EP1311283A2 - Omega-conopeptides - Google Patents

Omega-conopeptides

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Publication number
EP1311283A2
EP1311283A2 EP01957214A EP01957214A EP1311283A2 EP 1311283 A2 EP1311283 A2 EP 1311283A2 EP 01957214 A EP01957214 A EP 01957214A EP 01957214 A EP01957214 A EP 01957214A EP 1311283 A2 EP1311283 A2 EP 1311283A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cys
ser
thr
gly
arg
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP01957214A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1311283A4 (fr
Inventor
Baldomero M. Olivera
J. Michael Mcintosh
Maren Watkins
James E. Garrett
Ki-Joon Shon
Richard Jacobsen
Robert M. Jones
G. Edward Cartier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of Utah Research Foundation UURF
Cognetix Inc
Original Assignee
University of Utah Research Foundation UURF
Cognetix Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by University of Utah Research Foundation UURF, Cognetix Inc filed Critical University of Utah Research Foundation UURF
Publication of EP1311283A2 publication Critical patent/EP1311283A2/fr
Publication of EP1311283A4 publication Critical patent/EP1311283A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/06—Antimigraine agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the invention relates to ⁇ -conopeptides, derivatives or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and uses thereof, including the treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disorders, such as anticonvulsant agents, as neuroprotective agents, as cardiovascular agents or for the management of pain.
  • the invention further relates to nucleic acid sequences encoding the conopeptides and encoding propeptides, as well as the propeptides.
  • Conus is a genus of predatory marine gastropods (snails) which envenomate their prey.
  • Venomous cone snails use a highly developed projectile apparatus to deliver their cocktail of toxic conotoxins into their prey.
  • the cone detects the presence of the fish using chemosensors in its siphon and when close enough extends its proboscis and fires a hollow harpoon-like tooth containing venom into the fish. This immobilizes the fish and enables the cone snail to wind it into its mouth via an attached filament.
  • Conus and their venom For general information on Conus and their venom see the website address http://grimwade.biochem.unimelb.edu.au/cone/referenc.html. Prey capture is accomplished through a sophisticated arsenal of peptides which target specific ion channel and receptor subtypes.
  • Each Conus species venom appears to contain a unique set of 50-200 peptides.
  • the composition of the venom differs greatly between species and between individual snails within each species, each optimally evolved to paralyse it's prey.
  • the active components of the venom are small peptides toxins, typically 12-30 amino acid residues in length and are typically highly constrained peptides due to their high density of disulphide bonds.
  • the venoms consist of a large number of different peptide components that when separated exhibit a range of biological activities: when injected into mice they elicit a range of physiological responses from shaking to depression.
  • the paralytic components of the venom that have been the focus of recent investigation are the ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -conotoxins. All of these conotoxins act by preventing neuronal communication, but each targets a different aspect of the process to achieve this.
  • the ⁇ -conotoxins target nicotinic ligand gated channels
  • the ⁇ - conotoxins target the voltage-gated sodium channels
  • the ⁇ -conotoxins target the voltage- gated calcium channels (Olivera et al., 1985; Olivera et al., 1990).
  • a linkage has been established between ⁇ -, ⁇ A- & ⁇ -conotoxins and the nicotinic ligand-gated ion channel; ⁇ - conotoxins and the voltage-gated calcium channel; ⁇ -conotoxins and the voltage-gated sodium channel; ⁇ -conotoxins and the voltage-gated sodium channel; ⁇ -conotoxins and the voltage- gated potassium channel; conantokins and the ligand-gated glutamate (NMD A) channel.
  • NMD A ligand-gated glutamate
  • peptides where function has been determined three classes of targets have been elucidated: voltage-gated ion channels; ligand-gated ion channels, and G- protein-linked receptors.
  • Conus peptides which target voltage-gated ion channels include those that delay the inactivation of sodium channels, as well as blockers specific for sodium channels, calcium channels and potassium channels.
  • Peptides that target ligand-gated ion channels include antagonists of NMDA and serotonin receptors, as well as competitive and noncompetitive nicotinic receptor antagonists.
  • Peptides which act on G-protein receptors include neurotensin and vasopressin receptor agonists.
  • the unprecedented pharmaceutical selectivity of conotoxins is at least in part defined by a specific disulfide bond frameworks combined with hypervariable amino acids within disulfide loops (for a review see Mclntosh et al., 1998).
  • ⁇ -Conotoxin MVIIA isolated from Conus magus, is approximately 1000 times more potent than morphine, yet does not produce the tolerance or addictive properties of opiates.
  • ⁇ -Conotoxin MVIIA has completed Phase III (final stages) of human clinical trials and has been approved as a therapeutic agent.
  • ⁇ -Conotoxin MVIIA is introduced into human patients by means of an implantable, programmable pump with a catheter threaded into the intrathecal space.
  • Preclinical testing for use in post-surgical pain is being carried out on another Conus peptide, Contulakin-G, isolated from Conus geographus (Craig et al. 1999).
  • Contulakin-G is a 16 amino acid O-linked glycopeptide whose C-tenninus resembles neurotensin. It is an agonist of neurotensin receptors, but appears significantly more potent than neurotensin in inhibiting pain in in vivo assays.
  • Ischemic damage to the central nervous system may result form either global or focal ischemic conditions.
  • Global ischemia occurs under conditions in which blood flow to the entire brain ceases for a period of time, such as may result from cardiac arrest.
  • Focal ischemia occurs under conditions in which a portion of the brain is deprived of its normal blood supply, such as may result from thromboembolytic occlusion of a cerebral vessel, traumatic head or spinal cord injury, edema or brain or spinal cord tumors.
  • Both global and focal ischemic conditions have the potential for widespread neuronal damage, even if the global ischemic condition is transient or the focal condition affects a very limited area.
  • Epilepsy is a recurrent paroxysmal disorder of cerebral function characterized by sudden brief attacks of altered consciousness, motor activity, sensory phenomena or inappropriate behavior caused by abnormal excessive discharge of cerebral neurons. Convulsive seizures, the most common form of attacks, begin with loss of consciousness and motor control, and tonic or clonic jerking of all extremities but any recurrent seizure pattern may be termed epilepsy.
  • the term primary or idiopathic epilepsy denotes those cases where no cause for the seizures can be identified.
  • Secondary or symptomatic epilepsy designates the disorder when it is associated with such factors as trauma, neoplasm, infection, developmental abnormalities, cerebrovascular disease, or various metabolic conditions.
  • Epileptic seizures are classified as partial seizures (focal, local seizures) or generalized seizures (convulsive or nonconvulsive). Classes of partial seizures include simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures and partial seizures secondarily generalized. Classes of generalized seizures include absence seizures, atypical absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, clonic seizures, tonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures (grand mat) and atonic seizures. Therapeutics having anticonvulsant properties are used in the treatment of seizures. Most therapeutics used to abolish or attenuate seizures act at least through effects that reduce the spread of excitation from seizure foci and prevent detonation and disruption of function of normal aggregates of neurons.
  • the present invention is directed to ⁇ -conopeptides, derivatives or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and uses thereof, including the treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disorders, such as anticonvulsant agents, as neuroprotective agents, as cardiovascular agents or for the management of pain.
  • the invention is further directed to nucleic acid sequences encoding the ⁇ -conopeptides and encoding propeptides, as well as the propeptides.
  • the present invention is directed to ⁇ -conopeptides, having the amino acid sequences set forth in Table 2 below.
  • the present invention is also directed to derivatives or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the ⁇ -conopeptides or the derivatives.
  • derivatives include peptides in which the Arg residues may be substituted by Lys, ornithine, homoargine, nor-Lys, N-methyl-Lys, N,N-dimethyl-Lys, N,N,N-trimethyl-Lys or any synthetic basic amino acid; the Lys residues may be substituted by Arg, ornithine, homoargine, nor-Lys, or any synthetic basic amino acid; the Tyr residues may be substituted with meta-Tyr, ortho-Tyr, nor-Tyr, mono-halo- Tyr, di-halo-Tyr, O-sulpho-Tyr, O-phospho-Tyr, nitro-Tyr or any synthetic hydroxy containing amino acid; the Ser residues may be substituted with Thr or any synthetic hydroxylated amino acid; the Thr residues may be substituted with
  • the halogen may be iodo, chloro, fluoro or bromo; preferably iodo for halogen substituted-Tyr and bromo for halogen-substituted Trp.
  • the Tyr residues may also be substituted with the 3-hydroxyl or 2-hydroxyl isomers (meta- Tyr or ortho-Tyr, respectively) and corresponding O-sulpho- and O-phospho-derivatives.
  • the acidic amino acid residues may be substituted with any synthetic acidic amino acid, e.g., tetrazolyl derivatives of Gly and Ala.
  • the Cys residues may be in D or L configuration and may optionally be substituted with homocysteine (D or L).
  • Examples of synthetic aromatic amino acid include, but are not limited to, nitro- Phe, 4-substituted-Phe wherein the substituent is -C 3 alkyl, carboxyl, hyrdroxymethyl, sulphomethyl, halo, phenyl, -CHO, -CN, -SO 3 H and -NHAc.
  • Examples of synthetic hydroxy containing amino acid include, but are not limited to, such as 4-hydroxymethyl-Phe, 4- hydroxyphenyl-Gly, 2,6-dimethyl-Tyr and 5-amino-Tyr.
  • Examples of synthetic basic amino acids include, but are not limited to, N-l-(2-pyrazolinyl)-Arg, 2-(4-piperinyl)-Gly, 2-(4- piperinyl)-Ala, 2-[3-(2S)pyrrolininyl)-Gly and 2-[3-(2S)pyrrolininyI)-Ala.
  • the Asn residues may be modified to contain an N-glycan and the Ser, Thr and Hyp residues may be modified to contain an O-glycan (e.g., g-N, g-S, g-T and g-Hyp).
  • a glycan shall mean any N-, S- or O-linked mono-, di-, tri-, poly- or oligosacchari.de that can be attached to any hydroxy, amino or thiol group of natural or modified amino acids by synthetic or enzymatic methodologies known in the art.
  • the monosaccharides making up the glycan can include D-allose, D-altrose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-gulose, D-idose, D-galactose, D-talose, D-galactosamine, D-glucosamine, D-N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc), D-N-acetyl- galactosamine (GalNAc), D-fucose or D-arabinose.
  • These saccharides may be structurally modified, e.g., with one or more O-sulfate, O-phosphate, O-acetyl or acidic groups, such as sialic acid, including combinations thereof.
  • the gylcan may also include similar polyhydroxy groups, such as D-penicillamine 2,5 and halogenated derivatives thereof or polypropylene glycol derivatives.
  • the glycosidic linkage is beta and 1-4 or 1-3, preferably 1-3.
  • the linkage between the glycan and the amino acid may be alpha or beta, preferably alpha and is 1-.
  • Core O-glycans have been described by Van de Steen et al. (1998), incorporated herein by reference.
  • Mucin type O-linked oligosaccharides are attached to Ser or Thr (or other hydroxylated residues of the present peptides) by a GalNAc residue.
  • the monosaccharide building blocks and the linkage attached to this first GalNAc residue define the "core glycans," of which eight have been identified.
  • the type of glycosidic linkage (orientation and connectivities) are defined for each core glycan.
  • Suitable glycans and glycan analogs are described further in U.S. Serial No. 09/420,797 filed 19 October 1999 and in PCT Application No. PCT/US99/24380 filed 19 October 1999 (PCT Published Application No. WO 00/23092), each incorporated herein by reference.
  • a preferred glycan is Gal( ⁇ l-»3)GalNAc( ⁇ l— »).
  • pairs of Cys residues may be replaced pairwise with isoteric lactam or ester-thioether replacements, such as Ser/ Glu or Asp), Lys/(Glu or Asp) or Cys/Ala combinations.
  • isoteric lactam or ester-thioether replacements such as Ser/ Glu or Asp), Lys/(Glu or Asp) or Cys/Ala combinations.
  • Sequential coupling by known methods (Barnay et al., 2000; Hruby et al., 1994; Bitan et al., 1997) allows replacement of native Cys bridges with lactam bridges.
  • Thioether analogs may be readily synthesized using halo-Ala residues commercially available from RSP Amino Acid Analogues.
  • the present invention is further directed to a method of treating disorders associated with voltage gated ion channel disorders in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a ⁇ -conopeptide described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the present invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a ⁇ -conopeptide described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention is further directed to uses of these peptides or nucleic acids as described herein, including the treatment of neurologic disorders, such as anticonvulsant agents, as neuroprotective agents, such as for treating stroke, as cardiovascular agents or for the management of pain.
  • neurologic disorders such as anticonvulsant agents
  • neuroprotective agents such as for treating stroke, as cardiovascular agents or for the management of pain.
  • the present invention is also directed to nucleic acids which encode conopeptides of the present invention or which encodes precursor peptides for these conopeptides, as well as the precursor peptide.
  • the nucleic acid sequences encoding the precursor peptides of other conopeptides of the present invention are set forth in Table 1. Table 1
  • the present invention is to ⁇ -conopeptides, derivatives or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the present invention is further directed to the use of this peptide, derivatives thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for the treatment of neurologic disorders, such as anticonvulsant agents, as neuroprotective agents, such as for treating stroke, as cardiovascular agents or for the management of pain, e.g. as analgesic agents.
  • the invention is further directed to nucleic acid sequences encoding the ⁇ -conopeptides and encoding propeptides, as well as the propeptides.
  • the present invention in another aspect, relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of an ⁇ -conopeptides, a mutein thereof, an analog thereof, an active fragment thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates.
  • Such a pharmaceutical composition has the capability of acting at voltage gated ion channels, and are thus useful for treating a disorder or disease of a living animal body, including a human, which disorder or disease is responsive to the partial or complete blockade of voltage gated ion channels of the central nervous system comprising the step of administering to such a living animal body, including a human, in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • Voltage-gated calcium channels are present in neurons, and in cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle and other excitable cells, and are known to play a variety of roles in membrane excitability, muscle contraction, and cellular secretion, such as in synaptic transmission (McCleskey).
  • voltage-gated calcium channels In neuronal cells, voltage-gated calcium channels have been classified by their electrophysiological as well as by their biochemical (binding) properties.
  • Six classes of physiologically distinct calcium channels have been identified to date, namely the T, L, N, P, Q, and R-type channels.
  • Compounds blocking the so called L-type calcium channels in the CNS are useful for the treatment of the above disorders by directly blocking the calcium uptake in the CNS. Further, it is well known that the so called N- and P-types of calcium channels, as well as possibly other types of calcium channels, are involved in the regulation of neurofransmitter release. Compounds blocking the N- and/or P-types of calcium channels indirectly and very powerfully prevent calcium overload in the CNS after the hyperactivity periods of the brain as described above by inhibiting the enhanced neurofransmitter release seen after such hyperactivity periods of the CNS, and especially the neurotoxic, enhanced glutamate release after such hyperactivity periods of the CNS.
  • blockers of the N- and/or P-types of calcium channels inhibit the release of various other neurotransmitters such as aspartate, GABA, glycine, dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are useful as neuroprotectants, cardiovascular agents, anticonvulsants, analgesics or adjuvants to general anesthetics.
  • a "neurological disorder or disease” is a disorder or disease of the nervous system including, but not limited to, global and focal ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, head trauma, spinal cord injury, hypoxia-induced nerve cell damage as in cardiac arrest or neonatal distress or epilepsy.
  • a "neurological disorder or disease” is a disease state and condition in which a neuroprotectant, anticonvulsant, analgesic and/or as an adjunct in general anesthesia may be indicated, useful, recommended or prescribed.
  • the present invention is directed to the use of these compounds for the treatment and alleviation of epilepsy and as a general anticonvulsant agent.
  • the present invention is also directed to the use of these compounds for reducing neurotoxic injury associated with conditions of hypoxia, anoxia or ischemia which typically follows stroke, cerebrovascular accident, brain or spinal cord trauma, myocardial infarct, physical trauma, drowning, suffocation, perinatal asphyxia, or hypoglycemic events.
  • the present invention is further directed to the use of these compounds for treating pain, including acute and chronic pain, such migraine, nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Other uses of these compounds are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,859,186, incorporated herein by reference.
  • a “neuroprotectant” is a compound capable of preventing the neuronal death associated with a neurological disorder or disease.
  • An “anticonvulsant” is a compound capable of reducing convulsions produced by conditions such as simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures, status epilepticus, and trauma-induced seizures such as occur following head injury, including head surgery.
  • An “analgesic” is a compound capable of relieving pain by altering perception of nociceptive stimuli without producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness.
  • a “muscle relaxant” is a compound that reduces muscular tension.
  • a “adjunct in general anesthesia” is a compound useful in conjunction with anesthetic agents in producing the loss of ability to perceive pain associated with the loss of consciousness.
  • the invention relates as well to methods useful for treatment of neurological disorders and diseases, including, but not limited to, global and focal ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, head trauma, spinal cord injury, hypoxia-induced nerve cell damage such as in cardiac arrest or neonatal distress, epilepsy or other convulsive disorders without undesirable side effects.
  • neurological disorders and diseases including, but not limited to, global and focal ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, head trauma, spinal cord injury, hypoxia-induced nerve cell damage such as in cardiac arrest or neonatal distress, epilepsy or other convulsive disorders without undesirable side effects.
  • the invention provides a method of reducing/alleviating/ decreasing the perception of pain by a subject or for inducing analgesia in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a ⁇ -conopeptide described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the pain may be acute, persistent, inflammatory or neuropathic pain.
  • the invention provides a method of treating stroke, head or spinal cord trauma or injury, anoxia, hypoxia-induced nerve cell damage, ischemia, migraine, psychosis, anxiety, schizophrenia, inflammation, movement disorder, epilepsy, any other convulsive disorder or in the prevention of the degenerative changes connected with the same in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a ⁇ -conopeptide described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the ⁇ -conopeptides described herein are sufficiently small to be chemically synthesized. General chemical syntheses for preparing the foregoing ⁇ -conotoxin peptides are described hereinafter.
  • ⁇ -conopeptides can also be obtained by isolation and purification from specific Conus species using the technique described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,447,356 (Olivera et al., 1984); 5,514,774; 5,719,264; and 5,591,821, as well as in PCT published application WO 98/03189, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the ⁇ -conopeptides of the present invention can be obtained by purification from cone snails, because the amounts of ⁇ -conopeptides obtainable from individual snails are very small, the desired substantially pure ⁇ -conopeptides are best practically obtained in commercially valuable amounts by chemical synthesis using solid-phase strategy.
  • the yield from a single cone snail may be about 10 micrograms or less of ⁇ - conopeptides peptide.
  • substantially pure is meant that the peptide is present in the substantial absence of other biological molecules of the same type; it is preferably present in an amount of at least about 85% purity and preferably at least about 95% purity. Chemical synthesis of biologically active ⁇ -conopeptides peptides depends of course upon correct determination of the amino acid sequence.
  • the ⁇ -conopeptides can also be produced by recombinant DNA techniques well known in the art. Such techniques are described by Sambrook et al. (1989).
  • a gene of interest i.e., a gene that encodes a suitable ⁇ -conopeptides
  • the expression vector containing the gene of interest may then be used to transfect the desired cell line. Standard transfection techniques such as calcium phosphate co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection or electroporation may be utilized.
  • a wide variety of host/expression vector combinations may be used to express a gene encoding a conotoxin peptide of interest. Such combinations are well known to a skilled artisan.
  • the peptides produced in this manner are isolated, reduced if necessary, and oxidized to form the correct disulfide bonds.
  • One method of forming disulfide bonds in the ⁇ -conopeptides of the present invention is the air oxidation of the linear peptides for prolonged periods under cold room temperatures or at room temperature. This procedure results in the creation of a substantial amount of the bioactive, disulfide-linked peptides.
  • the oxidized peptides are fractionated using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or the like, to separate peptides having different linked configurations. Thereafter, either by comparing these fractions with the elution of the native material or by using a simple assay, the particular fraction having the correct linkage for maximum biological potency is easily determined. However, because of the dilution resulting from the presence of other fractions of less biopotency, a somewhat higher dosage may be required.
  • the peptides are synthesized by a suitable method, such as by exclusively solid- phase techniques, by partial solid-phase techniques, by fragment condensation or by classical solution couplings.
  • the peptide chain can be prepared by a series of coupling reactions in which constituent amino acids are added to the growing peptide chain in the desired sequence.
  • various coupling reagents e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or diisopropylcarbonyldimidazole
  • various active esters e.g., esters of N-hydroxyphthalimide or N-hydroxy-succinimide
  • the various cleavage reagents to carry out reaction in solution, with subsequent isolation and purification of intermediates, is well known classical peptide methodology.
  • the synthesis of peptides containing ⁇ - carboxyglutamic acid residues is exemplified by Rivier et al. (1987), Nishiuchi et al. (1993) and Zhou et al. (1996).
  • the protecting group preferably retains its protecting properties and is not split off under coupling conditions
  • the protecting group should be stable under the reaction conditions selected for removing the ⁇ -amino protecting group at each step of the synthesis
  • the side chain protecting group must be removable, upon the completion of the synthesis containing the desired amino acid sequence, under reaction conditions that will not undesirably alter the peptide chain.
  • peptides are not so prepared, they are preferably prepared using the Merrifield solid-phase synthesis, although other equivalent chemical syntheses known in the art can also be used as previously mentioned. Solid-phase synthesis is commenced from the C-terminus of the peptide by coupling a protected ⁇ -amino acid to a suitable resin.
  • Such a starting material can be prepared by attaching an ⁇ -amino-protected amino acid by an ester linkage to a chloromethylated resin or a hydroxymethyl resin, or by an amide bond to a benzhydrylamme (BHA) resin or paramethylbenzhydrylamine (MBHA) resin. Preparation of the hydroxymethyl resin is described by Bodansky et al. (1966).
  • Chloromethylated resins are commercially available from Bio Rad Laboratories (Richmond, CA) and from Lab. Systems, Inc. The preparation of such a resin is described by Stewart and Young (1969).
  • BHA and MBHA resin supports are commercially available, and are generally used when the desired polypeptide being synthesized has an unsubstituted amide at the C- terminus.
  • solid resin supports may be any of those known in the art, such as one having the formulae -O-CH 2 -resin support, -NH BHA resin support, or -NH-MBHA resin support.
  • use of a BHA or MBHA resin is preferred, because cleavage directly gives the amide.
  • N-methyl amide In case the N-methyl amide is desired, it can be generated from an N-methyl BHA resin. Should other substituted amides be desired, the teaching of U.S. Patent No. 4,569,967 (Kornheim et al., 1986) can be used, or should still other groups than the free acid be desired at the C-terminus, it may be preferable to synthesize the peptide using classical methods as set forth in the Houben-Weyl text (1974).
  • the C-terminal amino acid protected by Boc or Fmoc and by a side-chain protecting group, if appropriate, can be first coupled to a chloromethylated resin according to the procedure set forth in K. Horiki et al. (1978), using KF in DMF at about 60°C for 24 hours with stirring, when a peptide having free acid at the C-terminus is to be synthesized.
  • the ⁇ -amino protecting group is removed, as by using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in methylene chloride or TFA alone.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • cleaving reagents such as HC1 in dioxane, and conditions for removal of specific ⁇ - amino protecting groups may be used as described in Schroder & Lubke (1965).
  • the remaining ⁇ -amino- and side chain-protected amino acids are coupled step-wise in the desired order to obtain the intermediate compound defined hereinbefore, or as an alternative to adding each amino acid separately in the synthesis, some of them may be coupled to one another prior to addition to the solid phase reactor.
  • Selection of an appropriate coupling reagent is within the skill of the art. Particularly suitable as a coupling reagent is N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, DIC, HBTU, HATU, TBTU in the presence of HoBt or Ho At).
  • activating reagents used in the solid phase synthesis of the peptides are well known in the peptide art.
  • suitable activating reagents are carbodiimides, such as N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide and N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide.
  • Other activating reagents and their use in peptide coupling are described by Schroder & Lubke (1965) and Kapoor (1970).
  • Each protected amino acid or amino acid sequence is introduced into the solid- phase reactor in about a twofold or more excess, and the coupling may be carried out in a medium of dimethylformamide (DMF):CH 2 C1 2 (1:1) or in DMF or CH 2 C1 2 alone.
  • DMF dimethylformamide
  • the coupling procedure is repeated before removal of the ⁇ -amino protecting group prior to the coupling of the next amino acid.
  • the success of the coupling reaction at each stage of the synthesis, if performed manually, is preferably monitored by the ninhydrin reaction, as described by Kaiser et al. (1970).
  • Coupling reactions can be performed automatically, as on a Beckman 990 automatic synthesizer, using a program such as that reported in Rivier et al. (1978).
  • the intermediate peptide can be removed from the resin support by treatment with a reagent, such as liquid hydrogen fluoride or TFA (if using Fmoc chemistry), which not only cleaves the peptide from the resin but also cleaves all remaining side chain protecting groups and also the -amino protecting group at the N-terminus if it was not previously removed to obtain the peptide in the form of the free acid.
  • a reagent such as liquid hydrogen fluoride or TFA (if using Fmoc chemistry)
  • the Boc protecting group is preferably first removed using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/ethanedithiol prior to cleaving the peptide from the resin with HF to eliminate potential S-alkylation.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • one or more scavengers such as anisole, cresol, dimethyl sulfide and methylethyl sulfide are included in the reaction vessel.
  • Cyclization of the linear peptide is preferably affected, as opposed to cyclizing the peptide while a part of the peptido-resin, to create bonds between Cys residues.
  • fully protected peptide can be cleaved from a hydroxymethylated resin or a chloromethylated resin support by ammonolysis, as is well known in the art, to yield the fully protected amide intermediate, which is thereafter suitably cyclized and deprotected.
  • deprotection, as well as cleavage of the peptide from the above resins or a benzhydrylamme (BHA) resin or a methylbenzhydrylamine (MBHA) can take place at 0°C with hydrofluoric acid (HF) or TFA, followed by oxidation as described above.
  • the peptides are also synthesized using an automatic synthesizer.
  • Amino acids are sequentially coupled to an MBHA Rink resin (typically 100 mg of resin) beginning at the C- terminus using an Advanced Chemtech 357 Automatic Peptide Synthesizer. Couplings are carried out using 1,3-diisopropylcarb ⁇ dimide in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) or by 2-(lH- benzotriazole-l-yl)-l,l,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) and diethylisopro- pylethylamine (DIEA).
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidinone
  • HBTU 2-(lH- benzotriazole-l-yl)-l,l,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
  • DIEA diethylisopro- pylethylamine
  • the ⁇ -conopeptides of the present invention are also useful to reduce neurotoxic injury associated with conditions of hypoxia, anoxia or ischemia which typically follows stroke, cerebrovascular accident, brain or spinal chord trauma, myocardial infarct, physical trauma, drownings, suffocation, perinatal asphyxia, or hypoglycemic events.
  • an ⁇ -conopeptide should be administered in a therapeutically effective amount to the patient within 24 hours of the onset of the hypoxic, anoxic or ischemic condition in order for the ⁇ -conopeptide to effectively minimize the CNS damage which the patient will experience.
  • the ⁇ -conopeptides of the present invention are further useful in controlling pain, e.g., as analgesic agents, and the treatment of migraine, acute pain or persistent pain. They can be used prophylactically or to relieve the symptoms associated with a migraine episode, or to treat acute or persistent pain. For these uses, an ⁇ -conopeptide is administered in a therapeutically effective amount to overcome or to ease the pain.
  • compositions containing a compound of the present invention as the active ingredient can be prepared according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. See, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. (1990, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA). Typically, an antagonistic amount of active ingredient will be admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., intravenous, oral, parenteral or intrathecally. For examples of delivery methods see U.S. Patent No. 5,844,077, incorporated herein by reference.
  • “Pharmaceutical composition” means physically discrete coherent portions suitable for medical administration.
  • “Pharmaceutical composition in dosage unit form” means physically discrete coherent units suitable for medical administration, each containing a daily dose or a multiple (up to four times) or a sub-multiple (down to a fortieth) of a daily dose of the active compound in association with a carrier and/or enclosed within an envelope. Whether the composition contains a daily dose, or for example, a half, a third or a quarter of a daily dose, will depend on whether the pharmaceutical composition is to be administered once or, for example, twice, three times or four times a day, respectively.
  • salt denotes acidic and/or basic salts, formed with inorganic or organic acids and/or bases, preferably basic salts. While pharmaceutically acceptable salts are preferred, particularly when employing the compounds of the invention as medicaments, other salts find utility, for example, in processing these compounds, or where non-medicament-type uses are contemplated. Salts of these compounds may be prepared by art-recognized techniques.
  • phannaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, inorganic and organic addition salts, such as hydrochloride, sulphates, nitrates or phosphates and acetates, trifluoroacetates, propionates, succinates, benzoates, citrates, tartrates, fumarates, maleates, methane-sulfonates, isothionates, theophylline acetates, salicylates, respectively, or the like. Lower alkyl quaternary ammonium salts and the like are suitable, as well.
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" carrier means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material, formulation auxiliary of any type, or simply a sterile aqueous medium, such as saline.
  • sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose, starches such as corn starch and potato starch, cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt, gelatin, talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol, polyols such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate, agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline, Ringer's solution; ethyl
  • wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
  • antioxidants examples include, but are not limited to, water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, and the like; oil soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, aloha-tocopherol and the like; and the metal chelating agents such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid and the like.
  • water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, and the like
  • oil soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (B
  • the compounds can be formulated into solid or liquid preparations such as capsules, pills, tablets, lozenges, melts, powders, suspensions or emulsions.
  • any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, suspending agents, and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations (such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions); or carriers such as starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations (such as, for example, powders, capsules and tablets). Because of their ease in administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form, in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed.
  • tablets may be sugar-coated or enteric-coated by standard techniques.
  • the active agent can be encapsulated to make it stable to passage through the gastrointestinal tract while at the same time allowing for passage across the blood brain barrier. See for example, WO 96/11698.
  • the compound may be dissolved in a pharmaceutical carrier and administered as either a solution or a suspension.
  • suitable carriers are water, saline, dextrose solutions, fructose solutions, ethanol, or oils of animal, vegetative or synthetic origin.
  • the carrier may also contain other ingredients, for example, preservatives, suspending agents, solubilizing agents, buffers and the like.
  • the compounds When the compounds are being administered intrathecally, they may also be dissolved in cerebrospinal fluid.
  • a variety of administration routes are available. The particular mode selected will depend of course, upon the particular drug selected, the severity of the disease state being treated and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy.
  • the methods of this invention may be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of the active compounds without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects.
  • modes of administration include oral, rectal, sublingual, topical, nasal, transdermal or parenteral routes.
  • parenteral includes subcutaneous, intravenous, epidural, irrigation, intramuscular, release pumps, or infusion.
  • administration of the active agent according to this invention may be achieved using any suitable delivery means, including:
  • microencapsulation see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,352,883; 4,353,888; and 5,084,350
  • continuous release polymer implants see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,883,666
  • an active agent is delivered directly into the CNS, preferably to the brain ventricles, brain parenchyma, the intrathecal space or other suitable CNS location, most preferably intrathecally.
  • targeting therapies may be used to deliver the active agent more specifically to certain types of cell, by the use of targeting systems such as antibodies or cell specific ligands. Targeting may be desirable for a variety of reasons, e.g. if the agent is unacceptably toxic, or if it would otherwise require too high a dosage, or if it would not otherwise be able to enter the target cells.
  • the active agents which are peptides, can also be administered in a cell based delivery system in which a DNA sequence encoding an active agent is introduced into cells designed for implantation in the body of the patient, especially in the spinal cord region.
  • a cell based delivery system in which a DNA sequence encoding an active agent is introduced into cells designed for implantation in the body of the patient, especially in the spinal cord region.
  • Suitable delivery systems are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,550,050 and published PCT Application Nos. WO 92/19195, WO 94/25503, WO 95/01203, WO 95/05452, WO 96/02286,
  • Suitable DNA sequences can be prepared synthetically for each active agent on the basis of the developed sequences and the known genetic code.
  • the active agent is preferably administered in an therapeutically effective amount.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” or simply “effective amount” of an active compound is meant a sufficient amount of the compound to treat the desired condition at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.
  • the actual amount administered, and the rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of the condition being treated. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage, timing, etc., is within the responsibility of general practitioners or spealists, and typically takes account of the disorder to be treated, the condition of the individual patient, the site of delivery, the method of administration and other factors known to practitioners. Examples of techniques and protocols can be found in Remington 's Parmaceutical Sciences.
  • Dosage may be adjusted appropriately to achieve desired drug levels, locally or systemically.
  • the active agents of the present invention exhibit their effect at a dosage range from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of the active ingredient, more preferably from a bout 0.05 mg/kg to about 75 mg/kg.
  • a suitable dose can be administered in multiple sub-doses per day.
  • a dose or sub- dose may contain from about 0.1 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient per unit dosage form.
  • a more preferred dosage will contain from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form. Dosages are generally initiated at lower levels and increased until desired effects are achieved.
  • the dosage contemplated is from about 1 ng to about 100 mg per day, preferably from about 100 ng to about 10 mg per day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ g to about 100 ⁇ g per day. If administered peripherally, the dosage contemplated is somewhat higher, from about 100 ng to about 1000 mg per day, preferably from about 10 ⁇ g to about 100 mg per day, more preferably from about 100 ⁇ g to about 10 mg per day. If the conopeptide is delivered by continuous infusion (e.g., by pump delivery, biodegradable polymer delivery or cell-based delivery), then a lower dosage is contemplated than for bolus delivery.
  • continuous infusion e.g., by pump delivery, biodegradable polymer delivery or cell-based delivery
  • compositions are formulated as dosage units, each unit being adapted to supply a fixed dose of active ingredients.
  • Tablets, coated tablets, capsules, ampoules and suppositories are examples of dosage forms according to the invention.
  • the active ingredient constitute an effective amount, i.e., such that a suitable effective dosage will be consistent with the dosage form employed in single or multiple unit doses.
  • a suitable effective dosage will be consistent with the dosage form employed in single or multiple unit doses.
  • the exact individual dosages, as well as daily dosages, are determined according to standard medical principles under the direction of a physician or veterinarian for use humans or animals.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions will generally contain from about 0.0001 to 99 wt. %, preferably about 0.001 to 50 wt. %, more preferably about 0.01 to 10 wt.% of the active ingredient by weight of the total composition.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments can also contain other phannaceutically active compounds.
  • other pharmaceutically active compounds include, but are not limited to, analgesic agents, cytokines and therapeutic agents in all of the major areas of clinical medicine.
  • the conopeptides of the present invention may be delivered in the form of drug cocktails.
  • a cocktail is a mixture of any one of the compounds useful with this invention with another drug or agent.
  • a common administration vehicle e.g., pill, tablet, implant, pump, injectable solution, etc.
  • a common administration vehicle e.g., pill, tablet, implant, pump, injectable solution, etc.
  • the individual drugs of the cocktail are each administered in therapeutically effective amounts.
  • a therapeutically effective amount will be determined by the parameters described above; but, in any event, is that amount which establishes a level of the drugs in the area of body where the drugs are required for a period of time which is effective in attaining the desired effects.
  • amino acid sequence of the purified peptides were determined by standard methods.
  • the purified peptides were reduced and alkylated prior to sequencing by automated
  • DNA coding for ⁇ -conopeptides was isolated and cloned in accordance with conventional techniques using general procedures well known in the art, such as described in Olivera et al. (1996).
  • cDNA libraries was prepared from Conus venom duct using conventional techniques.
  • DNA from single clones was amplified by conventional techniques using primers which correspond approximately to the Ml 3 universal priming site and the M13 reverse universal priming site.
  • Clones having a size of approximately 300-500 nucleotides were sequenced and screened for similarity in sequence to known ⁇ -conotoxins.
  • the DNA sequences and encoded propeptide sequences are set forth in Table 1.
  • DNA sequences coding for the mature toxin can also be prepared on the basis of the DNA sequences set forth in Tablel.
  • An alignment of the ⁇ -conopeptides of the present invnetion is set forth in Table 2.
  • HCCGFCDTANNRCL SEQ ID NO:26
  • AAAAA SEQ ID NO:174
  • Xaa5 Tyr, 125 I-Tyr, mono-iodo-Tyr or di-iodo-Tyr or O-sulpho-Tyr or O-Phospho-Tyr
  • Ay6.2 (A654) C EAGSYCG-STTR- - ICC-GFCAYFGKKCIDYPSN ⁇ (324 )
  • a Ayy66..33 (JJ441199)) CKAKGKPCSRIAYN CCTGSCRS--GKC# (325)
  • J414 CAGPGTIC- -PNRV- - -CC-GYCSKRTHLCHS RT# (361)
  • JG7 CMSPGGICGDFG-D CCE-ICNV-YGICVSDLPGI ⁇ (373)
  • Ra ⁇ .4 (AA688; ACTPEGGACSSGR-H CC-GFCDNVSHTCYGETPSLH ⁇ (394)

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des φ-conopeptides, des dérivés ou des sels de celles-ci acceptables sur le plan pharmaceutique, ainsi que leurs utilisations, notamment dans le traitement des troubles neurologiques et psychiatriques, comme agents anticonvulsivants, neuroprotecteurs, ou cardio-vasculaires, ou dans le traitement de la douleur. Par ailleurs, cette invention concerne des séquences d'acides nucléiques codant ces conopeptides et codant les propeptides, ainsi que lesdits propeptides.
EP01957214A 2000-07-21 2001-07-23 Omega-conopeptides Withdrawn EP1311283A4 (fr)

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US5591821A (en) * 1993-07-16 1997-01-07 The University Of Utah Omega-conotoxin peptides
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DATABASE EMBL [Online] CXO5_CONGE 21 July 1986 (1986-07-21), "Omega-conotoxin GVIA precursor (Shaker peptide) (SNX-124)" XP002269557 retrieved from EBI Database accession no. P01522 *
DATABASE EMBL [Online] CXOA_CONMA 1 November 1988 (1988-11-01), "Omega-conotoxin MVIIa precursor (SNX-111) (Zicotonide)." XP002269558 retrieved from EBI Database accession no. P05484 *
HOGG R C ET AL: "Single amino acid substitutions in alpha-conotoxin PnIA shift selectivity for subtypes of the mammalian neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor." THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. UNITED STATES 17 DEC 1999, vol. 274, no. 51, 17 December 1999 (1999-12-17), pages 36559-36564, XP002269307 ISSN: 0021-9258 *
JACOBSEN R B ET AL: "CRITICAL RESIDUES INFLUENCE THE AFFINITY AND SELECTIVITY OF ALPHA-CONOTOXIN MI FOR NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS" BIOCHEMISTRY, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. EASTON, PA, US, vol. 38, no. 40, 1999, pages 13310-13315, XP002948684 ISSN: 0006-2960 *
NADASDI L ET AL: "structure-activity analysis of a conus peptide blocker of N-type neuronal calcium channels" BIOCHEMISTRY, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. EASTON, PA, US, vol. 34, no. 25, 27 June 1995 (1995-06-27), pages 8076-8081, XP002965816 ISSN: 0006-2960 *
NIELSEN K J ET AL: "A CONSENSUS STRUCTURE FOR OMEGA-CONOTOXINS WITH DIFFERENT SELECTIVITIES FOR VOLTAGE-SENSITIVE CALCIUM CHANNEL SYBTYPES: COMPARISON OF MVIIA, SVIB AND SNX-202" JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, LONDON, GB, vol. 263, 1996, pages 297-310, XP000986598 ISSN: 0022-2836 *
SATO K ET AL: "Binding of chimeric analogs of Äomega Ü-conotoxin MVIIA and MVIIC to the N- and P/Q-type calcium channels" FEBS LETTERS, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 414, no. 2, 8 September 1997 (1997-09-08), pages 480-484, XP004366374 ISSN: 0014-5793 *
See also references of WO0207675A2 *

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