EP1234281A2 - Systeme de dessin infographique tridimensionnel - Google Patents

Systeme de dessin infographique tridimensionnel

Info

Publication number
EP1234281A2
EP1234281A2 EP00973383A EP00973383A EP1234281A2 EP 1234281 A2 EP1234281 A2 EP 1234281A2 EP 00973383 A EP00973383 A EP 00973383A EP 00973383 A EP00973383 A EP 00973383A EP 1234281 A2 EP1234281 A2 EP 1234281A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ball
stick
objects
cursor
accordance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00973383A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Dent-De-Lion Du Midi
Steffen Toksvig
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IDO SYSTEMS AS
Original Assignee
IDO SYSTEMS Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by IDO SYSTEMS Inc filed Critical IDO SYSTEMS Inc
Publication of EP1234281A2 publication Critical patent/EP1234281A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T11/00—2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
    • G06T11/20—Drawing from basic elements, e.g. lines or circles
    • G06T11/206—Drawing of charts or graphs

Definitions

  • This invention generally relates to the field of computer graphics. More particularly, it relates to systems for three-dimensional (3D) drawing of ball and stick objects based on a well- defined set of graphics primitives and rules.
  • Prior art computer-based drawing systems range from free-form "'paint” programs, to "drawing” and “charting” programs based on predefined shapes and objects which may be sized and dragged into position in a graphical work in process with a suitable interface device, such as a mouse, to professional computer-aided design (CAD) systems, where complex, precise drawings may be created in either two or three dimensions.
  • CAD computer-aided design
  • molecular modeling programs that have been developed for scientific applications, but these have been developed for the specific purposes of representing a relatively small range of graphic figures, and have not been adapted for general, free-form drawing purposes.
  • the structural elements of a model may consist only of ball objects and stick objects, the ball objects having a center; the stick objects having two ends and a longitudinal axis; and said ball and stick objects being of variable size.
  • Each stick object is connectable to a ball object at the respective ends of the stick, at the surface of the ball.
  • Stick objects may exist only between balls.
  • Stick objects may (but need not) touch each other at or about the point of connection to a ball, but otherwise cannot intersect.
  • each stick object points toward or approximately toward the respective centers or approximate centers of the balls attached to its respective ends.
  • the ball objects either have a solid color, are transparent, or have text or texture.
  • the system is preferably implemented using a portable 3D graphics library, so as to promote platform independence.
  • a portable 3D graphics library is used, and implementations J exist for the Apple® iMacTM (currently most preferred) and Windows® 98/NT platforms (in the latter case, preferably with hardware support for OPEN GL graphics, such as a 3 Dfx® or similar game or graphics-oriented video processor).
  • the system may be readily ported to other systems that implement OPEN GL and/or ported so as to use other 3D graphics libraries.
  • system is readily adapted to creating abstract depictions of any system in which elements are organized hierarchically (or more generally, as a "network” or a "graph"), resulting in 3D informational structures.
  • Information from conventional information structures may be directed into a corresponding 3D structure and then manipulated in accordance with the facilities provided by the invention.
  • the system provides professional quality facilities for modeling such information systems.
  • GUI graphic user interface
  • the system also provides a range of coordinated graphic user interface (GUI) controls, most of them being themselves 3D objects. These facilities are used for (among other purposes) providing realtime manipulation of ball and stick objects in 3D.
  • the included controls provide facilities for "extruding" a new ball and stick from an existing ball; 3D control "widgets,” in which 3D elements within the control are accessed and moved three dimensionally in order to operate the control; 3D color palates; transparent controls that are fully functional but do not hide the work which appears underneath; and context- sensitive "sub-cursors.”
  • the system is currently adaptable as an entertainment/learning program for pre-schoolers and K-5 children; a 3D drawing program for family use; and as a 3D drawing environment for professional modeling.
  • the system can also render musical notation and may be used in connection with composing and scoring.
  • the ball and stick figures generated by the system can also be used as designs for toys, furniture, playground equipment and architectural objects.
  • Figures 1A - 1M show a set of thirteen representative drawings created with the system.
  • Figure 2 shows a ball and stick model in accordance with the present invention, depicting an animal-like figure, entitled "Chamelion”.
  • Figure 3 shows a ball and stick model in accordance with the present invention, depicting two bicycle riders, entitled “Bicycle”.
  • Figure 4 shows the information for a tree-structured hierarchical file directory which has been exported to a 3D ball and stick model in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is an illustration showing extrusion of a new ball and stick structure from an existing ball object.
  • Figure 6 shows a color palate control in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 7A shows a 3D slider control as implemented in the present invention
  • Figure 7B shows a "special effects” control showing control "transparency" in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 8 shows an example of a context-sensitive "sub cursor" as provided by the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a software block diagram of the invention.
  • Figure 10 is a block diagram showing the current structure of the "Development Kit” developed in connection with the invention.
  • Figure 11 is a diagram showing the object model employed in connection with the invention.
  • Figures 1A - 1M show a dozen examples of these drawings.
  • Figures 2 and 3 are larger-scale example drawings which have been entitled “Chamelion” and "Bicycle”. Each and every graphic element in these drawings (and all of the others) is either a ball or a stick (textured backgrounds are possible options, but are not preferred). All of the drawings in Figures 1, 2 and 3 conform to the following rules:
  • the structural elements of the drawing may consist only of ball objects and stick objects, the ball objects having a center; the stick objects having a longitudinal axis and two ends; and said ball and stick objects being of variable size.
  • Each stick object is connectable to a ball object at the respective ends of the stick, and at the surface of the ball.
  • Stick objects may exist only between balls.
  • Stick objects may (but need not) touch each other at the point of connection to a ball, but otherwise cannot intersect.
  • each stick object points toward the respective centers of the balls attached to its respective ends.
  • the ball objects either have a solid color, are transparent, or have text or texture.
  • balls may be polyhedral or any generally round object with or without precise spherical symmetry, the "center” of which may be approximate; sticks may be any generally elongate object, the longitudinal axis of which may be only approximate; intersection points may be at or about the points indicated in accordance with the foregoing rules; "solid" colors may be substantially solid, shaded, etc.; “transparent” objects may be substantially transparent or translucent, etc.
  • Sticks may be of solid color, but may also have dynamic coloring to indicate that there is a flow of information going through the sticks (i.e. change of color, movements in the color). Though described as three dimensional objects, the balls and sticks of the present invention may of course be rendered on a substantially two dimensional computer display.
  • the system of the present invention may be used to create the following types of drawings (sometimes referred to as "models"), among others: • Human forms
  • Figure 4 shows a hierarchical file directory structure that has been exported to the ball and stick structure of the present invention.
  • Many formats are available for the treatment of such an information structure.
  • each level of the directory may be viewable as a 3D object and rotated, resized and otherwise manipulated in accordance with the other features of the invention.
  • Each such level may be assigned a characteristic color.
  • Each level may be viewed from, for example, above or underneath, providing some variety from the usual conceptual or two dimensional tree representation.
  • the ball and stick structures of the present invention may be readily used to model not only hierarchical information, but any information that is logically presentable in network or graph form.
  • algorithms that are employed to traverse such structures such as, for example, depth-first or breadth-first or similar traversal algorithms that are well known in the art, may be used to import information into a ball and stick representation in accordance with the present invention.
  • a stick is added to the representation for each edge encountered in the data structure, and a ball is added for each node encountered. In this manner, the entire ball and stick structure for the information may be generated automatically, effectively importing it into the ball and stick model.
  • a drawing is started with a dog-bone shaped element called from a model library, consisting of one stick and two balls. Thereafter, new elements may be added by a process called "extrusion".
  • the mouse In order to extrude a new ball and stick, the mouse is positioned on any ball, the mouse button is clicked, and a new ball and stick may be dragged out of the surface of the existing ball. This is shown in Figure 5, where new ball 522 on the end of new stick 521 has just been extruded from existing ball 501.
  • Mouse cursor 531 is shown on ball 522, which it is “dragging" away from ball 501, thereby lengthening stick 521.
  • the new extruded ball and stick may be either left attached to the structure from which it was extruded, or the ball (or more complex object ending with a ball) separated from it, in which case the joining stick may be deleted.
  • that ball and stick (if left attached), or indeed any attached ball and stick element may be moved, and the stick lengthened or shortened, or made thinner or thicker. Balls may be expanded or collapsed in diameter, under either menu and/or mouse control.
  • Two models may be joined together, by extruding a ball and stick object from one model to the other, in which case the extruded ball will disappear into the targeted ball of the second model, leaving a stick junction between the two models.
  • ball and stick objects can be manipulated in three dimensions, including sideways, up-and-down and in and out spatial translation; rotation around any axis; and resizing.
  • Model color is controlled with a "colorpicker” color control which has itself been developed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • the control is a normal ball and stick model with a center ball 601 and ball and stick control elements 602, 603 attached.
  • a color gradient 605 exists on the surface of center ball 601.
  • the mouse is pointed (621) at one of the controls to move it over the surface of center ball 601. and as it moves, it takes on the color of the surface of the ball to which the control is attached.
  • the center ball 601 may be rotated to access colors on its entire surface, such as underneath or on its "back” side.
  • the cursor may be clicked on a control of the desired color 625 and applied to an on-screen model element 635.
  • FIG. 7A shows a slider control 701 constructed in such a manner.
  • Figure 7B shows a "special effects" control 711, which has a "transparency" feature shared by some of the other controls. That is, the panels of the control are semi-transparent.
  • special effects control 711 yet still see those portions of the work 712 that lies behind the control. This is in contrast to the usual situation, where the control often obscures the object being worked on with the control.
  • cursors context- sensitive cursor icons that change appearance and function based on the surrounding on-screen visual context and provide textual messages as to what the cursor can "do" in each such situation.
  • a cursor 801 comprises a principal cursor 802 and a sub cursor 803, that move with the mouse in a unitary manner.
  • Principal cursor 802 indicates a principal type of function that may be performed as the cursor is moved around the screen, such as moving, painting, etc.
  • the cursor 801 performs the function of principal cursor 802, and sub cursor 803 is not visible.
  • cursor 801 may be used to click and drag the ball to a new position.
  • the sub cursor 803 becomes visible, indicating that while at such location, cursor 801 will perform a different function.
  • sub cursor 803 appears in cursor 801. The effect of clicking and dragging while the cursor is in this state is to rotate the figure in the 3D environment, rather than effect linear translation.
  • Animation is provided for ball and stick models constructed in accordance with the invention through a process known as "inverse kinematics.”
  • Inverse kinematics is a process of calculating joint angles for figures by working backward mathematically from the desired end point or position for an articulated figure. See “Introduction to Inverse Kinematics” at http://www.tc. cornell.edu/Visualization/contnb/cs490-96to97/hoffman/ IK. html (accessed September 14. 1999), incorporated herein by reference.
  • Controls are provided for creating and playing back the animation effects. Movement may also be applied to the ball and stick models of the invention through a process of motion capture.
  • the invention has been implemented with a set of building blocks which have been inco ⁇ orated in a development kit (the "IDK").
  • the IDK may be used for further development of the system, and also to extend it.
  • the architecture of the system has been designed to supply enough functionality to make it comparatively easy to make applications and at the same time be flexible enough to allow application developers to use their existing tools and frameworks.
  • Figure 9 is a block diagram (itself a 3D graphic "information structure" in accordance with the invention) showing at a high level the architecture of the software for the invention.
  • the Object Model 901 is central to the invention.
  • the Object Model represents the set of possible objects that may be created and destroyed by the system.
  • the items in Figure 9 that are "connected" to the Object Model i.e.. the Window Manager 940, Graphics Engine 915, Audio Engine 905, File Format element 910, and Scripting Engine 950, reflect methods encapsulated in the various objects that may be created by the system.
  • the Audio Engine 905 generates sounds, drawing upon the native sound and Direct SoundTM APIs. As indicated, native sound APIs 906, Direct SoundTM 907 or MIDI 908 may be used.
  • the File Format element 910 is described in further detail below.
  • the Graphics Engine 915 generates the displays for graphical figures of the invention, and makes calls to OpenGL 920, Direct3DTM 925 or other renderer 930 that may be specific to the run-time platform (or the application).
  • the Window Manager 940 manages creation, display and destruction of windows, calling on the Open GL Utilities Toolkit (GLUT) 941 (which provides a portable API for Open GL), and on the native window API 942, as necessary and as supported on the specific run-time platform and/or application.
  • GLUT Open GL Utilities Toolkit
  • the Event Manager 945 manages asynchronous events such as mouse and keyboard actions.
  • the Scripting Engine 950 supports high-level script- based programming of the invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the "Development Kit” created in connection with the invention.
  • This architecture employed in such development consists of 4 distinct layers (from the bottom up):
  • the OS layer 1010 - This is the OS services native to the supported platform. These services are still available to an application, of course.
  • the IDK layer 1020 - This layer is the direct C++ interface to the services. AN application can use these services for maximum speed and/or build their own wrapper layers on top of it.
  • the Scripting layer 1030 - This is built on top of the IDK to support easy p-code scripting in the Python programming language. Doing this will enable the saving of scripting behavior in files across platforms, for instance.
  • the Application layer - This is the actual application. A typical application will use something from each layer.
  • the OS layer 1010 The OS layer 1010
  • the operating systems desired to be supported are very diverse.
  • the Macintosh and Windows 32 operating systems are in some respects similar, in that most of the services supplied on one of them can be found, in some variation, at least, on the other.
  • the need to support real-time platforms such as the Sony PlayStation® and other console operating systems introduce additional complexity, because the level and types of services that the operating system supplies are very different between a desktop operating system and a console operating system.
  • the IDK Layer 1020 The IDK Layer 1020
  • File Services 1021 - These services help the application to save and load files in the system's file format. If the application needs to define new entities that should be persistent, the File Services supply mechanisms to do this in a consistent way.
  • Network Services 1022 It is the aim of the IDK that as many of the services as possible should be network transparent, i.e. the application programmer shouldn't have to do anything special in order to make the code work across a network. However, it may not be possible to make it 100% transparent, so the network support library is made available to the application.
  • the Universe is the main object that every application instantiates. Here lies all the functionality of the rendering and audio subsystems, and the handling of networking. In a Universe can be any number of Worlds.
  • World 1120 A world is the conceptual space where all the action in the system takes place. A World is isolated from all other worlds, but many users and many assemblies can exists here.
  • An assembly is a collection of Elements owned by a User with a transformation matrix attached. An assembly can't be connected to other assemblies.
  • a user is the representation of an actor in the system.
  • a user can own assemblies and move assemblies and/or elements around, create and destroy objects.
  • An element is the atomic unit of the system, generally a ball. Events don't originate from a lower level than this. Elements can be connected to other elements by sticks (bonds).
  • the stick (sometimes called a "bond") is a connection between two elements. It has a diameter and can collide with elements and other sticks.
  • Actor Services 1025 This layer implements a user abstraction that can be actual human users or autonomous agents or anything in between that (cyborgs, e.g.). What distinguishes actors from the other objects in the system is that actors can manipulate the object model. This layer also contains the methods that deal with ownership in a networked environment and personalization.
  • the scripting layer is a layer written on top of the IDK layer that implements a text-based scripting language (Python) and exposes the IDK services in a scripting framework. This makes it possible to dynamically attach behavior to objects and save them across platforms. If all behavior were C++ code-based, there is no way to save a model's evolved characteristics in a file and load it on another platform later, and no means to transmit it across a network. Moreover, having a scripting layer makes it possible to make the IDK much more flexible.
  • Python is used in the scripting layer because it is a well-established, mature and open- source object-oriented scripting language that is available on a wide variety of platforms that can be easily embedded in a C++ application.
  • the file format used for drawings created with the system of this invention is a tag-based file format, like the Interchange File Format used on the Amiga and the Macintosh.
  • An IDOFF file consists of a sequence of tags.
  • a tag is an arbitrary amount of binary data prefixed with a tag header.
  • the tag header is 4 characters that identify the tag-type and 4 bytes that signify the tag length, in bytes. The assignee of the present application, defines all tags.
  • Endianess (data alignment) -
  • the length and all other data fields are in little-endian format as opposed to the IFF-format where all data is big-endian. Since PC's and PlayStations are both little-endian, approximately 90% of the machines that will read the system ' s files will be little-endian and there is no need to impose a conversion penalty on most applications.
  • the IDK handles the conversion transparently, but where it is necessary to convert, there will be a small performance impact.
  • Compression - The file header contains a flag signifying whether the file is compressed or not. If this flag is set, then the rest of the file is compressed using a stream based compression algorithm.
  • Encryption - The file header contains a flag signifying whether the file is encrypted or not. If this flag is set. the rest of the file is encrypted using a stream cipher, e.g. RC4. If both compression and encryption is to be used the compression is done first. The reason is that encryption tends to make the data look like uniformly distributed, random data. This compresses very poorly or not at all.
  • Compliance A reader for system files must skip any unknown tags. This is done by reading the first 8 bytes, checking them and skipping the length forward.
  • a program To be a compliant file reader a program must support the following tags: IDOH. COMM, AUTH. SKIP and LIST Basic data types - The basic data types used by the system's file-format are defined below.
  • IDOH Header tag (mandatory) - This must be the first tag in a file.
  • a UTH - Author tag - This tag contains information on the person who originated the file.
  • BOND - Bond (stick) tag This tag specifies how two balls are joined together with a stick.
  • LIST - A list of items - This tag is a way to ensure that a long list of tags of the same type doesn't have to include redundant header information.
  • the comment tag is used to insert comments into the file.
  • SKIP - the skip tag - This tag is used to implement optional tags in the file format. Instead of a data length, the tag header contains a skip count telling the reader how many tags to skip ahead. It works as follows. If a reader encounters a tag that it doesn't recognize, it skips it by using the length field to determine where the next tag begins. So if the length field contains a length that is not the data length, but the skip length, a reader that doesn't understand the tag will skip beyond any tags between the end of the current tag and the skip length.
  • a reader that supports NBAL If a reader that supports NBAL reads this sequence, it will read the "nbal data" and then read the SKIP tag and skip the BALL tag at offset 36. If a reader that doesn't support the NBAL tag reads this sequence, the reader will skip directly to the BALL tag at offset 36. In this way, a writer can write alternate representations of the same data to a file.
  • Variables are named in the Java style, i.e., they begin with a small letter and any following words in the name are capitalized, without underscores. Hungarian notation is not used, since modern tools will help the programmer to tell the type of variables and parameters in other ways. The only exception is when a variable instance is a pointer. In that case, the name begins with a small p (e.g. pSomeType).
  • Classes begin with a capital letter, but no special character to signify that it is a class (no C).
  • the only exceptions are pure virtual classes, which should be prefixed with a capital I (for Interface), so as to facilitate distinguishing the two types of classes while programming.
  • drawings created in accordance with the present invention have a unique and distinctive look.
  • No other computer-based application is known that can consistently create free-form drawings having the characteristics described herein.
  • These drawings may be used as the basis for constructing real three-dimensional useful objects, such as snap- or stick- together ball and stick toys, as well as ball and stick furniture and playground equipment, and ball and stick architectural objects such as buildings, all having the distinctive appearance of the drawings created with the present invention.
  • a version of the system could readily be implemented in Java, or as a set of Microsoft® ASP controls, and distributed in whole or in part over the internet.
  • Graphics libraries other than OPEN GL could be used by adapting or translating the existing system, which has been initially developed for, but is in no way limited to, OPEN GL.
  • the system could be provided through set-top boxes and used in connection with conventional or high-definition television, or other hardware yet to be developed.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Processing Or Creating Images (AREA)
  • Image Generation (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système d'infographie basé sur deux primitives fondamentales : une boule et un bâton. Ces primitives peuvent être combinées pour créer des dessins simples ou complexes, en fonction de huit règles spécifiées concernant la géométrie, la manipulation et la représentation de la boule et du bâton. Le système peut être utilisé pour l'éducation ou pour le divertissement comme outil de dessin, mais peut également être utilisé pour organiser, présenter et manipuler des diagrammes 3D (« structures d'informations ») représentant des informations organisées selon un ordre hiérarchique. L'invention concerne également un ensemble de commandes d'interface utilisateur graphique (IUG) coordonnées. Ces commandes permettent de manipuler des objets en forme de boule et de bâton en 3D en temps réel. Ces commandes comprennent des installations destinées à « former » de nouveaux objets en forme de boule et de bâton à partir d'une boule existante, des accessoires de commande 3D, ces éléments de commande 3D étant accessibles et mobiles en 3D de façon à mettre en oeuvre la commande, des palettes de couleurs 3D, des commandes transparentes pleinement fonctionnelles, mais qui ne cachent pas le travail qui apparaît en-dessous et des « sous-curseurs » contextuels.
EP00973383A 1999-10-22 2000-10-20 Systeme de dessin infographique tridimensionnel Withdrawn EP1234281A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US42610399A 1999-10-22 1999-10-22
US426103 1999-10-22
PCT/US2000/026267 WO2001031585A2 (fr) 1999-10-22 2000-10-20 Systeme de dessin infographique tridimensionnel

Publications (1)

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EP1234281A2 true EP1234281A2 (fr) 2002-08-28

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EP (1) EP1234281A2 (fr)
AU (1) AU1189501A (fr)
WO (1) WO2001031585A2 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102804789B (zh) 2009-06-23 2015-04-29 Lg电子株式会社 接收系统和提供3d图像的方法
EP2452506A4 (fr) 2009-07-07 2014-01-22 Lg Electronics Inc Procédé d'affichage d'une interface utilisateur en trois dimensions
CN102577410B (zh) 2009-10-16 2016-03-16 Lg电子株式会社 指示3d内容的方法和处理信号的装置
CN113111458B (zh) * 2021-04-13 2022-10-21 合肥工业大学 一种基于dxf的钣金件自动识别和定位方法

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JPS59200333A (ja) * 1983-04-26 1984-11-13 Fanuc Ltd デイスプレイによるキ−入力装置
US5123087A (en) * 1990-04-27 1992-06-16 Ashlar, Inc. Geometric inference engine
US5386507A (en) * 1991-07-18 1995-01-31 Teig; Steven L. Computer graphics system for selectively modelling molecules and investigating the chemical and physical properties thereof
CA2234578A1 (fr) * 1995-10-13 1997-04-17 Na Software, Inc. Animation d'un personnage et technique de simulation
WO1998014906A1 (fr) * 1996-10-02 1998-04-09 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Procede et appareil d'affichage graphique de structure hierarchique
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WO2001031585A3 (fr) 2002-06-27
WO2001031585A2 (fr) 2001-05-03
AU1189501A (en) 2001-05-08
WO2001031585A9 (fr) 2002-11-21

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