Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
  • G06Q40/08—Insurance

Definitions

• the present invention is generally related to risk assessment systems used in the evaluation of insurable loss exposures and, in particular, to a comprehensive-risk analysis system capable of performing a multi-level analysis of exposure based ratings that are site-specific.
• PML probable maximum loss
• Determining the PML for a property is conventionally treated as an evaluation of the costs likely to be incurred in response to a particular loss event. For example, this valuation is typically determined simply as the replacement cost of restoring a property in the event of a flood or rebuilding a structure following a fire.
• An insurance rating is then determined based on an actuarial analysis of the likelihood of any particular loss event.
• Agents have been able to collect property related information through screening of externally available information into an electronic application form.
• the threshold criteria determined by a carrier or group of carriers directly identifies the information to be collected by the agent in initiating the underwriting process.
• Other programs have been developed to assist in the determination of whether any particular property is exposed to a natural disaster hazard.
• Given a property addresses typically once converted to latitude and longitude coordinates, computer systems can evaluate public or commercially available proprietary topographical map databases to determine if the property is within a defined natural hazard risk area.
• Conventional map databases are known to exist for flood, earthquake, tornado, and other natural disaster risks. Databases, containing zoning and other building related information, are also known to exist.
• these databases are developed and made publically accessible by the governmental agencies responsible for collecting and disseminating the corresponding information.
• governmental agencies responsible for collecting and disseminating the corresponding information Typically more extensively informed proprietary databases of zoning and building related data also exist and are commercially accessible.
• the different programs used to access and evaluate the information contained in these public and proprietary databases are typically dedicated to the analysis of the corresponding type of retrieved data.
• the scope and detail of the information produced from these databases conventionally makes any form of evaluation rather specialized.
• the sophistication of the various carriers in establishing their basic insurability criteria is rather low compared to the level of information that might be obtained from the detailed analysis of one or more different databases.
• a general purpose of the present invention is to provide a comprehensive risk-assessment system supporting the identification, qualification, and rating for a particular property.
• This is achieved in the present invention by providing a system, executable by a general purpose computer, that includes a plurality of risk- modeling software engines, a model data conversion engine, and a rating evaluation engine.
• Risk-modeling software engines provide for the evaluation of respective property loss risk factors to generate model result data based on a site-specific description of a predetermined property.
• the model data conversion engine stores a plurality of insurability profiles that define respective sets of predetermined loss risk-factor base criteria, with each of the insurability profiles corresponding to an insurance source.
• the model data conversion engine is coupled to receive the model result data and is operative to select a qualified insurance source by providing for the adaptive conversion and comparison of the model result data against the sets of predetermined loss risk-factor base criteria to select a predetermined insurance source.
• the rating evaluation engine coupled to receive the model result data and the predetermined insurance source, then autonomously generates a site-specific insurability rating for the predetermined property based on the model result data.
• Another advantage of the present invention is that it manages underwriting profiles and autonomously provides for the selective mapping of the risk assessment data to these underwriting profiles to identify and fully qualify a specific property for insurance by a particular insurance carrier.
• a further advantage of the present invention is thatthe present invention provides for the autonomous interpretation of the generated risk assessment data in order to determine whether the threshold acceptability criteria of a particular underwriting profile, having some particular if not unique qualification requirement, is met.
• the quality and nature of the risk assessment data supports multiple levels of refinements to the acceptability criteria, permitting carriers to offer their underwriting services based on different and better risk assessments of the potential loss associated with a particular property.
• the risk assessment data is generated and fully valid on a site-specific basis.
• the risk assessment data generated for individual hazards is actuarially valid within a statistical scope that is defined by a specific property and the nature of the hazard. Consequently, dependencies between or shared in the modeling of individual hazards does not change the validity of the risk assessment data produced.
• Still another advantage of the present invention is that the risk assessment data provided by multiple, independent hazards models can be collectively processed to generate fully integrated risk assessment data that reflects the potential combined loss and damage factors that define the exposures of a particular property.
• a yet further advantage of the present invention is that utilization of the system implementing the present invention allows identification and selection of the most cost-efficient and protections-appropriate insurance coverages for a specific property.
• Changes in the underwriting profiles and in any of the underwriting ratings can be autonomously detected and used to initiate or re- initiate the ranked selection of underwriting profiles for a specific property.
• the insurance beneficiary of a property can perform an essentially, if not actual, one-click acceptance and binding of a new or revised insurance contract.
• Figure 1 illustrates multiple different systems for performing property risk analysis and underwriting, including a system implementing a preferred embodiment of the present invention
• Figure 2 shows an initial, site-specific hazards risk analysis and presentation system for a preferred embodiment of the present invention
• Figure 3 shows a detailed, site-specific hazards risk analysis, presentation and underwriting system for a preferred embodiment of the present invention
• Figure 4 provides ⁇ detailed view of the system and process of developing detailed, site-specific hazards risk anglyses convertible to underwriter specific property assessment profiles
• Figure 5 provides a detailed view of the system and process of developing ratings data based on site-specific underwriting parameters
• Figure 6 shows a process of binding an underwritten risk protection policy based on a site specific analysis of property hazards.
• the present invention provides for the comprehensive assessment of risks for a defined property and attendant structures in connection with the selection of an insurance carrier and the binding of insurance for the defined property.
• the autonomous operation and comprehensive function of the present invention allows an ordinary individual client-user to access the implementing computer system, identify a potentially insurable property, and obtain an initial evaluation of the risk factors that may or will affect the insurability determination and insurance rating of the property.
• the invention further permits and supports the election to automatically select one or more qualifying underwriters and develop the corresponding insurance ratings for the property for consideration by the client-user.
• the present invention enables the client-user to qualify for and fully bind an insurance contract against any carrier selected by the client- user.
• a number of systems 10 may be accessed by a client-user computer system 1 2 through a communications network 14.
• This network 14 may be a proprietary wide-area or point-to-point connection and, preferably in relation to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, is ⁇ secure network connection established over the Internet 14 or other similar public wide-area network.
• the client-user is typically an agent or broker.
• This client-user operates, directly or indirectly, a computer system 1 8 to execute a proprietary software application 20 to collect specific information required by a specific insurance carrier.
• a private database 22 is typically used in connection with the application 20 to screen against a proprietary set of risk factors before accepting an application for insurance.
• the agent/broker must not only provide the specific information required by the application in the specific form and format required, the system 1 6 is typically capable of only providing a print-out of the qualified insurance application. The services of the agent/broker are still required in order to complete the underwriting process.
• Other prior art computer systems such as the computer system 24 directly support the process of actually binding the insurance contract.
• a computer system 26 executes a proprietary application 28 that again operates against a private database 30 to support the preparation of an electronic application for insurance.
• the application 28 requires the specific property- related information to be supplied in a specific form and format.
• the informational requirements of the application 28 are predefined.
• the application is therefore unable to accept property information that is in a form or format that is any different from that defined by the application 28. Nonetheless, where the required information can be provided in on acceptable form, and that information meets the requirements of the insurance carrier - that the property is insurable - the application 28 is then capable of operating 32 as a binding agent by identifying a corresponding insurance rating and, if accepted, committing the binding of the insurance contract 34.
• the system 24 is not, however, autonomous.
• the client-user is conventionally required to be an agent or broker in order to interface with or operate the system 24. This high level of sophistication is required to ensure that appropriate information be collected and provided to the system 24 as necessary to meet the rigid dota requirements of the application 28.
• the present invention includes a computer 38, preferably configured as a Web server, that executes an application 40 that autonomouslyfunctions to implement a comprehensive risk assessment system capable of evaluating potentially insurable risks in regard to an identified property.
• the application 40 is preferably a combination of programs including an HTTP server, a set of modeling engines, and servlets that operate to establish access to local and external databases 42, 44, 46, to communicate with various binding authorities 48 capable of securing 50 payments and to overall integrate these programs into the application 40. Since the operation of the application 40 is autonomous, as enabled by the present invention, there are no significant restrictions or requirements placed on the client-user. Thus, a conventional Web enabled client computer system 1 2 with access through the Internet 14 is sufficient to fully utilize the system 36.
• the preferred implementing process of the present invention provides for an initial analysis of the risks, potential for insurability, and likely insurance rating of an identified property.
• This process is preferably implemented through the execution of the application 40 by the computer system 38.
• a client-user 12 preferably provides an identification of a property by entry of a fully qualified address, the type of structure to be insured, such as house, condominium, or apartment, the size of the structure, preferably in terms of squ ⁇ re footage, the age of the structure, and the structural foundation type. Some unique identification of the client-user is also obtained.
• a client-user record is created and stored in a user database 64 that is proprietary to the system 38. The collected information is then provided to a hazards evaluation engine 66.
• the hozgrds evaluation engine 66 may include any number of different specialized risk modeling engines 68-86. These individual engines 68-86 are preferably implemented as software components with well-defined data input requirements and produce equally well defined sets of risk data. The particular features and content of the risk data produced by any particular engine 68-86 is highly dependant on the nature and operation of the particular software engine.
• the individual engines 68-86 can be generally categorized as those that operate to model the risk exposure to specific loss events (Loss Event), those that support the operation of the risk specific models (Support), and those that provide additional information used to qualify the risk assessments provided by the risk specific models (Qualification).
• Loss Event the risk exposure to specific loss events
• Purport the operation of the risk specific models
• Quantification the risk assessments provided by the risk specific models
• the initial property disclosure information is processed through the geographic coding engine to identify the property in an unambiguous coordinate system.
• This siting information along with the available information describing the structure located at that site, is then provided directly to the loss event engines as discrete input data. That is, the siting information is specifically not aggregated by value, geographic rating area, zone or other general qualification factors.
• the siting information is similarly provided discretely to the qualification engines.
• the information generated by the qualification engines is therefore based on or determined relative to the specific site and structure being analyzed.
• the loss event engines initialize their software models using the siting and structure data. Additional input data is obtained, as needed, from the qualification engines. Other data that is used in the modeling operation is stored in databases dedicated to the particular engines.
• the quake engine 70 preferably locates the site relative to known faults and models out the likely frequency and severity of particular fault ruptures. As part of this analysis, the quake engine 70 relies on information obtained from the map information engine 76 to physically locate known faults relative to the target site and to determine distances between the target site and specific faults. For example, the map information engine 76 may provide data identifying the Alquist-Priolo fault hazard zones, which can be used to simply determine whether the target site is inside a known fault rupture area. Other data directly accessible by the quake engine 70 includes soils data and data describing geologic formations that may exist at the target site and near faults.
• This other data is preferably used to determine the geologic nature of the site, such as the underlying soil type and responsiveness to earthquake motions, and the earth materials that extend between the target site and different selected faults, which may gmplify the shaking level experienced at the target site in response to any particular event.
• the quake engine is thus capable of providing a wide range of detailed output information specifically concerning the target site.
• This information preferably includes: (1 ) the soil type at the target site; (2) distance from the site to the closest known fault; (3) name of that closest fault; (4) distance from the site to the closest known controlling fault, which is the fault that presents the greatest threat of damage to the target property, (5) magnitude of largest event expected on the controlling fault within a defined period of time; (6) the mean shaking level gt the tgrget site expected in response to on event on the controlling foult; (7) multiple statistics on the expected damage level that will be incurred by the structure on the target site in response to an event on the controlling fault; (8) multiple statistics on the probabilistic damage level for that will be incurred by the structure on the target site as a result of all events on all known faults; and (9) the distance from the target site, fault name, mggnitude of the lorgest expected event, gnd the shaking level at the site from the largest expected event for each of the ten closest faults.
• each of the individual hazard engines 68-86 operate on the basis of a particular coordinate location of a particular property.
• the site-specific nature of the information used by any of the engines 68-86 and, in turn, finally generated by at least the loss event engines 68-74 is maintained through out the operation of the hazard engine 66.
• the detailed and site-specific information produced by the hazard engine 66 of the present invention is processed through a model data conversion engine 90.
• This engine 90 operates initially to process the data generated by the hazard engine 66 into a compiled data set 92 that can then be evaluated by an underwriting engine 94 and a rating engine 96.
• This compiled data set 92 is also preferably stored in the user database 64 for subsequent reference in connection with the client-user record.
• the underwriting engine 94 stores and operates over a set of underwriting profiles that establish the base criteria of different carriers for the issuance of particular insurance policies.
• the model data conversion engine 90 interoperates with the underwriting engine 94 to match and filter the detailed data produced by the hazard engine 66 to produce data sets whose information maps to the particular criteria of the underwriting profiles.
• a matched and filtered data set contains the relevant data in a form that can be directly evaluated against the profile criteria.
• a particular carrier's insurability profile criteria may require that the target property not be subject to a shaking level of greater than a specific value on a defined earthquake shaking scale, such as perhaps 8.5 on the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale.
• the criteria may also require that any structure on the property have a "Grade-Y" rating, in the carrier's defined terminology, reflecting a likely level of damage at the threshold shaking level.
• the quake engine 70 may directly produce a shaking level value using the same shaking scale specified in the insurability profile. Other shaking level values on other scales may glso be produced for potential use in regard to other profiles.
• the quake engine 70 may generate one or more different characterizations of the percentage likely damage for the structure. While a direct correspondence between the shaking criteria of the insurance profile and the data produced by the quake engine 70 exists, no direct data correspondence exists for determining whether the structure meets the "Grade-Y" rating profile requirement.
• the model data conversion engine 90 in accordance with the present invention, not only identifies the particular shaking data that is to be considered against the insurability profile, but also provides for an acceptable conversion between an appropriate, or closest comparable, percentage damage characterization produced by the quake engine 70 and the carrier's particularly defined damage rating scale.
• the definition of the conversion for any particular carrier may be implemented as a simple business rule or ⁇ complex expert system process, operating from a database 98 of conversion rules and data, defined in regard to particular carriers.
• the underwriting engine 94 performs a series of insurability criteria profile comparisons to identify any qualifying carriers.
• the identification of the qualified carriers and the data sets are then provided to a rating engine 96.
• the proposed insurance premiums for the different carriers are produced.
• This production is of estimated premiums, since the information provided by the user in the initial property disclosure 62 is generally insufficient to fully describe the property and structure that is proposed for insurance.
• the qualifying carriers and the proposed premiums are compiled together 92 with summary explanations of the hazards identified through the execution of the hazard engine 66.
• This compiled information is then preferably presented to the client-user as a preliminary results display 100.
• the risk assessment of a given property, including the evaluation of the potential insurability and rating of the property, as described to this point is preferably presented as a free pubic service accessible over the Internet 14 to any client-user 1 2.
• a continuation of that process, as generally illustrated in Figure 3, is preferably subject to the payment of a fee for the development of a comprehensive risk assessment and presentation of a formal quote for insurance.
• the requirement of a fee is, however, not essentiol, but rather merely preferred gs a method of covering the cost of third-party services desired or required by insurance carriers in order to complete an application for insurance.
• This fee is preferably waived where a qualified application for insurance is submitted for binding. If the client-user indicates, from the preliminary results display 1 00, that a formal quote for insurance coverage is desired, the client-user is presented with a detailed property disclosure screen 1 1 2.
• the client-user is directed to enter, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a full identification of the client-user, at least sufficient to enable an electronic funds transfer to cover the fee, and a detailed identification of the property presented for insurance.
• This identification is preferably sufficient to establish the specific nature of the property and any structure to be covered by insurance. Additionol information regarding the condition, surroundings, and construction of the structure, as well as past insurance coverage and claims made can be obtained as part of the detailed property disclosure.
• the property identification is preferably obtained through a generalized set of questions, such as shown in Table II:
• the information collected through the detailed property disclosure is compiled 1 14 and associated with the user record as stored in the user database 64.
• this compilation 1 14 of the property data is checked and supplemented 1 1 6 by accessing public databases 1 1 8.
• the information compiled by public assessors which is often available electronically, contains property information, often including specific property tract metes and bounds, lot size, and easement data, structure information, including building age, construction type, zoning, and occupancy data. Other information, such as title and foreclosure status, can also be checked 1 1 6 and used to supplement the detailed property disclosure information that is compiled 1 14 for a particular property.
• Commercial services 1 20, 1 22 are available to be checked for particular information to complete the detailed property disclosure 1 1 2.
• These services may include a claims history database service 1 20, which allows the insurance and claims history for a particular property to be checked.
• Other services 1 22 may be accessed to check the credit worthiness of a pgrticulgr g pplicant for insurance.
• the fees for using these commercial services are preferably charged to the insurance applicant through the execution of an e- commerce transaction with a credit card transaction clearing service.
• the informotion obtoined through these services, os well as the details of the credit card transaction are stored in the user database 64 in connection with the user record.
• the information compiled 1 1 4 through the detailed property disclosure process of the present invention is quite detailed and substantially beyond, in many respects, the level of detail required by commercial underwriters for the conditional binding of an insurance policy.
• the binding is conditioned on an inspection of the property through a manual review of the relevant property records and, in many instances, an actual physical property inspection.
• This inspection represents a significant, though perhaps indirect, cost to the insurance carrier.
• the present invention is fully supportive of the current underwriting practices in regard to the need for detailed property inspections, the present invention also supports a more detailed initial property evaluation that is capable of substantially if not completely eliminating the records review portion of conventional property inspections.
• the data compiled for a particular property including the previously collected and model data converted hazard data sets, are submitted to an underwriting engine 1 26 to formally qualify the target property and structures against the underwriting criteria of the insurance carriers known to the underwriting engine 1 26.
• the identity of the qualifying carriers and the compiled property information relevantto determining carrier specific insurance ratings for the torget property is then preferably passed to the ratings generation engine 1 28.
• Conventional ratings qualifications such as the presence of smoke detectors and sprinklers, the type of building foundation, and age of the structure, are evaluated in a conventional manner to produce insurance ratings for the property in respect to each of the identified insurance carriers.
• the resulting rating information is then again added to the compiled 1 14 property information.
• a formal quote from one or more carriers is then preferably displayed 1 30 to the client- user. Alternately, an explanation of why the target property is not insurable is displayed 1 32 to the client-user.
• a hazards re-evaluation 124 may be conducted using the full compiled set of property information obtained through the detailed property disclosure process.
• the hazards re-evaluation 1 24 preferably entails a resubmission of property and structure related data to the hazard engine 66.
• the quake engine 70 is provided with more detailed information regarding the property and structure, which allows a more detailed modeling of the likely damage that will be caused by any particular level of shaking.
• the detailed information provided as part of the re-evaluation preferably includes whether the structure is of single or multi-story construction, the remediated age of the foundation and structural shear walls, and the percentage or portion of the structure that may have been reconstructed by choice or building code requirement.
• This additional detailed information allows the quake engine 70 to produce a significantly more accurate projection of the maximum likely damage to the structure in response to a quake.
• the compiled detailed property information allows the wind, fire, and flood model engines 68, 72, 74 to greatly increase their accuracy in projecting damages.
• the accuracy of the comprehensive risk assessment may be substantially increased by co-evaluation of the risk assessments produced by the individual hazard engines 68-74, in combination with the information provided by the support and qualification engines 76-86. That is, the probable maximum loss arising from any particular loss-event is preferably determined from both primary and secondary hazard events.
• the primary hazard event is considered to be the direct cause of the loss-event and is likely the direct source of the largest component of the probable maximum loss for the loss- event.
• secondary hazards either caused by or occurring as a consequence of the primary hazard are also evaluated to determine corresponding secondary aggregate contributions to the probable maximum loss due to the loss-event.
• This aggregating risk analysis cgn therefore provide o very g ccurate gssessment of the risk exposure for o cgrrier in underwriting the insurance for the target property and structure.
• the specific performance of the aggregate risk analysis is highly subject to the detailed hazard assessment data produced by the individual hazard engines 68-86.
• a rules based modeling system or other expert system is utilized to examine and evaluate different risk scenarios to determine different likelihoods of loss. Exemplary scenarios include: 1 .
• the compiled data 1 1 is supplied directly to the underwriting engine 1 26.
• the compiled data 1 14 is again provided to the hazard engine 66 for re-evaluation 1 24.
• the resulting detailed hazard descriptive information is provided to the model data conversion engine 90.
• the model data conversion engine 90 Based on the different insurance profile criteria stored or accessible through the underwriting engine 126, the model data conversion engine 90 again develops model datg converted dota sets based on the hazard engine produced model data.
• These data sets preferably differ from the previously generated data sets in that they contain additional information that may at least be optionally considered in the operation of the underwriting engine 1 26 to determine the acceptability of the target property for underwriting.
• This additional information is also provided to and is more likely to be considered significantly in the operation of the ratings generation engine 1 28.
• the ratings generation engine 1 28 may utilize this additional information specifically in the process of identifying so-called insurance surcharges, which are represented as insurance premium add-ons used to adjust the base premium rate or rating for the property for specific choracteristics of the property or structure to be insured.
• the hgzgrds dgtg produced through the re- evolugtion 1 24, other compiled dotg, and model data converted data sets are made available to an aggregate hazard model engine 142.
• This engine 142 implements the rules-based or expert systems engine that performs the aggregate hazards analysis in accordance with the present invention.
• the aggregate analysis results is again provided to the underwriting engine 1 26, preferably in the form of the model data converted data sets and extended data that may be used by the underwriting engine 1 26 and ratings generation engine 1 28.
• the ratings generation engine 1 28 operates to generate formal insurance ratings for each underwriter considered.
• the process of obtaining ratings information may and, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, does involve accessing information from any of a number of potential sources.
• the determination of whether additional information is desired depends on the particular underwriters identified and knowledge of the different information access channels that are available to the ratings generation engine 1 28.
• Conventional insurance standard ratings schedules 1 52 may be locally accessible by the ratings generation engine 1 28.
• the ratings generation engine moy be provided with access 1 54 to publically available ratings schedules, provided either by the different carriers or public agencies that monitor the activities of particular carriers.
• the ratings generation engine may also have access to third-party commercial services 156 that, through subscription arrangements both specific carriers and their agents and brokers, provide detailed digests of the ratings information for those specific insurance carriers.
• Some insurance carriers may also offer access to their own computer systems, specifically to obtain rating information, by supporting trusted middleware systems 158 or direct connections through proprietary interfaces 1 60.
• insurance carriers may in the future provide their ratings schemes or schedules to qualified agents and brokers in a well-defined standard form, such as XML distributions, for use by their agents and brokers.
• These distributions 1 54 are preferably available electronically through repository sites or directly from sites operated by the different carriers.
• the ratings generation engine 1 28 preferably utilizes the property identification, related data sets, and any additional information provided, as in the case of the level-two and level- three property evaluations, to generate a corresponding insurance rating for the target property and structure.
• the final binding process 1 70 for the target property is shown in Figure 6. From the formal quote display 1 30, the client-user is able to select a particular insurance policy for purchase 1 72. Upon confirmation of the policy selection and determination to purchase, a conventional online-credit transaction is initiated to obtain the funds necessary to secure the binding of the insurance. The selected carrier is notified 1 78 of the binding and provided with the corresponding application for insurance.

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• 2001
  • 2001-02-22 JP JP2001562424A patent/JP2003524267A/ja active Pending
  • 2001-02-22 WO PCT/US2001/005787 patent/WO2001063534A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2001-02-22 EP EP01911126A patent/EP1259921A1/fr not_active Withdrawn

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