Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
  • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
  • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
  • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
  • C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
  • C12N9/6424—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• the invention relates to the area of regulation of extracellular matrix degradation. More particularly, the invention relates to the regulation of human epithin-like serine protease activity to increase or decrease extracellular matrix degradation.
• amino acid sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2; the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2;
• amino acid sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 4.
• Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which decrease extracellular matrix degradation.
• a test compound is contacted with a epithin-like serine protease comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• amino acid sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2;
• amino acid sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 4.
• Binding between the test compound and the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide is detected.
• a test compound which binds to the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide is thereby identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.
• Another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which decrease extracellular matrix degradation.
• a test compound is contacted with a polynucleotide encoding a epithin-like serine protease polypeptide, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 ;
• nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 3;
• a test compound which binds to the polynucleotide is identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.
• the agent can work by decreasing the amount of the epithin-like serine protease through interacting with the epithin-like serine protease mRNA.
• Another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which regulate extracellular matrix degradation.
• a test compound is contacted with a epithin-like serine protease polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• amino acid sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2;
• amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2 amino acid sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 4; and
• a epithin-like serine protease activity of the polypeptide is detected.
• a test compound which increases epithin-like serine protease activity of the polypeptide relative to epithin-like serine protease activity in the absence of the test compound is thereby identified as a potential agent for increasing extracellular matrix degradation.
• a test compound which decreases epithin-like serine protease activity of the polypeptide relative to epithin-like serine protease activity in the absence of the test compound is thereby identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.
• a test compound is contacted with a epithin-like serine protease product of a polynucleotide which comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 ;
• nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 3;
• binding of the test compound to the epithin-like serine protease product is detected.
• a test compound which binds to the epithin-like serine protease product is thereby identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.
• Still another embodiment of the invention is a method of reducing extracellular matrix degradation.
• a cell is contacted with a reagent which specifically binds to a polynucleotide encoding a epithin-like serine protease polypeptide or the product encoded by the polynucleotide, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 ;
• nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 3;
• Epithin-like serine protease activity in the cell is thereby decreased.
• the invention thus provides reagents and methods for regulating extracellular matrix degradation which can be used mter alia, to suppress metastatic activity of malignant cells and to enhance extracellular matrix degradation during development.
• Fig. 1 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• Fig. 2 shows the amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA-sequence of Fig.1.
• Fig. 3 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• Fig. 4 shows the amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA-sequence of Fig. 3.
• Fig. 5 shows an alignment of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO. 2 with the protein identified by Swissprot Accession No. P56677 as mouse epithin.
• Fig. 6 shows an alignment of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide with the protein identified bySwissprot Accession No. P56677.
• the invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a epithin-like serine protease polypeptide and being selected from the group consisting of:
• regulators of a epithin-like serine protease can be used to regulate degradation of the extracellular matrix.
• Human epithin-like serine protease as shown in SEQ ID NO. 2 is 46% identical to the protein identified by Swissprot Accession No. P56677 as mouse epithin over a 98 amino acid overlap
• Human epithin-like serine protease contains a trypsin family serine protease active site from amino acids 86 to 98 of SEQ ID NO. 2, as well as fibronectin domains at amino acids 84 (VDSCQGDSGGPLAA) and 4 (SPLAFNKYIQPVCLPLAIQKFPVGRKCMISGWGNTQE).
• Epithin-like serine protease polypeptides according to the invention comprise an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. 2 or 4, a portion of SEQ ID NO. 2 or 4 comprising at least 13, 15, 20, 25, or 50 contiguous amino acids or a biologically active variant of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2 or 4, as defined below.
• An epithin-like serine protease polypeptide of the invention therefore can be a portion of an epithin-like serine protease molecule, a full-length epithin-like serine protease molecule, or a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of an epithin-like serine protease molecule.
• Epithin-like serine protease variants which are biologically active, i.e., retain an epithin-like serine protease activity, also are epithin-like serine protease poly- peptides.
• naturally or non-naturally occurring epithin-like serine protease variants have amino acid sequences which are at least about 50, preferably about 75, 90, 96, or 98% identical to an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2 or 4. Percent identity between a putative epithin-like serine protease variant and an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 2 or 4 is determined using the Blast2 alignment program.
• Variations in percent identity can be due, for example, to amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions.
• Amino acid substitutions are defined as one for one amino acid replacements. They are conservative in nature when the substituted amino acid has similar structural and/or chemical properties. Examples of conservative replacements are substitution of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, or a threonine with a serine.
• Amino acid insertions or deletions are changes to or within an amino acid sequence. They typically fall in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. Guidance in determining which amino acid residues can be substituted, inserted, or deleted without abolishing biological or immunological activity can be found using computer programs well known in the art, such as DNASTAR software. Whether an amino acid change results in a biologically active epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can readily be determined by assaying for fibronectin binding or for epithin-like serine protease activity, as is known in the art and described, for example, in Example 2. Fusion Proteins
• Fusion proteins are useful for generating antibodies against epithin-like serine protease amino acid sequences and for use in various assay systems.
• fusion proteins can be used to identify proteins which interact with portions of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide, including its active site and fibronectin domains.
• Methods such as protein affinity chromatography or library-based assays for protein-protein interactions, such as the yeast two-hybrid or phage display systems, can be used for this purpose. Such methods are well known in the art and also can be used as drug screens.
• An epithin-like serine protease fusion protein comprises two protein segments fused together by means of a peptide bond.
• Contiguous amino acids for use in a fusion protein can be the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2or 4 or from a biologically active variant of those sequences, such as those described above.
• the first protein segment can comprise at least 13, 15, 20, 25, or 50 or more contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO. 2 or 4.
• a fusion protein comprises the active site of the protease and/or one or both of the fibronectin domains.
• the first protein segment also can comprise full- length epithin-like serine protease.
• the second protein segment can be a full-length protein or a protein fragment or polypeptide.
• Proteins commonly used in fusion protein construction include ⁇ - galactosidase, ⁇ -glucuronidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), autofluorescent proteins, including blue fluorescent protein (BFP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), luciferase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT).
• epitope tags are used in fusion protein constructions, including histidine (His) tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV- G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags.
• Other fusion constructions can include maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex a DNA binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) BP16 protein fusions.
• a fusion protein also can be engineered to contain a cleavage site located between the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide-encoding sequence and the heterologous protein sequence, so that the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be cleaved and purified away from the heterologous moiety.
• a fusion protein can be synthesized chemically, as is known in the art.
• a fusion protein is produced by covalently linking two protein segments or by standard procedures in the art of molecular biology.
• Recombinant DNA methods can be used to prepare fusion proteins, for example, by making a DNA construct which comprises epithin-like serine protease coding sequences disclosed herein in proper reading frame with nucleotides encoding the second protein segment and expressing the DNA construct in a host cell, as is known in the art.
• Many kits for constructing fusion proteins are available from companies such as Promega Corporation
• Species homologs of human epithin-like serine protease can be obtained using epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides (described below) to make suitable probes or primers to screening cDNA expression libraries from other species, such as mice, monkeys, or yeast, identifying cDNAs which encode homologs of epithin-like serine protease, and expressing the cDNAs as is known in the art.
• epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides described below
• An epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide can be single- or double-stranded and comprises a coding sequence or the complement of a coding sequence for an epithin- like serine protease polypeptide.
• a partial coding sequence of an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide is shown in SEQ ID NO.l.
• a full coding sequence of an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide is shown in SEQ ID NO.3.
• nucleotide sequences encoding human epithin-like serine protease polypeptides, as well as homologous nucleotide sequences which are at least about
• epithin-like serine protease coding sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 or 3 also are epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides. Percent sequence identity between the sequences of two polynucleotides is determined using computer programs such as ALIGN which employ the FASTA algorithm, using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of
• Complementary DNA (cDNA) molecules, species homologs, and variants of epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides which encode biologically active epithin-like serine protease polypeptides also are epithin- like serine protease polynucleotides.
• Variants and homologs of the epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides disclosed above also are epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides.
• homologous epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide sequences can be identified by hybridization of candidate polynucleotides to known epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides under stringent conditions, as is known in the art.
• homologous sequences can be identified which contain at most about 25-30% basepair mismatches. More preferably, homologous nucleic acid strands contain 15- 25% basepair mismatches, even more preferably 5-15% basepair mismatches.
• Species homologs of the epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides disclosed herein can be identified by making suitable probes or primers and screening cDNA expression libraries from other species, such as mice, monkeys, or yeast.
• Human variants of epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides can be identified, for example, by screening human cDNA expression libraries. It is well known that the T m of a double-stranded DNA decreases by 1-1.5°C with every 1% decrease in homology (Bonner et al., J. Mol. Biol. 8f 123 (1973).
• Variants of human epithin- like serine protease polynucleotides or epithin- like serine protease polynucleotides of other species can therefore be identified, for example, by hybridizing a putative homologous epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide with a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO.l to form a test hybrid. The melting temperature of the test hybrid is compared with the melting temperature of a hybrid comprising epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides having perfectly complementary nucleotide sequences, and the number or percent of basepair mismatches within the test hybrid is calculated.
• Nucleotide sequences which hybridize to epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides or their complements following stringent hybridization and/or wash conditions are also epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides.
• Stringent wash conditions are well known and understood in the art and are disclosed, for example, in Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2d ed., 1989, at pages 9.50-9.51.
• T m of a hybrid between an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide having a coding sequence disclosed herein and a polynucleotide sequence which is at least about 50, preferably about 75, 90, 96, or 98% identical to that nucleotide sequence can be calculated, for example, using the equation of Bolton and McCarthy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 48, 1390 (1962):
• Stringent wash conditions include, for example, 4X SSC at 65°C, or 50% formamide, 4X SSC at 42°C, or 0.5X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65°C.
• Highly stringent wash conditions include, for example, 0.2X SSC at 65°C.
• a naturally occurring epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide can be isolated free of other cellular components such as membrane components, proteins, and lipids.
• Polynucleotides can be made by a cell and isolated using standard nucleic acid purification techniques, synthesized using an amplification technique, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or synthesized using an automatic synthesizer. Methods for isolating polynucleotides are routine and are known in the art. Any such technique for obtaining a polynucleotide can be used to obtain isolated epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides.
• restriction enzymes and probes can be used to isolate polynucleotide fragments which comprise epithin-like serine protease nucleotide sequences.
• Isolated polynucleotides are in preparations which are free or at least 70, 80, or 90% free of other molecules.
• Epithin-like serine protease cDNA molecules can be made with standard molecular biology techniques, using epithin-like serine protease mRNA as a template. Epithin- like serine protease cDNA molecules can thereafter be replicated using molecular biology techniques known in the art and disclosed in manuals such as Sambrook et al. (1989). An amplification technique, such as PCR, can be used to obtain additional copies of epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides, using either human genomic DNA or cDNA as a template. Alternatively, synthetic chemistry techniques can be used to synthesize epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides.
• the degeneracy of the genetic code allows alternate nucleotide sequences to be synthesized which will encode an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide having, for example, the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2 or a biologically active variant of that sequence.
• the partial sequence of SEQ ID NO.1 or its complement can be used to identify or verify the corresponding full length gene.
• the partial sequences can be nick- translated or end-labeled with 32 P using polynucleotide kinase using labeling methods known to those with skill in the art (BASIC METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Davis et al., eds., Elsevier Press, N.Y., 1986).
• a lambda library prepared from human tissue can be directly screened with the labeled sequences of interest or the library can be converted en masse to pBluescript (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif.
• filters with bacterial colonies containing the library in pBluescript or bacterial lawns containing lambda plaques are denatured, and the DNA is fixed to the filters.
• the filters are hybridized with the labeled probe using hybridization conditions described by Davis et al., 1986.
• the partial sequences, cloned into lambda or pBluescript can be used as positive controls to assess background binding and to adjust the hybridization and washing stringencies necessary for accurate clone identification.
• the resulting autoradio- grams are compared to duplicate plates of colonies or plaques; each exposed spot corresponds to a positive colony or plaque.
• the colonies or plaques are selected and expanded, and the DNA is isolated from the colonies for further analysis and sequencing.
• Positive cDNA clones are analyzed to determine the amount of additional sequence they contain using PCR with one primer from the partial sequence and the other primer from the vector.
• Clones with a larger vector-insert PCR product than the original partial sequence are analyzed by restriction digestion and DNA sequencing to determine whether they contain an insert of the same size or similar as the mRNA size determined from Northern blot Analysis.
• the complete sequence of the clones can be determined, for example after exonuclease III digestion (McCombie et al., Methods 3, 33-40, 1991).
• a series of deletion clones are generated, each of which is sequenced.
• the resulting overlapping sequences are assembled into a single contiguous sequence of high redundancy (usually three to five overlapping sequences at each nucleotide position), resulting in a highly accurate final sequence.
• PCR-based methods can be used to extend the nucleic acid sequences encoding the disclosed portions of human epithin-like serine protease to detect upstream sequences such as promoters and regulatory elements.
• restriction-site PCR uses universal primers to retrieve unknown sequence adjacent to a known locus (Sarkar, PCR Methods Applic. 2, 318-322, 1993). Genomic DNA is first amplified in the presence of a primer to a linker sequence and a primer specific to the known region. The amplified sequences are then subjected to a second round of PCR with the same linker primer and another specific primer internal to the first one. Products of each round of PCR are transcribed with an appropriate RNA polymerase and sequenced using reverse transcriptase.
• Inverse PCR also can be used to amplify or extend sequences using divergent primers based on a known region (Triglia et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 8186, 1988).
• Primers can be designed using commercially available software, such as OLIGO 4.06 Primer Analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Madison, Minn.), to be 22-30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures about 68 - 72°C.
• the method uses several restriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known region of a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligation and used as a PCR template.
• capture PCR involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to a known sequence in human and yeast artificial chromosome DNA (Lagerstrom et al., PCR Methods Applic. 1, 111-119, 1991).
• multiple restriction enzyme digestions and ligations are used to place an engineered double-stranded sequence into an unknown fragment of the DNA molecule before performing PCR.
• libraries that have been size-selected to include larger cDNAs.
• random-primed libraries are preferable, in that they will contain more sequences which contain the 5' regions of genes. Use of a randomly primed library may be especially preferable for situations in which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA.
• Genomic libraries can be useful for extension of sequence into 5' non-transcribed regulatory regions.
• capillary electrophoresis systems can be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence of PCR or sequencing products.
• capillary sequencing can employ flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four different fluorescent dyes (one for each nucleotide) which are laser activated, and detection of the emitted wavelengths by a charge coupled device camera.
• Output/light intensity can be converted to electrical signal using appropriate software (e.g. GENOTYPER and Sequence NAVIGATOR, Perkin Elmer), and the entire process from loading of samples to computer analysis and electronic data display can be computer controlled.
• Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for the sequencing of small pieces of DNA which might be present in limited amounts in a particular sample.
• Epithin-like serine protease polypeptides can be obtained, for example, by purification from human cells, by expression of epithin-like serine protease polynucleotides, or by direct chemical synthesis.
• Epithin-like serine protease polypeptides can be purified from human cells, such as primary tumor cells, metastatic cells, or cancer cell lines (e.g., colon cancer cell lines HCT116, DLD1, HT29, Caco2, SW837, SW480, and RKO, breast cancer cell lines
• human cells such as primary tumor cells, metastatic cells, or cancer cell lines (e.g., colon cancer cell lines HCT116, DLD1, HT29, Caco2, SW837, SW480, and RKO, breast cancer cell lines
• Placenta is an especially useful source of epithin- like serine protease polypeptides.
• a purified epithin-like serine protease polypeptide is separated from other compounds which normally associate with the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide in the cell, such as certain proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, using methods well-known in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis.
• a preparation of purified epithin- like serine protease polypeptides is at least 80% pure; preferably, the preparations are 90%, 95%, or 99%> pure. Purity of the preparations can be assessed by any means known in the art, such as SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enzymatic activity of the purified preparations can be assayed, for example, as described in Example 2. Expression of Polynucleotides
• an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide can be inserted into an expression vector which contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted coding sequence.
• Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding epithin-like serine protease polypeptides and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. Such techniques are described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (1989) and Ausubel et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y, 1989.
• a variety of expression vector/host systems can be utilized to contain and express sequences encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors, insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus), plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids), or animal cell systems.
• microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors
• yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus), plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV;
• control elements or regulatory sequences are those non-translated regions of the vector — enhancers, promoters, 5' and 3' untranslated regions — which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, can be used. For example, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such as the hybrid lacZ promoter of the BLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) or pSPORTl plasmid (Life
• the baculovirus polyhedrin promoter can be used in insect cells. Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells (e.g., heat shock, RUBISCO, and storage protein genes) or from plant viruses (e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences) can be cloned into the vector. In mammalian cell systems, promoters from mammalian genes or from mammalian viruses are preferable. If it is necessary to generate a cell line that contains multiple copies of a nucleotide sequence encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide, vectors based on SV40 or EBV can be used with an appropriate selectable marker.
• a number of expression vectors can be selected depending upon the use intended for the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide. For example, when a large quantity of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide is needed for the induction of antibodies, vectors which direct high level expression of fusion proteins that are readily purified can be used. Such vectors include, but are not limited to, multifunctional E.
• coli cloning and expression vectors such as BLUESCRIPT (Stratagene), in which the sequence encoding the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be ligated into the vector in frame with sequences for the amino- terminal Met and the subsequent 7 residues of ⁇ -galactosidase so that a hybrid protein is produced.
• BLUESCRIPT Stratagene
• pIN vectors Van Heeke & Schuster, J Biol. Chem. 264, 5503-
• pGEX vectors can be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST).
• GST glutathione S-transferase
• fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione.
• Proteins made in such systems can be designed to include heparin, thrombin, or Factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned polypeptide of interest can be released from the GST moiety at will.
• yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae a number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH can be used.
• constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH.
• sequences encoding epithin- like serine protease polypeptides can be driven by any of a number of promoters.
• viral promoters such as the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMV can be used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMV (Takamatsu EMBOJ. 6, 307-311, 1987).
• plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promoters can be used (Coruzzi et al., EMBO J. 3, 1671- 1680, 1984; Broglie et al., Science 224, 838-843, 1984; Winter et al., Results Probl. Cell Differ. 17, 85-105, 1991).
• These constructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DNA transformation or by pathogen-mediated transfection. Such techniques are described in a number of generally available reviews (see, for example, Hobbs or
• An insect system also can be used to express an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes in Spodoptera frugiperda cells or in Trichoplusia larvae.
• Sequences encoding epithin- like serine protease polypeptides can be cloned into a non-essential region of the virus, such as the polyhedrin gene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter. Successful insertion of epithin-like serine protease polypeptides will render the polyhedrin gene inactive and produce recombinant virus lacking coat protein.
• the recombinant viruses can then be used to infect, for example, S. frugiperda cells or Trichoplusia larvae in which epithin-like serine protease polypeptides can be expressed (Engelhard et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91, 3224-3227, 1994).
• Mammalian Expression Systems for example, S. frugiperda cells or Trichoplusia larvae in which epithin-like serine protease polypeptides can be expressed (Engelhard et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91, 3224-3227, 1994).
• a number of viral-based expression systems can be utilized in mammalian host cells.
• sequences encoding epithin-like serine protease polypeptides can be ligated into an adenovirus transcription/translation complex consisting of the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential El or E3 region of the viral genome can be used to obtain a viable virus which is capable of expressing an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide in infected host cells (Logan & Shenk, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81, 3655-3659, 1984).
• transcription enhancers such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer, can be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.
• RSV Rous sarcoma virus
• HACs Human artificial chromosomes
• 6M to 10M are constructed and delivered to cells via conventional delivery methods (e.g., liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesicles).
• Specific initiation signals also can be used to achieve more efficient translation of sequences encoding epithin-like serine protease polypeptides.
• Such signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences.
• sequences encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide, its initiation codon, and upstream sequences are inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional or translational control signals may be needed.
• exogenous translational control signals including the ATG initiation codon
• the initiation codon should be in the correct reading frame to ensure translation of the entire insert. Exogenous translational elements and initiation codons can be of various origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression can be enhanced by the inclusion of enhancers which are appropriate for the particular cell system which is used (see Scharf et al., Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20, 125-162, 1994).
• a host cell strain can be chosen for its ability to modulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process an expressed epithin-like serine protease polypeptide in the desired fashion.
• modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation.
• Post-translational processing which cleaves a "prepro" form of the polypeptide also can be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/or function.
• Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post-translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, and WI38), are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 201 10-2209) and can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.
• ATCC American Type Culture Collection
• Stable expression is preferred for long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins.
• cell lines which stably express epithin-like serine protease polypeptides can be transformed using expression vectors which can contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Following the introduction of the vector, cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched medium before they are switched to a selective medium.
• the purpose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance to selection, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfully express the introduced epithin-like serine protease sequences. Resistant clones of stably transformed cells can be proliferated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell type.
• herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., Cell 11, 223-32, 1977) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al, Cell 22, 817-23, 1980).
• antimetabolite, antibiotic, or herbicide resistance can be used as the basis for selection.
• dhfr confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
• npt confers resistance to the aminoglycosides, neomycin and G-418 (Colbere-Garapin et al, J. Mol. Biol. 150, 1- 14, 1981); and als and pat confer resistance to chlorsulfuron and phosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively (Murray, 1992 supra). Additional selectable genes have been described, for example trpB, which allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan, or hisD, which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine
• Visible markers such as anthocyanins, ⁇ -glucuronidase and its substrate GUS, and luciferase and its substrate luciferin, can be used to identify transformants and to quantify the amount of transient or stable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system (Rhodes et al., Methods Mol. Biol. 55, 121-131, 1995).
• marker gene expression suggests that the epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide is also present, its presence and expression may need to be confirmed. For example, if a sequence encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing sequences which encode an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be identified by the absence of marker gene function. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide under the control of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of the epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide.
• host cells which contain an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide and which express an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip-based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein.
• the presence of a polynucleotide sequence encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be detected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification using probes or fragments or fragments of polynucleotides encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• Nucleic acid amplification-based assays involve the use of oligonucleotides selected from sequences encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide to detect transformants which contain an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide.
• a variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expression of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the polypeptide, are known in the art. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).
• ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• RIA radioimmunoassay
• FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
• a two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be used, or a competitive binding assay can be employed.
• Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding epithin-like serine protease polypeptides include oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide.
• sequences encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe.
• RNA probes are known in the art, are commercially available, and can be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of labeled nucleotides and an appropriate RNA polymerase, such as T7, T3, or SP6. These procedures can be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Promega, and US Biochemical). Suitable reporter molecules or labels which can be used for ease of detection include radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.
• Host cells transformed with nucleotide sequences encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture.
• the polypeptide produced by a transformed cell can be secreted or contained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used.
• expression vectors containing polynucleotides which encode epithin-like serine protease polypeptides can be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of epithin-like serine protease polypeptides through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane.
• purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Wash.).
• cleavable linker sequences such as those specific for Factor Xa or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) between the purification domain and the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be used to facilitate purification.
• One such expression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containing an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide and 6 histidine residues preceding a thioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. The histidine residues facilitate purification on IMAC (immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography as described in Porath et al., Prot. Exp.
• enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide from the fusion protein.
• Vectors which contain fusion proteins are disclosed in Kroll et al., DNA Cell Biol. 72, 441-453, 1993).
• Sequences encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art (see Caruthers et al., Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215-223, 1980; Horn et al. Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 225-232, 1980).
• an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide itself can be produced using chemical methods to synthesize its amino acid sequence.
• epithin-like serine protease polypeptides can be produced by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques (Merrifield, J Am. Chem. Soc.
• Protein synthesis can be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis can be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431 A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin
• the newly synthesized peptide can be substantially purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography (e.g., Creighton, PROTEINS: STRUCTURES AND MOLECULAR PRINCIPLES, WH Freeman and Co., New York, N.Y., 1983).
• the composition of a synthetic epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be confirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing (e.g., the Edman degradation procedure; see Creighton, supra). Additionally, any portion of the amino acid sequence of the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences from other proteins to produce a variant polypeptide or a fusion protein.
• codons preferred by a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increase the rate of protein expression or to produce an RNA transcript having desirable properties, such as a half-life which is longer than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurring sequence.
• nucleotide sequences disclosed herein can be engineered using methods generally known in the art to alter epithin-like serine protease polypeptide-encoding sequences for a variety of reasons, including modification of the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the gene product.
• DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides can be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences.
• site-directed mutagenesis can be used to insert new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, introduce mutations, and so forth.
• Antibody as used herein includes intact immunoglobulin molecules, as well as fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab') 2 , and Fv, which are capable of binding an epitope of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• Fab fragment antigen binding protein
• F(ab') 2 fragment antigen binding protein
• Fv fragment antigen binding protein binding protein
• An antibody which specifically binds to an epitope of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be used therapeutically, as well as in immunochemical assays, including but not limited to Western blots, ELISAs, radioimmunoassays, immuno- histochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays known in the art.
• immunochemical assays including but not limited to Western blots, ELISAs, radioimmunoassays, immuno- histochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays known in the art.
• Various immunoassays can be used to identify antibodies having the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitive binding or immuno- radiometric assays are well known in the art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complex formation between an immunogen and an antibody which specifically binds to the immunogen.
• an antibody which specifically binds to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide provides a detection signal at least 5-, 10-, or 20-fold higher than a detection signal provided with other proteins when used in an immunochemical assay.
• antibodies which specifically bind to epithin-like serine protease polypeptides do not detect other proteins in immunochemical assays and can immunoprecipitate an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide from solution.
• Epithin-like serine protease polypeptides can be used to immunize a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, monkey, or human, to produce polyclonal antibodies.
• an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
• a carrier protein such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
• adjuvants can be used to increase the immunological response.
• adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's adjuvant, mineral gels (e.g., aluminum hydroxide), and surface active substances (e.g.
• BCG Bacilli Calmette-Gueriri
• Corynebacterium parvum are especially useful.
• Monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridoma technique (Kohler et al, Nature 256, 495-497, 1985; Kozbor et al., J. Immunol. Methods 81, 31-42, 1985; Cote et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80, 2026-2030, 1983; Cole et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 62, 109-120, 1984).
• Monoclonal and other antibodies also can be "humanized” to prevent a patient from mounting an immune response against the antibody when it is used therapeutically.
• Such antibodies may be sufficiently similar in sequence to human antibodies to be used directly in therapy or may require alteration of a few key residues. Sequence differences between rodent antibodies and human sequences can be minimized by replacing residues which differ from those in the human sequences by site directed mutagenesis of individual residues or by grating of entire complementarity determining regions.
• Antibodies which specifically bind to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can contain antigen binding sites which are either partially or fully humanized, as disclosed in U.S. 5,565,332.
• single chain antibodies can be adapted using methods known in the art to produce single chain antibodies which specifically bind to epithin-like serine protease polypeptides.
• Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition can be generated by chain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobin libraries (Burton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88, 1 1120-23, 1991).
• Single-chain antibodies also can be constructed using a DNA amplification method, such as PCR, using hybridoma cDNA as a template (Thirion et al, 1996, Eur. J Cancer Prev. 5, 507-11).
• Single-chain antibodies can be mono- or bispecific, and can be bivalent or tetravalent. Construction of tetravalent, bispecific single-chain antibodies is taught, for example, in Coloma & Morrison, 1997, Nat. Biotechnol. 15,
• a nucleotide sequence encoding a single-chain antibody can be constructed using manual or automated nucleotide synthesis, cloned into an expression construct using standard recombinant D ⁇ A methods, and introduced into a cell to express the coding sequence, as described below.
• single-chain antibodies can be produced directly using, for example, filamentous phage technology. Verhaar et al., 1995, 7 «t. J Cancer 61, 497-501 ; ⁇ icholls et ⁇ /., 1993, J Immunol. Meth. 165, 81-91.
• Antibodies which specifically bind to epithin-like serine protease polypeptides also can be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents as disclosed in the literature (Orlandi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 3833-3837, 1989; Winter et al., Nature 349, 293-299, 1991).
• chimeric antibodies can be constructed as disclosed in WO 93/03151.
• Binding proteins which are derived from immunoglobulins and which are multivalent and multispecific, such as the "diabodies" described in WO
• Antibodies of the invention can be purified by methods well known in the art. For example, antibodies can be affinity purified by passage over a column to which an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide is bound. The bound antibodies can then be eluted from the column using a buffer with a high salt concentration.
• Antisense Oligonucleotides can be affinity purified by passage over a column to which an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide is bound. The bound antibodies can then be eluted from the column using a buffer with a high salt concentration.
• Antisense oligonucleotides are nucleotide sequences which are complementary to a specific DNA or RNA sequence. Once introduced into a cell, the complementary nucleotides combine with natural sequences produced by the cell to form complexes and block either transcription or translation. Preferably, an antisense oligonucleotide is at least 11 nucleotides in length, but can be at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 or more nucleotides long. Longer sequences also can be used. Antisense oligonucleotide molecules can be provided in a DNA construct and introduced into a cell as described above to decrease the level of epithin-like serine protease gene products in the cell.
• Antisense oligonucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, or a combination of both. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized manually or by an automated synthesizer, by covalently linking the 5' end of one nucleotide with the 3' end of another nucleotide with non-phosphodiester internucleotide linkages such alkylphosphonates, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, alkylphosphonothioates, alkylphosphonates, phosphoramidates, phosphate esters, carbamates, acetamidate, carboxymethyl esters, carbonates, and phosphate triesters. See Brown, Meth. Mol. Biol. 20, 1-8, 1994; Sonveaux, Meth. Mol. Biol. 26, 1-72, 1994; Uhlmann et al.,
• Modifications of epithin-like serine protease gene expression can be obtained by designing antisense oligonucleotides which will form duplexes to the control, 5', or regulatory regions of the epithin-like serine protease gene. Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site, e.g., between positions -10 and +10 from the start site, are preferred. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using "triple helix" base-pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition of the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or chaperons.
• An antisense oligonucleotide also can be designed to block translation of mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.
• Antisense oligonucleotides which comprise, for example, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more stretches of contiguous nucleotides which are precisely complementary to an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide, each separated by a stretch of contiguous nucleotides which are not complementary to adjacent epithin- like serine protease nucleotides, can provide targeting specificity for epithin-like serine protease mRNA.
• each stretch of complementary contiguous nucleotides is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 or more nucleotides in length.
• Non- complementary intervening sequences are preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides in length.
• One skilled in the art can easily use the calculated melting point of an antisense-sense pair to determine the degree of mismatching which will be tolerated between a particular antisense oligonucleotide and a particular epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide sequence.
• Antisense oligonucleotides can be modified without affecting their ability to hybridize to an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide. These modifications can be internal or at one or both ends of the antisense molecule.
• inter- nucleoside phosphate linkages can be modified by adding cholesteryl or diamine moieties with varying numbers of carbon residues between the amino groups and terminal ribose.
• Modified bases and/or sugars such as arabinose instead of ribose, or a 3', 5 '-substituted oligonucleotide in which the 3' hydroxyl group or the 5' phosphate group are substituted, also can be employed in a modified antisense oligonucleotide.
• modified oligonucleotides can be prepared by methods well known in the art. See, e.g., Agrawal et al., Trends Biotechnol. 10, 152-158, 1992; Uhlmann et al., Chem. Rev. 90, 543-584, 1990; Uhlmann et al, Tetrahedron. Lett. 215, 3539-3542,
• Ribozymes are RNA molecules with catalytic activity. See, e.g., Cech, Science 236, 1532-1539; 1987; Cech, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 59, 543-568; 1990, Cech, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 2, 605-609; 1992, Couture & Stinchcomb, Trends Genet. 12, 510-515,
• Ribozymes can be used to inhibit gene function by cleaving an RNA sequence, as is known in the art (e.g., Haseloff et al., U.S. Patent 5,641,673).
• the mechanism of ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Examples include engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme molecules that can specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavage of specific nucleotide sequences.
• the coding sequence of an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide can be used to generate ribozymes which will specifically bind to mRNA transcribed from the epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide.
• Methods of designing and constructing ribozymes which can cleave other RNA molecules in trans in a highly sequence specific manner have been developed and described in the art (see Haseloff et al. Nature 334, 585-591, 1988).
• the cleavage activity of ribozymes can be targeted to specific RNAs by engineering a discrete "hybridization" region into the ribozyme.
• the hybridization region contains a sequence complementary to the target RNA and thus specifically hybridizes with the target (see, for example, Gerlach et ⁇ /., EP 321,201).
• Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within an epithin-like serine protease RNA target are initially identified by scanning the RNA molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites which include the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC. Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 ribonucleotides corresponding to the region of the epithin-like serine protease target RNA containing the cleavage site can be evaluated for secondary structural features which may render the target inoperable. The suitability of candidate targets also can be evaluated by testing accessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays.
• hybridizing and cleavage regions of the ribozyme can be integrally related; thus, upon hybridizing to the epithin-like serine protease target RNA through the complementary regions, the catalytic region of the ribozyme can cleave the target.
• Ribozymes can be introduced into cells as part of a DNA construct. Mechanical methods, such as microinjection, liposome-mediated transfection, electroporation, or calcium phosphate precipitation, can be used to introduce a ribozyme-containing DNA construct.
• DNA construct into cells in which it is desired to decrease epithin-like serine protease expression.
• the cells can be supplied on a plasmid and maintained as a separate element or integrated into the genome of the cells, as is known in the art.
• the DNA construct can include transcriptional regulatory elements, such as a promoter element, an enhancer or UAS element, and a transcriptional terminator signal, for controlling transcription of ribozymes in the cells.
• ribozymes can be engineered so that ribozyme expression will occur in response to factors which induce expression of a target gene. Ribozymes also can be engineered to provide an additional level of regulation, so that destruction of epithin-like serine protease mRNA occurs only when both a ribozyme and a target gene are induced in the cells.
• the invention provides methods for identifying modulators, i.e., candidate or test compounds which bind to epithin-like serine protease polypeptides or polynucleotides and/or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on, for example, expression or activity of the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide or polynucleotide, so as to regulate degradation of the extracellular matrix.
• Decreased extracellular matrix degradation is useful for preventing or suppressing malignant cells from meta- stasizing.
• Increased extracellular matrix degradation may be desired, for example, in developmental disorders characterized by inappropriately low levels of extracellular matrix degradation or in regeneration.
• the invention provides assays for screening test compounds which bind to or modulate the activity of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide or an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide.
• a test compound preferably binds to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide or polynucleotide. More preferably, a test compound decreases an epithin-like serine protease activity of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide or expression of an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100%> relative to the absence of the test compound.
• Test compounds can be pharmacologic agents already known in the art or can be compounds previously unknown to have any pharmacological activity.
• the compounds can be naturally occurring or designed in the laboratory. They can be isolated from microorganisms, animals, or plants, and can be produced re- combinantly, or synthesized by chemical methods known in the art. If desired, test compounds can be obtained using any of the numerous combinatorial library methods known in the art, including but not limited to, biological libraries, spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries, synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution, the "one-bead one-compound” library method, and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection.
• Test compounds can be screened for the ability to bind to epithin-like serine protease polypeptides or polynucleotides or to affect epithin-like serine protease activity or epithin-like serine protease gene expression using high throughput screening.
• high throughput screening many discrete compounds can be tested in parallel so that large numbers of test compounds can be quickly screened.
• the most widely established techniques utilize 96-well microtiter plates. The wells of the microtiter plates typically require assay volumes that range from 50 to 500 ⁇ l.
• many instruments, materials, pipettors, robotics, plate washers, and plate readers are commercially available to fit the 96-well format.
• free format assays or assays that have no physical barrier between samples, can be used.
• an assay using pigment cells (melanocytes) in a simple homogeneous assay for combinatorial peptide libraries is described by Jayawickreme et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 19, 1614-18 (1994).
• the cells are placed under agarose in petri dishes, then beads that carry combinatorial compounds are placed on the surface of the agarose.
• the combinatorial compounds are partially released the compounds from the beads. Active compounds can be visualized as dark pigment areas because, as the compounds diffuse locally into the gel matrix, the active compounds cause the cells to change colors.
• Chelsky "Strategies for Screening Combinatorial Libraries: Novel and Traditional Approaches," reported at the First Annual Conference of The Society for Biomolecular Screening in Philadelphia, Pa. (Nov. 7-10, 1995).
• Chelsky placed a simple homogenous enzyme assay for carbonic anhydrase inside an agarose gel such that the enzyme in the gel would cause a color change throughout the gel.
• beads carrying combinatorial compounds via a photolinker were placed inside the gel and the compounds were partially released by UV-light. Compounds that inhibited the enzyme were observed as local zones of inhibition having less color change.
• test samples are placed in a porous matrix.
• One or more assay components are then placed within, on top of, or at the bottom of a matrix such as a gel, a plastic sheet, a filter, or other form of easily manipulated solid support.
• a matrix such as a gel, a plastic sheet, a filter, or other form of easily manipulated solid support.
• the test compound is preferably a small molecule which binds to and occupies the active site or a fibronectin domain of the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide, thereby making the active site or fibronectin domain inaccessible to substrate such that normal biological activity is prevented.
• small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules.
• either the test compound or the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can comprise a detectable label, such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemiluminescent, or enzymatic label, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase.
• Detection of a test compound which is bound to the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can then be accomplished, for example, by direct counting of radioemmission, by scintillation counting, or by determining conversion of an appropriate substrate to a detectable product.
• binding of a test compound to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be determined without labeling either of the interactants.
• a microphysiometer can be used to detect binding of a test compound with a target polypeptide.
• a microphysiometer e.g., CytosensorTM
• LAPS light- addressable potentiometric sensor
• BIA Bimolecular Interaction Analysis
• Sjolander & Urbaniczky Anal. Chem. 63, 2338-2345, 1991, and Szabo et al., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5, 699-705, 1995.
• BIA is a technology for studying biospecific interactions in real time, without labeling any of the interactants (e.g. , BIAcoreTM). Changes in the optical phenomenon surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be used as an indication of real-time reactions between biological molecules.
• an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be used as a "bait protein" in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay (see, e.g., U.S.
• Patent 5,283,317 Zervos et al.. Cell 72, 223-232, 1993; Madura et al.. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 12046-12054, 1993; Bartel et al., Biotechniques 14, 920-924, 1993; Iwabuchi et al., Oncogene 8, 1693-1696, 1993; and Brent W094/10300), to identify other proteins which bind to or interact with the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide and modulate its activity.
• the two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains.
• the assay utilizes two different DNA constructs. For example, in one construct a polynucleotide encoding an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide is fused to a polynucleotide encoding the DNA binding domain of a known transcription factor
• a DNA sequence that encodes an unidentified protein (“prey” or “sample”) is fused to a polynucleotide that codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor. If the "bait” and the “prey” proteins are able to interact in vivo to form an protein-dependent complex, the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This proximity allows transcription of a reporter gene (e.g., LacZ), which is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor. Expression of the reporter gene can be detected, and cell colonies containing the functional transcription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the DNA sequence encoding the protein which interacts with the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• a reporter gene e.g., LacZ
• either the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or the test compound can be bound to a solid support.
• Suitable solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass or plastic slides, tissue culture plates, microtiter wells, tubes, silicon chips, or particles such as beads (including, but not limited to, latex, polystyrene, or glass beads).
• any method known in the art can be used to attach the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound to a solid support, including use of covalent and non-covalent linkages, passive absorption, or pairs of binding moieties attached respectively to the polypeptide or test compound and the solid support.
• Test compounds are preferably bound to the solid support in an array, so that the location of individual test compounds can be tracked. Binding of a test compound to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide (or polynucleotide) can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates, test tubes, and microcentrifuge tubes.
• an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide is a fusion protein comprising a domain that allows the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide to be bound to a solid support.
• glutathione- S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and the non-adsorbed epithin-like serine protease polypeptide; the mixture is then incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH).
• Binding of the interactants can be determined either directly or indirectly, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the solid support before binding is determined.
• an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or a test compound can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin.
• Biotinylated epithin-like serine protease polypeptides or test compounds can be prepared from biotin-NHS(N-hydroxysuccinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, 111.) and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated 96 well plates (Pierce Chemical).
• antibodies which specifically bind to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide polynucleotides, or a test compound, but which do not interfere with a desired binding site, such as the active site or a fibronectin domain of the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be derivatized to the wells of the plate. Unbound target or protein can be trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
• Methods for detecting such complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies which specifically bind to the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide (or polynucleotides) or test compound, enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an epithin-like serine protease activity of the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide, and SDS gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions.
• Any cell which comprises an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide or polypeptide can be used in a cell-based assay system.
• An epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above.
• test compound 468, SK-BR3, and BT-474, the A549 lung cancer cell line, and the H392 glioblastoma cell line can be used.
• An intact cell is contacted with a test compound. Binding of the test compound to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide or polynucleotide is determined as described above, after lysing the cell to release the epithin-like serine protease polypeptide-test compound complex.
• Test compounds can be tested for the ability to increase or decrease an epithin-like serine protease activity of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• Epithin-like serine protease activity can be measured, for example, using the method described in Example 2.
• Epithin-like serine protease activity can be measured after contacting either a purified epithin-like serine protease polypeptide, a cell extract, or an intact cell with a test compound.
• a test compound which decreases epithin-like serine protease activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.
• a test compound which increases epithin-like serine protease activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential agent for increasing extracellular matrix degradation.
• test compounds which increase or decrease epithin-like serine protease gene expression are identified.
• An epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide is contacted with a test compound, and the expression of an RNA or polypeptide product of the epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide is determined.
• the level of expression of epithin-like serine protease mRNA or polypeptide in the presence of the test compound is compared to the level of expression of epithin-like serine protease mRNA or polypeptide in the absence of the test compound.
• the test compound can then be identified as a modulator of expression based on this comparison. For example, when expression of epithin-like serine protease mRNA or polypeptide is greater in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as a stimulator or enhancer of epithin-like serine protease mRNA or polypeptide is less expression. Alternatively, when expression of the mRNA or protein is less in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as an inhibitor of epithin-like serine protease mRNA or polypeptide expression.
• the level of epithin-like serine protease mRNA or polypeptide expression in the cells can be determined by methods well known in the art for detecting mRNA or protein. Either qualitative or quantitative methods can be used.
• the presence of polypeptide products of an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide can be determined, for example, using a variety of techniques known in the art, including immunochemical methods such as radioimmunoassay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.
• polypeptide synthesis can be determined in vivo, in a cell culture, or in an in vitro translation system by detecting incorporation of labeled amino acids into an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• Such screening can be carried out either in a cell-free assay system or in an intact cell.
• Any cell which expresses an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system.
• the epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above.
• Either a primary culture or an established cell line including neoplastic cell lines such as the colon cancer cell lines HCT116, DLD1, HT29, Caco2, SW837, SW480, and RKO, breast cancer cell lines 21-PT, 21-MT, MDA- 468, SK-BR3, and BT-474, the A549 lung cancer cell line, and the H392 glioblastoma cell line, can be used.
• neoplastic cell lines such as the colon cancer cell lines HCT116, DLD1, HT29, Caco2, SW837, SW480, and RKO
• breast cancer cell lines 21-PT, 21-MT, MDA- 468, SK-BR3, and BT-474 breast cancer cell lines 21-PT, 21-MT, MDA- 468, SK-BR3, and BT-474
• the A549 lung cancer cell line and the H392 glioblastoma cell line
• compositions of the invention can comprise an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide, epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide, antibodies which specifically bind to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide, or mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• the compositions can be administered alone or in combination with at least one other agent, such as stabilizing compound, which can be administered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier, including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water.
• compositions can be administered to a patient alone, or in combination with other agents, drugs or hormones.
• these pharmaceutical compositions can contain suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically.
• Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered by any number of routes including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, parenteral, topical, sublingual, or rectal means.
• Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration can be formulated using pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art in dosages suitable for oral administration. Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for ingestion by the patient.
• compositions for oral use can be obtained through combination of active compounds with solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
• Suitable excipients are carbohydrate or protein fillers, such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose, such as methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, or sodium carboxymethylcellulose; gums including arabic and tragacanth; and proteins such as gelatin and collagen.
• disintegrating or solubilizing agents can be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate.
• Dragee cores can be used in conjunction with suitable coatings, such as concentrated sugar solutions, which also can contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
• Dyestuffs or pigments can be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for product identification or to characterize the quantity of active compound, i.e., dosage.
• Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a coating, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
• Push-fit capsules can contain active ingredients mixed with a filler or binders, such as lactose or starches, lubricants, such as talc or magnesium stearate, and, optionally, stabilizers.
• a filler or binders such as lactose or starches
• lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate
• stabilizers optionally, stabilizers.
• the active compounds can be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid, or liquid polyethylene glycol with or without stabilizers.
• compositions suitable for parenteral administration can be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks' solution, Ringer's solution, or physiologically buffered saline.
• Aqueous injection suspensions can contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
• suspensions of the active compounds can be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions.
• Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
• Non-lipid polycationic amino polymers also can be used for delivery.
• the suspension also can contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
• penetrants appropriate to the particular barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
• compositions of the present invention can be manufactured in a manner that is known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be provided as a salt and can be formed with many acids, including but not limited to, hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are the corresponding free base forms.
• the preferred preparation can be a lyophilized powder which can contain any or all of the following: 1-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, and 2-7% mannitol, at a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.
• compositions After pharmaceutical compositions have been prepared, they can be placed in an appropriate container and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition. Such labeling would include amount, frequency, and method of administration.
• the human epithin-like serine protease gene provides a therapeutic target for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation, in particular for treating or preventing metastatic cancer.
• blocking a fibronectin domain of human ephrin-like serine protease can suppress or prevent migration or metastasis of tumor cells in response to fibronectin (9, 10).
• Cancers whose metastasis can be suppressed according to the invention include adenocarcinoma, melanoma, cancers of the adrenal gland, bladder, bone, breast, cervix, gall bladder, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, prostate, testis, and uterus.
• Circulating tumor cells arrested in the capillary beds of different organs must invade the endothelial cell lining and degrade its underlying basement membrane (BM) in order to invade into the extra- vascular tissue(s) where they establish metastasis (1, 2).
• Metastatic tumor cells often attach at or near the intercellular junctions between adjacent endothelial cells. Such attachment of the metastatic cells is followed by rupture of the junctions, retraction of the endothelial cell borders and migration through the breach in the endothelium toward the exposed underlying BM (1, 11).
• the invading cells must degrade the subendothelial glycoproteins and proteoglycans of the BM in order to migrate out of the vascular compartment.
• bFGF Basic fibroblast growth factor
• bFGF Basic fibroblast growth factor
• Immunohistochemical staining revealed the localization of bFGF in basement membranes of diverse tissues and blood vessels (5).
• endothelial cell proliferation in these tissues is usually very low, which suggests that bFGF is somehow sequestered from its site of action. It is possible, therefore, that suppression of human epithin-like serine protease activity can suppress release of active bFGF from extracellular matrix and basement membranes.
• displacement of bFGF from its storage within basement membranes and extracellular matrix may therefore provide a novel mechanism for induction of neovascularization in normal and pathological situations. Restriction of endothelial cell growth factors in the extracellular matrix may prevent their systemic action on the vascular endothelium, thus maintaining a very low rate of endothelial cells turnover and vessel growth. On the other hand, release of bFGF from storage in the extracellular matrix may elicit localized endothelial cell proliferation and neovascularization in processes such as wound healing, inflammation and tumor development (6, 7).
• epithin-like serine protease activity can be used to degrade, for example, prion protein amyloid plaques of Genstmann-Straussler Syndrome, Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease, and Scrapie.
• SMCs in response to endothelial injury and accumulation of cholesterol rich lipoproteins are basic events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis (8). It is possible that epithin-like serine protease may be involved in the catabolic pathway that may allow substantial cellular and interstitial accumulation of cholesterol rich lipoproteins. The latter pathway is expected to be highly atherogenic by promoting accumulation of apoB and apoE rich lipoproteins (i.e. LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons), independent of feedback inhibition by the cellular sterol content. Altered levels of human epithin-like serine protease activity therefore may inhibit both SMC proliferation and lipid accumulation and thus may halt the progression of restenosis and atherosclerosis.
• apoB and apoE rich lipoproteins i.e. LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons
• Anti-human epithin-like serine protease antibodies can be applied for immunodetection and diagnosis of micrometastases, autoimmune lesions, and renal failure in biopsy specimens, plasma samples, and body fluids.
• an epithin-like serine protease function can be supplied to a cell by introducing an epithin- like serine protease-encoding polynucleotide into the cell.
• the invention further pertains to the use of novel agents identified by the screening assays described above. Accordingly, it is within the scope of this invention to use a test compound identified as described herein in an appropriate animal model.
• an agent identified as described herein e.g., a modulating agent, an antisense nucleic acid molecule, a specific antibody, ribozyme, or a polypeptide- binding partner
• an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of treatment with such an agent.
• an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal model to determine the mechanism of action of such an agent.
• this invention pertains to uses of novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays for treatments as described herein.
• a reagent which affects epithin-like serine protease activity can be administered to a human cell, either in vitro or in vivo, to reduce epithin-like serine protease activity.
• the reagent preferably binds to an expression product of a human epithin-like serine protease gene. If the expression product is a polypeptide, the reagent is preferably an antibody.
• an antibody can be added to a preparation of stem cells which have been removed from the body. The cells can then be replaced in the same or another human body, with or without clonal propagation, as is known in the art.
• the reagent is delivered using a liposome.
• the liposome is stable in the animal into which it has been administered for at least about
• a liposome comprises a lipid composition that is capable of targeting a reagent, particularly a polynucleotide, to a particular site in an animal, such as a human.
• the lipid composition of the liposome is capable of targeting to a specific organ of an animal, such as the lung or liver.
• a liposome useful in the present invention comprises a lipid composition that is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane of the targeted cell to deliver its contents to the cell.
• the transfection efficiency of a liposome is about 0.5 ⁇ g of DNA per 16 nmole of liposome delivered to about 10 6 cells, more preferably about 1.0 ⁇ g of DNA per 16 nmol of liposome delivered to about 10 6 cells, and even more preferably about 2.0 ⁇ g of DNA per 16 nmol of liposome delivered to about 10 6 cells.
• a liposome is between about 100 and 500 nm, more preferably between about 150 and 450 nm, and even more preferably between about 200 and 400 nm in diameter.
• Suitable liposomes for use in the present invention include those liposomes standardly used in, for example, gene delivery methods known to those of skill in the art. More preferred liposomes include liposomes having a polycationic lipid composition and/or liposomes having a cholesterol backbone conjugated to polyethylene glycol.
• a liposome comprises a compound capable of targeting the liposome to a tumor cell, such as a tumor cell ligand exposed on the outer surface of the liposome.
• a liposome with a reagent such as an antisense oligonucleotide or ribozyme can be achieved using methods which are standard in the art (see, for example, U.S. Patent 5,705,151).
• a reagent such as an antisense oligonucleotide or ribozyme
• from about 0.1 ⁇ g to about 10 ⁇ g of polynucleotide is combined with about 8 nmol of liposomes, more preferably from about 0.5 ⁇ g to about 5 ⁇ g of polynucleotides are combined with about 8 nmol liposomes, and even more preferably about 1.0 ⁇ g of polynucleotides is combined with about 8 nmol liposomes.
• antibodies can be delivered to specific tissues in vivo using receptor-mediated targeted delivery.
• Receptor-mediated DNA delivery techniques are taught in, for example, Findeis et al. Trends in Biotechnol. 11, 202-05 (1993); Chiou et al, GENE THERAPEUTICS: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF DIRECT GENE TRANSFER (J.A. Wolff, ed.) (1994); Wu & Wu, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 621-24 (1988); Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 542-46 (1994); Zenke et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 3655-59 (1990); Wu et ⁇ /., J Biol. Chem. 266, 338-42 (1991).
• polynucleotides encoding the antibody can be constructed and introduced into a cell either ex vivo or in vivo using well- established techniques including, but not limited to, transferrin-polycation-mediated DNA transfer, transfection with naked or encapsulated nucleic acids, liposome- mediated cellular fusion, intracellular transportation of DNA-coated latex beads, protoplast fusion, viral infection, electroporation, "gene gun,” and DEAE- or calcium phosphate-mediated transfection.
• a therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of active ingredient which increases or decreases extracellular matrix degradation relative to that which occurs in the absence of the therapeutically effective dose.
• the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs.
• the animal model also can be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.
• Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals.
• the dose ratio of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD 50 /ED 50 .
• Pharmaceutical compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred.
• the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies is used in formulating a range of dosage for human use.
• the dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.
• Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active ingredient or to maintain the desired effect.
• Factors which can be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy.
• Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions can be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on the half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.
• Normal dosage amounts can vary from 0.1 to 100,000 micrograms, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration.
• Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and generally available to practitioners in the art. Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations for nucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, delivery of polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells, conditions, locations, etc.
• Effective in vivo dosages of an antibody are in the range of about 5 ⁇ g to about 50 ⁇ g/kg, about 50 ⁇ g to about 5 mg/kg, about 100 ⁇ g to about 500 ⁇ g/kg of patient body weight, and about 200 to about 250 ⁇ g/kg of patient body weight.
• effective in vivo dosages are in the range of about 100 ng to about 200 ng, 500 ng to about 50 mg, about 1 ⁇ g to about 2 mg, about 5 ⁇ g to about 500 ⁇ g, and about 20 ⁇ g to about 100 ⁇ g of DNA.
• the reagent is preferably an antisense oligo- nucleotide or a ribozyme.
• Polynucleotides which express antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes can be introduced into cells by a variety of methods, as described above.
• a reagent reduces expression of an epithin-like serine protease poly- nucleotide or activity of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide by at least about
• the effectiveness of the mechanism chosen to decrease the level of expression of an epithin-like serine protease polynucleotide or the activity of an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide can be assessed using methods well known in the art, such as hybridization of nucleotide probes to epithin-like serine protease-specific mRNA, quantitative RT-PCR, immunologic detection of an epithin- like serine protease polypeptide, or measurement of epithin-like serine protease activity.
• any of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered in combination with other appropriate therapeutic agents. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combination therapy can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles.
• the combination of therapeutic agents can act synergistically to effect the treatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.
• Any of the therapeutic methods described above can be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.
• the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO. 1 or 3 is inserted into the expression vector pCEV4 and the expression vector pCEV4-epithin-like serine protease polypeptide obtained is transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells.
• Protease activity of cellular extracts from the transfacted cells are measured using thiobenzylester substrates, as described in U.S. Patent 5,500,344.
• BLT-esterase activity is estimated using a microtiter assay (Green and
• peptide thiobenzyl ester substrates are used to measure protease activities.
• the chymase substrate Suc-Phe-Leu-Phe-SBzl is purchased from
• Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-SBzl is the substrate for Asp-ase and peptide thiobenzyl esters containing Met, Leu or Nle are substrates for Met-ase SP. Assays are performed at room temperature in 0.1 M, HEPES buffer, pH 7.5, containing 0.01
• the initial rates are measured at 324 nm using a Beckman 35 spectrophotometer when 10-25 ⁇ l of an enzyme stock solution is added to a cuvette containing 2.0 ml of buffer, 150 ⁇ l of 4,4'-dithiodipyridine, and 25 ⁇ l of substrate. The same volume of substrate and 4,4'-dithiodipyridine are added to the reference cell in order to compensate for the background hydrolysis rate of the substrates.
• Initial rates are measured in duplicate for each substrate concentration and are averaged in each case. Substrate concentrations are 100-133 ⁇ M. The epithin- like serine protease activity of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO. 2 is shown.
• Purified epithin-like serine protease polypeptides comprising a glutathione-S- transferase protein and absorbed onto glutathione-derivatized wells of 96-well microtiter plates are contacted with test compounds from a small molecule library at pH 7.0 in a physiological buffer solution.
• Epithin-like serine protease polypeptides comprise an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2 or 4.
• the test compounds comprise a fluorescent tag.
• the samples are incubated for 5 minutes to one hour. Control samples are incubated in the absence of a test compound.
• the buffer solution containing the test compounds is washed from the wells.
• Binding of a test compound to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide is detected by fluorescence measurements of the contents of the wells.
• a test compound which increases the fluorescence in a well by at least 15% relative to fluorescence of a well in which a test compound was not incubated is identified as a compound which binds to an epithin-like serine protease polypeptide.
• DTNB dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
• BLT-esterase activity is estimated using a microtiter assay (Green and Shaw, Anal. Biochem. 93, 223-226, 1979). Briefly, 50 ⁇ l of sample is added to 100 ⁇ l of 1 mM DTNB, made up in 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , pH 7.2. The reaction is initiated by the addition of 50 ⁇ l of BLT (Sigma) to give a final concentration of
• peptide thiobenzyl ester substrates are used to measure protease activities.
• the chymase substrate Suc-Phe-
• Leu-Phe-SBzl is purchased from BACHEM Bioscience Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.
• Z- Arg-SBzl the tryptase substrate, Kam et al, J. Biol. Chem. 262, 3444-3451, 1987
• Suc-Ala-Ala-Met-SBzl (Odake et al, Biochemistry 30, 2217-2227, 1991); Ha ⁇ er et al, Biochemistry 23, 2995-3002, 1984) are synthesized previously.
• Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-SBzl is the substrate for Asp-ase and peptide thiobenzyl esters containing Met, Leu or Nle are substrates for Met-ase SP.
• Assays are performed at room temperature in 0.1 M, HEPES buffer, pH 7.5, containing 0.01 M CaCl 2 and 8% Me 2 O using 0.34 mM 4,4'- dithiodipyridine (Aldrithiol-4, Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) to detect HSBzl leaving group that reacts with 4,4'-dithiodipyridine to release thiopyridone
• a test compound which decreases epithin-like serine protease activity of the extract relative to the control extract by at least 20% is identified as an epithin-like serine protease inhibitor.
• test compound is administered to a culture of the breast tumor cell line MDA-468 and incubated at 37°C for 10 to 45 minutes.
• a culture of the same type of cells incubated for the same time without the test compound provides a negative control.
• RNA is isolated from the two cultures as described in Chirgwin et al, Biochem. 18,
• Northern blots are prepared using 20 to 30 ⁇ g total RNA and hybridized with a 32 P-labeled epithin-like serine protease-specific probe at 65° C in Express-hyb (CLONTECH).
• the probe comprises at least 11 contiguous nucleotides selected from the complement of SEQ ID NO.1.
• a test compound which decreases the epithin-like serine protease -specific signal relative to the signal obtained in the absence of the test compound is identified as an inhibitor of epithin-like serine protease gene expression.
• oligonucleotides comprising at least 1 1 contiguous nucleotides selected from the complement of SEQ ID NO.1 are prepared on a Pharmacia Gene Assembler series synthesizer using the phos- phoramidite procedure (Uhlmann et al, Chem. Rev. 90, 534-83, 1990). Following assembly and deprotection, oligonucleotides are ethanol-precipitated twice, dried, and suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at the desired concentration. Purity of these oligonucleotides is tested by capillary gel electrophoreses and ion exchange HPLC. Endotoxin levels in the oligonucleotide preparation are determined using the Limulus Amebocyte Assay (Bang, Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole, Mass.) 105, 361-362, 1953).
• aqueous composition containing the antisense oligonucleotides at a concentration of 0.1-100 ⁇ M is injected directly into a breast tumor with a needle.
• the needle is placed in the tumors and withdrawn while expressing the aqueous composition within the tumor.
• the breast tumor is monitored over a period of days or weeks. Additional injections of the antisense oligonucleotides can be given during that time. Metastasis of the breast tumor is suppressed due to decreased epithin-like serine protease activity of the breast tumor cells.

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