Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q3/00—Selecting arrangements
  • H04Q3/64—Distributing or queueing
  • H04Q3/66—Traffic distributors
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/1302—Relay switches
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/1304—Coordinate switches, crossbar, 4/2 with relays, coupling field
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/13107—Control equipment for a part of the connection, distributed control, co-processing
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/13141—Hunting for free outlet, circuit or channel
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/13176—Common channel signaling, CCS7
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/13196—Connection circuit/link/trunk/junction, bridge, router, gateway
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/13202—Network termination [NT]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/13204—Protocols
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/13216—Code signals, frame structure
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/1324—Conference call
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/13353—Routing table, map memory
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/13396—Signaling in general, in-band signalling
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
  • H04Q2213/13405—Dual frequency signaling, DTMF

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to telecommunication systems, and more specifically to a telecommunication gateway for processing data streams in a local chain of process functions.
• a telecommunication gateway is generally a device for processing or converting streams of information such as audio, video or other types of data between different networks.
• telecommunication gateways are often utilized for converting information streams provided in the format of one type of network to the format required in another type of network. The conversion is typically effectuated in a local chain of process functions within the relevant gateway.
• gateway An important type of gateway is the media gateway, which converts media streams such as audio or video streams between different networks.
• Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional media gateway for converting a media stream between two different networks.
• the media gateway 10 acts as an intermediary between two networks 20 and 30, and processes and/or converts a media stream in a local chain of process functions called media stream applications (MSAs) 40.
• the media gateway is controlled by a media gateway controller (MGC) 50.
• MGC 50 terminates and analyzes the control signalling related to a call or connection, and controls the media gateway using some sort of control protocol in a conventional manner as described e.g. in the ITU-T Recommendation H.248 on Gateway Control Protocol.
• the media gateway is generally characterized by its ability to convert an incoming stream of data from network A to an outgoing stream of data towards network B, and the other way around.
• the media stream is usually the flow of data from one end user to another; e.g. voice or video.
• the media gateway converts data transferred between an access network and a core network. Examples of such networks are STM networks, ATM networks and IP-based networks.
• the media gateway normally has the ability to modify the media stream and even extract data from the stream. These abilities are provided by the media stream applications.
• the media stream applications are process functions included in the gateway as common resources that can be invoked as and when required. Examples of media stream applications are transcoding, echo cancellation, tone functions, dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) functions, conference call device (CCD) functions, announcement machine functions, modem functions, video transcoding and data transmission interworking (DTI).
• Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a physical view of a media stream chain in a conventional media gateway.
• the media gateway 10 is here built around a switch fabric 11.
• a connection from an mcoming exchange terminal (ETl) through a chain of media stream applications (MSAs) to an outgoing exchange te ⁇ ninal (ET2) is established at call setup and kept for the duration of the call. This means that the necessary resources have to be reserved and maintained during the entire call.
• the connection and the associated resources are released.
• Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a logical view of a media stream chain in a conventional media gateway.
• the gateway comprises a bearer control unit 12, a connection coordinator 13, a resource manager 14 and a pool 15 of media stream application resources.
• the connection coordinator 13 is informed of an mcoming request for a voice connection by the bearer control 12.
• the bearer control 12 indicates which exchange terminal ETl that has been selected by the far end node, and also allocates an outgoing exchange terminal ET2.
• the connection coordinator 13 requests a number of MSAs for the voice connection from the resource manager 14, and arranges the assigned MSAs in a chain of MSAs interconnected by user plane links.
• the chain carries media stream packets that traverse the switch fabric in the form of cells or packets depending on the particular type of switch fabric.
• codec and echo cancellation are typical examples of MSAs that are often required.
• Each MSA typically has a number of service access points - an mcoming access point and an outgoing access point for the user plane links, and an incoming access point and an outgoing access point for the control plane links to the media gateway controller (see Fig. 1).
• each MSA may have access points for modifying the operation of the MSA during the call.
• the service access points are also associated with information needed to address and find the resource in question. This information can normally be translated into physical references to a particular subrack, printed circuit board and processor, as well as a pointer to the actual software process to be executed by the indicated processor.
• connection coordinator 13 In order to setup a user plane link, the connection coordinator 13 has to acquire a service access point from the receiving MSA through an established control plane link, and transfer the acquired service access point to the transmitting side through another established control plane link. The procedure has to be repeated for all user plane links in the chain, and the established control plane links have to be maintained during the entire connection.
• the connection coordinator 13 acquires a service access point from the receiving codec application MSA1 through an established control plane link (1), and transfers the acquired service access point to the transmitting exchange terminal ETl through another established control plane link (2).
• the connection coordinator 13 acquires a service access point from the receiving echo cancellation (EC) application MSA2 through an established control plane link (3). The connection coordinator then transfers the acquired service access point to the transmitting codec application MSAl through another established control plane link (4).
• EC echo cancellation
• connection coordinator finally informs the last MSA (MSA2 or possibly MSA3 if a tone application needs to be inserted) of the allocated outgoing exchange te ⁇ ninal ET2 through an established control plane link (5).
• MSA2 or possibly MSA3 if a tone application needs to be inserted are indicated as horizontal links
• control plane links are indicated as vertical links.
• connection coordinator When the connection is taken down, the connection coordinator releases the MSAs, and if necessary flushes stored states (some MSAs such as the echo cancellation application must store states and data from previous media stream packets to be able to process new ones).
• the tone should be inserted in the user plane stream without disturbing the ongoing call. This is accomplished by splitting the chain between MSA2 and ET2, and introducing a tone application MS A3 using established control plane links (4') and (5').
• the connection coordinator 16 acquires a service access point from the tone application MSA3 using the control plane link (4') and transfers the service access point to the EC application MSA2 using the control plane link (5).
• the control plane link (5') is used for informing the tone application MS A3 of the allocated outgoing exchange terminal ET2.
• the present invention overcomes these and other drawbacks of the prior art arrangements.
• connection agent for local routing of an incoming data stream through a local chain of process functions within the telecommunication gateway.
• the connection agent generally determines a local routing table that indicates how the stream shall be routed through the chain of process functions. In this way, the process functions do not have to be requested until they are really needed, and a new process function can easily be inserted into the chain of process functions by simply altering the routing table.
• the solution according to the invention represents a "connectionless" strategy for directing data through a local chain of process functions.
• the data packets in the stream are routed between source and destination only by means of the routing table of the connection agent and an individual address tag included in each packet. This results in a significant reduction of the time required for setup and takedown of the connection chain.
• connection agent relays the data stream from one process function to the next, and the data actually flows back and forth between the connection agent and the various process functions.
• at least part of the routing table of the connection agent is therefore distributed to the process function level for allowing transfer of data more or less directly between the process functions.
• Data streams are efficiently directed through a local chain of process functions in the gateway;
• New process functions are flexibly inserted into the process function chain.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional media gateway for converting a media stream between two different networks
• Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a physical view of a media stream chain in a conventional media gateway
• Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a logical view of a media stream chain in a conventional media gateway
• Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a physical view of a media stream chain in a media gateway according to a preferred embodiment of the invention
• Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a logical view of a media stream chain in a media gateway according to a preferred embodiment of the invention
• Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of an example of a routing table and associated arrangements in a media connection agent according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
• Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating the connectionless routing protocol according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention from a packet viewpoint;
• Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of how the process resources can be accessed in a media gateway
• Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a physical view of a media stream chain in a media gateway according to the currently most preferred embodiment of the invention.
• Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating a logical view of a media stream chain in a media gateway according to an alternative embodiment of the invention.
• telecommunication gateway namely a media gateway.
• the invention is not limited thereto, and it should be understood that the invention is applicable to any type of telecommunication gateway including the various gateways provided in radio network controllers and base stations.
• Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a physical view of a media stream chain in a media gateway according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
• the media gateway 100 is built around a switch fabric 101.
• the switch fabric 101 may be any conventional fabric such as a cell switching fabric or a packet switching fabric.
• the media gateway will be described as built around a cell switching fabric in which media stream packets will be segmented into cells before traversing the switch fabric.
• a media stream packet is generally confined to a single cell, but if the size of the media stream packet is larger than the fixed cell size, the packet may be arranged in several cells and reassembled at each MSA.
• the overall operation of the media gateway is controlled by a media gateway controller (not shown).
• the gateway controller terminates and analyzes the control signalling related to a call, and controls the media gateway using a control protocol in a conventional manner.
• An example of a suitable control protocol is the ITU-T Recommendation H.248.
• the ITU-T Recommendation H.248 can also be referred to for a general introduction to media gateways.
• a connection chain agent is introduced for locally routing the media stream through the switch fabric to the different media stream applications in the MSA chain.
• connection chain agent here referred to as a connection agent or a media connection agent (MCA) basically determines a local routing table (RT) that indicates how the media stream shall be routed through the MSA chain, and effectuates the media stream routing based on the routing table. This means that the MSAs now only need to communicate with the media connection agent.
• RT local routing table
• connection chain for a media stream by determining a routing table.
• the media connection agent normally appends its own source address to each outgoing cell so that the MSAs in the connection chain are aware of the address of the assigned connection agent.
• Inserting, if required, new MSAs into the connection chain by modifying the established routing table in-between media stream packets, and providing synchronization for the insertion of new MSAs. Receiving returned media stream packets from the MSAs and forward them to the next MSA (or ET) in the connection chain.
• the media connection agent is generally a function, process or equivalent operating locally in the user-plane for routing the media stream through the MSA chain.
• Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a logical view of a media stream chain in a media gateway according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
• the gateway comprises a bearer control unit 102, a connection coordinator 103, a resource manager 104, a resource pool 105 of media stream applications (MSAs) and other resources.
• the bearer control 102 informs the connection coordinator 103 of an incoming request for a connection, and also indicates which exchange terminal ETl that has been selected by the far end node.
• the connection coordinator 103 For each data stream, the connection coordinator 103 requests one of a number of media connection agents from the resource manager 104, preferably at call establishment. Alternatively, however, media connection agents may be pre-allocated and connected to respective mcoming links.
• the requested media connection agent 106 includes a virtual terminal (NT), and the connection coordinator 103 sets up a connection between the NT of the media connection agent 106 and the allocated incoming logical channel of the exchange terminal ETl so that the media connection agent 106 assigned for the connection is ready to receive user plane data.
• the connection coordinator 103 can now, or simultaneously with the establishment of the ETl -NT connection, request the needed MSAs from the resource manager 104.
• the connection coordinator 103 also instructs the bearer control 102 to establish an outgoing connection by allocating an outgoing logical channel of the exchange terminal ET2.
• the media connection agent 106 determines a routing table 107 based on the allocated outgoing logical channel of ET2 and the destination addresses of the pin-pointed MSAs provided by the resource manager 104 via the connection coordinator 103. Once determined, the routing table 107 can be used for routing the media stream from the mcoming ETl to the outgoing ET2 via the chain of MSAs. The MSAs are informed of the address of the assigned media connection agent 106 so that processed media stream packets from an MSA can be returned to the media connection agent 106, from which the packets subsequently are routed to the next MSA or to the outgoing exchange terminal ET2.
• the MSA chain includes a codec application MSAl, an echo cancellation application MSA2, and optionally, a tone application MSA3.
• the assigned media connection agent 106 and the associated media stream applications are returned to the resource pool 105 by the resource manager 104. From a resource handling point of view, the media connection agent 106 may be treated as any other resource handled by the resource manager 104.
• connection coordinator 103 may handle several media connection agents for different connections at the same time.
• each MSA is identified by an individual destination address with a number of different ports.
• the following ports could be used: 0. Forward user data.
• Backward user data (e.g. for data from the other direction required for echo cancellation).
• Forward control data (e.g. for modifying the behavior of the MSA in question). 3. Forward status data.
• Each MSA has means for identifying the tasks defined by its ports, as well as means for returning requested user or control data.
• the MSAs are data driven instead of being port driven. In that case, it is sufficient with a single MSA input port, and the task of the MSA can then be indicated by task-defining instructions provided in the media stream packets.
• the media connection agent, the media stream applications, the resource manager and the connection coordinator are all implemented in software as processes, objects, procedures, functions or similar software entities. It should though be understood that they could alternatively be implemented in hardware, or any combination of hardware and software.
• the MSAs and MCAs are self-contained resources. In general, it is not necessary to clear the MSAs and MCAs at system restart. Instead, they normally clear themselves when they are invoked the next time for a new call.
• Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a routing table and associated arrangements in a media connection agent according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
• the software process executing the media connection agent 106 is triggered whenever a new cell arrives.
• the payload is distributed to a FLFO 108 while the logic source address in the cell header is distributed to the routing table 107.
• the media connection agent looks through the source address entries in the routing table 107 to see if it can find an entry that matches the logic source address of the arriving cell; in this case the virtual terminal NT.
• the matching entry of the routing table 107 includes the destination address field of the new header.
• the new cell header is added to the payload stored in the FIFO 108 by the module 109, and subsequently the outgoing cell is routed to the addressed MSA; in this case the codec application MSAl.
• the media connection agent 106 also appends its own source address to the cell so that the addressed MSA is able to return the processed data to the media connection agent. If no matching entry is found, the cell is typically discarded and an entry is made in a history log (not shown).
• the media connection agent may reassemble the media stream packets included in the arriving cells and perform the processing on packet level instead of cell level.
• the packets have to be segmented into cells again.
• connection chain may easily be altered by changing appropriate parts of the routing table 107, or adding information to the table. This can be done between packets or even during processing of a packet since the packet can be put on hold in the FIFO 108 while the routing table is modified.
• Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating the structure of a packet data unit routed between source and destination resources in a media gateway according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
• the packet data unit (PDU) is transferred between a source resource and a destination resource through a cell switcliing fabric 101.
• the source and destination resources are generally media stream applications and media connection agents, or other resources.
• the packet data unit comprises a header and payload.
• the header includes a physical destination address (PH-DA), a physical source address (PH-SA) and a port indication (PORT).
• PH-DA physical destination address
• PH-SA physical source address
• PORT port indication
• the ports may be common for the peer entities on both sides of the link.
• Each physical address is typically decomposed into subrack, printed circuit board (PCB) in the subrack and processor on the printed circuit board, and also includes a pointer to the MSA process to be executed by the processor.
• the PDU Before traversing the cell switching fabric, the PDU is arranged into cells.
• a packet is generally confined to a single cell, but may be segmented into a several cells (CELL 1 to CELL N).
• Conventional techniques may be used to indicate the first cell (CELL 1), intermediate cells (CELL 1 to CELL N-l), and the last cell (CELL N).
• An additional indicator may also be used to indicate the case when the PDU is contained in a single cell.
• the physical destination address (PH-DA) is mapped to the header of each cell.
• the physical source address is normally sent only once during a session, but can be repeated if necessary. Instead, the rather long physical source address is replaced by a logic source address (LSA) in the remaining media stream packets.
• LSA is normally included in the first packet as an association.
• An indicator is preferably provided in each PDU to indicate whether it is a full header PDU or a compressed header PDU (without PH-SA). This means that the target MSA knows the PH-SA even though it is not provided in each packet.
• Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of how the process resources can be accessed in a media gateway according to the invention.
• the process resources are all at the same logical level in a common resource pool, as described above.
• the processing hardware however is conveniently arranged in a hierarchical manner.
• the various requested process resources such as MSAs and MCAs are executed by digital signal processors (DSPs) or other equivalent processing units 201.
• DSPs digital signal processors
• the processors are arranged on printed circuit boards (PCBs) 202-1 to 202-N, which in turn are suitably arranged in subracks 203-1 to 203-M.
• the subracks are normally arranged in a central subrack 204.
• the process resources are preferably accessed by means of a multiplexing/demultiplexing function controlled by look-up tables (LUT) at each stage of the hierarchy.
• the multiplexing function is used when a cell is routed upwards towards the central subrack.
• the demultiplexing function is used when a cell is routed downwards.
• the cell can be directed in the opposite direction if the look- up table indicates that the destination address is in the same multiplexing domain.
• the cell At the central subrack, the cell must be re-directed and routed through another downward output.
• the resource manager generally attempts to find MSAs that are as close as possible to the MCA; in the same subrack or on the same printed circuit board for example.
• the media connection agent provides an efficient and robust mechanism for routing a media stream through a local chain of media stream applications in a "connectionless" manner and significantly reduces the time required for setup and takedown, it is clear that the solution described above in connection with Figs. 4-6 requires that the user plane data flows back and forth between the media connection agent and the various MSAs. Since the main task of the media connection agent is to relay the media stream to the next MSA in the connection chain, the switch fabric has to transport virtually the same user data twice compared to the connection-oriented prior art solution with established user plane links directly between the MSAs and ETs. Even if the media connection agent is located close to the MSAs and ETs that it interconnects, the routing of data can still be capacity demanding for the switch fabric.
• Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a physical view of a media stream chain in a media gateway according to the currently most preferred embodiment of the invention.
• the physical view of Fig. 9 is similar to the physical view of Fig. 4, except that user plane data is now directly transferred from MSAl through the switch fabric 101 to MSA2 without traversing the media connection agent MCA.
• Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating a logical view of a media stream chain in a media gateway according to an alternative embodiment of the invention.
• the media gateway of Fig. 10 is similar to the media gateway of Fig. 5, except for the proxy agent introduced at the output of ETl for transferring user plane data between ETl and MSAl, and the proxy agent at the output of MSAl for transferring data between MSAl and MSA2.
• the connection coordinator 103 is now responsible for requesting a media connection agent 106, the required MSAs as well as the necessary proxy agents from the resource manager 104.
• the connection coordinator 103 assigns, to each of the relevant MSAs (and here also to the mcoming ET), an individual proxy agent.
• the media connection agent 106 has determined a routing table 107 for the connection chain, but now the media connection agent 106 also sends an individual message to each proxy agent indicating the address of the next MSA in the chain.
• the proxy agent of ETl can now transfer the media stream directly from ETl to MSAl based on the received individual address message. In the same way, the proxy agent of MSAl can transfer the media stream directly between MSAl and MSA2.
• the media connection agent 106 distributes the relevant parts of the central routing table 107 to the proxy agents of ETl and MSAl so that the proxy agents know where to send the processed media stream packets.
• This approach is somewhat more similar to the prior art, but still a routing-based mechanism is used and a significant reduction of the setup time can be expected.
• the proxy agents are preferably, although not necessarily, implemented in software as processes, objects, procedures, functions or similar software entities and managed by the resource manager as any other resource in the resource pool 105.
• the chain of proxy agents is discontinued at the EC application MSA2, showing that the use of distributed proxy agents transferring data directly between MSAs can be combined with a centralized mechanism for routing data between MSAs via the media connection agent.

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