EP1309818B1 - Method and device for filling a tank with natural gas - Google Patents

Method and device for filling a tank with natural gas Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1309818B1
EP1309818B1 EP01965165A EP01965165A EP1309818B1 EP 1309818 B1 EP1309818 B1 EP 1309818B1 EP 01965165 A EP01965165 A EP 01965165A EP 01965165 A EP01965165 A EP 01965165A EP 1309818 B1 EP1309818 B1 EP 1309818B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pressure
tank
natural gas
filling
gas
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01965165A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1309818A1 (en
Inventor
Robert Adler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Linde GmbH
Original Assignee
Linde GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Linde GmbH filed Critical Linde GmbH
Publication of EP1309818A1 publication Critical patent/EP1309818A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1309818B1 publication Critical patent/EP1309818B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C5/00—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures
    • F17C5/002—Automated filling apparatus
    • F17C5/007—Automated filling apparatus for individual gas tanks or containers, e.g. in vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
    • F17C13/025—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the pressure as the parameter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/06—Controlling or regulating of parameters as output values
    • F17C2250/0605—Parameters
    • F17C2250/0626—Pressure

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for filling a tank with natural gas and to an apparatus for carrying out the method.
  • Natural gas is used as fuel in various fields of technology. Usually, the natural gas is stored in natural gas tanks under high pressure and made available to the consumer. Recently, natural gas has also been used for the operation of motor vehicles. Corresponding motor vehicles are equipped with natural gas tanks that withstand pressures of eg 200 bar. On the other hand, motor vehicles with LPG tanks are also in operation, which are designed for filling with LPG at much lower tank pressures. As with the liquefied gas filling stations, such as from DE-A-19 650 999 As is known, different systems for filling the LPG tanks are common, it often happens that owners of motor vehicles with LPG tanks use adapters that also fit natural gas dispensers. If such equipped vehicles refuel at natural gas filling stations with natural gas under the usual high pressure for natural gas tanks, serious accidents can occur.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object to provide a method for filling a tank with natural gas and a device for carrying out the method, with which such accidents can be avoided without much investment.
  • This object is achieved procedurally according to the invention in that the gas pressure in the tank is measured and at a measured initial pressure P1, which is equal to or greater than a preselected limit pressure Px, which in a pressure range from above the typical opening pressure P0 of a safety valve provided in liquid gas tanks to A maximum filling pressure of a liquefied gas tank is set, a filling of the tank takes place at the final pressure P2 provided for natural gas tanks, while at a measured initial pressure P1 ', which is below the preselected limit pressure Px, a holding phase is set and when the gas pressure in the tank falls during this Haltphase the filling is terminated.
  • the invention is based on the consideration that LPG tanks are equipped with a safety valve which opens at a certain opening pressure which is slightly below the maximum permissible gas pressure.
  • This opening pressure P0 is usually about 10 to about 20 bar, in particular about 15 bar.
  • the limit pressure Px above this opening pressure, preferably about 2 to about 10 bar, in particular about 5 bar, above the opening pressure P0, an inadvertently fueled liquefied gas tank can be detected instead of a natural gas tank. This is achieved by having an initial pressure of the tank of e.g. more than 20 bar a normal filling to the final pressure of the natural gas tank, e.g. 200 bar, while determining an initial pressure below e.g. 20 bar the tank in a first step only on z. B.
  • the safety valve is e.g. opened at an opening pressure of 15 bar, whereby the holding pressure drops in the holding phase.
  • the ultimate pressure provided for natural gas tanks is usually at least ten times the opening pressure of the safety valve of LPG tanks.
  • a leaking natural gas tank can be sensibly recognized by this filling.
  • a warning signal is triggered during the holding phase, so that it can be established immediately that it is a wrong or defective tank.
  • the filling process is automated.
  • the natural gas dispenser can be equipped with software that controls the filling process in the manner described.
  • the invention can be used in principle for all conceivable natural gas tanks, it is particularly intended for filling natural gas tanks in motor vehicles.
  • the invention further relates to a device for filling tanks with natural gas with a natural gas supply device and an associated natural gas dispensing device which can be coupled to the tank.
  • a control device is provided, which is on the one hand with a pressure measuring device for determining the gas pressure in the tank and on the other hand with a Erdgasabsperr worn in operative connection and has a time recording device.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and device for filling a tank with natural gas. In order to avoid the inadvertent filling of a liquid tank, which is arranged to withstand a significantly lower pressure than a natural gas tank, in place of a natural gas tank, a particular filling process is disclosed. According to the invention, the tank is filled to a pressure somewhat above the opening pressure of a safety valve on a liquid tank. A holding phase is then maintained. Should the gas pressure sink during said holding phase then the tank concerned is erroneously a liquid tank and not a natural gas tank. Under these circumstances the filling process is terminated.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Befüllung eines Tanks mit Erdgas sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for filling a tank with natural gas and to an apparatus for carrying out the method.

In verschiedenen Bereichen der Technik wird Erdgas als Brennstoff eingesetzt. Üblicherweise wird das Erdgas in Erdgastanks unter hohem Druck gespeichert und für den Verbraucher zur Verfügung gestellt. In jüngster Zeit wird Erdgas auch für den Betrieb von Kraftfahrzeugen eingesetzt. Entsprechende Kraftfahrzeuge sind mit Erdgastanks ausgerüstet, die Drücke von z.B. 200 bar aushalten. Andererseits sind auch Kraftfahrzeuge mit Flüssiggastanks in Betrieb, die für die Befüllung mit Flüssiggas bei wesentlich geringeren Tankdrücken ausgelegt sind. Da bei den Flüssiggastankstellen, wie z.B. aus der DE-A-19 650 999 bekannt, unterschiedliche Systeme zum Befüllen der Flüssiggastanks verbreitet sind, kommt es immer wieder vor, dass Halter von Kraftfahrzeugen mit Flüssiggastanks Adapter verwenden, die auch an Erdgaszapfsäulen passen. Werden derartig ausgerüstete Kraftfahrzeuge an Erdgastankstellen mit Erdgas unter dem für Erdgastanks üblichen hohen Druck betankt, kann es zu schweren Unfällen kommen.Natural gas is used as fuel in various fields of technology. Usually, the natural gas is stored in natural gas tanks under high pressure and made available to the consumer. Recently, natural gas has also been used for the operation of motor vehicles. Corresponding motor vehicles are equipped with natural gas tanks that withstand pressures of eg 200 bar. On the other hand, motor vehicles with LPG tanks are also in operation, which are designed for filling with LPG at much lower tank pressures. As with the liquefied gas filling stations, such as from DE-A-19 650 999 As is known, different systems for filling the LPG tanks are common, it often happens that owners of motor vehicles with LPG tanks use adapters that also fit natural gas dispensers. If such equipped vehicles refuel at natural gas filling stations with natural gas under the usual high pressure for natural gas tanks, serious accidents can occur.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur Befüllung eines Tanks mit Erdgas sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens zur Verfügung zu stellen, mit denen derartige Unfälle ohne großen Investitionsaufwand vermieden werden können.The present invention is therefore based on the object to provide a method for filling a tank with natural gas and a device for carrying out the method, with which such accidents can be avoided without much investment.

Diese Aufgabe wird verfahrensseitig erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, dass der Gasdruck im Tank gemessen wird und bei einem gemessenen Anfangsdruck P1, der gleich oder größer ist als ein vorgewählter Grenzdruck Px, welcher in einem Druckbereich von oberhalb des typischen Öffnungsdrucks P0 eines bei Flüssiggastanks vorgesehenen Sicherheitsventils bis zum maximal zulässigen Höchstdruck eines Flüssiggastanks festgelegt wird, eine Befüllung des Tanks auf den für Erdgastanks vorgesehenen Enddruck P2 erfolgt, während bei einem gemessenen Anfangsdruck P1', der unter dem vorgewählten Grenzdruck Px liegt, eine Haltephase eingestellt wird und bei Absinken des Gasdrucks im Tank während dieser Haltphase die Befüllung beendet wird.This object is achieved procedurally according to the invention in that the gas pressure in the tank is measured and at a measured initial pressure P1, which is equal to or greater than a preselected limit pressure Px, which in a pressure range from above the typical opening pressure P0 of a safety valve provided in liquid gas tanks to A maximum filling pressure of a liquefied gas tank is set, a filling of the tank takes place at the final pressure P2 provided for natural gas tanks, while at a measured initial pressure P1 ', which is below the preselected limit pressure Px, a holding phase is set and when the gas pressure in the tank falls during this Haltphase the filling is terminated.

Die Erfindung basiert auf der Überlegung, dass Flüssiggastanks mit einem Sicherheitsventil ausgestattet sind, das bei einem bestimmten Öffnungsdruck, der etwas unterhalb des maximal zulässigen Gasdrucks liegt, öffnet. Dieser Öffnungsdruck P0 beträgt üblicherweise ca. 10 bis ca. 20 bar, insbesondere ca. 15 bar. Durch Festlegung des Grenzdrucks Px oberhalb dieses Öffnungsdrucks, vorzugsweise ca. 2 bis ca. 10 bar, insbesondere ca. 5 bar, oberhalb des Öffnungsdrucks P0, kann ein versehentlich betankter Flüssiggastank anstelle eines Erdgastanks erkannt werden. Dies wird dadurch erreicht, dass bei einem Anfangsdruck des Tanks von z.B. mehr als 20 bar eine ganz normale Befüllung auf den Enddruck des Erdgastanks, z.B. 200 bar, stattfindet, während bei Feststellen eines Anfangsdrucks unter z.B. 20 bar der Tank in einem ersten Schritt nur auf z. B. 20 bar aufgefüllt wird, und anschließend eine Haltephase von ca. 10 bis ca. 30 Sek., insbesondere ca. 20 Sek., eingehalten wird. Sinkt während der Haltephase der Gasdruck insbesondere um mehr als ca. 1 bar, z.B. 1 bis 2 bar, ab, wird die Befüllung beendet. Durch diese Befülltechnik wird bei einem fälschlicherweise betankten Flüssiggastank das Sicherheitsventil z.B. bei einem Öffnungsdruck von 15 bar geöffnet, wodurch der Haltedruck in der Haltephase absinkt. Dadurch kann erkannt werden, dass es sich um einen Flüssiggastank handeln muss, und nicht um einen Erdgastank, der für wesentlich höhere Gasdrücke, wie z.B. 150 bis 250 bar ausgelegt ist. Der für Erdgastanks vorgesehene Enddruck beträgt nämlich üblicherweise mindestens den zehnfachen Wert des Öffnungsdruckes des Sicherheitsventils von Flüssiggastanks.The invention is based on the consideration that LPG tanks are equipped with a safety valve which opens at a certain opening pressure which is slightly below the maximum permissible gas pressure. This opening pressure P0 is usually about 10 to about 20 bar, in particular about 15 bar. By setting the limit pressure Px above this opening pressure, preferably about 2 to about 10 bar, in particular about 5 bar, above the opening pressure P0, an inadvertently fueled liquefied gas tank can be detected instead of a natural gas tank. This is achieved by having an initial pressure of the tank of e.g. more than 20 bar a normal filling to the final pressure of the natural gas tank, e.g. 200 bar, while determining an initial pressure below e.g. 20 bar the tank in a first step only on z. B. 20 bar is filled, and then a holding phase of about 10 to about 30 sec., In particular about 20 sec., Is maintained. In particular, during the hold phase, the gas pressure decreases by more than about 1 bar, e.g. 1 to 2 bar, from, the filling is completed. By means of this filling technique, in the case of a falsely refueled liquefied gas tank, the safety valve is e.g. opened at an opening pressure of 15 bar, whereby the holding pressure drops in the holding phase. As a result, it can be seen that it must be a liquefied gas tank and not a natural gas tank suitable for much higher gas pressures, such as e.g. 150 to 250 bar is designed. Namely, the ultimate pressure provided for natural gas tanks is usually at least ten times the opening pressure of the safety valve of LPG tanks.

Außerdem kann auch ein undichter Erdgastank durch diese Befülltechnik sinnvoll erkannt werden.In addition, a leaking natural gas tank can be sensibly recognized by this filling.

Vorteilhafterweise wird bei Absinken des Gasdrucks im Tank während der Haltephase ein Warnsignal ausgelöst, so dass sofort festgestellt werden kann, dass es sich um einen falschen oder defekten Tank handelt.Advantageously, when the gas pressure in the tank falls, a warning signal is triggered during the holding phase, so that it can be established immediately that it is a wrong or defective tank.

Gemäß einer besonders bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist der Befüllvorgang automatisiert. Beispielsweise kann hierfür die Erdgaszapfsäule mit einer Software ausgestattet sein, die den Befüllvorgang in der beschriebenen Weise steuert.According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the filling process is automated. For example, for this purpose, the natural gas dispenser can be equipped with software that controls the filling process in the manner described.

Obwohl die Erfindung prinzipiell für alle denkbaren Erdgastanks eingesetzt werden kann, ist sie insbesondere zur Befüllung von Erdgastanks in Kraftfahrzeugen vorgesehen.Although the invention can be used in principle for all conceivable natural gas tanks, it is particularly intended for filling natural gas tanks in motor vehicles.

Die Erfindung betrifft ferner eine Vorrichtung zur Befüllung von Tanks mit Erdgas mit einer Erdgasversorgungseinrichtung und einer damit verbundenen Erdgaszapfeinrichtung, die an den Tank ankoppelbar ist.The invention further relates to a device for filling tanks with natural gas with a natural gas supply device and an associated natural gas dispensing device which can be coupled to the tank.

Vorrichtungsseitig wird die der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, dass eine Steuereinrichtung vorgesehen ist, die einerseits mit einer Druckmesseinrichtung zur Ermittelung des Gasdrucks im Tank und andererseits mit einer Erdgasabsperreinrichtung in Wirkverbindung steht sowie eine Zeiterfassungseinrichtung aufweist.On the device side, the object underlying the invention is achieved in that a control device is provided, which is on the one hand with a pressure measuring device for determining the gas pressure in the tank and on the other hand with a Erdgasabsperreinrichtung in operative connection and has a time recording device.

Herkömmliche Erdgastankstellen für Kraftfahrzeuge können ohne großen technischen Aufwand mit der Erfindung ausgerüstet werden. Hierzu genügt es, eine Steuereinrichtung vorzusehen, die mit einer entsprechenden Software derart ausgestattet ist, dass der beschriebene Befüllvorgang vorzugsweise automatisch abläuft. Auf diese Weise können Unfälle, die bei falschen Tanks auftreten, zuverlässig und ohne großen technischen Aufwand verhindert werden.Conventional natural gas filling stations for motor vehicles can be equipped with the invention without great technical effort. For this purpose, it is sufficient to provide a control device which is equipped with appropriate software in such a way that the described filling process preferably takes place automatically. In this way, accidents that occur in the wrong tanks can be prevented reliably and without much technical effort.

Claims (11)

  1. Method for filling a tank with natural gas, characterized in that the gas pressure in the tank is measured and, where the measured initial pressure P1 is equal to or greater than a preselected limit pressure Px which is fixed in a pressure range ranging from above the typical opening pressure P0 of a safety valve provided for liquid gas tanks up to the maximally permitted maximum pressure of a liquid gas tank, the tank is filled to the final pressure P2 envisaged for natural gas tanks, whereas where the measured initial pressure P1' lies below the preselected limit pressure Px, a halt phase is initiated and, if the gas pressure in the tank falls during this halt phase, the filling is terminated.
  2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the limit pressure Px is fixed at about 2 to about 10 bar, in particular about 5 bar, above the typical opening pressure P0.
  3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the typical opening pressure P0 amounts to about 10 to about 20 bar, in particular about 15 bar.
  4. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the final pressure envisaged for the natural gas tank corresponds to at least ten times the value of P0.
  5. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a halt phase of about 10 to about 30 sec., in particular about 20 sec., is observed.
  6. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the filling of the tank is terminated if the gas pressure in the tank falls during the halt phase by more than about 1 bar, in particular about 1 to about 2 bar.
  7. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that a warning signal is triggered if the gas pressure in the tank falls during the halt phase.
  8. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the filling operation is automated.
  9. Use of the method according to one of Claims 1 to 8 for filling natural gas tanks in motor vehicles.
  10. Apparatus for filling tanks with natural gas, comprising a natural gas supply device and a natural gas tapping device connected thereto, which latter can be coupled to the tank, characterized in that a control device is provided, which is operatively connected, on the one hand, to a pressure measuring device for determining the gas pressure in the tank and, on the other hand, to a natural gas shut-off device and has a time recording device.
  11. Apparatus according to Claim 10, characterized in that the tapping device is configured as a natural gas fuel pump for the refuelling of motor vehicles.
EP01965165A 2000-08-03 2001-08-02 Method and device for filling a tank with natural gas Expired - Lifetime EP1309818B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10038545 2000-08-03
DE10038545A DE10038545A1 (en) 2000-08-03 2000-08-03 Method and device for filling a tank with natural gas
PCT/EP2001/008982 WO2002012778A1 (en) 2000-08-03 2001-08-02 Method and device for filling a tank with natural gas

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1309818A1 EP1309818A1 (en) 2003-05-14
EP1309818B1 true EP1309818B1 (en) 2007-10-10

Family

ID=7651635

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01965165A Expired - Lifetime EP1309818B1 (en) 2000-08-03 2001-08-02 Method and device for filling a tank with natural gas

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1309818B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE375476T1 (en)
AU (1) AU2001285866A1 (en)
DE (2) DE10038545A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2294023T3 (en)
WO (1) WO2002012778A1 (en)

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3739950A1 (en) * 1987-11-25 1989-06-08 Rommenhoeller Kohlensaeure Apparatus for filling gases into bottles
US5360139A (en) * 1993-01-22 1994-11-01 Hydra Rig, Inc. Liquified natural gas fueling facility
US5588472A (en) * 1995-06-14 1996-12-31 Morton International, Inc. Method for combined gas fill and proof test of pressure vessels
US5810058A (en) * 1996-03-20 1998-09-22 Gas Research Institute Automated process and system for dispensing compressed natural gas
DE19650999C1 (en) * 1996-11-26 1998-06-04 Mannesmann Ag Tap installation method for filling mobile gas tank
DE19653048A1 (en) * 1996-12-19 1998-06-25 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Method and device for monitoring the filling of a cryogenic tank
DE19708564A1 (en) * 1997-03-04 1998-09-17 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Process for controlling the filling process of pressurized gas containers
DE19843669C1 (en) * 1998-09-23 2000-03-16 Hermann Josef Winter Tap installation for filling gas tank with methane has gas accumulator and emission device for feeding gas into tank

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1309818A1 (en) 2003-05-14
ATE375476T1 (en) 2007-10-15
AU2001285866A1 (en) 2002-02-18
WO2002012778A1 (en) 2002-02-14
DE10038545A1 (en) 2002-02-14
DE50113126D1 (en) 2007-11-22
ES2294023T3 (en) 2008-04-01

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