EP1304014B1

EP1304014B1 - Optical node with add-drop or cross-connect functionality

Info

Publication number: EP1304014B1
Application number: EP01953934A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Detlef Stoll; Alexander Richter; Harald Bock; Patrick Leisching
Original assignee: Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH and Co KG
Current assignee: Nokia Solutions and Networks GmbH and Co KG
Priority date: 2000-07-27
Filing date: 2001-07-20
Publication date: 2008-04-23
Anticipated expiration: 2021-07-20
Also published as: EP1304014A2; AU2001276328A1; DE50113894D1; DE10036709A1; US20040042711A1; CN1589586A; WO2002015632A2; US6931175B2; DE10036709B4; WO2002015632A3

Abstract

The invention relates to a device and to several methods regarding an optical node with add-drop and/or cross-connect functionality. The inventive node represents the interconnection of a first and a second optical line via a first and second drop path, respectively, provided with a first cross-connect and a second cross-connect to a first and a second tributary output. In parallel thereto, a first and a second tributary input is coupled into the second optical line via the first or second cross-connect either by a first wavelength converter and a second add path or by a second wavelength converter and a first add path. The inventive optical node allows that optical signals may maintain or change their direction and/or maintain or change their wavelength. The inventive optical node also allows interconnection of optical transmitter signals to the inputs of the tributary side.

Description

description

Optical network node with add-drop or cross-connect functionality

The present invention relates to an optical network node with add-drop and / or cross-connect functionality. Due to the increasing data volume in optical networks, existing network capacity must be optimally used. Known add-drop multiplexers cannot currently meet these high demands on the network, since they can often only be used statically. To make optimal use of network capacity, new and more comprehensive concepts for optimizing traffic control are necessary.

Another disadvantage of known optical add-drop multiplexers is that an optimal allocation of the network with transmission wavelengths is not possible. If wavelengths are occupied in the WDM network that should be fed in via an optical add-drop multiplexer, the tributary input of the optical add-drop multiplexer is blocked. It is not possible to feed a transmission wavelength into the optical WDM network.

Until now, wavelength conversion in WDM networks has only been possible with an additional element, namely with the aid of a transponder. This represents an additional hardware expenditure and can lead to a further signal deterioration.

An additional disadvantage with previous optical add-drop multiplexers is that the tributary inputs can only be connected at the electrical level. An interconnection of the tributary inputs based on a uniform optical concept is not known. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an optical network node with add-drop and / or cross-connect functionality, which enables received and to be transmitted wavelengths to be configured completely and freely.

The object is achieved by an optical network node with add-drop functionality according to claim 1. Associated methods are specified in independent claims. Further developments are specified in the subclaims.

The task is solved in particular by an optical network node with add-drop functionality. The optical network node has a first optical line with a first drop branch and a first add branch and a second optical line with a second drop branch and a second add branch, the first drop branch and the second drop branch Branch are each connected to a first cross-connect, in particular an optical cross-connect, and a second, in particular optical cross-connect; and the first add branch is connected to the first cross-connect and the second cross-connect via a first wavelength converter; and the second add branch is connected to the first cross-connect and the second cross-connect via a second wavelength converter.

The network node with add-drop functionality is preferably arranged such that the first optical line (Line-East) and the second optical line (Line-West) preferably consist of four fibers, two fibers each as a protection line and two as Working line are designed. The arrangement of a first add branch and a first drop branch on the first optical line ensures and the arrangement of a second add branch and a second drop branch on the second optical line > i M r P ¹ P ¹ π o Cπ o Cπ o cπ \

O f. CΛ 3 ^ OM> tr. <V α- N Hi tr ¹ NP H3 ö PJ os: P. a S ω s: p H ^ sl P n O: P TJ P p. Φ JH Φ φ Φ φ s: PH P- tr P o p- P- Φ φ o P ⁾ PP φ P-

Φ Φ P ⁴ iQ P rt cn α P ¹ α OHPH P- Φ P- Φ tr P li φ P <q p- li PP p- φ n 3 PJ H? P- t 1 P- P rt rt P rt P- tr tu: P w ιq cn ^* PJ t5 f cn

Φ P "P- r + cn φ ö φ li Φ H 1-5 w P rt 3 P n PP P- Ό φ P ⁾ * rj P- P" er rt φ>

3 P rr n P- O cn li tr o O lJ JOP Φ P- rt P. ^ q P ⁾ PP ⁴ cn P- P ≤ tr P- P.

P- rr 0 P ⁴ O ¹ oo P- t rt P- P ¹ P ιQ P rt PJ O P- P ^ q ^ cn φ ιq φ cu: O? r + Φ P ⁾ • P Φ P ^• ö iQ P- tr Φ Hi Φ H cn ιq cn 1 cn PJ P ¹ 1 P- PPJ 1 r + ⁾ P p. 1 . OPP P- P ö P. ^ cn Hi P ¹ P- P ¹ ≤ cn P "cn ιq PJ P ü

CΛ HH ^ i PJ P- P rt ιQ ι-J Φ l ιq ⁾ P- W cn O s: P- φ P- r- ¹ PH

* Ö Φ P- P P- W li PP Φ 1 P ⁾ ≥! P <! o P CΛ n Φ P ¹ PJHP ιq P- O

P- π N CΛ rt o Φ P Hi tr "H Φ ι-i Φ T Φ o 3 H φ P ¹ 13 W P- φ Hi W rt P- Ό

Φ Φ W £ U: 3 Ϊ H P-> rt P- H 1 Φ P- P PJ s: P- ι-i P- cn φ φ tu: φ 1 3 P- P Φ n- Ό tr rr P- P 1 N φ cn ESI H rt P n PJ ¹ cn OP Φ tr cn P- rt li ^ 1

Φ P cn o Φ P- P- P φ CΛ 3 li O s: n Φ Φ tr P ⁴ P ⁾ n rt ^ q N rt rt P

<ϊ- P> O o P <! O φ ^ • φ P ⁾ tr t Φ rt o rt HP tr Φ 1 ≤ ιq ≥; P rt φ PP ¹ φ o P pj: P- PP ⁾⁾ P- Φ rt cn P Φ n P ¹ P ⁾ • Φ P. Φ Φ Λ "

Φ sQ lh P- PPH PJ PM rt P ⁾ H iQ P φ cn s: rt P- P Φ H rt rt n li IQ Φ φ rt N I- ¹ P> iQ P- Φ ιQ rt Φ cn Φ P ⁴ PJ ti P- PP ^• α Φ cn s: N P-

P ⁴ P- Φ 1-1 Φ P P- cn Φ P Φ cn φ PP cn H Φ PP »O φ H ιQ Φ O

P Φ tr φ α P vq rt φ Φ tr 3 Φ rt P 2 P- P- p- o cn P p- O rt tsi P P P

P- H 0 ⁾ Φ • rt P: H α φ Φ P- Q. φ P Φ PP "Φ 1 PP rt P- CO PJ rt P w P rr P Φ cn ω PP Λ Φ rt P. PHP" P Φ ≤ Φ φ rt P "

Φ rt fU α tr P, O rt rt P- HN tsi • P- P- Φ n Φ P ¹ rt ro H-

PPW PJ φ <1 P <P "Φ cn PPX PS ¹ cn oo PP P- rt HWP rt ι-is: P p: p. Cn Φ Φ H ^ nr • P Φ φ P o tr P P- φ P P - α P s: fu: er O Φ o P rt H ι-i li P ¹ Φ cn H P- O wo Φ φ O Φ OP ⁾ rt

O p, P.! H Φ cn P- Φ P rt cn rt rt ⁾ Φ d - vq P. 3 PP rt HP

P- rr α Φ iQ n P "n tr" tr φ P- o rt Φ Φ -P H- P ⁾ rt φ 1 Φ P. Ω r + P- Φ P, HP ⁴ Φ p- P- P <PJ 3 cn Φ Φ PP cn rt HP sl * JP "P Φ tr Φ o

Φ? P H- P PJ P rt Φ P rt p> P ω ιq *. PJ P> P φ p- P- ≤ cn P cn

P • O Hi P- P ¹ Φ PJ H cn <> φ 3 P rt ιq PP Φ

• P 3 li Hi cn rt 1 H cn φ υq o P & 3 cn ⁾ φ • N ιq φ P ¹ Φ P- ≥!

3 Ö O rt P- Φ CΛ> <O φ p. PJ H P p- rt? rr rr p- O P- rt Φ

Hl P- Cn J φ rt Φ 1 W P- tr P o P- 1 rt PJ rt Φ ö P P. φ tr P rt

(D Φ Cn P Φ P- CΛ PJ P P- N cn NPH P- s: φ P- Φ Φ ö N cn CΛ 1 Hi P- ns, rt Φ P ¹ φ P cn N s: p rt Φ P φ Φ P- p. P cn H?

CΛ Φ n PH Φ Φ P- rt ι-i Q. tr 1 s; Φ P- Φ ¹ H Φ ιq P ¹ OP φ o Φ Φ o H rt P tr Φ O Φ P- P- rt P "s Sl H TJ φ P- TJ TJ o

P? P cn p. Φ PSP ⁾ <o P- s 1 • _^ φ p- PJ Φ P ^* cn P Hi 1 rt

^ O: P Φ O cn Φ Φ LQ OH o P rt Φ ö φ PP PJ ^■ <: φ φ P ⁾ tu Φ

P Φ? H 1 P cn H • HP Φ PH Λ P ^J • P cn rt P- PP

TJ P o rt o π Φ P- KN Φ POP ⁾ P- P. P- N tr φ P- cn ι-S φ rr H cn o? S! cn cn P- σ P n P • ö &> ιq φ ö φ f rt N cn 1 •

P- P P- MPO: Φ rt P P- sQ rt OP 1 P P- PJ p, P ⁾ f, n

CΛ P> cn 1 PP rt! Zi iQ Φ rt Ό P. "cn JP tr φ P ¹ Z ^ OH

3 t P O n P N Φ <i 1 w rt P P- P "φ Φ P P- P- J P P

Φ Φ cn tr oo φ IV rt O t- ¹ ts 3 P ⁾ P- P. P Φ Λ H P- cn H ^ P rt

P p- Φ P rt PPN p. P- P- P- P cn φ * ^* P 5ö OP ⁾ P P- <tr cn OP ω • O rt PP rt P n P rt 3 P ⁾ * 1? ^* p- ¹ • cn P o

PJ * d TJ M rt P Φ φ ιQ P ⁴ p- P- P "PJ O n φ PJ P ι-i ω P- rr n PJ Φ O P- cu: Φ tr Φ φ O rt p- cn 9 P ⁴ ?? " ι-i P φ rt

P- Φ P- Φ rt PP rt PP P- Φ P P. P rt Φ p rt p: n 1 Φ φ r- ^> cn <! cn PJ P. PJ = H rt PH PJ - Λ 3 1 cn cn Φ p- P ιP P P-

HCO ro PP ⁾ P- Φ Φ o rt Φ rt PNP "rr tr P 3 cn Hi 3 H Φ P- p." * PJ Φ ιq Φ cn t

Φ Φ rr P- rt φ P ⁾ NP rt P ¹ cn HP

CΛ P- P Φ rt ^• »P- PP P>: Φ cn P- Φ Po φ cn P vq P rt rt PJ φ rt

P- φ α φ rt P o P cn Φ

PJ li P. • Hi H

The wavelength converter is designed so that it can convert incoming wavelengths of a certain channel wavelength into wavelengths of another channel wavelength. The wavelength conversion is preferably carried out on the basis of an electrical wavelength conversion

Transponder modules, which consist of an optical receiver diode and a wavelength-adjustable transmitter laser diode per channel. A wavelength conversion is very particularly preferably based on a purely optical wavelength conversion by means of a laser-capable material.

The wavelength converters could be arranged as a further network element in front of the network node with add-drop functionality. The wavelength converter is particularly advantageously mounted in the first or second add branch, as a result of which it is integrated in the network node with add-drop functionality. The integration offers the advantage that the signal attenuation of a WDM transmit signal is not increased by another network element.

Tunable transponder modules are preferably used as wavelength converters. Tunable transponder modules are advantageous in that they are remotely configurable and dynamically adjustable. A tunable transponder card, TTC, is used as a tunable transponder module, for example.

In a preferred embodiment, the first cross-connect has at least one first N # M switching matrix and at least one first K # L switching matrix, while the second cross-connect has at least one second N # M switching matrix and at least one second K # L switching matrix. The N # M switching matrices and the K # L are preferably optical space switching stages.

The N # M switching matrices and the K # L switching matrices connect the working line and the protection line on the tributary side each on the optical lines on the line side. This advantageously opens up the possibility of freely designing the direction of working and protection paths in the network. Asymmetric switching matrices are preferably used. This allows the

Network nodes can be designed particularly flexibly in the assignment of the fibers with channels on the tributary side and the line side.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, M = K and N = L. This ensures that the inputs and the outputs of the tributary side and the line side are symmetrical in terms of number and arrangement of channels. Basically, the channel assignment of the inputs or outputs on the tributary side is arbitrary. A channel assignment with 8 channels is preferred, a channel assignment with 16, 32, 64 or 256 channels is very particularly preferred.

The number of fibers or wavelength channels on the tributary side is F. Particularly preferably, N = 3F. This makes it possible to ensure that the tributary signals are switched through to the west-line, east-line or a tributary-side cross-connect connection without collision. M is very particularly preferably N. In this way, symmetrical switching matrices are provided. This has the advantage that the incoming and the outgoing channels can be considered equally. It is further preferred that N = F + i. I is a number from F + 1 to 3 F. I regulate the number available for cross-connect or corresponding diversions

Fiber count. In the case of non-critical or short-term switchovers, 1 = 1. If a collision-free switching and switching is possible at any time, I = 2 F. The choice of I depends on the traffic that is expected in the network node, for example the traffic in a city district. I is preferably determined by predictive network planning. Most notably preferably N = 2 F. Two functionalities can thus be implemented without collision. In this way it is possible, for example, to switch through to the west-line from half of the channels and to return the other half of the channels to the tributary side as a cross-connect connection on the tributary side.

In a very particularly preferred embodiment, the first N # M switching matrix is connected to the first K # L switching matrix via a first upper and a first lower connecting means, while the second N # M switching matrix is connected to the second K # L switching matrix via a second upper and a second lower connecting means is connected. The connection has two advantages: First, the direction of the optical paths can be changed via the connection. An optical signal in the network is decoupled via the drop branch and fed back into the network via the cross-connect and the wavelength converter, although the direction of the optical signal has been changed. With such an arrangement of the connecting means, the capacity utilization in optical ring networks can be increased considerably, because the change of direction and the wavelength conversion can be used to occupy partial areas of the ring networks with channel wavelengths. Linking the N # M switching matrices with the K # L switching matrices by means of connecting means provides the further advantage that the individual inputs can be interconnected on the tributary side. A network node with add-drop functionality is preferred at the interface between one

Wide area network and a local network arranged. The inputs on the tributary side then represent, for example, the connections to individual city districts. By integrating the cross-connect into the network node with add-drop functionality, the individual inputs on the tributary side (connection of the local city districts) are interconnected only one network element and nothing more cυ u> r NJ P ¹ P ¹

Cπ o cπ o Cπ O Cπ approx. ^ Ι α t ιq t ⁾ SPN ^ Q PJ LSI P, ö Φ ö cn to P. ö N P. OH li ιq ≥; P

Φ u Φ P P> Φ o P P P cj u ι-i P P- Φ φ p- P- p- P> P- P Z Φ Ό P- Φ Φ Φ Φ P

P. cn r PP Ξ 5 Hi P ^J & p cn £ Hi HK 3 P Φ Ω P Φ o φ ι-i rt PP ≤ P rt H

Φ φ p. O tu fu: TJ rt Φ TJ • ^ P φ tr υq cn • ö P- P- φ P cu: P N Ω

P ι-i Φ ⁴ P> P ⁴ p- NMH • ö P α Φ φ H φ 1 rt Φ cn N tr φ Φ p-

<! P rt Φ z TJ z P- ιq φ ö l-i rt Φ H ι-i P tsi Φ H Ω iQ P- H rt

O φ P P- rt p, o P ¹ φ P P- P- P ⁾ o P- n CΛ <q VS! s: P cn P ¹ cu Φ P ¹ N Φ Φ

• d ι-i rr P- tr φ P- cn rt Φ rt Ό O cn rt Φ Ti φ φ rt Φ P p. Φ P 3 P- rt X Φ Φ Z P- Φ X rt P> rt o O 1 rt Φ cn Φ P- P- Dd Φ P N rt P- P Φ P

P- Φ φ cn P- φ Φ rt Φ P ^ P. ^ Φ Φ rt cn ι cu CΛ ιq P

Cn tr öd P rt P- N π P- Φ P Dd Φ φ P 3 tr P. rt rt z

OP, cu P P. • P d <<! P "P- P φ" _ PJ P "Φ PJ ιq P. Φ Φ P- Φ _" »φ tr P Hi φ Φ li P> W p- rt P? P- P- PP ¹ H P- PH P- rt cn φ rt P P- φ P ιq rt P σ H P- P ffi O Φ Φ P rt PP ¹ ιq rt cn Hi P 1 NOP ι rt

P P p, Φ P- Ω ιq P- 3 H P P- P- H rt p, <rt Ό t i "P CΛ Z Ω φ φ

P. P P- Φ Φ tr p. P j§ Ω o P- Φ P ≤: Φ Φ S Z P P- Φ tr Z ι-i

Ό n H rt P cn rt o cn tr P Ω ii Ό Φ H ι P- Φ Φ O φ ιq li (U: φ cn φ • P P- ω cn P • d p- P- P- rt tr 1 T3 π φ P H- rt HP P- PP ⁴ cn

P- P- φ P P P> rt P J Ω tr Φ P P tr rt φ P- φ Z φ P sQ Φ Cn cu φ P l-i

PPP ιq P φ ιq Φ P ⁴ φ HP Φ PPP Φ tr P>: HPPP ¹ P li ιq * _* Φ rt cn <q <1 PPP li PP tr P. Φ P- tr P. cu P "PP Φ O cu ^ o "5 P s: H Φ P 3 φ u: P P- Φ φ P- X φ tr Φ PP P- p- P Ω ⁾ PH Φ K p: P" lS P-. P- <3 oo CΛ 3

1 p. P> P Φ 3 P. P. P Ω P. tr cn P N J t i P- PJ tr Φ cn φ rt o) P- Ω rt

> d P- PH φ φ P ⁴ Φ rt φ PP p- cn P Φ P- rt HPH Hi φ tr Φ ≥! o P, PPN Φ P. p ιq Hi rt PP cn Φ Φ> NP CΛ rt φ

P- Φ P- tr rt z P- φ P. CΛ tr ^ q φ rt • W rt P N H P P Φ • rt

P φ P. Φ Φ φ P P. Φ N P- P- P P- P. Φ z P. ιq ιq cn P- N rt et P- 1 cn P- Φ cn li tr s: rt P Φ ü P ¹ P P- rt tö φ N 1 rt "P ö PS ¹

P- P α O rt P rt Φ rt φ P- P- u φ ^ cu P- z ö Φ P ⁾ Φ ⁾ P o O li ^• P Φ Φ Φ l <Φ P φ rt P. P rt Φ PH P - o

Hi P ιq O α P Φ P o 3 N Φ o Φ P ⁾ ιQ Φ P- o rt NP rt J Φ Ό Φ Pt HPP φ ^ s: N ii HP u P, rt Ό P Φ H Φ

Hi P "cn 1 H Cd O cn P 1 N ⁴ Φ NZ Φ cn £> Φ 1 cn ffi P Ω P

P> Φ Ω ⁱ ^ l cn ⁾ > rt ^ PH tr P- z φ P- ü Φ cn * ϋ & ^ Hi co rt tr

P- P> tr P P Φ P ιq Φ rt φ P- P l-i ι-i • ö P. ü P p: ι-i p <J

P ¹ p: P tr ιq P Φ P rt PJ cn Φ P- rt HO Φ cn Φ 1 HP tr P. ⁾ o

P ti rt P- φ H Φ P-? R tr O rt Φ p- T3 φ tsi OT li s: P ⁾ P.

H £ N <! P P> PP rt φ n P σ Φ Ω 1 öd P ¹ P> Z * Ö rt PP »Φ P ^ q

Φ φ rt P- o V P φ P- p- rt P- Φ Öd tr • ^ cυ tr P φ 1 P- P l-i P φ

* P- Φ O l-i V tr O P P- Φ 3 ^ P> rt P P cn iQ P- t i o ιq Φ 13 n

1 P. PN Φ Φ NPSHP P- PPP ^ q rt Φ sQ s: P cn P ⁾ Φ Ω

P> ^ P ⁾ PPN s: ^ p cn ι P; v HO cu Hi P rt P- tr

Φ PJ PP "ιq oz Φ ≤: J e rt rt ι- (^ rt P tr li P P- o Hi N Φ PJ cu cn P P- rt K li φ P- φ cn tr P- Φ P P- Ό φ P. P ι P- H z Φ ¹ φ P- rt O: N P- rt P- Φ P. Φ T3 H Ό P o Ό P- P P. rt 3 PJ P- rt

P- ι-i P ⁾ : sQ PP rt Φ cn H φ <1 Ό PP Φ φ cu fu: PP o Φ cn <P- rt P <q Φ rt 1 PO Φ Φ> rt P. P rt Z P. p. ? rt

P- φ p. Φ φ rt P tu li PP tr P Φ Hi φ P- PJ Φ φ H Φ ⁾ P- PH cn N Φ P φ Φ cn P- H Cü P- P Ω ¹ P ι-if tv P o Φ W P- P> P- P P- P. s: p- <Hi cn Φ P cn P tr Φ rt φ rt Hi tr tr P- O φ uq rt iq P Φ P o cu rt Φ P- Po rt rt

P ⁴ P- Φ Φ P * d ιq rt rt ι- (P- φ p. P "• PP" P

Z ι-i O N l-i Ό φ 1 Φ P- cn N M cn φ Φ P

Φ PZ P- P> P ¹ P. op, Φ Ω rt φ P rt li s: P- iQ

P> o J Φ Φ • • φ CΛ P- P P- tr ι-i ιq φ P Φ OP α p- P- tr t P rt rt P rt P- cn rt P- Hi tr Φ φ P Φ P- Φ rt Φ PP rt P Φ P

P Φ l-i υ3 Φ P φ φ P-

P P "vQ P, cn

ü str P ¹ P>

Cπ o Cπ o Cπ 0 Cπ

P> CΛ g S! CΛ α CΛ »o α tr ¹ o O Φ N PJ φ <i <! φ O 0 P. σ tr ≥i P P. 0 H

P P- p P- φ P- P P- - P- φ • d P- Φ o • d P- ^• d PZP Φ φ p. Ό ^• P P- Φ φ P Φ Φ 0 P cn sQ Φ P ¹ ιQ li Φ ιq Z rt φ P- P rt P- rt cn Φ ω cn H li CΛ rt rt li Φ rt rt P- H P. P ιq P cu P "P Ω P PJ: P- ω rt P- 1 P- rt P- ιq rt Hi cn rt P- P- Ω HN z P Φ

Φ u S> Φ φ P> P ⁴ cu P ⁴ Cn P P- cn LSJ cn Φ rt Φ Φ P> Ω Φ cn cn P ⁴ P- Z πd φ N φ P- f H r HPH "PP ¹ Ω tr P φ Ω ≤ Ω P Φ Ps P p- tr Ω Ω P Φ φ P, P cn P ¹ Φ Φ φ rt tr φ z Ω P

O φ ιq P | tr Φ tr P O PJ O tr tr φ tr H 0 φ rt φ

^• d Hι rt cu: P P- ιq Φ P- Φ P- Φ Ό o Φ ^• d φ Φ P- u cn W rt & P- P,

• d O Φ PP u tr ZPP 0 N vq P P. O • d Ό P rt rt P PJ tr Λ "Φ cu rt _^ ~. Φ Φ H ιq P- tr Φ Φ tr s: P" P | Φ rt cn Φ p- CΛ CΛ tr Φ P Ω Φ ω tr

P ¹ P ιQ O Φ P <φ P "H 2 PJ φ Φ Φ P- CΛ 1 o P ¹ P- cn rt cn P- P- <! Φ li 0 rt • 0 Φ rt Φ * d P Φ P- α φ P- P- P P- CSJ cn rt cn Ω Ω ^ q uq φ Φ rt P- n 0 cn φ P rt φ li P- φ Φ rt rt rt rt υq Z cn Ω tr Z tr PP P- Φ O ö p. ^ - 'O

P α P- P. P- Hi φ tr PN Φ Φ PP φ 1 tr li φ Φ cu cu Φ rt PPP ⁾ 0 P

£. cn Φ cn φ P P> P- rt P- PP P-) P- O P- Φ P- li P "cu • 1 P. CΛ rt Ω H φ p- <q ¹ P φ ιq Φ P ¹ sQ o P ⁾ P rt P. t → φ Φ tr P- tr> P cn P φ

Φ tr 3 l-i <i O: O P- O φ P P rt Φ Φ H cn P- l-i 1 H l-i

P. P Φ Φ CΛ Φ o tr P rt Φ N • d Φ N P P l → Φ P P- <p- Φ 0 rt P Ω n φ

PJ H P- OP li Φ P Φ P z rt P- zp: Φ φ Φ .. rt 0 PPP φ P ⁴ 0 "τJ P

PO tr ¹ sQ * d P ¹ cn φ P φ P- P φ tr Ω P. P- PP tr P

P * d cu Φ P rt N P- rt P <! P- cn N P- φ cn rt P rt tsi ü P Φ N P- Φ P ⁾ s: P cu> rt tr P- cu P- P Φ p- P. o rt Ω P rt Ω PP P> ιq α p- P Φ P- P P- φ P

& P- P rt P ¹ cn P ιq 3 P P- φ tr ω Φ t P- Ω P Φ ω Φ P li uq p. Ω Φ cn

P cn Φ P Φ Ω φ P φ rt Φ • d α P> P tr ιq O n Φ φ öd P. rt Po l-i Ω P P tr s! P o α Φ O P Φ O φ cn <P- 3> P P> P. Φ p:

Ω tr cn sQ Φ φ P ⁾ d P- Ό P- • d P rt P- p. P- rt Φ Φ Φ P P- P φ φ. -. P- tr tr Φ cn OP Φ P. cn P ¹ rt tr ¹ cn rt Φ Φ Φ PP | H 0 cn Φ Ω li P- P P>

P Ω p P P- ¹ POP ⁾ p- Φ φ P- N rt PP §: cn • dz P p- P 0 Φ P tr P ≥! Φ cn 3 P. cn P- P cn z P Φ PJ P- rt rt PJ P φ 0 HP

Φ tr ¹ P ιQ P- Φ PH P- P- φ P. Ω rt • Ω φ N φ Φ P p- P Φ p- P ⁴ m Φ li - - - ιq CD

P φ P- Φ Φ rt li P rt P> P ⁴ P tr P- cd z HP li P cn P. P- P- cn T3 cn

P- rt cn P N fU: P- P- Φ P [JJ φ r p φ cn Φ φ α Ω Hi P tr rt Hi P Hi

N rt rt φ P ¹ P P- • φ ι p Φ P- rt Φ PP P- O tr Φ P- Φ P ι- (p: OO

£ P φ rt φ P uq P P- P. p: P ¹ cu P ¹ P rt φ P. φ • d Φ P- P li rt P- H rt ι- (

Φ P • • N H o φ p. φ tr Φ P- φ PJ Φ P cn 0 cd rt P P fu Ps- Φ 3

P- Q rt cn rt P P o Φ P- P O P- P P rt j 3 N P- φ P H rt Ω rt t i rt Φ cd P V • d H rt sQ rt P. P n φ rt z cn ≥; cn P Φ Φ rt P-

Φ P- P s: Φ P 3 ιq P- rt P P- P P-> P P P- cu φ Ω Φ ιq P. 1 P »P- cn

PP Φ P cn Ω P- P P- ¹ P 1 p. P- o cn £ P- tr rt 0 CΛ ι-3 O rt li P. ιq Φ S p- cn Φ ιq φ O: <qti P- P. cn ö Ω rt rt Φ ts Ό s: P ¹ Φ P φ P n P ^ cn O Φ rt P- rt Ω PPZ φ 1 cn tr φ P S- rt P- P- P- Φ 1

P | Φ rt Φ ON p, P tr <l φ PO φ si 1 o Φ P P- P | P rt P φ f φ o PP rt O: P P. P Φ Φ φ P. φ P. P- <i Z n • d P P- O tr ¹ O cn P. φ Φ P P- P- lJ cn Z • P- cn P sQ P P. cn P Φ ιq φ Φ o 1 φ * d Φ rt Ω cn PPP cn φ Φ ω rt ιq P- CΛ rt P | P- P ti CΛ rt P- Φ P ⁴ P- Φ P φ φ φ

1 P> α Ω P P. CΛ P- Ω Φ o 0 cn ιq PZ P- P- P- rt P Φ PZP uq li ii o cn cu tr cn Φ P- P tr • d P- P Ω Φ φ υ cn PP cn φ 3 <j CΛ o rt Φ cn Φ

Φ z O tr H ιq u O rt P φ tr O Ω P- P Ω P ιq tr P- O: <! S! Φ rt

PPPOP φ PP • d P- P ⁾ P. rt sQ P ⁾ tr ιq Φ TJ φ rt vq O 0 Φ

PP <tr cn O P> P rt rt cn P. φ - ^• Φ H "CΛ Φ H- ¹ P li Z

Φ O φ tr ¹ Φ o OO - ¹ ιq Φ P- Ω P- P- rt p. o φ P- O: P »0 P P- Pt Φ O o ö • d H Φ P- • d P rt Φ cn rt cn tr φ Φ Φ P. tr ¹ P cn P. P tr Ω S P- PH rt p. rt P- rt P. P- ι Ω φ P rt P- Φ P. Φ rt φ P- tr OPO

O P- cu rt α P- φ ω tr Φ Z tr Φ Φ PP, Φ P- ^• »cn P rt P. iQ & cn

P- • d cn tr P P- cn Ω 3 Φ Φ CΛ p, φ P rt H- P • 1 J cn

P 1 Ω PP Φ Ω Φ P "cu: P P- cn P. P φ Z Hi Φ P- t → H 1 tsi tr Φ ιQ tr" Φ H- ^ q rt CΛ Φ φ PO p: 0 ü P P -

P. Z Φ P Φ U P Φ Φ Φ P φ rt P P tr H M φ υq P P

Φ φ P p- PP tr PP PJ Φ Φ P ¹ H 1 φ P

P P- P Ω P- 'P P- α ιq tr> q φ

CO CO to MP ¹

Cπ o Cπ O Cπ o Cπ cu tr O P. PO p: tr tr _g O CΛ O Sl ö o P ¹ CΛ «Φ ^ tr« TJ P. <! N o csα CΛ CΛ a tr φ

P φ P Ό P P * d tr Φ Φ 3 V P- • d φ P- • d φ Φ PJ P. P Φ P Hi P- o z • d Z P- P- φ Φ P.

Ps ¹ HP rt &> P. rt Φ P- P- uq rt uq rt μ_, φ rt P- P Hi PP, PP Φ P. φ rt φ uq uq P ¹ Hi cn

O Φ P P- P- P, P. P- Φ p- P P- P- rt tr PJ P- P Φ P P- rt P- P- P- P P P rt

9 P- cn P> cn cn Φ Φ cn cn J cn Φ> cn P cn PP ¹ P- Φ s | Φ rt cn uq PP φ P Φ

3 rt z Ω PO Ω p. P. P φ Ω P ¹ Ω PP Ω P rt z P. s: rt z P φ P- Φ Ω PPP φ Λ φ t Ω 3 tr Φ rf tr φ tr Hi t uq <! φ P Φ cn φ tr Φ φ φ Φ

P φ tr P- φ P <<3 N Φ Φ PJ: uq φ Φ P ¹ P P- tr HO φ P- p: rt>

P- tr P- P rt P φ O rt <P P PJ tr uq tr Φ Φ • d P P P- cd P P.

Φ φ Φ Φ P tr ¹ O tr P "N cn Φ cn Φ φ Φ P ¹ P. Rt uq P uq cn

P hd P- P. CΛ Hl tr Z φ P ≥! φ φ Φ z rt P uq P P P- P P- CΛ φ ^ φ p- 1

«Φ P- ¹ Hi Φ P- P- Hi J Φ Φ p- Φ P P- • PJ = φ P- φ P ¹ Φ p: & cn P- cn P- P Ω [SJ uu (U: P φ u P- tr rt α rt cd z rt P: 3 cu: uq tu: tr P Ω uq • d P- tr cd tr z

P rt P Sl P P P uq α P Φ N 3 P- P <P p: P rt P P- uq p: tr P Φ φ Φ p φ

P u φ Φ ϊö cu P- Φ φ φ P p. P - cn P o P ¹ uq & o uq uq uq Φ tr Φ P p- cn P- p-

P "P- φ P P- P" P P tr P uq P φ P- uq P P- φ Φ Φ P- φ P φ cn φ O Φ Φ uq

Z cn Ω φ P • Φ φ o rt Ω cn tr li P ¹ φ rt P rt H φ rt P- tr Φ tr uq PO ι-i rt INI PJ tr P. tr P. ≥i tr rt P- φ P . Φ P cn N <l

P ¹ P Φ P r P cn ö P Ö P- cn Φ PPN φ P- Φ P ¹ P cn φ P. P- Z rt φ N φ

P H "P P- uq P- Φ P- φ rt P P Ω z P P- φ rt o P rt l-i φ rt <i φ Φ P- Z

Φ P Φ P- pu: P Ω φ φ P φ ι-i Φ uq tr • cn N Ω P φ P- P P o H φ Φ cn

P P. p- Φ P uq tr 3 cn P uq ω rt> Ps ¹ ? P P- 3 o PP P. O cn p- Ω

P tr uq rt cu: «<φ p- Φ P. P li PP P- PR • d Φ uq φ • d cd φ rt tr tu: cn φ P- φ tr ÖO o Φ cn POH o P 3 cn Hl O Φ CΛ Φ er rt li P rt rt Φ P

P o 3 sQ P φ P φ 3 • d O: P H uq rt H- H rt O 3 P P- Hi cd Φ • P- uq N uq 3 P P r Hi <. rt cn Ω Φ Φ φ Φ Φ rt 3 l-i cn P- p cn Φ Φ si rt φ P-

& z α P- P- PJ φ p- P- rt o tr Ps ¹ P cn Ω P P- Ω P uq [y Ω cn P φ Φ rt p: Φ Φ o P tr φ cn ^ • d Φ tr P - rt tr cn tr Φ N p tr Φ rt tr cn tr P tr tr • d cu P Hl Ω rt φ tr O PJ rt P cn cn P- Φ P cn

Φ rt rt Φ PJ M tr s: P- p- ι- Ό P Φ P rt α Ω P P P Φ Φ z P φ rt α Ω P "P- N P- Φ N S £>

O Φ tr tr o uq P- P- P tr s: Φ O ω P rt rt Ω H «Φ tr α uq rt P- OP ¹ rt φ PP

Ω P. PP Ό P- cn O Φ P tr Ω P- tr tr Ω P CΛ CΛ N rt uq Φ Φ P ¹

PS ¹ P- li rt tr Φ Ω PP Φ P- Φ tr <3 cn P tr Φ p- P- uq rt Φ P- P Sl ςu: Z

P- s rt P- Φ tr tr PP rt P ¹ P- Φ ω O: Ω P- H rt Q u φ P PS ¹ rt φ P Φ

Φ rt cn cn cn P- Φ Φ P. Φ φ P H uq tr P rt α 3 er rt φ P 3 Z O: P Sl P "uq l-i

P cn P- Ω rt uq P Ö P- P- P- Hi P ¹ Φ P 3 O: cn P p: φ OPP Φ P ¹ φ rt Ω NP tr P- 3 tr cn O rt P- CΛ PJ P- PP CΛ uq Ω NPP & H Ό P uq P "φ P Φ t Z P. Φ s uq ≥i O: Φ rt • d P φ P- tr Ω Φ uq φ P- tr Z P. Φ Φ rt Φ P - P d P

P- P P- P p φ Φ uq P- rt P uq li tr ¹ rt P- P P- φ P Φ P- P p: φ ¹ • cn P- cn rt Z rt P Φ p- uq s: P Φ • φ P. N Ω P- cn P- P cn tr P u: cn rt rt Ω cn CO u: N P- tr P- cn Φ JP P- N φ P tr rt Ω ZP o • Ω Sl Φ P Φ P)

* rt tr Φ p- Ξ t P ¹ Ω PJ P Ω P- P ¹ rt z cn P rt rt tr φ • d tr φ H p: uq rt 3

Φ p. uq Φ P tr P "Φ tr P H φ N P φ uq Φ P P. rt α Φ P Φ IS

Φ Hi PP ⁾ PH rt o rt rt Φ Φ PPP P- <Po PP φ P- P- P u P Φ φ p, p: P P. rt φ t. P li uq rt φ P. φ p: P cn Φ Φ Φ φ P P.

3 PN Φ Φ Z Φ 0, rt O tr ¹ P- P ¹ P- Φ H Φ ii li N φ Ω cn P "PPP z P. • cn

O: Φ P Φ P Φ 9 Φ φ PJ = P P- PV z P- o tr Φ P ¹ Φ rt sQ Φ φ Ξ HP P. r p- PP φ Φ φ P • d φ tr P- p: φ α Φ

P- P- Φ P- w P. P- P- P- rt φ uq φ o tr P- P- φ rt P Φ rt P Φ P- P

P- P P P cu φ p- <J φ P P φ P- P- • d H P P- P- P uq cn H o φ

Ω Φ ≥: PPP φ O PJ P cn PP p- rt cn Φ ≥i cn ≥i PP Φ rt • d tr Φ PP <! rt uq rt φ φ P- • φ Ω φ tr uq P Φ o rt rt rt φ Φ PS ¹ • τJ rt o P- Φ P- 3 cn tr rt tr rt PP • d p-

N P- P O: Hi Φ O Φ N Ω Φ N Φ N P- <J rt cn 1

P- S P cn P PJ P- rt P Z tr cn Ps- P Ps- rt P O> P- Ω CSl

Φ P φ OP P- P- Φ φ Φ rt PP Φ P cn P ^* s: p> o P φ Φ P- α P- P P- OO rt Ω Φ rt P. P P- Φ rt H rt rt P - 1 tr P-

Φ φ Φ H Φ 3 Φ Φ φ φ uq

PP Φ cu rt PP Φ PPP Φ P

co CO> M P> P ¹ cπ o cπ o cπ o cπ

N CΛ _g P. o O l P- ö Sl σ CΛ bd o tr O tr PN z Φ P- • d * d φ P P- φ P- O φ • d Φ • d Φ P- 21 φ P Hi Φ rt rt H cn φ Φ <rt rt P- φ Φ p- P. P p- P- tr P ¹ CΛ P- O P- P- P- P P- ct φ EP Φ cn cn Φ Φ φ PH cn Φ cn P "N rt

Φ cn rt Pi Ω Ω P cn PP PS ¹ cn N Ω tr Ω P z Φ

P P- cn tr tr O Hi P ^> P cn P tr P- tr φ P u Hi rt φ φ p: P u Cu: P uq φ uq φ rt p- o P o Φ PPPPPPPP φ rt PP φ rt ι- 3

Pi PP ^« uq φ tr uq cn uq rt Φ li

OP "uq O CΛ ≥i Φ Pi φ φ PS- CΛ φ ≥; P- cn Φ φ • d φ φ P φ PPPP Φ Z φ P. o tr cn P rt P rt P 1 P P- PP u: rt Φ * d P

1 p: P- P. N 3 P φ «P Ω P P. tr NP rt rt o tr Φ cn φ P - cn P li P tr φ P ¹ Ps- P- P

-o φ Ω cn P Φ Ω P <j rt Φ cn rt P <! ω P

P Pi <tr P- O rt tr <! cu: o P- P- o o Ω •

P Φ Φ uq rt N o P P- P uq Z rt H tr 1 φ φ P> P Φ P P l-i Φ rt P P φ Φ rt Φ H

Ω P- Hi ¹ PPPP Φ PP Pi P Φ P- rr PP φ uq ii P- P P- P P- P. P- P ¹ P φ tr P- cn uq Ω φ PP "P- φ φ H" φ uq

P P H rt Φ <tr uq Pi Φ P- P p- •• P- P

P Φ P <! P ¹ O Φ P Φ tr φ rt P uq NPP 0 O: P Φ PN Hl P "uq Φ Ps- P- P uq

Φ s; cn uq P cn P- Φ rt P- φ ¹ O: d PP

P ¹ φ cn rt OP Φ P- PP P- P Hi EP uq P-

Φ P- Ω φ P- "Ό P rt cn Φ P. φ PPP uq rt tr P- Φ rt <z Φ φ tr φ p: <rt φ li P 3 Z P- φ Cd φ P- si cn P- P φ tr Φ P-

P P- uq o cn Pi Pi P- P Φ uq Φ Pi P- rt φ N tr Ω HI HI cn cn CΛ P P. Pi cn φ cd Pl rt cn z Φ tr P P- φ rt P- tr P Φ Ω p P, Φ • d φ P- Φ tr P

• • Z uq Φ P. P tr φ

P- φ P- P l-i tr φ O P ω Φ P Pi

P. tr P- rt Φ P Φ P P- P rt cn o P cn

PP ti cn Φ P- CΛ PPPP Φ P- ¹ P- O Ό r rt

P rt P rt P φ Φ uq P Pi 3 3 rt Φ Φ Φ

P P Φ P N rt r P P P- P- ι-i rt

H H Z PI Sl P. P Z N p, O P rt rt Cn Hi O α ^ cn Φ Pi φ φ Pi P- rt P- cn Ω Ω P- Z • d

P 1 rt p. P- ω Pi r rt tr Z P- tr P Φ rt

Pi H P. tr P "P- s: P φ p- φ H P-

Ω P- Z Φ P Φ uq Φ rt Φ tr P. Φ PP P. cn tr P φ P rr PP α Pi P P- P ¹ P. P Φ Ω uq ι-i • PP ^> PP α PP o φ ö CΛ uq P tr p. P P. Pi p: r- ^> P φ * uq Ω P P- φ cn • φ

Φ P Φ σ P Φ P: P cn Φ Ps ¹ Ω P uq

P uq PP 1 uq P tr Φ CΛ P- PS- tr P- φ ö P ¹ cn H φ Φ cn P- * d Φ O: rt φ 3 H- φ

NP o P- P P- li o rt φ PP cn p: Φ P- z P * d <PPP ¹ P- p- rt PP P- EP cn rt rt φ u φ tr uq cn φ uq uq Φ P

P- Φ P- P. P P- Φ P- Φ rt z P P P P rt P- cn Hl P P p- P P φ • P uq

Φ P Ω P uq φ PP • ZH Φ P ¹

P Φ tr tr CΛ Φ P p- p, Φ O

P φ ι-i P- 3 cn ι-i Φ P. φ P P. P Φ P

co co> M P- ¹ P ¹ cπ o Cπ O cn o Cπ

P. Ps ¹ O φ zo CO Φ P- cn P. Sl Z Φ P Φ <o ZO P- ö Ps- P- <O CΛ Z Φ g S! Sl Pt O

P O: Η P φ • d Φ P- P- P- P- Φ Φ Φ φ P P P- Φ • φ * d Φ P- O: P- o • d Φ φ P 3 φ φ 3 P

EP rt Hl Pi rt PP φ φ Φ rt PP Cn uq PP rt P rt P φ P φ P rt PP cn uq P ¹ o

P P- P- P- P- P. uq N ¹ P. rt φ φ Hl H- P P- P rt P- α P. rt φ P- Φ cn

P φ cn P Φ CΛ Φ φ N Φ cd Φ Φ Φ φ Φ P ¹ PP cn φ cn <J φ j Φ cn φ φ Φ cn Φ φ H cn

P P Ω P. P Ω cn cn z P p P P P P P φ tr Ω P Ω O P P Hi P- Ω cn P φ P P CΛ 1

Ω tr P • tr P- • d Φ cn uq cn H • uq HP tr tr P H. P tr p- <o rt rt O tr P φ P φ uq Φ P- rt Φ rt p: rt P Φ P- Φ tr uq P P. Φ uq • d N Cu: CU: Φ o

PP uq α PP P- rt Φ cn P- Φ PHP ^ P- PPP Φ PP φ P s rt rt PPPP α α cn P- P cn Φ φ φ uq 3 P tr cn 1P P tr P P- P ¹ P P - Φ uq uq P

P- CΛ uq Φ P <rt O rt Sl φ 1 cd P cn φ CΛ uq φ P. P Φ P- P cn P Φ φ φ

Φ cn Φ Φ cn φ Φ o • d N Sl Φ P Φ LSI p rt Ω P- P- Φ φ cn φ E P- Φ M Ω P P PL Ω

OP 3 P- PZ * d rt rt φ P "PPZP tr rt Φ P tr z OP rt P o tr Sl P rt s; 3 P- cu: tr rt φ rt P- Φ H 3 cn φ PPP P. Φ P - 3 p: P uq Φ Φ P. 3 1

Φ P- φ EP Φ P <Pi P- cn P φ cn rt P- P • <p- P Φ φ PP p- o tr P <P "Φ CΛ tsi P- rt cn Φ P- P o cn Ω Φ P Φ φ uq P 1 rt uq P cn P. P rt ^• d Φ uq OP ¹ P ¹ P "P φ ZP p- PP uq P Φ Ω tr Sl P rt PPM rt ω P- φ rt PPO: φ φ rt Φ

Φ P. uq tr P tr φ Φ p: N O P- Φ cd rt uq P P. P. P- cd P p- P O N H- P-

P P- POP o P. • Φ P ¹ p: P Φ> P. P- P • • Φ PP P- cn p PP rt J φ u Φ φ P TJ P- P φ P ^{1 1} P uq P P- Φ P uq uq P <! P φ Ω Φ uq Φ Φ P p: rt PP cu: h- ¹ rt rt φ 3 BP ¹ φ φ uq φ PPP LSJ Φ O Φ p: tr P Φ 3 PPP P- • tr

P ö φ P- φ P φ P- P φ PP 1 Ω PP cn • d cn P tr ^• Φ cn uq uq cn φ Φ uq P- cn rt NP P- rt P "P cd P ti P- tr uq Φ Φ rt Hi Φ P- P Φ φ φ l φ Ω α Hl P

Φ Ω P Ω P s: rt P cu: § P. Z P P rt P- <P P Ω P rt P Φ P: P tr Φ P- CΛ

P tr p- tr P- P- Φ O P P P P. cn φ p. P CΛ N cn O tr 'CΛ Hi N cn tr Φ PP rt rt Ω φ Φ Φ P- uq P uq uq Φ Φ P- P- P- Φ P rt rt Ω PP tr rt Φ P- rt rt P "φ Φ

P. P tr P P rt uq φ P rt 3 uq φ P • tr Φ P- P P P Φ Φ P Φ CΛ si Φ P

Φ P rt N Φ s- p: P N P φ Z φ P. P P P P- Z P P P φ Φ rt

P uq ≥i <z P O: p: tr O Φ N tr φ P- φ σ φ P uq φ P Φ P. P>

P φ o φ P tr Φ • d P z φ NPPPP ¹ 3 uq P cn PP ι-3 Cu: φ O P. P "cn PL o tr P rt li P- HP Φ P Φ rt • φ Hl z cn φ cn φ φ cn Hi P- uq P. PPP • φ φ p- PL

Ό Φ PN rt rt P φ PP P- P- P- φ rt P Φ P- φ P uq cn φ P- uq rt cn P Ω 1 rt cn Ps- Φ Φ P- P P. cn ü rt P P- Φ P <rt PO: P Φ P uq P σ Φ φ P- P- H "P ^J LSI

P- rt tr P P- tr P- Φ O Ω P- Φ P. rt P φ φ P cn CΛ o P- P φ PPP n uq p: cn P- Φ o -> OP sl φ P • dz tr φ P φ Φ P o PP rt rt Ω P ^» 3 rt cn Ω PP PL φ

Ω 3 P "rt" • d rt φ P rt Φ rt PO cn ^• d Hi uq Φ • tr tr φ p: α P <rt tr P uq φ p- tr 3 P- Φ rt PP "Φ P- sl> P rt rt PP Φ EP P- P o Φ φ φ P uq

Φ rr Φ P PL P- p. P ¹ NP cn Λ φ P. cn> o φ P- tr O ö P- cn tr Φ Φ "<PPP φ P

P tr P cn •: φ Z cn Ω Φ P. P- P cn P cn P 3 P- P rt Φ P CΛ 1 cd N <

Z P- P. EP Ω 1 P Φ rt tr P 1 Ω P cn Ω Φ φ P φ P P- P "w o> CΛ P §

P- Φ LSI tr 1 1 z φ

CΛ φ uq P- tr fd P "P- Φ φ n tr P P P- Ω 3 P- O tr P- • P. φ 3 cn φ P

Φ Pi Φ p: Φ P- p: rt P P Φ P Z LSJ o P Φ tr Sl tr p Φ • d Φ P rt P- P φ p- cn

P P. uq tr P P Φ cn P "φ Z o o P P P- P Φ rt tr rt P- uq P- 1 rt rt Ω

P- φ φ T) φ P ¹ uq uq P> CΛ P- cu: P- Φ Φ P cn 3 P rt Φ P- P- PP cn LSJ φ tr N Φ tr φ PZ Hi Pi Φ P φ PL φ uq P uq P P- P cn CΛ Hi PP ¹ P- Z uq cn tr P Ω z cn Φ φ P cn p: P P- PP> P. PP uq uq φ 1 Φ P P- P Φ P φ Ω P uq tr φ P- <P p- Ps- tr P- rt uq PL 1 P φ tr N Ω n P EP P- • P φ P uq tr φ P- uq o rt uq P P- "Φ φ P <J LSJ φ P- P φ Z <rt o α rt φ 1 P ¹ P. φ Φ rt P- P uq PP cn Φ

P P rt P P p- o 1 z cn φ P Hi Φ φ P Φ t? I p: W φ s: P Φ P P φ et

PP - uq PP LSJ Φ P- 3 P- P- P P- P cn Hi N P- P o P p: rt Φ P ¹ L. rt s: φ z P- uq P cn P rt cn P Φ p- oz P uq ö tr ≥i P- P- φ P- N tsi φ Φ li P P- o φ uq P 3 Φ P. Φ Ω Ω q P ¹ φ uq Φ er Ps ¹ Φ P. P- P φ φ P cn P 3 P- ^• d P- P rt φ tr rt P uq P- PP P- P rt rt Φ φ uq P- P

P- O P- uq φ rt uq O i- ^> N rt P Φ P Φ rt PPPNP φ PZ

P P φ φ P- P. Φ σ Φ P P Φ uq φ P P Z s- N cn L Φ

P. P cn φ cn φ Φ P cn rt φ P- P- rt • φ P • φ z d P- P- P

Φ φ ι-i Ω P P- <i P- Φ φ P P- P o φ P- φ φ Pi rt CΛ tr P o Ω rt p: φ o P- rt P- p- φ Φ

P P rt φ P- P tr tr cn P φ Φ rt cn P rt Φ P P N φ P P φ rt

PP

optical paths can be determined arbitrarily. Just when a wavelength is already occupied in the network and the network is thus blocked for the wavelength of the optical transmission signal, the network node according to the invention enables feeding into the network and thus maintaining traffic by converting the wavelength of the optical transmission signal.

The object of the present invention is also achieved in particular by a method for interconnecting optical transmission signals in an optical network node, an optical transmission signal being interconnected from the first tributary input to the first tributary output. The method comprises the following method steps: First, optical transmission signals are applied to a first cross-connect via a tributary input, in order to then be connected to the first tributary output by the first cross-connect. Analog optical signals can be connected from the second tributary input to the second tributary output. This has the advantage that the inputs on the tributary side can be interconnected via the optical network node according to the invention. The optical network node according to the invention has made it possible to find an integrated solution which enables an interconnection of the inputs on the tributary side and an interconnection of the tributary side with the line side. According to the invention, the comprehensive interconnection is ensured by only one network element and no longer by another network element upstream of the network node.

The object is achieved in particular by using an add-drop multiplexer according to one of the preceding claims to implement a method according to one of the preceding claims.

Advantageous embodiments of the invention are further explained in the drawings. Here show: Figure 1 is a circuit diagram of a network node according to the invention with add-drop functionality; Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a conversion of the wavelengths of an optical transmission signal at a

Feed from the tributary to the line side; Figure 3 is a schematic representation of an implementation of the

Wavelengths of an optical transmission signal with free choice of direction; Figure 4 is a schematic representation of an implementation of the

Wavelengths of an optical signal in the network under a change of direction; Figure 5 is a schematic representation of one of the

Wavelengths of an optical signal in the network while maintaining the direction; and

Figure 6 is a schematic representation of an interconnection of an optical transmission signal to the inputs of

Tributary side of the network node.

1 shows a network node 1 according to the invention with add-drop functionality. The first optical line 100 is shown as line east and the second optical line 200 is shown as line west. The first optical line 100 and the second optical line 200 are with a first

Assembly 700 and a second assembly 800 connected, the first drop branch 120 of the first optical line 100 and the second add branch 280 of the second optical line 200 being arranged on the first assembly 700. On the other hand, the first add branch 180 of the first optical line 100 and the second drop branch 220 of the second optical line 200 are arranged on the second assembly 800. On the first assembly 700 is the first optical line 100 with the first optical drop branch 120 via the first filter and circulator device 760 and a first one

Demultiplexer 720 connected, while the second add branch 280 to the second optical line 200 via the first coupler 780 and the first multiplexing device 740 is connected. On the second assembly 800, the first optical line 100 is connected to the first add branch 180 via the second coupler 880 and the second multiplexing device 840, while the second optical line 200 is connected to the second drop branch 220 via the second circulator and filter device 860 and the second demultiplexing device 820 is connected. The first drop branch 120 consists of two protection and two working paths and is connected to the first cross-connect 300 through the two protection paths and the second cross-connect 400 via the two working paths. The second drop branch 220 also contains two working paths and two protection paths, the two working paths being connected to the second cross-connect 400 and the two protection paths being connected to the first cross-connect 300. The first cross-connect 300 has a first M # N switching matrix 330 and a first K # L switching matrix 370, which are connected via a first lower connecting means 350 and a first upper connecting means 360. The second cross-connect 400 has a second K # L switching matrix 430 and a second M # N switching matrix 470, which are connected via a second lower connecting means 450 and via a second upper connecting means 460. The first M # N and K # L switching matrices 330, 370 and the second M # N and K # L switching matrices 470, 430 are 5 # 5 matrices in the present case. In the present case, four fibers are provided (F = 4) and a bridging line (I = 1). This means that the WDM signals of the four channels can be connected individually using the lower or upper connection means. The two protection paths of the first drop branch 120 and the two

Protection paths of the second drop branch 220 are connected to the tributary output 310 via the switching matrix 370, while the two working paths of the first drop branch 120 and the two working paths of the second drop branch 220 via the switching matrix 430 are connected to the second tributary output 410. The first tributary input 390 is via the first M # N matrix 330 of the first cross-connect 300 over two co co M tv> P ¹

Cπ o Cπ o CJ1 o cπ sl α O α CΛ N φ ^ öd CΛ φ Sl * 1 P φ Pf P ¹ rt π rt p] S 3 S! 3 S! l PP 3 Sl Z hd φ Φ PP φ z p- P- P P- P φ H- PPP P- PPPP p- φ P- Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ P φ p: P cn O o P φ P uq P u Hi iQ P Hi P P- o P- P o rt P ¹ rt P- P 3 Cn P- P ¹ tr O -> Cn • d p. P- Φ P φ P P- P ¹ t- uq P- P- Φ tr rt tr Ps- PP ¹ P ¹ tr P- P rt

Φ O cn 1 Φ rt P P P φ H φ P Φ • P Φ P rt α φ P Φ φ tr Φ N P φ φ Φ

P • d I * _ Ps "Φ tr φ P ¹ P- P cn P. P r Ω rt P- P Φ P φ PP Φ PZ rt PP Ω rt o PPP Φ IV) 3 cn PP ¹ t rt PP rt POPPP ¹ P P- P- cn Φ PP ¹ p. Rt p: P- o PPP "φ P p: φ P ** 1 P P- PPP p: p: p: L rt P- P u: P-

P cn P PS ¹ P ι-3 P- CΛ P <! uq P P- uq H- • <o * <P uq Φ PNPP Φ Φ rt ^ <P Φ O uq Ω P rt H "P Φ rt rt O cn u cn ¹ CΛ IQ cn P CΛ P uq Z uq uq PP U 1 uq PP

Φ tr φ P- s: P- tr Φ (D P u φ rt rt uq C Φ 1 Φ P- Φ l φ Φ Φ Φ P M φ 1

P Φ Ω o φ tr P- -> Φ P • Φ H -P- tP P- rt P rt P P- PPP s; P- P 3 hd d P rt PP "P uq I- ¹ Φ P. 3 Φ 3 (D rt P- rt p: tr φ cd rt cd cd P φ n P P- Hl

PPH "rt Φ rt P Φ tu: Φ P- cu: 13 P- P P- rt p: P p Φ pp PL HP uq p rt P cn CΛ lt-- r- ^> φ P rt P EP P- PE uq φ uq cn P cn cn φ P ¹ o P CΛ P. φ φ O P- PP P. cn Φ P Φ Φ N) p: rt o φ φ φ P φ cn P Φ P- φ rt P o rt P ¹ • <P- P- ^• ι-3 P φ P Φ P Φ tr • d rt O rt rt φ P CΛ uq rt Φ tsi p: p: 1 3 φ PP cn cn tr P- P P- Φ PL rt N * d NNPP ¹ 1 NP 3

Φ Φ 3 rt P M Φ P- ≥i Ω ≥i H- P P. P P Φ P- φ rt Φ Φ p: O 4 ^ Φ P-

P cn P- uq μ. ≥i Ω tr Φ O tr Φ 01 Φ Φ P cn P P- P P Sl P O sD P tr rt p- rt Φ φ P Φ 3 tr P rt * d Φ rt P Hl P P. Ω cn o uq P O Φ

Cπ uq P- P uq rt cn Φ rt N rt 3 N CΛ p: Φ o tr CTi Ω Cπ cn P φ P cn P- PL o P P. PPN Φ PPP ¹ P- P Ps MP m P • φ o tr oo s- P φ p: o Φ o P Φ uq P- P rt PP ω rt P cn P- P- rt P o φ oo P- cd Ω tr o Φ 3

• P- P Φ P uq Hl N * <O Ω P- O P- P PL P φ p- PP p rt Φ P cn cn PP Φ 1 rt tr ω rt P u Φ uq P cn P ¹ P- P- J uq cn cn P Sl ü Φ • α. {-. Φ PP CΛ Φ Φ Ω Φ P. PPP CΛ Ω Φ cn P "cn Φ 1 Φ Φ P φ

Φ P P φ Φ SO P- uq Φ Φ P P tr P P P rt tr P- rt φ rt P TJ rt rf => P P

P P cn P- P CD Φ P P- Φ P uq N uq Φ Φ rt P- tr Hi N o P- tr PL P-

Hi rt cn φ rt CΛ P ¹ P z PP p: rt p: PP Φ o Φ P Φ φ

O t rt o. -. Α P- P- Φ Φ σ P r φ tr ≥i P tr P tr P Cπ

PL P P P P

P P. P 's ^• l PPP tr PP 3 N P- N n φ uq Φ P Φ P. φ 3 N PL φ P *

CΛ Φ rt o P Φ N Φ P- P P- 3 Z rt z, P rt P uq P Φ P Cπ P- z Φ P tu: rt P Cπ cn P- PPP ^ P P- φ cn rt O: Φ ONP o rt φ PP

Φ = H = o cn PS ¹ P ¹ P- P cn rt uq P cn Ps- Φ P- l \) P. 3 o P- hd uq φ Cπ Ω P- z CΛ uq Φ p- Φ> P ¹ > cn PP φ o φ P- P- N rt P- P φ

Sl P 1 tr P φ Φ P rP P- uq α P- P O P 1 o tr P o P cn rt <z Φ ω o P

Φ cn £ Φ φ uq PP P- PP Ω cn P CΛ o rt P rt Φ φ rt rt cd -> rt PPP 1 PL P Φ PP 1 tr uq O uq o Φ P φ <1 N • P- P P- S. Φ p

Φ rt cn ¹ Φ Φ P> Φ PP "P α Φ P cn PPP PL P φ z Φ tr * Ω cn φ PP Ω ≥i P- P Ps" • 1 cn uq PP cn PP Φ cn P φ ö 3 P Sl ≥i rt φ

P P- tr φ P H "P CΛ w o o uq 1 uq φ P rt tr P- Φ P O 1 & P- r +

XP rt φ p: P Φ P- P. φ • d ^• do Ω • φ P rt P PL P CΛ PON

Cu: N - PP P- PP p- 1 rt Hi o Hi rt 3 PP Φ Φ Ps ¹ Ω P "P Φ

P P- rt PS ¹ uq P "rt cn PP ^ P- p: P p: P- σ PL P Φ P P- tr o 1 P uq p- Φ P z φ Z φ • d Ω φ P cn PPPO rt P! Φ PPP uq hd

Φ φ rt o φ ω • Φ tr P P Ω φ O P P Pn uq Hi Cπ

P rt P P. - P- PS "tr P. Ω PL O> Ω PL • P- rt z 1 rt p- PO cd Sl PL Φ P- PP ¹ ö cn Φ g rt φ P- rt P- P. tr 1 P. Φ p: hd 3 cn P. O

P φ Φ P φ P Φ P- P P- 3 P- φ φ α LSJ α 1 tr Hi P rt Φ cn * P P • P φ P P cn o d 4- ^ 1 z Φ tS3 P P rt P <!

Φ P> uq Φ Φ P Hi S) O ö P- φ P Z Φ P. P φ rt φ N s p: P rt P P o o P Φ P- Φ P Φ P- φ 3 P

NP z 3 tr P φ NP ¹ PO cn u N P- PXP p- tr

Φ φ p- Φ uq P- P P- Φ PS ¹ Ό Φ z uq rt P

P p: P- rt P φ PP rt P- 1 P ¹ Φ φ 3 NPP rt Φ uq p: P- P CD P-) P p- z PL α

Cπ uq Φ> P- P cn rt 3 uq o rt 00 rt o φ Φ Φ o φ PL Φ P P. 1 Φ o 3 P- 3 P o PL P Hl φ P- rt 1 P rt Φ

co co to to P> P ¹ cπ o cπ o Cπ o Cπ o p. O d- W o Hl P- H cn o cn φ Sl si Sl si 3 t? D J- ^ cn O P- t? D 3 sl S! CO P s: p:

• d Φ O sΩ P * H P- 5 P φ P o * d P- P- Φ φ φ Φ O: P- <o P- • 3 p- O Φ Φ hd Φ P ¹ P- Φ P rt PP o P- PP rt Φ P o rt PPP ¹ P ¹ P- uq P o P rt p PPP ¹ Λ PP P- φ P- P-

P- PP P- cn P- P- ". P- P- uq P ¹ P ¹ P" cn P. P- Φ φ P. rt O P. P cn Φ cn hd Φ P φ tr Ό cn Φ Sl H - cn φ φ Φ φ Φ P- O tr cn P φ Φ - rt Φ φ N rt P

Ω P Ω P 1 P Φ Ω P φ ιQ Ω cn PPPP Ω Φ H- Ω si PP Φ c 1 z rt tr o rt Hi sl rt P- tr H cd tr cn • d P ¹ P ¹ H "tr P- o ü tr P. Φ P ^> Φ Ω P- M φ

Φ rt φ P cn φ si H Φ o Φ Cu: u: p: u: cn Ω P Φ P, _, P- tu: P- rt uq P p- P P-

Φ d-> P. cn P P P P Φ P P- P P P P P PS- P P P P "cn P P P- P cn rt cn P-

P ¹ Ω O φ rt •: P tr P ω φ cn uq uq uq uq P P- PP φ rt uq uq OP rt Φ Φ

Φ rt OP 1 uq CΛ P ¹ P ¹ CΛ P rt φ φ φ Φ P uq Φ CΛ P • φ φ P - - - z

P- P- M φ u: P- φ Hi φ PPPP P- Φ NP cn 1 «φ t rt O 3 Φ P- PP P. P cn POPP tr <rt cn P zp: Ό ¹ P: Φ PP

PPO: PPP Φ PL φ uq rt PL P ¹ 3 3 p P. Φ O • rt φ P 3 Φ P- tr P- PP

P 1 uq cn P uq cn φ P φ φ uq O CΛ uq cn Φ P- P φ Ω uq cn P- P φ P rt Φ P uq ¹ P "rt Ω P cn P Φ cn rr • Φ φ φ P ö P cn ϊ5 ^* φ φ cn φ P • Φ P

P- P- Φ tr PO P- ö P- P- rt rt cn rt P- OP p: P- 3 P rt rt PP ¹ z

P> P Ω P uq • d uq P- φ P uq P P- N φ N o 3 Ό P 3 uq p: cd N p. PJ uq p: φ o φ r Φ rt P Ω P- Φ PP o P rt Φ »d rt Ω P EP Φ P- Φ PPPP o • Sl P- P- P tr PP Ω Ω PNP rt ≥i P- tr P- P P- ω PPPPP uq

-— Φ PO cn P ^J P- Φ cn H tr tr uq rt P- φ cn Ω P ^J uq Φ PP "d Φ Φ

_^ P3 H φ o Ω Φ P cn Ω Φ Φ Cπ cn rt Ω Φ tr Φ rt Cπ Ω α Φ P • d PP

P "PP - ^{^} P tr Ps- PPZ o Ω N tr P- N o tr P- PP φ cd

P- P- Φ <Φ φ uq O Φ PL φ P- Φ o tr φ P N s: P o P, φ cn 3 p:

P tr P P φ P- P P • • d 3 P P- co Ω P Φ tr P Φ Φ cd Φ P φ rt o co uq P

Φ P P P P Hl rt P P P φ tr P Φ P p P uq P- 3 N Φ uq o Φ uq

1 rt P Cu: cn co o ö P- rt Ω Φ P rt φ cn cn CΛ P P s: P φ O cn φ

M P P Ω P. Φ p- cn P- tr P. P o CΛ Φ Φ 3 l_l- LSJ P- Φ Φ P φ

PPO uq tr P- P uq φ Ω cn g φ o Φ rt P cn φ Φ P- φ P. CΛ P- H3 p- rt P. cn> <: uq φ P φ PL rt tr Ω P- 3 cn PL P ISl P- Φ s: P- 3 P φ rt P Sl PN φ rr 1 φ PP "φ Sl Φ tr P- cn P- P ω P P. rt φ rt Φ rt P PL Φ P- φ rt cn cn

H P cd rt N cn Z φ P φ Φ Φ uq Φ P φ Φ cn N P- • d ≥; O P tr P- p. Φ

P- 3 P z P- P- P ¹ rt P PL α Hi cn P P- PP • d POP cn p- O

<1 P si cn P φ uq φ h- ¹ coöl l NP P- P P- uq P P- P rt rt P Ω Ό rt φ φ O * d

Φ uq φ φ uq P- P φ φ P φ P P "Φ P Φ uq Sl P uq uq K N P- P tr rt P * d rt

PP P- rt rt P P- PPPP Φ Hl P- P Φ P φ rt cn P P- PZ φ rt P- cn P cn N Φ P ¹ PP ¹ cn uq P Sl PPP ^J PL P- Ω cn • <P - P P- cn

Ω uq φ Φ Φ cn cu: Φ rt Φ φ Φ φ P ¹ Φ Φ ■ -3 & P- tr s: Φ Ω 1 P cn cn Ω tr P cn O p] P cn Φ P P- P- P " cn φ φ PPP Φ Φ Φ P tr tfl rt Ω tr

P co Ps-> d P- P- uq P- r ~ - H "Φ 3 H P- P P- PP Φ P- Φ tr Φ OO: Cπ Pl rt Φ uq φ uq P" p: P Φ Φ 3 PL H "P- Sl tr Sl Φ P Φ Φ P rt o P o P P- PPPPPP ≥; P P- P p: P Φ PW φ co Φ PP ¹ uq P- O

Φ - P o P- cn PPPP uq l Φ P "P 2 PP cn rt P- Φ P cn Φ PP • d CΛ CΛ rt Φ tr Ω Sl 3 uq Φ φ rt cu: Φ φ Ω uq PPP" P P- rt P- P rt Φ φ

PP PL P tr O> cn cn PP ¹ NPP rt tr φ ≥i Φ P cn Φ P- p: Φ rt uq o P- PP

ZPP rt Φ P • φ Φ P ¹ uq NP Φ P • • d P φ PPP • d ω L

Φ Hi CΛ P P PS "rt PL p- 3 φ P φ rt 1 Φ P" cn uq P co rt Ω Φ Φ

P Φ Ω PP ¹ P- LSJ NPP cn P P- P Hl P- P, N p: M p- p: p- φ uq so P- tr cn cn

P. P- P tr ^ φ PPPP φ φ P- Ω P Φ P- P P- cn P uq o cn Φ P- P- φ P- P. 1 P- uq P. P uq ι-i rt p: tr P. Φ Φ P- uq PP uq P cd M Ω uq uq

P φ φ P. M rt I φ q φ IM P rt φ P- 9 φ uq P Φ P po tr P ¹ PP

• cn Φ P- P p "3 cn g Φ uq P Φ P uq PP ¹ uq o φ Φ PP φ P- PPP P- rt 3 P φ tr Φ P- P φ Φ cn P- H ¹ σ P uq uq uq P p- Φ Φ CΛ P Φ P cn uq tr PL cn _^^ rt cn

P CΛ P o P φ cn PP ¹ Φ Cπ cn rt Φ Φ p- Φ P ¹ P p:

P rt P P P IV) rt rt O PL φ co M P cn rt P- P tr P

Ω Φ o uq o rt N o φ rt φ Ό Φ rt NP uq φ P tr φ cn cn o Φ PPN P- o uq rt φ P P. cn P- tr P rt P rt 1 P ¹ l P Φ uq φ o Φ P- o

the arrangement described in Figures 2 and 3, the direction of an optical transmission signal in the network can be freely selected.

Figure 4 provides a schematic representation of the implementation of the wavelengths of an optical signal in the network with a simultaneous change of direction. The optical network node 1 with add-drop functionality has the same assemblies as the optical network node 1 with add-drop functionality in FIG. 2.

The wavelength conversion of an optical signal in the network via the protection line of the first optical line 100 (line-east) or via the working line of the second optical line 200 (line-west) is described below. An optical signal with certain wavelengths arriving via the first optical line 100 (line east) is transmitted by the first assembly 700 and the first drop branch 120 to the first cross-connect, there by the first 5 # 5 switching matrix 370 the second lower connection means 350 is connected, again via the other first 5 # 5 switching matrix

330 connected to the first wavelength converter 500. The wavelength converter 500 converts the predetermined wavelengths of the optical signal to other wavelengths and feeds the optical signal with the converted wavelengths via the second add branch 280 and the first module 700 into the second optical line 200 (line-west). The situation is analogous to that of an optical signal of a certain wavelength in the network, which is fed into the optical network node 1 with add-drop functionality via the second optical line 200 (line west). The optical signal of the second optical line 200 (line-west) is interconnected by the second module 800 and the second cross-connect 400 to the second wavelength converter 600 in order to switch to the first optical via the second module 800 and the first add branch 180 Line 100 (Line East) to be fed. co co tv> t P ¹ P> cπ o Cπ o Cπ o Cπ

P- P co cn ^ cn α co PL ö sl

Φ P φ z Sl P. Sl σ Sl Φ H hd o uq <! S n Z Sl NP ¹ CΛ cn cn P P- Φ p- Ω Φ P P- φ φ P- φ P φ P- PP "d φ φ PP 1P P- o rt Hl uq P uq z φ P- Φ tr P uq cn PP ¹ P φ P CΛ PO rt H rt o P- Φ P φ P- uq P

P P P Φ * 1 P Ω P "P. Ω rt P rt P- φ cn P cn P Ps- P- rt P P

Φ Φ P P P 3 s; H- P O - φ φ Φ S! Φ tr O P Φ cn P- Ω P- cn φ PL P- rt P P P

P- P- P ¹ cn P Φ 'S * d PPP Φ P • d P Ω Ω rt tr INI 1 1 P- P Φ P cn

PP cn O α ^ rt P rt φ P ¹ "\ -> P- p: rt P" rt tr Φ P Φ o H Φ uq P uq cn o

Φ φ P- - 4 P- P- P- p: p: tu: Φ tr P- o P- Φ rt P- P o P 1

<Z tr ω Φ Ω cn PP p- P φ PP φ cn uq OP rt P cn hd P ¹ OP ¹ P- P "g N o P- φ Ω P (Jl tr Ω φ uq φ uq P uq P Ω Φ PN Φ CP rt P P- O o 3 P

3 z P φ P tr P- ¹ rt tr Φ φ P ¹ φ Φ tr P 1 co P rt ö φ ^• - - o P rt o P cn φ φ Cu: ZP Φ cn P l P p: PP α Φ ¹ P- α Ω rt φ P- ≥i P

Φ P- Φ Φ P- P. P P- PPOP φ P cd Hi P- cn Sl P- uq Z rt P Φ cn _* - _^ Φ rt rt P- P- rt P uq P uq P -> uq 3 P - φ Φ PP φ £ Q. P Ω P. Ω tP rt φ

N Φ P P cn P φ - CΛ Ω cn P "cn φ cn P co P- φ P P P P-> c> cn rt φ tr P- N P-

P Φ φ uq P uq P- tr φ φ Φ P φ PL hd P- cn P "P. φ o uq P- P φ P P

POP tr Φ φ Φ uq Φ rt P rt rd rt PP uq φ G. cn φ P- o φ OP φ p: φ uq • d Sl φ cn φ P- cu: PNP "N p NP o P Φ PPM Ps- P φ 1 tr rt Φ φ cn rt P- PPP <P p: P cn P uq rt P φ P H- P 51 uq O 1 P tp m φ sl

P. P- P Ω Φ P φ P "Φ PPP Φ P cn Φ * PPP Φ φ • d P ¹ cn Φ PP φ

Φ cn cn P ¹ tr Φ φ cn P uq uq uq rt uq uq Ω Hl Φ cn ü P- • d P- rt P- cn P "

P Ω rt φ P cn s P CΛ Φ IM Φ rt P. OP P- P rt Φ Φ P Φ rt rt P. P "tr Φ P p- rt 3 rt P Ω <P P- Φ Φ 3 P- Φ cn ≥i φ P Φ P- φ PP • - * P- φ

Sl φ P Φ • O cn 3 tr OPPP P- cu: OP uq rt Φ Hi rt rt P φ P φ p: er • d Φ Z uq PP 3 PP EP P rt Φ rt t? D P φ O uq tr P ¹

P * P ¹ OP Φ Cd rt rt φ φ - ^> P cn Ω Cπ φ Φ 1 NPN p- P- P rt Φ Tf N Sl ςu:

I- ¹ φ * d uq P P- P- NP cn rt Φ φ tr o cn P 1P s: P. P φ rt - <PL P rt ι \> o

• z P φ P- rt φ P cn P φ P tr ^* rt o P- Φ P- O Φ cn P Φ P P- σ • P u

P rt P- P Φ Ω P Φ rt P 3 N P- O O P P- Φ J H * d P P. P Φ cn o Ps- Φ μ

P cn cd tr uq PN uq Φ Φ Φ • d • d φ rt rt Hi φ φ Φ OPP Ω p: P- u: P Ω sl φ • rt PPP cn rt rt • Φ cj P- o p- PP CΛ tr tr P

P uq tr cn φ P O P - • o P- P- P

P ^< tr 3 cn cn cn rt P rt Φ P ¹ Φ uq 1 p uq Φ φ ZP Cπ Φ o cn cn ω Ω uq P rt Φ P ¹ Φ P P- P 1 cn φ r P rt CΛ P φ P o P Ω Ω O Φ tr rt P Φ P p: PP P> φ

P o IM Φ P- Φ PP o Hl 3 tr tr • d rt φ uq P tr tr φ P ¹ φ P. P- rt o ¹ PP uq PL P- O: φ Φ rt N P- Φ PO φ 1 P - PN

PL Φ PP 'P Φ φ PP uq PP P- PP ¹ P α Sl PP PL • d P- l φ φ P φ _^ ~. P- uq tu: P P- P P- cn P- P ¹ cn P Φ P φ Φ P- rt rt φ P cn P ¹ rt PP Ω o P P- CΛ ≥i Ω uq P- P cn P PL P P- P cn hd uq

P- P Φ uq cn Φ t o P Ω P- φ tr rt H P P- uq cn P rt P φ

O P P P- φ cn rt uq tr uq rt Φ P z P Φ uq Φ CΛ Ω uq - - O P Φ

* d φ uq PP P- VO Ps- cn • PNP Φ P P- PP cn tr rt p- rt 1 φ P 3 P- PP φ uq P Ps ¹ P uq φ PP "- ~ tr P Φ _^ - φ Φ φ P

P- Sl P ¹ CΛ 3 Ω PL P P- Φ öd P ¹ PL p: φ Φ PP ¹ P Ω P φ cn φ o cn ≥i P ^* Φ PP 3 φ ω o Φ Sl P ¹ Φ cd P P- P- Hl P- Hi rt cn cn

Ω cn o O φ φ rt P φ p: rt P- φ o P uq rt PL P <PO P- rt tr rt> d rt rt PP EP P P- Φ rt P ¹ o uq φ P φ P- φ φ h-> o φ O

Φ "- _^ rt NNP P- Φ P 3 PPHZ φ PPP φ P- 1 uq PP • d

PP ¹ P- PZ uq P Φ P Hi P φ, -. P- cn uq P rt cn w φ 1 rt

3 P- cn P φ P ≥; uq PP ¹ φ φ p NPPP ¹ o P-

CΛ O: P Ω uq P u: Ω si ≥; Φ P- rt cn iC-. z N P cn • P- • d cn

P- uq φ tr PS ¹ P tr Φ Φ cn rt P- ι \> tu: P tr N Φ Cπ φ z uq rt P rt Ω uq 1 Φ Z PL rt N ω o P φ Φ rt rt o P- φ - ö φ P- tr

P P- MPP φ p. N PS ¹ rt o uq 1 P- Φ isi rt P- P "P- cn Φ

P Ω PPP P- φ PS ¹ φ PL φ w P Φ Φ rt o Z φ P. Ω P tr cn P Φ PP P- P φ _^ - _^ PPP φ o P- φ tr cn rt Φ P 0 PP P- P ¹ Hi cn Φ PPP Φ

P- - - uq p: rt φ Ω P P- p: rt P Cπ Cπ P tr cn P- P Φ P tr φ P P ~ - ~ * o * φ rt P uq P φ • o Cπ

P- Φ 1 1

CO co) r-υ P ^> P ¹ cn o cπ o Cπ o Cπ hd o φ ^ a π. CΛ H l O φ tsi si o Cd P. NOS! Cd o S! 4-><! P. uq NP PP Sl OI) p. öd

Hi PP P- P Φ P φ Ό P- Z Φ o PPZ ^• d Φ P- Ό Φ o φ Φ P ¹ Z φ P φ Φ Ό o Φ φ

P o Hl uq P P- Cn rt P φ r ~ - P cn cn Φ rt HP rt o PP φ φ P EP PP ¹ rt o P P-

P. CΛ OP Ps- rt • »1 rt P- uq p- t-> P rt P- P- P ^J φ P- cn p- P- P ¹ P- tr

Φ cn P rt Φ H- - cn φ uq Φ φ - - o rt cn Φ cn Φ P Ω N Ω rt φ P- φ Φ cn _^^ O φ

1 uq P- s Ω cn P Ω • d Φ Ω P od Ω PP tr z tr Φ PPPP Ω tP • d tr ε o rt P »O P. Hi tr Ό P- ¹ rt p: rt P tr r- ¹ φ Hi P φ Φ P cn cn cn tr P- rt P tr o • PP h P: φ Φ co u: tr P- Φ p: P- Φ p: P ¹ P- P rt rt u: Φ P H- φ P P. PPPP P- o P φ cn OP tr PP P- rt rt Sl Φ O Φ P φ cn rt

PPP α uq CD cn uq OP Ω τf * uq Φ uq φ P Φ 2! Φ P • d P uq ¹ 1 Ω P φ P P- P- φ P. Λ rt P- φ O tr rt φ φ tr ¹ Φ PPP φ P "rt Φ Φ Sl tr P

Ω Ω Φ rt cn P- Φ P- • PP P. Φ P- P- PP Φ P uq P- P ¹ n P- OP P- φ Φ uq

Φ rt tr p: rt cn P uq cd uq φ cn rt cd P- cd φ O cn φ P cn • d rt cn P

P <rt Φ rt P CΛ PL p φ P CΛ Ω P p rt rt 3 P P. • d Φ P O Ω rt p P rt P.

.b P. Φ) - • hd P • d P- cn P ¹ P- tr P CΛ PP CΛ cn Φ rt P ¹ CΛ tr P- cn P ^• - P ¹ φ

N o φ HZH "P. PP" P- Φ φ φ φ uq Φ uq φ PP φ rt cn P- Φ p: cn Φ cn Φ uq φ P zo P cn φ rt P- o cn Φ rt P- PPP rt uq uq rt φ cn PP 1 Ω rt Po P- φ Ω P- • φ rt uq Φ N rt cn PP> NNPO Ω Hl uq n CΛ tr N p: rt O

P- φ t cn Φ P- φ P φ Φ rt P ¹ P ¹ o P P. ιv> P * tr O Φ O p- ω P o PP • d rt s: PP rr σ <Ω φ P ¹ cn P rt Φ φ o P φ o P Sl rt Φ P ^J PP uq PP o P rt φ o cn Φ φ rt P. tr rt P P. P- uq P o uq φ P- P uq PP uq P. uq P-

P tr rt rt PP P- P- Φ cn Φ rt _^ ~. cn rt p Φ PP ¹ - - Φ CΛ

Φ Φ P P- cn ON o P- ö cn PP ¹ P "CΛ φ Ω P ¹ cn Ω Φ P. t P Φ Ω

O P- PP Φ O Ω P z α O oo PP P- P P- P ¹ P- Φ tr Φ PL φ rt P- Φ P- P tr

P uq • d tr 1 φ • d P o φ uq P P uq P- P P Φ P- P- rt p: rt cn P Sl Hi Φ

O α n uq rt P hd P- P- rt <! rt • d P Φ PPP Φ P ¹ P rt φ N co tr P φ OOP cn P- P P- P- Hi rt Ω P- φ 1 cn rO 1 P Φ p: P Φ O Φ PO 1 P cn Φ O Φ φ cn rt P Φ tr cn PP ti rt o Cd P. 1 OP co P <P σ P uq • d Cd P - uq P ¹

1 cn P p- Ω P P. P Ω cn PZ φ o PPP Sl "d uq P- uq φ rt P P- rt φ ow cn Ω tr P • Φ tr Ω Hl Φ P cn P P- φ rt Φ uq P cn uq P »P- cn P P- o P- 1 Cd tr Φ O. Rt l £> uq P φ tr P- _^ ~ Ω Ω cn P- PP K3 cn o φ Φ o cn rt uq Hi rt

PPO P- Φ * d Hi P P. q OP ¹ tr tr rt ω P o Ω o P ¹ P o Ω ^• - ^• 1 p: P

P 1 OPP ≥i P- rt o P ¹ φ Ό P- rt "- ^ Ω po tr φ tr hd PP

Φ P uq Φ Φ p- Φ rt P rt PPP • tr CΛ cn P P- Φ _* - ~. φ Po Hi uq

Ω tr P p: Dd rt P cn uq P- Φ ISO P- Φ P Φ P Φ Φ _^ - _^ Φ rt P tP P p: P P. rt N Φ PPN Ω rt rt rt N o ω 1 P uq P rt <J * rt P Φ cn P- P α P- 3 z Ω uq P PS ¹ Cd tr P z Ω Sl N o P- P cn rt rt P CΛ Φ O:

>fc> • rt φ Φ P P- φ PL PP φ P tr φ P. sl tr co φ 3 PP Ω Φ φ P- P. P uq o P- ¹ OPP P- uq P P- P φ cn Φ o Φ P- P Φ uq tr PP 1 uq Φ P CSl P ^J o & co P. φ rt uq φ P. rt Hi P rt PP P- uq N 1 PPPP P- Z P-

P o φ 3 Φ p: P ¹ P ¹ Φ - - - Ps- P Cπ

P P φ z Sl P "α ö P P φ Ω

P cn o P Φ <op: P P. ¹ hd P- «q P o φ φ Φ rt P cn P" hd Hi P- tr

P uq P uq P- φ o tr φ Φ Φ PPP ¹ o P- CΛ cn Φ <i O rt cn P p: rt •

P. p: P PI rt P ^> φ rt P φ P p- PO uq Φ cn rt rt rt O 5 - - OP Φ

P P P Φ P cn ~ - ~ P rt Hi rt 1 P- tr φ - - O P 1 tr rt α

P- uq P. P- 3 P. P Ω P ¹ N Φ O Φ hd Ω P- φ P XJ Z LSJ Φ φ Φ P- O P-

P- Φ tr P p- φ uq tr P- α s: P Ω Hi tr P z ö rt p- P. Z P P- Ω P- • d Φ

Φ P. P P rt P P P Φ φ cn uq rt P N P- O P- P- P o φ Po rt φ rt

P. Φ rt Hi t φ P P- φ P- PL Φ P P φ cn P. P P- O öd P- P- öd

Cd Φ PP o rt 1 rt P ¹ PO P- φ Ps "o Ω rt uq H" φ O φ cn Φ

P- P P Z P. P o P d Φ Φ o • P rt P rt cn tr uq P- P P Ω P-

P N • <P- PL P- P P P P o 1 Φ P- cn Φ PJ P rt tr 1 cn tr tr

1 Sl s: 1 φ 1 tr. , uq CΛ cn α hd P uq N Φ 1 PPP) Φ hd rt Φ Φ o CΛ σ PP ¹ rt rt n _^ ~. P Hl φ z P- o Hlo tr Hi Φ tr tr P P- Φ P- P rt P- P. ^• - - PP ¹ PP Φ P φ P o CΛ PPP tP P

N PS "rt P- P o PP φ> 0 P- P P. P P- Φ P P- P. PP ¹ P- Φ -> z P- Φ rt * d P Φ cn P cn P cn rt P uq R PP rt P- rt

• P P φ 1 • 1 PL cn φ z PL rt Φ φ P P Hi P P rt P uq 1 1 1 1 P- Φ Φ P Ω P Ω P ö P P

1 PPP rt tr uq P- P uq P. cn Φ uq

The protection paths are output via the first Cross-Connect 300.

Optical transmission signals are applied to the tributary input 390 of the first cross-connect 300, connected to the first upper connecting means 360 via the first 5 # 5 matrix 330 and from there to the tributary via the other first 5 # 5 matrix 370 - Output 310 interconnected. The same applies to optical transmission signals which are interconnected from tributary input 490 to tributary output 410 via the second cross-connect 400. Of course, the tributary inputs 390, 490 and tributary outputs 310, 410 are freely selectable. In addition, the optical network node 1 still retains its add-drop functionality.

With the optical network node according to the invention with add-drop functionality, a possibility has been created to configure received or transmitted optical signals completely freely.

The invention relates to a device and several methods with regard to an optical network node with add-drop and / or cross-connect functionality. The network node according to the invention is the connection of a first optical line via a first drop branch with a first cross-connect and a second cross-connect to a first and a second tributary output and the connection of a second optical line via a second drop branch with the first cross-connect and the second cross-connect to the first and second tributary outputs. In parallel, a first tributary input via the first cross-connect is either coupled into the second optical line by a first wavelength converter and a second add branch or is coupled into the first optical line through a second wavelength converter and a first add branch, and a second Tributary input via the second cross-connect either coupled into the second optical line by the first wavelength converter and the second add branch or coupled into the first optical line through the second wavelength converter and the first add branch.

This optical network node according to the invention allows optical signals to maintain or change their direction and / or to maintain or change their wavelengths.

Through this optical network node according to the invention, the optical transmission signals can be freely selected in their direction and / or can maintain or change their wavelength.

With this optical network node according to the invention, optical transmission signals can be interconnected at the inputs on the tributary side.

Claims

claims

1. Optical network node (1) with add-drop and / or cross-connect functionality, comprising a first optical line (100) with a first drop branch (120) and a first add branch (180) and a second Optical line (200) with a second drop branch (220) and a second add branch (280), characterized in that the first drop branch (120) and the second drop branch (220) each have a first cross Connect (300) and a second cross-connect (400) are connected; and the first add branch (180) is connected to the first cross-connect (300) and the second cross-connect (400) via a first wavelength converter (500); and the second add branch (280) is connected to the first cross-connect (300) and the second cross-connect (400) via a second wavelength converter (600).

2. Optical network node (1) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the wavelength converters (500, 600) are transponder modules, in particular tunable transponder modules.

3. Optical network node (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first cross-connect (300) at least a first N # M

Switching matrix (330) and at least one first K # L switching matrix

(370), and the second cross-connect (400) at least one second N # M

Switching matrix (430) and at least one second K # L switching matrix (470).

4th Optical network node (1) according to the preceding claim, that a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c n e t, that a ß N is L and K is M.

5. Optical network node (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first N # M switching matrix (330) with the first K # L switching matrix (370) via a first lower connecting means

(350) and via a first upper connecting means (360), and / or the second N # M switching matrix (430) with the second K # L

Switching matrix (470) via a second lower connecting means (450) and via a second upper connecting means (460).

6. Optical network node (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first add branch (180) and the second drop branch (220) on a first assembly (800) and the second add branch (280) and the first drop branch (120) are arranged on a second assembly (700).

7. Optical network node (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first cross-connect (300) can be used for paths of a protection line and the second cross-connect (400) can be used for paths of a working line ,

8. A method for selecting an optical path for optical signals in an optical network node (1) according to one of the preceding device claims from the first optical line (100) into the first optical line (100) or into the second optical line (200), characterized in that it comprises the following process steps:

Coupling of the optical signals into the first drop branch (120), - interconnection of the optical signals by the first

Cross-Connect (300) or the second Cross-Connect (400) in the second add branch (280) or in the first add branch (180)

Feeding the optical signals into the first optical line (100) via the first add branch (180) or into the second optical line (200) via the second add branch (280).

9. Method for wavelength conversion of optical signals in an optical network node (1) according to one of the preceding device claims of the first optical

Line (100) into the first optical line (100), characterized in that it comprises the following method steps: coupling out the optical signals into the first drop branch (120),

Interconnection of the optical signals by the second cross-connect (400) in the first add branch (180) Implementation of the wavelengths of the optical signals by a second wavelength converter (600)

Feeding the converted optical signals into the first optical line (100) via the first add branch (180).

10. The method according to the two preceding claims for converting the wavelength of optical signals in an optical network node (1) according to one of the preceding device claims from the first optical line (100) into the first optical line (100) or into the second optical line (200), characterized in that it comprises the following process steps: Coupling the optical signals into the first drop branch (120),

Interconnection of the optical signals by the second cross-connect (400) to the first add branch (180) or by the first cross-connect (300) to the second add branch (280)

Converting the wavelengths of the optical signals through one of the wavelength converters (500, 600) feeding the converted optical signals into the first optical line (100) via the first add branch

(180) or into the second optical line (200) via the second add branch (280).

11. A method for selecting an optical path for optical transmission signals in an optical network node (1) according to one of the preceding device claims from a first tributary input (390) into the first optical line (100) or into the second optical line (200), characterized in that it comprises the following process steps:

Application of optical transmission signals via the first tributary input (390) to the first cross-connect (300)

Interconnection of the optical transmission signals by the first cross-connect (300) in the first add branch (180) or in the second add branch (280)

Feeding the optical transmission signals into the first optical line (100) via the first add branch (180) or into the second optical line (200) via the second add branch (280).

12. A method for converting the wavelength of optical transmission signals in an optical network node (1) according to one of the preceding device claims from the first tributary input (390) into the first optical line (100), characterized in that it comprises the following method steps: Application of optical transmission signals via the first tributary input (390) to the first cross-connect (300)

Interconnection of the optical transmission signals by the first cross-connect (300) to the first add branch (180)

Conversion of the wavelengths of the optical transmission signals through the second wavelength converter (600) feeding the optical converted transmission signals into the first optical line (100) via the first add branch (180).

13. The method according to the two preceding claims for the wavelength conversion of optical transmission signals in an optical network node (1) according to one of the preceding device claims from the first tributary input (390) into the first optical line (100) or into the second optical line (200 ), characterized in that it comprises the following method steps: - applying optical transmission signals over the first

Tributary input (390) to the first cross-connect (300)

Conversion of the wavelengths of the optical transmission signals by one of the wavelength converters (500, 600) feeding the optical transmission signals into the first optical line (100) via the first add branch (180) or into the second optical line (200) via the second add Branch (280).

14. A method for interconnecting optical transmission signals in an optical network node (1) according to the device claims from the first tributary input (390) to a first tributary output (310), characterized in that The process steps include:

Interconnection of the optical transmission signals by the first cross-connect (300) to the first tributary output (310).