EP1266391A2 - Radiation converter - Google Patents
Radiation converterInfo
- Publication number
- EP1266391A2 EP1266391A2 EP01935937A EP01935937A EP1266391A2 EP 1266391 A2 EP1266391 A2 EP 1266391A2 EP 01935937 A EP01935937 A EP 01935937A EP 01935937 A EP01935937 A EP 01935937A EP 1266391 A2 EP1266391 A2 EP 1266391A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- radiation
- photocathode
- converter according
- radiation converter
- electron
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 239000006100 radiation absorber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002594 fluoroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 101100258233 Caenorhabditis elegans sun-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101100024583 Mus musculus Mtf1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002601 radiography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000752 ionisation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004154 testing of material Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J31/00—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes
- H01J31/08—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted, or stored
- H01J31/49—Pick-up adapted for an input of electromagnetic radiation other than visible light and having an electric output, e.g. for an input of X-rays, for an input of infrared radiation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2231/00—Cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
- H01J2231/50—Imaging and conversion tubes
- H01J2231/50005—Imaging and conversion tubes characterised by form of illumination
- H01J2231/5001—Photons
- H01J2231/50031—High energy photons
- H01J2231/50036—X-rays
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2231/00—Cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
- H01J2231/50—Imaging and conversion tubes
- H01J2231/50057—Imaging and conversion tubes characterised by form of output stage
- H01J2231/50068—Electrical
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2231/00—Cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
- H01J2231/50—Imaging and conversion tubes
- H01J2231/501—Imaging and conversion tubes including multiplication stage
Definitions
- a radiation converter designed as an image intensifier is known.
- Such image intensifiers have an input window with a radiation absorber for generating light photons as a function of the radiation incident on the radiation intensity.
- a photocathode is arranged downstream of the radiation absorber and generates electrons depending on the light photons emitted by the radiation absorber. These electrons are accelerated to an electron receiver by an electrode system.
- this electron receiver is designed as an output screen, which generates light photons due to the incident electrons.
- an X-ray detector is known in which the photocathode is applied to a radiation absorber.
- the photocathode is arranged at a distance opposite an amorphous selenium layer of an exit screen.
- Another detector device is known from DE 44 29 925 Cl.
- a shadow mask made of wires is provided on the radiation path side, which is connected downstream of a chevron plate.
- a low-ohmic anode structure is provided on the rear side of the detector.
- a photodetector is known from EP 0 053 530, in which an electron multiplier and a detector anode are connected downstream of a photocathode in the radiation direction.
- the medical exposure of a patient is to keep the radiation exposure as small as is technically expedient in order to keep the radiation exposure of the patient as low as possible
- the efficient use of the penetrating radiation that hits the radiation receiver has top priority.
- the lower the radiation intensity striking the radiation receiver the lower the signals that can be derived from the radiation receiver.
- the distance between the signal levels and the noise signals also becomes smaller, which goes hand in hand with a poorer ability to diagnose the visual representations that can be generated on the basis of these signals.
- a compromise must therefore be made between a low radiation exposure of the patient and the radiation dose necessary for the good diagnosis of radiation images of the patient that can be generated.
- the photographic film for example, is nothing more than a chemical enhancer that controls the ionization processes of the
- Radiation in the microscopic range amplified by many orders of magnitude and made visible in the macroscopic range.
- Storage phosphor panels latently store the radiation silhouette of an object.
- light photons are generated on the basis of the latent image, which are converted into electrons by a readout with a photo ultiplier, which can be amplified up to a factor of 10 6 almost without noise and m electrical signals can be converted. These electrical signals are then available for visual representation.
- the geometric jamming which results from a large input window and a smaller output window, is used to increase the luminance, for which the energy absorption of the electrons from the input luminescent screen to the output luminescent screen is used by an acceleration field in between.
- a radiation m light-converting layer which has, for example, Csl, is brought into direct contact with a photodiode matrix made of amorphous silicon, so that the light photons generated by the layer due to incident radiation are converted into electrical signals via the photo diode matrix which can then be used for visualization.
- the photons are not amplified by electrons, only relatively small signals can be derived from the photodiode matrix, which can only be amplified in a downstream device, for example an amplifier. Since the amounts of charge of these relatively small electrical signals also have to be conducted via complicated clock processes from the sometimes large-area flat panel detectors to the amplifiers via relatively long lines, the mean noise, measured by electrons, is almost twice as large as the signal that is generated from individual X-ray quanta. Particularly for fluoroscopy, in which only small X-ray doses are applied, the signals that can be derived from the flat panel detector are particularly low and are close to the noise range and therefore require complex artifact corrections. In fluoroscopy, for example, the signals of every second beam scan are used for correction purposes, so that the usual image repetition rates cannot be nearly achieved. The dynamic range of the signals that can be derived from the flat panel detector is also severely restricted.
- a-S ⁇ : H readout plates are predominantly used as electron detectors.
- fluoroscopy and radiography which differ by dose factors of 100-1000, requires a high computing effort.
- radiography mode operated with a high dose
- fluoroscopy mode operated with a low dose
- residual images must be removed
- a-S ⁇ : H readout plate can be removed by subtraction.
- the object of the invention is to provide a radiation converter that can be used as universally as possible. Another goal is to improve the dynamics of the radiation converter.
- a distance is provided between the radiation absorber and the photocathode. This can reduce the effect of UV photons, which adversely affects the measurement.
- the dynamics of the proposed radiation converter are improved.
- Another advantage is that the photocathode no longer has to be transparent due to the arrangement proposed here. This can save costs.
- the distance is advantageously between 10 and 100 ⁇ m. A distance of approximately 50 ⁇ m has proven to be particularly advantageous.
- the photocathode can expediently be opaque. Avalanche UV photons cannot reach the photocathode directly.
- the photocathode is made from a metallic material that preferably contains gold, cesium, copper or antimony. It is also expedient that the photocathode is designed as a layer on the electron multiplier, wherein the electron multiplier can in turn be formed as a layer on the electron detector.
- the electron multiplier has a perforated plastic film, preferably made of polyimide. The diameter of the holes is about 25 ⁇ m. It is advantageous if the radiation absorber, the electrode system, the electron multiplier and the electron detector are assigned a common, gas-tight housing, which results in a compact construction of the radiation converter.
- a gas which absorbs UV photons is preferably accommodated in the housing. The gas can have at least one of the following components: argon, krypton, xenon, helium, neon, C0 2 , N 2 , hydrocarbon, dimethyl ether, methanol / ethanol vapor.
- the radiation absorber advantageously converts radiation into light photons if it has a needle-like structure and consists of CsI: Na.
- the electron detector is particularly advantageously designed as a 2D thin-layer panel and consists of a-Se, a-S ⁇ : H or poly-Si. Such an electron detector is simple in construction and inexpensive.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a radiation converter
- Fig. 2 shows the modulation transfer function as a function of the spatial frequency.
- the reference numeral 1 denotes a housing.
- the housing has a radiation absorber 2, which converts radiation into light photons.
- the radiation absorber 2 is either designed as a separate part or is arranged outside the housing 1 in the region of a first end face. It consists of a scintillator material, preferably of CsI.Na in a needle structure, the needles being directed towards a photocathode 3 are.
- the photocathode 3 is arranged at a distance a of approximately 50 ⁇ m from the radiation absorber 2. It is designed as a layer, which is preferably made of copper, on a perforated polyimide film 4.
- the polyimide film 4 acts as an electron multiplier. It is applied to an electron detector 5.
- the electron detector 5 preferably has a pixel structure and converts the impinging electrons into electrical signals, which can be derived using suitable known measures, for example an electrical line, and on the basis of which it is possible to display them on a display device.
- the electron detector 5 is preferably designed as a 2D thin-film panel and can preferably consist of a-Se, a-S ⁇ : H or poly-Si.
- a gas, in particular quench gas, for example a mixture of argon and hydrocarbon, is accommodated within the housing 1, in particular between the radiation absorber 2 and the photocathode 3.
- the function of the device is as follows:
- X-rays are absorbed by the radiation absorber 2 and thereby converted into photons.
- the photons release photoelectrons from the photocathode 3.
- the photoelectrons reach the area of the perforated polyimide film 4.
- a potential is applied between the photocathode 3 and the electron detector 5.
- the applied electrical potential ensures that all photoelectrons are pulled from the surface of the photocathode by 3 m from the holes located next.
- a charge carrier multiplication takes place through impact ionization.
- the charge carrier multiplication or amplification can be set by the level of the applied potential. The signal / noise ratio can thus be improved.
- the photoelectrons are accelerated by the potential applied to the electron detector.
- the radiation absorber 2 can be provided with a UV photon-absorbing conductive layer.
- the quench gas absorbs the UV photons generated by impact ionization so that they do not reach the photocathode 3, where they could inadvertently trigger photoelectrons.
- the modulation transfer function is plotted against the spatial frequency.
- the curves MTF 1 and MTF 2 show the modulation transfer function at a distance of the photocathode 3 from the radiation absorber 2 of 50 ⁇ m.
- the curve MTF 2 shows the point spread function of an isotropic point source, the curve MTF 1 the aforementioned point spread function for a Lambert source.
- the curve MTF 3 shows the modulation transfer function, here the radiation absorber 2 is in direct contact with the electron detector 5.
- the curve MTF 3 thus represents the characteristic of conventional flat detectors.
- the values MTF 4 indicate the modulation transfer function for a Lambert source, the radiation absorber 2 being arranged at a distance of 50 ⁇ m from the electron detector 5. It can be seen that the spaced arrangement does not bring about any significant change in the modulation transfer function.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
- Conversion Of X-Rays Into Visible Images (AREA)
- Transforming Light Signals Into Electric Signals (AREA)
- Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
- Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10014311A DE10014311C2 (en) | 2000-03-23 | 2000-03-23 | radiation converter |
DE10014311 | 2000-03-23 | ||
PCT/DE2001/001109 WO2001071381A2 (en) | 2000-03-23 | 2001-03-22 | Radiation converter with a scintillator a photocathode and an electron multiplier |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1266391A2 true EP1266391A2 (en) | 2002-12-18 |
EP1266391B1 EP1266391B1 (en) | 2008-07-16 |
Family
ID=7635969
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01935937A Expired - Lifetime EP1266391B1 (en) | 2000-03-23 | 2001-03-22 | Radiation converter comprising a scintillator, a photocathode and an electron multiplier |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7022994B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1266391B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003528427A (en) |
DE (2) | DE10014311C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001071381A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3145066A1 (en) | 1981-11-13 | 1983-05-19 | Fritz Werner Industrie-Ausrüstungen GmbH, 6222 Geisenheim | Process for producing a comparatively higher-energy, nitrogen-rich gas and equipment for carrying out the process |
US6747258B2 (en) * | 2001-10-09 | 2004-06-08 | Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc. | Intensified hybrid solid-state sensor with an insulating layer |
US7015452B2 (en) | 2001-10-09 | 2006-03-21 | Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc. | Intensified hybrid solid-state sensor |
US7791047B2 (en) | 2003-12-12 | 2010-09-07 | Semequip, Inc. | Method and apparatus for extracting ions from an ion source for use in ion implantation |
US7835502B2 (en) * | 2009-02-11 | 2010-11-16 | Tomotherapy Incorporated | Target pedestal assembly and method of preserving the target |
JP5554322B2 (en) * | 2009-04-01 | 2014-07-23 | 株式会社トクヤマ | Radiation image detector |
US8395312B2 (en) * | 2010-04-19 | 2013-03-12 | Bridgelux, Inc. | Phosphor converted light source having an additional LED to provide long wavelength light |
WO2014133849A2 (en) | 2013-02-26 | 2014-09-04 | Accuray Incorporated | Electromagnetically actuated multi-leaf collimator |
GB2524778A (en) * | 2014-04-02 | 2015-10-07 | Univ Warwick | Ultraviolet light detection |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1175597A (en) * | 1967-06-16 | 1969-12-23 | Mullard Ltd | Improvements in or relating to Image Intensifiers |
US3609359A (en) * | 1969-01-08 | 1971-09-28 | Eugene Wainer | X-ray image intensifier with electron michrochannels and electron multiplying means |
US3846630A (en) * | 1970-01-07 | 1974-11-05 | Zeev D Ben | Method for identifying elemental areas of a photocathode |
US3710125A (en) * | 1970-04-29 | 1973-01-09 | Univ Northwestern | Secondary emission enhancer for an x-ray image intensifier |
GB1457213A (en) * | 1975-01-30 | 1976-12-01 | Mullard Ltd | Electron multipliers |
US4345153A (en) * | 1980-07-30 | 1982-08-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Low intensity X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometer |
US4376892A (en) * | 1980-10-16 | 1983-03-15 | Agence Nationale De Valorisation De La Recherche (Anvar) | Detection and imaging of the spatial distribution of visible or ultraviolet photons |
FR2494906A1 (en) * | 1980-11-25 | 1982-05-28 | Thomson Csf | ELECTRON MULTIPLICATION PHOTODETECTOR TUBE FOR USE IN A COLOR VIDEO READER |
DE3332648A1 (en) | 1983-09-09 | 1985-03-28 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | X-RAY DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE WITH A X-RAY CONVERTER |
US4866970A (en) * | 1985-04-24 | 1989-09-19 | Albino Castiglioni | Apparatus for the continuous shearing off and cold swaging of metal workpieces |
EP0534547B1 (en) * | 1991-09-27 | 1996-09-04 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | X-ray detector with charge pattern read-out |
DE4237097A1 (en) | 1991-11-19 | 1993-05-27 | Siemens Ag | X=ray image intensifier with vacuum housing having input light screening - has input window of vacuum housing and photocathode optically coupled on one side of glass carrier and electron multiplying stage |
GB2269048B (en) * | 1992-07-03 | 1995-10-04 | Third Generation Technology Li | Photoemitters |
JPH07294644A (en) * | 1994-04-25 | 1995-11-10 | Shimadzu Corp | Two-dimensional radiation detector |
DE4429925C1 (en) * | 1994-08-23 | 1995-11-23 | Roentdek Handels Gmbh | Electronic contactless position determination of EM photons or particles e.g. electrons |
DE19527794C2 (en) * | 1995-07-19 | 1997-10-23 | Ifg Inst Fuer Geraetebau Gmbh | Method and device for producing optical elements for capillary optics |
JP2001135267A (en) * | 1999-09-08 | 2001-05-18 | Siemens Ag | Radiation converter |
-
2000
- 2000-03-23 DE DE10014311A patent/DE10014311C2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-03-22 DE DE50114124T patent/DE50114124D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-03-22 WO PCT/DE2001/001109 patent/WO2001071381A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-03-22 US US10/239,547 patent/US7022994B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-03-22 EP EP01935937A patent/EP1266391B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-03-22 JP JP2001569516A patent/JP2003528427A/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO0171381A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7022994B2 (en) | 2006-04-04 |
DE10014311A1 (en) | 2001-10-04 |
DE50114124D1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
US20030164682A1 (en) | 2003-09-04 |
EP1266391B1 (en) | 2008-07-16 |
DE10014311C2 (en) | 2003-08-14 |
WO2001071381A3 (en) | 2002-04-18 |
JP2003528427A (en) | 2003-09-24 |
WO2001071381A2 (en) | 2001-09-27 |
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