuren, besonders der CLAs, in Glyceride überführen kann.In contrast to many of the processes mentioned above, the process according to the invention is based on fatty acid alkyl esters and not on the free fatty acids. As described above, these can be obtained in a higher purity than the free CLAs by a particularly mild, economical process without an increased proportion of undesired isomers. To date, no method has been known of how the alkyl esters of conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially the CLAs, can be converted into glycerides.
Bei den beschriebenen Verfahren, wie sie bei der Fetthärtung eingesetzt werden, ist die Aufgabe, den Anteil an gesättigten Fettsäuren im Triglycerid zu erhöhen. Dazu werden meist 1, 3-spezifische Lipasen verwendet, um die Variationsmöglichkeiten bei der Umesterung gering zu halten. Zudem sind Lipasen, die selektiv ungesättigte Fettsäuren bevorzugen, teilweise ausdrücklich nicht bevorzugt. Im Unterschied zu diesen Verfahren löst das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren hingegen die Aufgabe, einen mög- liehst hohen Anteil von konjugierten ungesättigten Fettsäuren in dem Glycerid zu erzielen. Dazu sind ausdrücklich positions- unspezifische Lipasen bzw. Lipasen, die eine Präferenz für unge-
sättigte Fettsäuren mit einer cisΔ9- oder transΔlO-Doppelbindung haben, bevorzugt, vor allem, wenn Triglyceride als bevorzugtes Endprodukt erhalten werden sollen. Sollen Triglyceride als bevorzugtes Produkt erhalten werden, so ist bei Umsetzung mit Glycerin der Einsatz von 1,3-spezifischen Lipasen wie zum Beispiel der Lipase aus Mucor miehei weniger vorteilhaft (siehe auch Beispiel 10 und 11). Die 1, 3-spezifischen Lipasen eignen sich hingegen dazu, um aus Glycerin Mono- und Diglyceride herzustellen, wie sie zum Beispiel als Emulgatoren zum Einsatz kommen können. Auch können in dem erfindungsgemässen Verfahren 1, 3-spezifische Lipasen eingesetzt werden, um in Triglyceriden (Fetten oder Ölen) als Edukt eine definierte Einführung der konjugierten, mehrfach ungesättigen Fettsäuren zu erreichen.In the processes described, such as those used in fat hardening, the task is to increase the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the triglyceride. For this purpose, 1,3-specific lipases are mostly used in order to keep the possible variations in the transesterification low. In addition, lipases that selectively prefer unsaturated fatty acids are sometimes expressly not preferred. In contrast to these processes, the process according to the invention, on the other hand, achieves the task of achieving the highest possible proportion of conjugated unsaturated fatty acids in the glyceride. For this purpose, position-unspecific lipases or lipases are expressly used, which are a preference for have saturated fatty acids with a cisΔ9 or transΔ10 double bond, preferred, especially if triglycerides are to be obtained as the preferred end product. If triglycerides are to be obtained as the preferred product, the use of 1,3-specific lipases such as, for example, the lipase from Mucor miehei is less advantageous when reacting with glycerol (see also Examples 10 and 11). The 1,3-specific lipases, on the other hand, are suitable for producing mono- and diglycerides from glycerin, such as can be used as emulsifiers. 1, 3-specific lipases can also be used in the process according to the invention in order to achieve a defined introduction of the conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty acids as an educt in triglycerides (fats or oils).
Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren kann generell bei Alkylestern konjugierter, mehrfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren eingesetzt werden. Alle konjugierten mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren sind empfindliche Verbindungen und neigen unter drastischen Reaktionsbedingungen zu unerwünschten Nebenreaktionen, wie zum Beispiel Polymerisationen, Diels-Alder-Reaktionen und cis/trans-Isomerisierungen.The process according to the invention can generally be used in the case of alkyl esters of conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids. All conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are sensitive compounds and tend to undesired side reactions, such as polymerizations, Diels-Alder reactions and cis / trans isomerizations under drastic reaction conditions.
Unter Fettsäure wird eine unverzweigte Carbonsäure mit geradzahliger Kohlenstoffzahl und wenigstens 16 Kohlenstoffatomen verstanden, bevorzugt von 16 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen, besonders bevorzugt von 18 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen, ganz besonders bevorzugt mit 18 Kohlenstoffatomen.Fatty acid is understood to mean an unbranched carboxylic acid with an even carbon number and at least 16 carbon atoms, preferably from 16 to 22 carbon atoms, particularly preferably from 18 to 22 carbon atoms, very particularly preferably with 18 carbon atoms.
Unter ungesättigter Fettsäure wird eine Fettsäure mit mindestens zwei Doppelbindungen verstanden.Unsaturated fatty acid is understood to mean a fatty acid with at least two double bonds.
Unter konjugierter, ungesättigter Fettsäure wird eine ungesättigte Fettsäure mit mindestens zwei Doppelbindungen, die in Konjugation zu einander stehen, verstanden.Conjugated unsaturated fatty acid is understood to mean an unsaturated fatty acid with at least two double bonds which are conjugated to one another.
Bevorzugt sind die Alkylester konjugierter polyungesättigter Fettsäuren wie zum Beispiel konjugierte Linolsäuren (CLAs) , α-Parinarsäure (18:4 Octadecatetraensäure) , Eleostearinsäure (18:3 Octadecatriensäure) , Dimorphencolsäure, konjugierte Linolensäuren und Calendulasäure, wobei CLA-Präparationen, die 9cis,lltrans-CLA-Alkylester und lOtrans, 12cis-CLA-Alkylester enthalten, besonders bevorzugt sind.
Besonders bevorzugt sind CLA Präparationen, in denen der Anteil an CLAs über 50 % liegt und die einen Anteil von jeweils unter 1 % der 11, 13-Octadecadiensäureester-Isomeren, 8, 10-Octadecadien- säureester-Isomeren und trans/trans-Octadecadiensäureester- 5 Isomeren haben.Preferred are the alkyl esters of conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids such as, for example, conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), α-parinaric acid (18: 4 octadecatetraenoic acid), eleostearic acid (18: 3 octadecatrienoic acid), dimorphencolic acid, conjugated linolenic acids and calendulic acid, whereby CLA preparations, 9, CLA preparations, the trans -CLA alkyl esters and lOtrans, 12cis-CLA alkyl esters are particularly preferred. Particularly preferred are CLA preparations in which the proportion of CLAs is over 50% and which each has a proportion of less than 1% of the 11, 13-octadecadienoate isomers, 8, 10-octadecadienoate isomers and trans / trans-octadecadienoate esters. Have 5 isomers.
Unter Alkylester der konjugierten, polyungesättigten Fettsäuren werden deren Ester mit Alkanolen, bevorzugt mit Cι~ bis Cs-Alkan- olen wie z.B. Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, iso-Propanol, n-Butan- ol, iso-Butanol tert-Butanol, oder n-Pentanol und seine Isomere 10 (2-Pentanol, 3-Pentanol, 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-butan verstanden. Besonders bevorzugt sind dabei Methanol und Ethanol.Alkyl esters of the conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty acids are their esters with alkanols, preferably with C 1 -C 4 -alkanols such as e.g. Understand methanol, ethanol, propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol tert-butanol, or n-pentanol and its isomers 10 (2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-butane Methanol and ethanol are particularly preferred.
Unter einem konjugierte Fettsäuren enthaltenden Glycerid wird ein Mono-, Di- oder Triglycerid verstanden, bei dem mindestens 15 eine Carbonsäure zu den konjugierter Fettsäuren zählt.A glyceride containing conjugated fatty acids is understood to mean a mono-, di- or triglyceride in which at least 15 of the conjugated fatty acids include a carboxylic acid.
Bevorzugt wird das Verfahren zur Herstellung von überwiegend Triglyceride enthaltenden Glyceridpräparationen genutzt. Bevorzugt liegt dabei der Anteil an Triglyceriden in der Glycerid- 20 präparation über 50 %, besonders bevorzugt über 90 %.The method is preferably used for the production of glyceride preparations containing predominantly triglycerides. The proportion of triglycerides in the glyceride preparation is preferably above 50%, particularly preferably above 90%.
Unter Glycerid wird ein mit ein, zwei oder drei Carbonsäureresten verestertes Glycerin verstanden.Glyceride is understood to mean a glycerol esterified with one, two or three carboxylic acid residues.
25 Das im erfindungsgemässen Verfahren eingesetzte Glycerid kann ein synthetisches oder natürlich vorkommendes Glyceridöl oder -fett oder ein Derivat davon umfassen.The glyceride used in the process according to the invention can comprise a synthetic or naturally occurring glyceride oil or fat or a derivative thereof.
Bevorzugt sind als Edukt synthetische Glyceride, die Acylreste 30 mit 1 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen, bevorzugt mit 18 Kohlenstoff- ato en enthalten.Synthetic glycerides which contain acyl radicals 30 with 1 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably with 18 carbon atoms, are preferred as starting materials.
Bevorzugt sind als Edukt natürliche Öle und Fette, die Acylreste mit wenigstens 16 Kohlenstoffatomen enthalten, bevorzugt von 35 16 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen, besonders bevorzugt von 18 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen, ganz besonders bevorzugt mit 18 Kohlenstoffatomen.Natural oils and fats which contain acyl radicals with at least 16 carbon atoms, preferably from 35 16 to 22 carbon atoms, particularly preferably from 18 to 22 carbon atoms, very particularly preferably with 18 carbon atoms, are preferred as starting material.
Besonders bevorzugt sind dabei natürliche Öle und Fette, die 40 einen hohen Anteil an ungesättigten Fettsäuren haben, wie zumNatural oils and fats which have a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, such as for example, are particularly preferred
Beispiel Sonnenblumenöl, Rapsöl, Fischöl, Sojaöl, Palmöl, Färber- distelöl, Leinsamöl, Weizenkei öl, Erdnussöl, Baumwollsaatöl, Maiskeimöl, Sheaöl, Tung-Öl oder Milchfett oder Derivate derselben. 45
Unter einem Glycerid im Sinne des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens werden ferner vom Glycerin abgeleitete Derivate verstanden. Dazu zählen neben den oben beschriebenen Fettsäureglyceriden auch Glycerophospholipide und Glyceroglycolipide . Bevorzugt sind hier die Glycerophospholipide wie Lecithin (Phosphatidylcholin) , Cardiolipin, Phosphatidylglycerin, Phosphatidylserin und Alkyl- acylglycerophospholipide wie das Plasmalogen.Example sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, wheat oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, shea oil, tung oil or milk fat or derivatives thereof. 45 A glyceride in the sense of the method according to the invention is further understood to mean derivatives derived from glycerin. In addition to the fatty acid glycerides described above, this also includes glycerophospholipids and glyceroglycolipids. Preferred are the glycerophospholipids such as lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and alkyl acylglycerophospholipids such as plasma plasma.
Ein Gegenstand der Erfindung betrifft ein Lipase-katalysiertes Verfahren zur Herstellung von konjugierten Fettsäuren enthaltenden Triglyceriden aus den entsprechenden Alkylestern der konjugierten Fettsäuren und Glycerin oder Glyceriden.The invention relates to a lipase-catalyzed process for the production of triglycerides containing conjugated fatty acids from the corresponding alkyl esters of the conjugated fatty acids and glycerol or glycerides.
Unter Lipasen werden hier allgemein Enzyme verstanden, die die Hydrolyse von Fettsäureesterbindungen in Glyceriden unter Freisetzung von Fettsäuren (Glycerolesterhydrolasen) oder die umgekehrte Reaktion katalysieren.Lipases are generally understood to mean enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acid ester bonds in glycerides with the liberation of fatty acids (glycerol ester hydrolases) or the reverse reaction.
Vorteilhaft wird das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren unter Einsatz von positionsunspezifischen Lipasen durchgeführt. Besonders bevorzugt sind dabei positionsunspezifische Lipasen aus Mikroorganismen wie Bakterien, Pilzen oder Hefen. Vorteilhaft sind Lipasen aus Mikroorganismen der Gattungen Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Candida, Geotrichum, Chromobacterium, Coryne- bacterium, Staphylococcus und Aspergillus . Besonders bevorzugt sind die Gattungen und Arten Burkholderia plantarii, Burkholderia cepacia, Candida antarctica, Candida rugosa, Candida cylindracea, Corynebacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Geotrichum candidum, Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas fluorescens Aspergillus niger, Candida lipolytica, Chromoterium viscosum.The method according to the invention is advantageously carried out using position-unspecific lipases. Position-unspecific lipases from microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi or yeasts are particularly preferred. Lipases from microorganisms of the genera Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Candida, Geotrichum, Chromobacterium, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus are advantageous. The genera and species Burkholderia plantarii, Burkholderia cepacia, Candida antarctica, Candida rugosa, Candida cylindracea, Corynebacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Geotrichum candidum, Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas fluorescens Aspergillolytiumumumum, Candida cytacium, Candida.
Vorteilhaft ist ferner die Verwendung von Lipasen mit einer Spezifität für Fettsäuren mit cis-Δ9 oder trans-ΔlO Doppelbindungen. Besonders bevorzugt sind dabei Lipasen aus Candida parapsilosis und Geotrichum candidum.It is also advantageous to use lipases with a specificity for fatty acids with cis-Δ9 or trans-Δ10 double bonds. Lipases from Candida parapsilosis and Geotrichum candidum are particularly preferred.
Im erfindungsgemässen Verfahren kann die Lipase als freies oder gebundenes (immobilisiertes) Enzym verwendet werden. Die verwendete Lipase kann als reines Protein oder als mehr oder weniger gereinigtes Protein, oder als ein lipasehaltiger Zellextrakt eingesetzt werden. Auch die Verwendung von Lipase enthaltenden Mikroorganismen oder davon abgeleitete Präparationen ist prinzipiell möglich. Besonders bevorzugt ist die Verwendung einer auf einen festen Träger aufgezogenen Lipasepräparation. Enzyme können auf eine Vielzahl von festen Trägern kovalent oder über Adsorption gebunden sein. Als feste Träger kommen Celite, Silicagel, Amberlite, Trägermaterialien aus diversen Polymeren
(zum Beispiel Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polyurethane Polyacry- late) oder Solgele in Frage (Kazlauskas RJ et al . , Biotransformation with Lipases in Biotechnology, Vol.8a, eds. Rehm HJ et al . , Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany) .In the process according to the invention, the lipase can be used as a free or bound (immobilized) enzyme. The lipase used can be used as a pure protein or as a more or less purified protein, or as a lipase-containing cell extract. In principle, the use of lipase-containing microorganisms or preparations derived therefrom is also possible. The use of a lipase preparation drawn up on a solid support is particularly preferred. Enzymes can be covalently bound to a variety of solid supports or via adsorption. Celite, silica gel, amberlite, carrier materials made from various polymers come as solid carriers (For example polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane polyacrylate) or solgele in question (Kazlauskas RJ et al., Biotransformation with Lipases in Biotechnology, Vol.8a, eds. Rehm HJ et al., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany).
In einer Ausführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens werden Alkylester von konjugierte polyungesättigte Fettsäuren mit Glycerin zu konjugierte polyungesättigte Fettsäuren enthaltenden Glyceriden umgeestert. Aus dem Alkylester wird dabei das ent- sprechende Alkanol freigesetzt.In one embodiment of the process according to the invention, alkyl esters are transesterified from conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids with glycerol to glycerides containing conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids. The corresponding alkanol is released from the alkyl ester.
In einer allgemeinen Ausführungsform werden Alkylester der konjugierten polyungesättigten Fettsäuren mit Glycerin in einem Verhältnis von 2 bis 10 mol, besonders bevorzugt 3 bis 5 mol Alkylester pro mol Glycerin umgesetzt. Die Umsetzung wird unter Zusatz von 0,01 bis 100 Gew.-% (bzgl. des Alkylesters) , besonders bevorzugt 1 bis 10 % einer Lipase unter Rühren bei Temperaturen von 0 bis 100°C, besonders bevorzugt 30 bis 80°C durchgeführt. Dabei ist es von Vorteil, aber nicht zwingend erforderlich, das frei werdende Alkanol aus dem Reaktionsgemisch zu entfernen. Dies kann durch destillative Abtrennung unter Normaldruck oder im Vakuum erfolgen. Die verwendete Lipase kann als mehr oder weniger gereinigtes Protein, als ein lipasehaltiger Zellextrakt oder als eine auf einen festen Träger aufgezogenen Lipasepräparation ein- gesetzt werden.In a general embodiment, alkyl esters of the conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are reacted with glycerol in a ratio of 2 to 10 mol, particularly preferably 3 to 5 mol, of alkyl ester per mol of glycerol. The reaction is carried out with the addition of 0.01 to 100% by weight (with respect to the alkyl ester), particularly preferably 1 to 10% of a lipase with stirring at temperatures from 0 to 100 ° C., particularly preferably 30 to 80 ° C. It is advantageous, but not absolutely necessary, to remove the alkanol liberated from the reaction mixture. This can be done by distillation under normal pressure or in vacuo. The lipase used can be used as a more or less purified protein, as a lipase-containing cell extract or as a lipase preparation drawn up on a solid support.
In einer alternativen Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens werden Alkylester der konjugierten polyungesättigten Fettsäuren mit Acylglyceriden (Mono-, Di- oder Triglyceriden oder Mischungen derselben), wie z.B. natürlichen Ölen oder Fetten, unter Lipase-Katalyse zu konjugierte polyungesättigte Fettsäuren enthaltenden Glyceriden umgesetzt.In an alternative embodiment of the process according to the invention, alkyl esters of the conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are reacted with acylglycerides (mono-, di- or triglycerides or mixtures thereof), e.g. natural oils or fats, converted under lipase catalysis to glycerides containing conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids.
In einer allgemeinen Ausführungsform werden Alkylester der konjugierten polyungesättigten Fettsäuren mit Ölen, wie z.B. Sonnenblumenöl, Rapsöl, Fischöl, Sojaöl, Palmöl, Färberdistöl, Leinsamöl, Weizenkeimöl, Erdnussöl, Baumwollsaatöl , Maiskeimöl, Milchfett oder Sheaöl, in einem Verhältnis von 1 bis 10 mol Alkylester (besonders bevorzugt 3 bis 5mol) pro mol Acyl- glycerid umgesetzt. Die Umsetzung wird unter Zusatz von 0,01 bis 100 Gew.-% (bzgl. des Alkylesters, besonders bevorzugt 0,2 bis 10 %) einer Lipase unter Rühren bei Temperaturen von 0 bis 100°C, besonders bevorzugt 30° bis 80°C durchgeführt. Die verwendete Lipase kann als mehr oder weniger gereinigtes Protein, als ein lipasehaltiger Zellextrakt oder als eine auf einen festen Träger aufgezogenen Lipasepräparation eingesetzt werden. Die in dieser Ausführungsform als Nebenprodukt gebildeten Fettsäure-Alkylester
können in einem nachfolgenden Verfahrensschritt oder im Rahmen eines kontinuierlichen Verfahrens durch Destillation im Vakuum bei unter 200°C abgetrennt werden.In a general embodiment, alkyl esters of the conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids with oils such as sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, wheat germ oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, milk fat or shea oil, in a ratio of 1 to 10 mol alkyl ester (particularly preferably 3 to 5 mol) implemented per mol of acylglyceride. The reaction is carried out with the addition of 0.01 to 100% by weight (with respect to the alkyl ester, particularly preferably 0.2 to 10%) of a lipase with stirring at temperatures from 0 to 100 ° C., particularly preferably 30 ° to 80 ° C performed. The lipase used can be used as a more or less purified protein, as a lipase-containing cell extract or as a lipase preparation drawn on a solid support. The fatty acid alkyl esters formed as a by-product in this embodiment can be separated in a subsequent process step or as part of a continuous process by distillation in vacuo at below 200 ° C.
Die Durchführung der Reaktion in Gegenwart von Wasser führt zu einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform. Der Eintrag von Wasser kann über die Lipasepräparation erfolgen (kommerziell erhältliche Lipasepräparationen enthalten an das Protein gebundenes Wasser) oder durch Zusatz zu einer der Reaktionskomponenten oder direkt in das Reaktionsgemisch.Carrying out the reaction in the presence of water leads to an advantageous embodiment. Water can be introduced via the lipase preparation (commercially available lipase preparations contain water bound to the protein) or by addition to one of the reaction components or directly into the reaction mixture.
Bei dem auf Glycerin basierenden Verfahren ist es vorteilhaft, nicht mehr Wasser zuzusetzen, als Glycerin im Ansatz ist. Die Gewichtsmenge Wasser in dem Reaktionsansatz ist bevorzugt kleiner als 100 % der Gewichtsmenge an Glycerin, besonders bevorzugt kleiner als 25 %, ganz besonders bevorzugt kleiner als 10 %.In the glycerin-based process, it is advantageous not to add more water than is glycerol in the batch. The amount by weight of water in the reaction mixture is preferably less than 100% of the amount by weight of glycerol, particularly preferably less than 25%, very particularly preferably less than 10%.
Bei dem auf Glyceriden basierenden Verfahren können auch größere Mengen an Wasser zugesetzt werden. Bevozugt ist aber auch hier die Gewichtsmenge Wasser kleiner als 100 % der Gewichtsmenge an Glyceriden in Reaktionsansatz.Larger amounts of water can also be added in the process based on glycerides. However, the amount by weight of water is also less than 100% of the amount by weight of glycerides in the reaction mixture.
Bevorzugt sind von den oben beschriebenen Verfahren solche, die zu überwiegend aus Triglyceriden bestehenden, konjugierte Fett- säuren enthaltenden Glyceriden führen. Besonders bevorzugt sind Verfahren die zu Glycerid-Gemischen führen, die ca. 84 bis ca. 95 Gew.-% Triglyceride, ca. 5 bis 15 Gew.-% Diglyceride und weniger als ca. 5 Gew.-% Monoglyceride enthalten.Of the processes described above, preference is given to those which lead to glycerides which predominantly consist of triglycerides and contain conjugated fatty acids. Methods which lead to glyceride mixtures which contain about 84 to about 95% by weight of triglycerides, about 5 to 15% by weight of diglycerides and less than about 5% by weight of monoglycerides are particularly preferred.
Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren kann in Gegenwart von organischen Lösungsmitteln, wie zum Beispiel Ethern, wie MTB, THF, Dioxan oder Dibutylether, Kohlenwasserstoffen, wie Toluol, Xylol oder Alkanen, halogenierten Kohlenwasserstoffen wie Dichlormethan oder Ketonen und Nitrilen, wie Aceton, Acetonitril oder Diethylketon, durchgeführt werden können. Dabei kann die Menge des organischen Lösungsmittels im Reaktionsgemisch das 0,1- bis 20fache der Mengen aller anderen Einsatzstoffe sein, bevorzugt das 0,5- bis 10fache.
AusführungsbeispieleThe process according to the invention can be carried out in the presence of organic solvents such as ethers such as MTB, THF, dioxane or dibutyl ether, hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene or alkanes, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane or ketones and nitriles such as acetone, acetonitrile or diethyl ketone can be. The amount of organic solvent in the reaction mixture can be 0.1 to 20 times the amount of all other starting materials, preferably 0.5 to 10 times. embodiments
Herstellung von CLA enthaltende Triglyceriden aus CLA-Ethyl- estern:Preparation of triglycerides containing CLA from CLA ethyl esters:
Beispiel 1:Example 1:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (10 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 % 9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t, 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (1,1 g) , Burldio lderia plantarii-Lipase (1,0 g, geträgert auf Polypropylen) wurden bei 35°C unter reduziertem Druck (10 mbar) gerührt.A CLA ethyl ester preparation (10 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c-CLA ethyl ester, <3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (1.1 g), Burldio lderia plantarii Lipase (1.0 g, supported on polypropylene) was stirred at 35 ° C. under reduced pressure (10 mbar).
Beispiel 2 :Example 2:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (10 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 % 9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t, 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (1,1 g) , Candida anfcarcfcica-Lipase (1,0 g, geträgert; "Novozym 435") wurden bei 35°C unter reduziertem Druck (10 mbar) gerührt.A CLA ethyl ester preparation (10 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, <3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (1.1 g), Candida anfcarcfcica- Lipase (1.0 g, supported; "Novozym 435") were stirred at 35 ° C. under reduced pressure (10 mbar).
Beispiel 3 :Example 3:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (10 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 % 9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t, 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (1,1 g) , Candida antarctica-Lipase (0,5 g) wurden bei 35°C unter reduziertem Druck (10 mbar) gerührt.A CLA ethyl ester preparation (10 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, <3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (1.1 g), Candida antarctica Lipase (0.5 g) was stirred at 35 ° C under reduced pressure (10 mbar).
Beispiel 4:Example 4:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (10 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 % 9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t, 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (1,1 g) , Burlcholderia σepacia-Lipase (0,5 g) wurden bei 35°C unter reduziertem Druck (10 mbar) gerührt.A CLA ethyl ester preparation (10 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, <3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (1.1 g), Burlcholderia σepacia- Lipase (0.5 g) was stirred at 35 ° C under reduced pressure (10 mbar).
Beispiel 5 :Example 5:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (5 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 % 9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t, 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (0,55 g) , Burπkholderia plantarii-Lipase (0,5 g, geträgert auf Polypropylen) wurden bei 70°C unter reduziertem Druck (500 mbar) gerührt.A CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, <3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), Burπkholderia plantarii- Lipase (0.5 g, supported on polypropylene) were stirred at 70 ° C. under reduced pressure (500 mbar).
Beispiel 6 : Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (5 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 %Example 6: A CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36%
9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t , 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (0,55 g) , Candida antarctica-Lipase (0,5 g, geträgert; "Novozym 435") wurden bei 70°C unter reduziertem Druck (500 mbar) gerührt.
Beispiel 7 :9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c-CLA ethyl ester, <3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), Candida antarctica lipase (0.5 g, carrier; "Novozym 435 ") were stirred at 70 ° C under reduced pressure (500 mbar). Example 7:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (5 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 % 9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t, 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (0,55 g) , Burlcholderia cepacia-Lxpase 5 (0,25 g) wurden bei 70°C unter reduziertem Druck (500 mbar) gerührt .A CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, <3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), Burlcholderia cepacia- Lxpase 5 (0.25 g) were stirred at 70 ° C under reduced pressure (500 mbar).
Beispiel 8 :Example 8:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (5 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 % 10 9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t, 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (0,55 g) , Toluol (5 g) und Candida antarctica-Lipase (0,25 g, geträgert; "Novozym 435") wurden bei 70°C unter reduziertem Druck (500 mbar) gerührt.A CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36% 10 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, <3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), toluene ( 5 g) and Candida antarctica lipase (0.25 g, supported; "Novozym 435") were stirred at 70 ° C. under reduced pressure (500 mbar).
15 Beispiel 9:15 Example 9:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (5 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 % 9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t, 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (0,55 g) , Dioxan (5 g) und Candida antarctica-Lipase (0,25 g, geträgert; "Novozym 435") wurden beiA CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, <3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), dioxane (5th g) and Candida antarctica lipase (0.25 g, supported; "Novozym 435") were used
20 70°C unter reduziertem Druck (500 mbar) gerührt.20 70 ° C stirred under reduced pressure (500 mbar).
Ergebnis der Beispiele 1 bis 9: Nach 1, 2, 4 und 7 Std. wurden jeweils kleine Proben entnommen und dünnschichtchromatographisch analysiert . Dabei wurde eine mit der Zeit ansteigende Menge an 25 Mono-, Di- und Triglyceriden nachgewiesen.Results of Examples 1 to 9: Small samples were taken after 1, 2, 4 and 7 hours and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. An increasing amount of 25 mono-, di- and triglycerides was detected over time.
Beispiel 10:Example 10:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (5 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 %A CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36%
9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t, 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c-CLA ethyl ester, <3% others
30 CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (0,55 g) , Mucor miehei-Lipase (0,5 g, geträgert; "Lipozym IM") wurden bei 70°C unter reduziertem Druck (500 mbar) gerührt. Nach 1, 2, 4 und 6 Std. wurden kleine Proben entnommen und dünnschichtchromatographisch eine ansteigende Menge Glyceride nachgewiesen, allerdings mittelständig substituierte30 CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), Mucor miehei lipase (0.5 g, supported; "Lipozym IM") were stirred at 70 ° C. under reduced pressure (500 mbar). After 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, small samples were taken and an increasing amount of glycerides was detected by thin layer chromatography, albeit with medium substitution
35 Diglyceride und Triglyceride nur in Spuren.35 diglycerides and triglycerides only in traces.
Beispiel 11:Example 11:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (5 g; Zusammensetzung: 36 %A CLA ethyl ester preparation (5 g; composition: 36%
9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 36 % 10t, 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 36% 10t, 12c-CLA ethyl ester, <3% others
40 CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (0,55 g) , Toluol (5 g) und Mucor miehei-Lipase (0,5 g, geträgert; "Lipozym IM") wurden bei 70°C unter reduziertem Druck (500 mbar) gerührt. Nach 1, 2, 4 und 6 Std. wurden kleine Proben entnommen und dünnschichtchromatographisch eine ansteigende Menge Glyceride nachgewiesen, allerdings mittel-40 CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (0.55 g), toluene (5 g) and Mucor miehei lipase (0.5 g, supported; "Lipozym IM") were stirred at 70 ° C. under reduced pressure (500 mbar) , After 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, small samples were taken and an increasing amount of glycerides was detected by thin layer chromatography, albeit medium
45 ständig substituierte Diglyceride und Triglyceride nur in Spuren.
Beispiel 12 :45 constantly substituted diglycerides and triglycerides only in traces. Example 12:
Eine CLA-Ethylesterpräparation (3,8 g; Zusammensetzung: 48 % 9c,llt-CLA-Ethylester, 48 % 10t , 12c-CLA-Ethylester, < 3 % andere CLA-Ethylester), Glycerin (8 g) , Candida an tarctica-Lipase (0,8 g, geträgert; "Novozym 435") wurden bei 55°C unter reduziertem Druck (500 mbar) gerührt.A CLA ethyl ester preparation (3.8 g; composition: 48% 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester, 48% 10t, 12c CLA ethyl ester, <3% other CLA ethyl esters), glycerol (8 g), Candida an tarctica Lipase (0.8 g, supported; "Novozym 435") were stirred at 55 ° C. under reduced pressure (500 mbar).
Ergebnis: Nach 1, 2, 4 und 7 Std. wurden jeweils kleine Proben entnommen und dünnschichtchromatographisch analysiert. Dabei wurde eine mit der Zeit ansteigende Menge an Mono-, Di- und Triglyceride nachgewiesen. Zur qualitativen GC Analyse wurde die Reaktionsmischung, nach Abtrennung der immobilisierten Lipase, mit BSTFA (N, O-Bis-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamid) silyliert. Gemessem wurde auf einer Optima-Delta-6.Result: Small samples were taken after 1, 2, 4 and 7 hours and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. An increasing amount of mono-, di- and triglycerides was detected. For qualitative GC analysis, the reaction mixture, after removal of the immobilized lipase, was silylated with BSTFA (N, O-bis-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide). Measurements were taken on an Optima Delta 6.
GC Flächen-%: Glycerin 39 %, 9c, llt-CLA-Ethylester 19 %, 10t,12c-CLA-Ethyleste 19 %, Monoglycerid 0,2 %, Diglycerid 1,1 Triglycerid 2 % .
GC area%: glycerol 39%, 9c, III-CLA ethyl ester 19%, 10t, 12c-CLA ethyl ester 19%, monoglyceride 0.2%, diglyceride 1.1 triglyceride 2%.
Claims
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung von konjugierte, mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren enthaltenden Glyceriden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Alkylester der konjugierten, mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren mit Glycerin oder Glyceriden unter Lipase-Katalyse zur Reaktion gebracht werden und der entstehende Alkylalkohol aus dem Reaktionsgemisch entfernt wird.1. A process for the preparation of conjugated glycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, characterized in that alkyl esters of the conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids are reacted with glycerol or glycerides with lipase catalysis and the resulting alkyl alcohol is removed from the reaction mixture.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das konjugierte, mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren enthaltende Glycerid überwiegend aus Triglyceriden zusammengesetzt ist.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the conjugated glyceride containing polyunsaturated fatty acids is composed predominantly of triglycerides.
3. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 oder 2 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Alkylester ein Cι~ bis Cs-Alkylester ist.3. The method according to claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the alkyl ester is a Cι ~ to Cs alkyl ester.
4. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 3 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die konjugierten, mehrfach ungesättigten Fett- säuren ausgewählt sind aus der Gruppe enthaltend konjugierte Linolsäuren, konjugierte Linolensäure, Calendulasäure, α-Parinarsäure, Dimorphecolsäure oder Eleostearinsäure.4. The method according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of conjugated linoleic acids, conjugated linolenic acid, calendulic acid, α-parinaric acid, dimorphecolic acid or elostearic acid.
5. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 4 , dadurch gekenn- zeichnet, dass man die Alkylester der 9-cis, 11-trans konjugierte Linolsäure oder der 10-trans, 12-cis konjugierten Linolsäure umsetzt.5. Process according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the alkyl esters of 9-cis, 11-trans conjugated linoleic acid or 10-trans, 12-cis conjugated linoleic acid are reacted.
6. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 5, dadurch gekenn- zeichnet, dass man als Glycerid ein synthetisches oder natürlich vorkommendes Glyceridöl oder -fett oder ein Derivat davon verwendet.6. The method according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a synthetic or naturally occurring glyceride oil or fat or a derivative thereof is used as the glyceride.
7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man als Glycerid ein Sonnenblumenöl, Rapsöl, Fischöl, Sojaöl,7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the glyceride is a sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil, soybean oil,
Palmöl, Färberdistöl, Leinsamöl, Weizenkeimöl, Erdnussöl, Baumwollsaatöl, Maiskeimöl, Milchfett, Tung-Öl oder Sheaöl oder ein Derivat derselben verwendet .Palm oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, wheat germ oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, milk fat, tung oil or shea oil or a derivative thereof is used.
8. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man eine positionsunspezifische Lipase verwendet . 8. The method according to claims 1 to 7, characterized in that one uses a position-unspecific lipase.
9. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 8 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man eine Lipase mit Spezifität für cis-Δ9-Fettsäuren oder trans-ΔlO-Fettsäuren verwendet.9. The method according to claims 1 to 8, characterized in that one uses a lipase with specificity for cis-Δ9 fatty acids or trans-Δ10 fatty acids.
5 10. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Lipase aus Mikroorganismen der Gattungen Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Candida, Geotrichum, Chromobacterium, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus oder Aspergillus stammt. 105 10. The method according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the lipase comes from microorganisms of the genera Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Candida, Geotrichum, Chromobacterium, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus or Aspergillus. 10
11. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Reaktion in Gegenwart von Wasser durchgeführt wird.11. The method according to claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the reaction is carried out in the presence of water.
15 12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gewichtsmenge an Wasser die Gewichtsmenge an eingesetzten Glycerin bzw. Glycerid nicht übersteigt.15 12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that the amount by weight of water does not exceed the amount by weight of glycerol or glyceride used.
13. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12 , dadurch gekenn- 20 zeichnet, dass der Alkylalkohol destillativ unter vermindertem Druck aus dem Reaktionsgemisch entfernt wird.13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the alkyl alcohol is removed by distillation from the reaction mixture under reduced pressure.
2525
3030
3535
4040
45 45
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DE10046879 | 2000-09-20 | ||
DE10046879 | 2000-09-20 | ||
PCT/EP2001/010806 WO2002024935A1 (en) | 2000-09-20 | 2001-09-19 | Method for producing glycerides of conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty acids on the basis of their alkyl esters |
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EP1322776A1 true EP1322776A1 (en) | 2003-07-02 |
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EP01980406A Withdrawn EP1322776A1 (en) | 2000-09-20 | 2001-09-19 | Method for producing glycerides of conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty acids on the basis of their alkyl esters |
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US (1) | US20030175914A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1322776A1 (en) |
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US7981641B2 (en) | 2004-03-31 | 2011-07-19 | Cognis Ip Management Gmbh | Processes for the production of triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids in the presence of enzymes |
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JP3970669B2 (en) * | 2001-08-02 | 2007-09-05 | 日清オイリオグループ株式会社 | Conjugated fatty acid-containing monoglyceride and method for producing the same |
DK1749099T3 (en) * | 2004-01-29 | 2016-11-28 | Stepan Co | Process for Enzymatic Production of Triglyceride |
DE102004015782A1 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-20 | Cognis Ip Man Gmbh | Process for the enzymatic synthesis of triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids |
DE102004019472A1 (en) * | 2004-04-22 | 2005-11-17 | Bayer Healthcare Ag | phenylacetamides |
US10119098B2 (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2018-11-06 | Epax Norway As | Concentration of fatty acid alkyl esters by enzymatic reactions with glycerol |
DE102005057832A1 (en) * | 2005-12-03 | 2007-06-06 | Cognis Ip Management Gmbh | Process for the enzymatic synthesis of triglycerides |
UA97127C2 (en) * | 2006-12-06 | 2012-01-10 | Бандж Ойлз, Инк. | Method and system for the enzymatic treatment of lipid containing feedstock |
GB0902040D0 (en) * | 2009-02-06 | 2009-03-11 | Seeds Lp | Composition for treatment of skin |
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DE1156788C2 (en) * | 1959-12-02 | 1973-11-22 | Brinckmann Harburger Fett | Process for converting fatty acid esters of monohydric alcohols with isolated double bonds (íÀIsolenfettsaeureesterníÂ) into fatty acid esters with conjugated double bonds (íÀkonjuenfettsaeureesteríÂ) |
US5288619A (en) * | 1989-12-18 | 1994-02-22 | Kraft General Foods, Inc. | Enzymatic method for preparing transesterified oils |
EP0866874B2 (en) * | 1995-11-14 | 2005-06-22 | Loders Croklaan B.V. | Process for the preparation of materials with a high content of isomers of conjugated linoleic acid |
US6177580B1 (en) * | 1998-04-21 | 2001-01-23 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Conjugated linolenic acid-based synthetic triglycerides |
DE59913680D1 (en) * | 1998-05-15 | 2006-08-31 | Goldschmidt Gmbh | Fatty acid partial esters of polyols |
-
2001
- 2001-09-19 WO PCT/EP2001/010806 patent/WO2002024935A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-09-19 US US10/380,180 patent/US20030175914A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-09-19 EP EP01980406A patent/EP1322776A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-09-19 AU AU2002212256A patent/AU2002212256A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US7981641B2 (en) | 2004-03-31 | 2011-07-19 | Cognis Ip Management Gmbh | Processes for the production of triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids in the presence of enzymes |
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