EP1261993A2 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zum erhitzen und/oder verdampfen flüssiger oder gasförmiger medien - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zum erhitzen und/oder verdampfen flüssiger oder gasförmiger medienInfo
- Publication number
- EP1261993A2 EP1261993A2 EP01925289A EP01925289A EP1261993A2 EP 1261993 A2 EP1261993 A2 EP 1261993A2 EP 01925289 A EP01925289 A EP 01925289A EP 01925289 A EP01925289 A EP 01925289A EP 1261993 A2 EP1261993 A2 EP 1261993A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- channels
- flow
- heating
- medium
- throughflow
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D1/00—Evaporating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01B—BOILING; BOILING APPARATUS ; EVAPORATION; EVAPORATION APPARATUS
- B01B1/00—Boiling; Boiling apparatus for physical or chemical purposes ; Evaporation in general
- B01B1/005—Evaporation for physical or chemical purposes; Evaporation apparatus therefor, e.g. evaporation of liquids for gas phase reactions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0093—Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J19/248—Reactors comprising multiple separated flow channels
- B01J19/249—Plate-type reactors
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/323—Catalytic reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds other than hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00054—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system
- B01J2219/00056—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system involving measured parameters
- B01J2219/00058—Temperature measurement
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
- B01J2219/00076—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements inside the reactor
- B01J2219/00085—Plates; Jackets; Cylinders
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00121—Controlling the temperature by direct heating or cooling
- B01J2219/00128—Controlling the temperature by direct heating or cooling by evaporation of reactants
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00132—Controlling the temperature using electric heating or cooling elements
- B01J2219/00135—Electric resistance heaters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00157—Controlling the temperature by means of a burner
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
- B01J2219/00835—Comprising catalytically active material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00873—Heat exchange
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00891—Feeding or evacuation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/0095—Control aspects
- B01J2219/00952—Sensing operations
- B01J2219/00954—Measured properties
- B01J2219/00961—Temperature
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J2219/2401—Reactors comprising multiple separate flow channels
- B01J2219/245—Plate-type reactors
- B01J2219/2451—Geometry of the reactor
- B01J2219/2453—Plates arranged in parallel
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J2219/2401—Reactors comprising multiple separate flow channels
- B01J2219/245—Plate-type reactors
- B01J2219/2451—Geometry of the reactor
- B01J2219/2456—Geometry of the plates
- B01J2219/2458—Flat plates, i.e. plates which are not corrugated or otherwise structured, e.g. plates with cylindrical shape
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J2219/2401—Reactors comprising multiple separate flow channels
- B01J2219/245—Plate-type reactors
- B01J2219/2461—Heat exchange aspects
- B01J2219/2462—Heat exchange aspects the reactants being in indirect heat exchange with a non reacting heat exchange medium
- B01J2219/2464—Independent temperature control in various sections of the reactor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J2219/2401—Reactors comprising multiple separate flow channels
- B01J2219/245—Plate-type reactors
- B01J2219/2461—Heat exchange aspects
- B01J2219/2467—Additional heat exchange means, e.g. electric resistance heaters, coils
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2260/00—Heat exchangers or heat exchange elements having special size, e.g. microstructures
- F28F2260/02—Heat exchangers or heat exchange elements having special size, e.g. microstructures having microchannels
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for heating and / or evaporating liquid or gaseous media according to the preamble of claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for heating and / or vaporizing liquid or gaseous media according to the preamble of claim 16. Finally, the invention relates also a special use of the device and the method.
- fuel cells Similar to battery systems, fuel cells generate electrical energy chemically, but the individual reactants are continuously supplied from the outside and the reaction products are continuously removed.
- the fuel cells are based on the functional principle that they are electrically neutral
- This process is called the redox process.
- the oxidation and reduction processes are spatially separated from each other by a membrane.
- the membranes used have the property of exchanging protons but retaining gases.
- the given in the reduction Electrons can be conducted as electrical current through a consumer, for example the electric motor of an automobile.
- Hydrogen as fuel and oxygen as oxidizing agent are used as gaseous reactants for the fuel cell, for example. Do you want that
- At least one of the reactor elements of the arrangement for generating / processing the fuel is one
- the evaporator has the task of first evaporating the starting material (fuel and / or water) to obtain the fuel suitable for the fuel cell before it is introduced in the vapor state for further treatment in the next reactor element, for example in a reformer.
- the known devices for heating and / or evaporating liquid or vaporous media have a number of disadvantages, particularly when they are used as evaporators.
- the known devices usually have at least one throughflow device for the medium to be treated with one or more throughflow layers, the throughflow layer each being provided with a number of throughflow channels.
- the flow channels each have an inlet opening on their inlet side and an outlet opening on their outlet side.
- the medium to be evaporated or heated enters the flow channels through the inlet opening, flows through them, being heated or evaporated by means of a heating device, and then exits the respective flow channel at the outlet side via the outlet opening.
- the throughflow channels are connected via their inlet openings to a feed line for the medium to be heated and / or evaporated and via their outlet openings to a corresponding discharge line.
- a feed device for example a pump, is usually provided in this feed line and pumps the medium into the throughflow channels.
- This conveying device is usually designed in such a way that it generates only a slight excess pressure compared to the pressure at the outlet openings of the throughflow channels.
- the thermal energy required for heating and / or evaporating the medium is provided via at least one heating device which is formed from one or more layers and which is connected to the throughflow device in the sense of a heat exchanger.
- the heating device can have, for example, a number of electrically operated heating cartridges.
- the heating cartridges are all driven with the same power, so that the surface temperature generated via the heating cartridges in the flow channels, via which the medium flowing through the flow channels is heated or evaporated, is approximately the same along the entire flow device through the flow channels if the medium is still does not flow through the flow channels.
- a vapor bubble can form in the inlet area around the inlet openings of the flow channels, particularly when the device is started up, since the medium already begins to evaporate in the inlet area of the flow channels due to the high surface temperatures.
- the pressure in the vapor bubble can become so high that it reaches or even exceeds the pump pressure.
- the liquid column can be pushed back against the actual flow direction or to
- the present invention is based on the object of developing a device and a method of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that the disadvantages described are avoided.
- an apparatus and a method are to be provided with which heating and / or evaporation of a liquid or gaseous medium is made possible in a simple yet reliable manner.
- this object is achieved by a device for heating and / or evaporating liquid or gaseous Media, with at least one flow-through device, which has one or more flow-through layers, each with one or more flow-through channels for the medium, the flow-through channels each having an inlet opening and an outlet opening and the inlet opening being connectable to a feed line and the outlet opening being connected to a discharge line for the medium , and with at least one heating device formed from one or more layers for providing the thermal energy required for heating and / or evaporating the medium, which is connected to the throughflow device in the sense of a heat exchanger.
- this device is characterized in that the heating device is designed in such a way that the surface temperature of the throughflow channels can be set independently of other areas in the flow direction (D) of the medium, at least in individual areas of the throughflow channels.
- the adjustability of the surface temperature in the direction of flow of the medium through the flow channels can reliably prevent the disadvantageous vapor bubble described above from forming in the area of the inlet openings of the flow channels.
- the avoidance of such a vapor bubble can be advantageously prevented in particular if the surface temperature profile is designed in such a way that the temperature in the inlet area of the throughflow channels is significantly lower than in the other areas thereof.
- Advantageous embodiments of how a suitable temperature profile can be set are explained in more detail in the further course of the description.
- the device according to the invention is basically suitable for heating and / or evaporating media. It is particularly advantageous if the flow-through layer is formed in each case in micro technology with microchannels for the passage of the medium to be treated.
- the device according to the invention can be used to heat gaseous or liquid media.
- the media is heated in such a way that a temperature profile is set on the surfaces of the flow channels via the heating device along the flow device such that a sufficiently low temperature in the medium prevails in the inlet area of the flow channels, at which the formation of a vapor bubble is reliably prevented.
- a higher temperature can then be set in the areas of the throughflow channels following the inlet area, so that the gaseous or liquid medium is heated to the desired temperature.
- Another possible application of the device according to the invention lies in its use as an evaporator for a liquid medium.
- the temperature profile on the surfaces of the throughflow channels is adjusted again so that the temperature in the inlet area of the throughflow channels is so low that the formation of a vapor bubble is prevented.
- sufficient heat energy is made available at a sufficient distance from the entry area via the heating device that the medium flowing through the throughflow channels can be evaporated.
- thermal energy is then generated in accordance with the required
- the evaporator has at least one through-flow device through which the liquid medium to be evaporated is passed.
- the throughflow device comprises one or more throughflow layers, each with one or more throughflow channels.
- the liquid medium to be evaporated enters at the inlet openings of the throughflow channels, flows through them and leaves the throughflow channels via their outlet openings. While the liquid medium to be evaporated flows through the throughflow channels of the at least one throughflow device, it is heated and evaporated by the at least one heating device which is also provided.
- the heating device which is connected to the throughflow device, consists of one or more layers and can be designed in different ways. Basically, the invention is not limited to a specific embodiment of the heating device. Rather, this only has to be suitable for
- Heating and / or evaporating the medium to provide the required thermal energy Heating and / or evaporating the medium to provide the required thermal energy.
- more than one throughflow device and one heating device can be provided in each case.
- a throughflow device and a heating device are preferably arranged alternately one above the other, so that a layer sequence is produced.
- the number of for the device, for example the Evaporators, flow devices used and heating devices result in particular from the performance requirements for the device.
- the throughflow device and the heating device are connected to one another in such a way that the thermal energy generated by the heating device is applied to the
- Flow channels of the medium flowing through the flow device can be transmitted.
- the heating device is designed in such a way that the surface temperature can be set in the flow channels along the flow device, at least in individual areas, independently of other areas. Since the medium enters the through-flow channels from a supply line at the inlet openings, flows through the entire length of the through-flow channels and then exits through the outlet openings at the end of the through-flow channels, the temperature profile of the heat-absorbing medium is also over the length the flow channels can be influenced.
- the inventive design of the device allows the supply of the thermal energy provided for heating and / or evaporating the media to be controlled in such a way that a steam bubble in the area of the inlet openings of the throughflow channels is reliably prevented, the medium being able to be brought to the desired temperature nevertheless.
- the heating device In order to avoid that the heating device must first be actuated and then switched off so that the medium can be heated and / or evaporated without interference, the device has been further developed according to the invention in such a way that a temperature profile in on the surface of the flow channels
- Direction of flow can be set specifically, so that continuous operation of the device is possible.
- the flow-through layers can advantageously be designed in microstructure technology and the flow-through channels as micro-channels.
- the design of the device in microstructure technology means that it can be made particularly space-saving with high performance. It is generally provided that a large number of several thousand microchannels is arranged in a small installation space in the cubic centimeter range. These microchannels, each with a height and width of only a few ⁇ m, create large specific surfaces, that is to say high ratios of channel surface to channel volume, via which the heat exchange takes place particularly effectively.
- an evaporator is to be used in connection with a fuel cell system, for example a fuel cell system for a vehicle, there is usually only a small amount of space available. For this reason, the individual components of the fuel cell system must be made as small as possible. For example, an evaporator using microstructure technology can be used for this purpose.
- the heating device is regularly designed such that the temperature of the inner surface is free and at least in individual areas of the throughflow channels is adjustable independently of other areas. This allows the temperature profile to be adapted to the current conditions.
- the output of the heat source can usually only be influenced as a whole, so that in the event of throttling, the surface temperature is reduced over the entire length of the throughflow channels.
- such a temperature profile in the medium must be set via the surface temperature generated by the heating device that the temperature T1 prevailing in the inlet region of the throughflow channels is so low that a vapor base does not form in front of the inlet openings of the throughflow channels can.
- the temperature T1 can be selected so that the water in the inlet area of the throughflow channels does not exceed a temperature of 80 ° C.
- the water must be heated to boiling temperature T2 and evaporated.
- the surface temperature of the throughflow channels in the area that adjoins the inlet area of the throughflow channels should significantly exceed the evaporation temperature.
- the surface temperature can be selected so that the water or the water vapor already formed is heated up to a temperature T2 of 150 ° C. depending on the pressure.
- the length of the inlet area and the second area are preferably selected such that the evaporation of the water only takes place as far as possible in the interior of the throughflow channels. In this way it is ensured that a sufficiently large amount of liquid can always flow into the throughflow channels, so that no overpressure can be built up in the inlet region of the channels, which reduces the throughflow rate.
- the surface temperature set in the outlet region of the throughflow channels must be set significantly higher. For example, heating of the steam in the flow-through channels to a temperature T3 of about 230 ° C. can be aimed for, which is why
- Channel surface in the exit area would have to be heated to, for example, 350 ° C.
- the example described above is purely exemplary and is intended to illustrate the basic idea of setting a temperature profile.
- the invention is not limited to the temperature values mentioned. Rather, the setting of the temperatures required in each case depends on the media to be heated and / or evaporated and on the structure of the flow channels.
- the surface that comes into contact with the medium to be heated or evaporated is determined via the structure of the throughflow channels, which are preferably designed as microchannels. The larger the contact area between the medium and the surface, the better the heat can be transferred.
- the heating device advantageously has a plurality of layers, in each of which an electric heating device, in particular two or more electric heating elements, are provided for setting the temperature profile.
- Such heating elements can be designed, for example, but not exclusively, as heating wires, heating cartridges or the like.
- At least individual heating elements can be controlled freely and independently of the other heating elements. This enables a simple yet precise setting of the temperature profile in different areas of the throughflow channels in the flowing medium via the surface temperature in the throughflow channels.
- T3 used a total of three electrical heating elements.
- the invention does not apply to a certain number of heating elements or is limited by different temperature ranges of the temperature profile to be set. Rather, the number of heating elements required, as well as the number of different temperature ranges of the temperature profile, results from the respective specific requirements for the device.
- the first heating element is preferably arranged in the heating device in such a way that the thermal energy emitted by it affects the temperature T1 of the medium in the inlet region of the throughflow channels.
- the third heating element is preferably arranged in the heating device such that it has the temperature T3 of
- the second heating element is preferably arranged between the first and the third heating element and determines the temperature T2 of the temperature profile of the medium, which is set in that region of the flow channels which is located between the inlet region and the outlet region.
- the first heating cartridge In order to prevent the formation of a harmful vapor bubble at the inlet openings of the flow channels, the first heating cartridge should be operated with a comparatively low heating output. In this way it is achieved that the medium to be heated or evaporated does not reach the evaporation temperature in the inlet region of the throughflow channels and remains in the liquid state.
- a solution can also be provided in which a heating element in the entry area is completely dispensed with.
- the third heating element can be subjected to high heating power, while the temperature profile can be varied by a power variation in the middle, second heating element, so that the entry of the medium to be evaporated into the evaporation area in the flow-through channels is specifically shifted along the longitudinal axis of the channel as required can be.
- the second heating element is advantageously designed to be freely controllable, while the first and third heating elements can each not be designed to be controllable.
- all the heating elements can be freely adjustable and therefore independently controllable. This allows a very precise and targeted setting of the temperature profile and the steam outlet temperature.
- the heating elements can preferably extend across a plurality of flow channels, in particular perpendicularly to the direction of flow of the medium.
- the heating device can have one or more layers, each of which comprises a number of channels for a heat transfer medium for setting the temperature profile.
- These layers are preferably formed using microstructure technology and the corresponding channels as microchannels.
- the thermal energy required to heat and / or evaporate the medium is provided not via electrical heating elements but via a corresponding heat transfer medium, which can be designed, for example, as a liquid such as oil or the like.
- a corresponding heat transfer medium which can be designed, for example, as a liquid such as oil or the like.
- the channels of the layers and the flow channels of the flow layers can advantageously be oriented at an angle, preferably perpendicular to one another
- the channels of the layers and the flow channels of the flow layers are aligned parallel to one another.
- the medium to be heated or evaporated and the heat transfer medium if it is, for example, liquid or gaseous, can flow through the respective channels in parallel or in the "countercurrent principle".
- the individual channels of the layer can be flowed through with heat transfer media of different temperatures.
- the individual channels of the layers and the throughflow channels of the throughflow layers are preferably aligned in a “cross-flow design”. In this case it is necessary to set the respective temperature ranges of the temperature profile in the flowing medium along the flow device It is provided that in the corresponding areas of the heating device provided channels with different hot heat transfer media adapted to the respective temperature requirements are flowed through.
- the provision of different heat transfer media can be done in different ways. For example, it is possible to provide different sources with different heat transfer media. In such an embodiment, the respective channels are then connected to the corresponding sources of the heat transfer media.
- Condition can be passed through the intended channels of the heating device.
- the thermal energy stored by the heat transfer medium is released to the medium to be heated or evaporated.
- the heat transfer medium can be heated to the required temperature, for example, using electrical heating elements, suitable heat exchangers or the like.
- the channels of the layers can be coated catalytically.
- a reaction medium which exothermically reacts under the influence of the catalytic coating can be provided as the heat transfer medium.
- the channels of the heating device and the throughflow channels of the throughflow device are preferably aligned according to the "counterflow principle".
- the outlet area of the throughflow channels corresponds to the inlet area of the channels of the heating device.
- the reaction is weakest in the outlet area of the catalytically coated channels, since a large part of the reaction medium has already reacted beforehand. In the outlet area of the catalytically coated channels, only a relatively small amount of thermal energy is thus made available in accordance with the measurement requirements.
- catalytically coated channels and the flow channels are preferably in
- the channels of the layers can preferably have one or more regions, each with a different catalytic coating.
- the temperature profile can be specifically influenced by such a variation of the catalytic coating, for example a variation in the heating device in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the channels.
- At least one conveying device in particular a pump, can be provided in the feed line to the inlet opening of the throughflow channels.
- a conveying device can be used which only generates a slight excess pressure compared to the ambient pressure.
- Such conveyors are simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
- a temperature sensor can be provided in the feed line in the region of the inlet opening of the throughflow channels and / or in the outlet line in the region of the outlet opening of the throughflow channels. Via this temperature sensor or these temperature sensors, the temperatures of the medium when entering the device and when exiting the device can be detected become.
- the setting of the appropriate surface temperature in the throughflow channels can be controlled by recording the temperatures. If the temperature in the inlet area of the throughflow channels is approximately too high, the temperature in the inlet area can be reduced by correspondingly controlling the heating device, for example the respective electrical heating elements. In a corresponding manner, the temperature profile can also be varied to higher temperatures if this is necessary.
- a heating device can also be provided which, in addition to a heating device operated with a heat transfer medium, also comprises an electric heating device in the sense of an additional heating.
- a basic branch of the heating could be introduced via the heat transfer medium, while the required higher temperatures are generated in some areas via the particularly easily controllable electrical additional heating.
- Heating and / or evaporation of liquid or gaseous media is provided using a device according to the invention as described above, in which the medium to be heated and / or evaporated flows through one or more flow channels of at least one flow device and at least one heating device for providing thermal energy is connected to the at least one flow device in the sense of a heat exchanger, heated and / or evaporated.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the heating device for influencing the surface temperature in the flow channels in the flow direction of the medium is adjustable at least in individual areas independently of one another
- the medium is therefore exposed to differently high temperatures in different areas of the throughflow channels in the direction of flow.
- the invention provides that the temperature profile of the medium can be varied freely and independently of other areas, at least in individual areas of the flow channels.
- the surface temperature of the flow-through channels can advantageously be set in such a way that the lowest temperature prevails in the entrance region of the flow-through channels with regard to the desired temperature profile.
- an electrical heating device can be operated with correspondingly different electrical power in regions.
- the heat transfer medium can be guided into the respective inlet opening of the throughflow channels with a correspondingly different starting temperature in some areas.
- the variation of the flow rate of the heat transfer medium in individual flow channels compared to others can also be influenced
- a device according to the invention as described above and / or a method as described above according to the invention for heating and / or vaporizing a fuel and / or a fuel can be used particularly advantageously.
- a fuel cell system consists of
- a device for producing / processing the fuel is usually provided, in which the fuel is first produced or processed from a starting material (fuel).
- the device for producing / processing the fuel can advantageously have a number of reactor elements, for example an evaporator, a reformer, a shift reactor and a reactor for selective oxidation.
- the individual reactor elements are connected to one another via corresponding lines, so that the fuel flows through the individual reactor elements in succession during its generation or processing.
- At least one of the reactor elements, preferably the evaporator is designed as an inventive device as described above.
- Such an evaporator is required, for example, if hydrogen is to be reformed from methanol, gasoline, natural gas, ethanol or other liquid hydrocarbons. Heat must be supplied to the evaporator for operation.
- a fuel cell system as described above can advantageously be used in or for a vehicle. Due to the rapid development in fuel cell technology in the vehicle sector, such use currently offers particularly good applications. However, other possible uses are also conceivable. These include, for example, fuel cells for mobile devices such as computers or the like up to stationary facilities such as power plants. Fuel cell technology is also particularly suitable for the decentralized energy supply of houses, industrial plants or the like.
- the present invention is preferably used in connection with fuel cells with polymer membranes (PEM). These fuel cells have a high electrical efficiency, cause only minimal emissions, have an optimal part-load behavior and are essentially free of mechanical
- FIG. 1 is a highly schematic and simplified view of a device according to the invention for heating and / or evaporating media and various peripheral devices,
- Fig. 2 shows a schematic, side view of an inventive device for heating and / or evaporating media
- Fig. 3 is a schematic plan view of the entrance area of the device according to the invention, as shown in Figure 2.
- FIG. 1 shows a device 10 for heating and / or evaporating media, which in the present exemplary embodiment is designed as an evaporator for liquid media.
- the evaporator 10 can, for example, be part of a device (not shown) for generating / processing a fuel for a fuel cell system (also not shown).
- the invention is not restricted to this special application form, so that the device 10 can basically be used for all applications in which a liquid or gaseous medium is to be heated and / or evaporated.
- the device 10 is connected on its input side 11 to a feed line 13 via which the liquid medium to be evaporated, for example a fuel such as methanol, ethanol, gasoline or the like, which serves as the starting material for the fuel of a fuel cell, is introduced into the evaporator 10.
- the evaporator 10 On its output side 12, the evaporator 10 is connected to a discharge line 14, via which the fuel converted into the vapor state is discharged from the evaporator 10 and to other reactor elements, such as one not shown
- Reformer is fed.
- a delivery device 15 designed as a pump is provided in the feed line 13, with which a low overpressure compared to the ambient pressure can be generated.
- Supply line 13 and a temperature sensor 16, 17 are provided in the discharge line 14.
- the evaporator 10 is designed using microstructure technology. It has a total of three flow-through devices 20, each of which has two flow-through layers 21 with a number of flow-through channels 22.
- the throughflow layers 21 are in microstructure technology and the throughflow channels 22 are in the form of microchannels.
- the evaporator 10 is closed off with an upper cover element 40 and a lower cover element 41, respectively.
- Heating devices 30 are located between the individual flow devices 20 intended.
- the heating devices 30 each consist of a layer 31 in which a number of heating elements, in the present case three electrical heating elements 32, 33, 34, are arranged.
- the heating elements 32, 33, 34, the z. B. can be designed as heating coils, heating cartridges or the like are connected to an electrical power source, not shown. When electrical power is received from the electrical power source, the heating elements 32, 33, 34 heat up. The thermal energy generated in this way can be released to the through-flow channels 22 and there ensure a correspondingly high surface temperature.
- heating elements are provided per layer 31 in the example according to FIGS. 2 and 3, the invention is not restricted to this special number of heating elements.
- the use of electrical heating elements can be dispensed with.
- different layers with channels can be provided, the structure of which corresponds approximately to the flow-through layers 21 and the flow-through channels 22.
- a correspondingly suitable heat transfer medium at the temperature required for the desired surface temperature can then be passed through these channels.
- a total of two heating devices 30 are provided, which are arranged between the throughflow devices 20, so that an alternating layer sequence of one throughflow device 20 and one heating device 30 results.
- the medium to be evaporated enters the throughflow channels 22 as a medium inflow 42 from the feed line 13 shown in FIG. 1 via corresponding inlet openings 26. It then flows through the flow channels 22 in the flow direction D, that is, in the direction of the longitudinal axes of the flow channels 22. During the flow through the flow channels 22, the initially liquid medium is evaporated. The medium which has passed into the vapor state leaves the evaporator 10 or the flow channels 22 as Medium outflow 43 via corresponding outlet openings 27 of the throughflow channels 22. The now vaporous medium is then passed on via the discharge line 14 shown in FIG.
- Vapor bubble can form in the area of the inlet openings 26 of the throughflow channels 22, whereby flow through the throughflow channels 22 with the medium to be evaporated can be hindered or even prevented, is provided according to the invention in that the heating device 30 in the throughflow channels 22 in the flow direction D of the medium a profile of the surface temperatures is set so that the medium flowing through the through-flow channels 22 is exposed to sections of differently high temperatures in different areas of the through-flow channels 22
- this is achieved by the heating elements 32, 33, 34
- Heating elements are aligned perpendicular to the throughflow channels 22 and each extend over all throughflow channels 22 of the associated throughflow layers 21. In this way, an evaporator 10 is created in which the thermal energy generated and provided by the heating elements 32, 33, 34 is applied in sections to the Flow channels 22 flowing through, to be evaporated
- the individual heating elements 32, 33, 34 can be regulated freely and independently of one another.
- T3 can be set, T1 being the temperature in the inlet area 23 of the throughflow channels 22, T3 being the temperature in the outlet area 24 of the throughflow channels 22 and T2 being the temperature in the area 25 between the inlet area 23 and the outlet area 24 of the throughflow channels 22
- the heating element 32 is heated only slightly, so that the lowest temperature with regard to the temperature profile is set in the inlet area 23.
- This temperature T1 is to be selected so that the medium to be evaporated is heated but not already evaporated. In this way, the medium to be evaporated can preheat, but enter the through-flow channels 22 while still in a liquid state. Furthermore, it is ensured that the liquid medium remains in the liquid state in the entire inlet area 23 of the flow channels 22.
- the heating element 34 corresponding to the outlet area 24 of the flow channels 22 can be subjected to very high heating power, while the temperature profile in the area 25 of the flow channels 22 can be varied by a power variation in the middle heating element 33. In this way, the place where the medium, which was still liquid up to that point, begins to change into the vapor state, can be moved forwards or backwards within the through-flow channels 22, as required. If the heating element 33 is subjected to only a low heating power, this means that the surface temperature prevailing in the flow channels 22 and consequently also the temperature T2 of the medium is low, as a result of which the evaporation of the liquid medium is reduced or suspended. If, on the other hand, the heating element 33 is subjected to a high heating line, the surface temperature in the throughflow channels 22 will also increase, so that a larger proportion of the liquid medium is evaporated in the region 25.
- the setting and control of the respective heating elements 32, 33, 34 can take place via corresponding control signals which are generated via temperature measurements with the aid of the temperature sensors 16, 17.
- the heating element 32 is subjected to such a heating power that the still liquid medium flowing through the flow channels 22 is exposed to a surface temperature at which it heats up to a temperature T1, however is not yet evaporated. After the still liquid medium has left the inlet area 23 of the throughflow channels 22, it comes into the area of influence of the heating element 33.
- This heating element 33 is subjected to an increased heating power, so that the still liquid medium in the area 25 of the throughflow channels 22 following the entry area 23 is exposed to a surface temperature above the evaporation temperature T2 to be evaporated.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10010400 | 2000-02-28 | ||
DE10010400A DE10010400C2 (de) | 2000-02-28 | 2000-02-28 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Erhitzen und/oder Verdampfen flüssiger oder gasförmiger Medien |
PCT/DE2001/000700 WO2001065618A2 (de) | 2000-02-28 | 2001-02-19 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum erhitzen und/oder verdampfen flüssiger oder gasförmiger medien |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1261993A2 true EP1261993A2 (de) | 2002-12-04 |
Family
ID=7633380
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01925289A Withdrawn EP1261993A2 (de) | 2000-02-28 | 2001-02-19 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum erhitzen und/oder verdampfen flüssiger oder gasförmiger medien |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1261993A2 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2001252100A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10010400C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2001065618A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6805846B2 (en) * | 2001-06-18 | 2004-10-19 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Compact reactor capable of being charged with catalytic material for use in a hydrogen generation/fuel cell system |
JP3891131B2 (ja) | 2002-03-29 | 2007-03-14 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | 化学反応装置及び電源システム |
TW592830B (en) * | 2002-03-29 | 2004-06-21 | Casio Computer Co Ltd | Chemical reaction apparatus and power supply system |
JP4048864B2 (ja) | 2002-07-29 | 2008-02-20 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | 小型化学反応装置およびその製造方法 |
JP3979219B2 (ja) | 2002-08-07 | 2007-09-19 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | 小型化学反応装置 |
DE10335451A1 (de) | 2003-08-02 | 2005-03-10 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Verfahren zur Entfernung von flüchtigen Verbindungen aus Stoffgemischen mittels Mikroverdampfer |
DE102005017452B4 (de) | 2005-04-15 | 2008-01-31 | INSTITUT FüR MIKROTECHNIK MAINZ GMBH | Mikroverdampfer |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5600052A (en) * | 1994-05-02 | 1997-02-04 | Uop | Process and apparatus for controlling reaction temperatures |
US5811062A (en) * | 1994-07-29 | 1998-09-22 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Microcomponent chemical process sheet architecture |
DE19523972C1 (de) * | 1995-06-30 | 1996-08-08 | Siemens Ag | Brennstoffzellenanlage und Verfahren zu ihrem Betrieb |
US6200536B1 (en) * | 1997-06-26 | 2001-03-13 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Active microchannel heat exchanger |
WO1999034464A2 (de) * | 1997-12-28 | 1999-07-08 | Klaus Rennebeck | Brennstoffzelleneinheit |
DE19963594C2 (de) * | 1999-12-23 | 2002-06-27 | Mannesmann Ag | Vorrichtung in Mikrostrukturtechnik zum Hindurchleiten von Medien sowie Verwendung als Brennstoffzellensystem |
-
2000
- 2000-02-28 DE DE10010400A patent/DE10010400C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-02-19 AU AU2001252100A patent/AU2001252100A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-02-19 WO PCT/DE2001/000700 patent/WO2001065618A2/de active Application Filing
- 2001-02-19 EP EP01925289A patent/EP1261993A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO0165618A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE10010400A1 (de) | 2001-09-06 |
DE10010400C2 (de) | 2002-10-31 |
AU2001252100A1 (en) | 2001-09-12 |
WO2001065618A2 (de) | 2001-09-07 |
WO2001065618A3 (de) | 2002-02-14 |
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