EP1213540A2 - Sheated element glow plug for internal combustion engines - Google Patents
Sheated element glow plug for internal combustion engines Download PDFInfo
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- EP1213540A2 EP1213540A2 EP01126795A EP01126795A EP1213540A2 EP 1213540 A2 EP1213540 A2 EP 1213540A2 EP 01126795 A EP01126795 A EP 01126795A EP 01126795 A EP01126795 A EP 01126795A EP 1213540 A2 EP1213540 A2 EP 1213540A2
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- glow plug
- iron
- resistance
- combustion chamber
- based alloy
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
- F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
- F23Q7/001—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines
Definitions
- the invention relates to a glow plug for arrangement in Combustion chamber of air compressing internal combustion engines with two in Series of connected resistance coils, of which the combustion chamber side Resistance coil serves as a heating element and the Resistance coil away from the combustion chamber due to its high positive Temperature resistance coefficient as a control element acts and consists of an iron-based alloy.
- a glow plug is also known from DE-C-38 25 012, which are basically the same structure and the same Function like the glow plug in DE-C-28 mentioned above 02 625.
- the control element consists of a Cobalt-iron alloy, the iron content between 20 and Is 35% by weight. This alloy exhibits at room temperature a cubic inner-centered crystal structure while when heated to 1000 ° C in a face centered cubic Crystal structure merges. Because this temperature window run through very often when operating the glow plug must, it comes through the phase transitions induced thereby thermal fatigue (disruption) of the control element material. It has been shown that these latter glow plugs as a result of the disruption of the control element material have a relatively short lifespan. It also happens unwanted malfunctions and beyond fall for troubleshooting costs.
- cobalt-based alloys show a low room temperature resistance and a high temperature factor, i.e. that the ratio of resistivity at a high temperature, for example 1000 ° C, for specific resistance is high at room temperature. This causes that at low temperatures can flow while high currents steady-state current occurs at high temperatures. In practice, however, it has been shown that not necessarily always such a high specific resistance at room temperature is necessary.
- the scale resistance of these alloys can be determined in the As a rule, no high demands are made. That's why the surroundings of the control element are hermetically sealed, so that contact with oxygen can be excluded can.
- these cobalt-based alloys have a relative have high melting temperature because the temperature in the control element can briefly exceed 1200 ° C, which leads to melting the rule spiral would lead.
- the melting temperatures of the cobalt-based alloys are to be regarded as critical here.
- a coarse grain arises as a result of the high temperatures a, d. H. a grain in the alloy covers the cross section. This can reduce the risk of slipping on the grain boundaries exist that are perpendicular to the wire axis. This one tries to prevent it by tightly closing the spiral surrounded with ceramic powder and thus immobile. Thereby no additional measures against grain growth are necessary.
- the cobalt-based alloys known from EP 0 523 062 B1 also show a high solidification and can therefore only with intermediate annealing to the preferred dimensions with a diameter of 0.35 mm and sometimes only with Effort to wind exact coils because of the high solidification a sensitivity to internal tensions and whose fluctuations are connected.
- cobalt is very expensive as a raw material Comparison to nickel and iron, which also means that in EP 0 523 062 B1 described cobalt-based alloys relatively expensive are.
- this object is achieved by a glow plug of the type mentioned, characterized in that is that the resistance coil serving as a control element consists of an iron-based alloy that works during all operating conditions the resistance helix is a cubically centered Maintains crystal structure.
- the strong temperature dependence of the electrical resistance of these iron based alloys depends on the phenomenon of ferromagnetism together.
- the temperature dependence is extremal for metallic alloys with the highest saturation magnetization. This usually goes hand in hand with a high one Curie temperature.
- the Curie temperature determines the abnormal one Temperature range of resistance and also contributes to a high temperature resistance coefficient.
- Metals to be added to the iron-based alloy preferably aluminum and / or chromium and / or titanium and / or Vanadium and / or molybdenum. Are preferred because the simpler manufacture, however, binary alloys.
- iron-based alloy either between about 1.25 and about 2.00% by weight of vanadium or between approx. 2.00 and approx. 3.50% by weight of molybdenum or between approx. 1.00 and about 2.00% by weight of titanium.
- the alloys according to the present invention were made by Melting of ARMCO iron as a starting material.
- ARMCO irons are understood to be large-scale operations manufactured technically pure iron, i.e. an iron with a Iron content from 99.80 to 99.90% by weight.
- the melt were then the metals aluminum, chrome, titanium, vanadium or molybdenum, so that those shown in the table Alloys were made. Of course point the alloys produced the production-related impurities on.
- the alloy designated "CF8" in the table forms one Alloy from the prior art according to EP 0 523 062 B1 and is a cobalt base alloy that has a share of 8 % By weight of iron. This alloy was used for reference around the alloys according to the present invention to compare with the state of the art.
- the table shows the specific resistance at 1000 ° C and at 20 ° C, the scale thickness dz with a heat treatment of a duration of 1 hour at 1100 ° C in air, the melting point Tm, the Curie temperature Tc and the change in resistance at room temperature by alloying 1.00% by weight of the corresponding Zulegleitersmetalles.
- the starting material was melted, the The melt is poured into a mold and the cast body is opened hot rolled to a thickness of 6 mm. After that, the hot-rolled was Wire drawn, surface processed and to a diameter drawn from 0.35 to 0.5 mm.
- All alloys showed an almost hysteresis-free course the specific resistance when heating room temperature to 1200 ° C and then cooling from 1200 ° C Room temperature. Therefore it can be assumed that the alloys listed in the table over the entire temperature range were single phase or that other phase portions were negligible.
- the highest temperature resistance coefficient showed an iron base alloy at 1.50 % By weight of titanium followed by an iron-based alloy with 1.25 % By weight vanadium and an iron-based alloy with 2.00% by weight Molybdenum.
- the Iron-based alloys with molybdenum content particularly favored, because their scale thicknesses are only about 1/10 to 1/25 of Scale thicknesses of pure iron or of the cobalt-based alloy with 8 wt.% iron (CF8).
- the highest melting temperatures showed the iron-based alloys with vanadium content on. Their melting temperatures were around 1530 ° C.
- all iron-based alloys according to the present invention can be processed in the same way as pure iron and thus have the low strengthening known for ferritic materials. All the alloys produced did not have to be annealed when the 6 mm thick wire was processed into wires with a diameter of 0.3 to 0.5 mm. The strengths achieved were similar to the strengths that can be achieved with a cobalt-based alloy with 8% by weight of iron, ie with strengths of ⁇ 1000 N / mm 2 . As a result, the coils could be wound in a hard state. Due to the lower strengthening, no problems occurred when winding the coils.
- FIG. 1 The figure shown is an original reproduction of Figure 1 EP 0 523 062 B1 and represents a glow plug 10, for arrangement in a combustion chamber, not shown air-compressing internal combustion engines is provided.
- This Glow plug 10 has a tubular metal housing 11, in the longitudinal bore 12 a glow plug 13 with a part its length is fixed sealingly.
- This glow plug 13 has a corrosion-resistant, thin-walled glow tube 14, which closed at its combustion chamber end with a bottom 15 is.
- the resistance element 17 is embedded in an insulating material 18.
- the electrical resistance element 17 consists of two resistance coils 20 and 21 connected in series Resistance coil 20 serves as a heating element and the resistance coil 21 remote from the combustion chamber acts in succession their high positive temperature resistance coefficient is known as a control element, whereas where as the heating element serving resistance coil 20 in a known manner from a Wire material with essentially temperature-independent Resistance behavior exists, the one acting as a control element Resistance coil 21 selected from an iron-based alloy, the during all operating conditions of the glow plug 10 maintains a cubic inner-centered crystal structure.
- An inner-centered structure of an iron-based alloy such resistance element 21 serving as a control element is given, for example, if the alloy between approx. 1.25 and 2.0% by weight vanadium or between 2.00 and 3.50 % By weight of molybdenum or between approximately 1.00 and 2.00% by weight of titanium contains. However, there are also mixtures of these additives possible. If the admixtures of alloying metals are undercut, there would be no inner-centered cubic structure and / or the alloy would be of interest Temperature interval should not be single phase. However, they will Additions to alloying metals are exceeded, so the the specific resistances are too high and thus the temperature resistance coefficients for use in the control coils not suitable. Of course, these two apply Statements only for binary alloy systems.
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Glühstiftkerze zur Anordnung im Brennraum luftverdichtender Brennkraftmaschinen mit zwei in Reihe verbundenen Widerstandswendeln, von denen die brennraumseitige Widerstandswendel als Heizelement dient und die brennraumferne Widerstandswendel in Folge ihres hohen positiven Temperatur-Widerstandskoeffizienten als Regelelement wirkt und aus einer Eisenbasislegierung besteht.The invention relates to a glow plug for arrangement in Combustion chamber of air compressing internal combustion engines with two in Series of connected resistance coils, of which the combustion chamber side Resistance coil serves as a heating element and the Resistance coil away from the combustion chamber due to its high positive Temperature resistance coefficient as a control element acts and consists of an iron-based alloy.
Der prinzipielle Aufbau und die Funktion einer derartigen Glühstiftkerze ist beispielsweise in der DE-C-28 02 625 wiedergegeben. Bei dieser Glühstiftkerze enthält der Glühstift ein in ein Isoliermaterial eingebettetes, elektrisches Widerstandselement, das sich aus zwei in Reihe verbundenen Widerstandswendeln zusammensetzt. Die brennraumseitige Widerstandswendel dieses Widerstandselementes dient als Heizelement und besitzt einen im wesentlichen temperaturunabhängigen Widerstand, während die brennraumferne Widerstandswendel einen hohen positiven Temperatur-Widerstand-Koeffizienten aufweist und als Regelelement wirkt. Die letztere Widerstandswendel besteht dabei in der Regel aus Nickel.The basic structure and function of such Glow plug is shown for example in DE-C-28 02 625. With this glow plug, the glow plug contains an electrical resistance element embedded in an insulating material, that consists of two resistance coils connected in series composed. The resistance coil on the combustion chamber side this resistance element serves as a heating element and has an essentially temperature-independent Resistance, while the resistance spiral away from the combustion chamber has high positive temperature-resistance coefficients and acts as a control element. The latter resistance coil usually consists of nickel.
Aus der DE-C-38 25 012 ist des Weiteren eine Glühkerze bekannt, die prinzipiell den gleichen Aufbau und die gleiche Funktion wie die Glühstiftkerze in der oben genannten DE-C-28 02 625 aufweist. Das Regelelement besteht jedoch aus einer Kobalt-Eisen-Legierung, wobei der Eisengehalt zwischen 20 und 35 Gew.% beträgt. Diese Legierung weist bei Raumtemperatur eine kubisch innenzentrierte Kristallstruktur auf, während sie bei Erwärmung auf 1000°C in eine kubisch flächenzentrierte Kristallstruktur übergeht. Da dieses Temperaturfenster beim Betrieb der Glühstiftkerze sehr oft durchlaufen werden muss, kommt es durch die dadurch induzierten Phasenübergänge zu thermischen Ermüdungen (Zerrüttungen) des Regelelementmaterials. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass diese letztgenannten Glühstiftkerzen in Folge der Zerrüttung des Regelelementmaterials nur eine relativ kurze Lebensdauer haben. Es kommt ferner zu unerwünschten Betriebsstörungen und darüber hinaus fallen für die Störungsbeseitigung Kosten an.A glow plug is also known from DE-C-38 25 012, which are basically the same structure and the same Function like the glow plug in DE-C-28 mentioned above 02 625. However, the control element consists of a Cobalt-iron alloy, the iron content between 20 and Is 35% by weight. This alloy exhibits at room temperature a cubic inner-centered crystal structure while when heated to 1000 ° C in a face centered cubic Crystal structure merges. Because this temperature window run through very often when operating the glow plug must, it comes through the phase transitions induced thereby thermal fatigue (disruption) of the control element material. It has been shown that these latter glow plugs as a result of the disruption of the control element material have a relatively short lifespan. It also happens unwanted malfunctions and beyond fall for troubleshooting costs.
Diesem Nachteil begegnete man in der EP 0 523 062 B1 durch die Einführung eines Regelelements aus einer Kobalt-Eisen-Legierung, die während aller Betriebszustände der Glühstiftkerze eine kubisch flächenzentrierte Materialstruktur beibehält. Die dabei verwendete Kobaltbasislegierung wies einen Eisenanteil zwischen 6 und 18 Gew.% auf. Durch die Verwendung wurde eine Zerrüttung des Regelelements effektiv vermieden.This disadvantage was countered in EP 0 523 062 B1 the introduction of a control element made of a cobalt-iron alloy, the during all operating conditions of the glow plug maintains a cubic face-centered material structure. The cobalt base alloy used had one Iron content between 6 and 18% by weight. By using it a breakdown of the control element was effectively avoided.
Diese Kobaltbasislegierungen zeigen einen niedrigen Raumtemperatur-Widerstand und einen hohen Temperatur-Faktor, d.h. dass das Verhältnis des spezifischen Widerstandes bei einer hohen Temperatur, beispielsweise 1000°C, zum spezifischen Widerstand bei Raumtemperatur hoch ist. Dies bewirkt, dass bei niedrigen Temperaturen hohe Ströme fließen können, während sich bei hohen Temperaturen ein stationärer Strom einstellt. In der Praxis hat sich jedoch gezeigt, dass nicht unbedingt immer ein so hoher spezifischer Widerstand bei Raumtemperatur von Nöten ist.These cobalt-based alloys show a low room temperature resistance and a high temperature factor, i.e. that the ratio of resistivity at a high temperature, for example 1000 ° C, for specific resistance is high at room temperature. This causes that at low temperatures can flow while high currents steady-state current occurs at high temperatures. In practice, however, it has been shown that not necessarily always such a high specific resistance at room temperature is necessary.
Diese Legierungen weisen jedoch auch Nachteile auf:However, these alloys also have disadvantages:
An die Zunderbeständigkeit dieser Legierungen können in der Regel keine hohen Anforderungen gestellt werden. Deswegen muß die Umgebung des Regelelements hermetisch abgeschlossen werden, so dass ein Kontakt mit Sauerstoff ausgeschlossen werden kann.The scale resistance of these alloys can be determined in the As a rule, no high demands are made. That's why the surroundings of the control element are hermetically sealed, so that contact with oxygen can be excluded can.
Des Weiteren müssen diese Kobaltbasislegierungen eine relativ hohe Schmelztemperatur aufweisen, da die Temperatur im Regelelement kurzzeitig über 1200°C betragen kann, was zu Aufschmelzungen der Regelwendel führen würde. Die Schmelztemperaturen der Kobaltbasislegierungen sind hier als kritisch anzusehen.Furthermore, these cobalt-based alloys have a relative have high melting temperature because the temperature in the control element can briefly exceed 1200 ° C, which leads to melting the rule spiral would lead. The melting temperatures of the cobalt-based alloys are to be regarded as critical here.
Als Folge der hohen Temperaturen stellt sich ein Grobkorn ein, d. h. ein Korn in der Legierung überdeckt den Querschnitt. Dadurch kann die Gefahr des Abgleitens auf den Korngrenzen bestehen, die senkrecht zur Drahtachse stehen. Dies versucht man zu verhindern, in dem man die Regelwendel dicht mit Keramikpulver umgibt und damit unbeweglich macht. Dadurch sind keine zusätzlichen Maßnahmen gegen Kornwachstum nötig.A coarse grain arises as a result of the high temperatures a, d. H. a grain in the alloy covers the cross section. This can reduce the risk of slipping on the grain boundaries exist that are perpendicular to the wire axis. This one tries to prevent it by tightly closing the spiral surrounded with ceramic powder and thus immobile. Thereby no additional measures against grain growth are necessary.
Des Weiteren zeigen die aus der EP 0 523 062 B1 bekannten Kobaltbasislegierungen eine hohe Verfestigung und lassen sich deshalb nur mit Zwischenglühungen auf die bevorzugten Abmessungen von 0,35 mm Durchmesser ziehen und zum Teil nur mit Mühe zu exakten Wendeln wickeln, weil mit der hohen Verfestigung eine Empfindlichkeit gegenüber inneren Spannungen und deren Fluktuationen verbunden ist.The cobalt-based alloys known from EP 0 523 062 B1 also show a high solidification and can therefore only with intermediate annealing to the preferred dimensions with a diameter of 0.35 mm and sometimes only with Effort to wind exact coils because of the high solidification a sensitivity to internal tensions and whose fluctuations are connected.
Letztendlich ist Kobalt als Ausgangsmaterial sehr teuer im Vergleich zu Nickel und Eisen, wodurch auch die in der EP 0 523 062 B1 beschriebenen Kobaltbasislegierungen relativ teuer sind.Ultimately, cobalt is very expensive as a raw material Comparison to nickel and iron, which also means that in EP 0 523 062 B1 described cobalt-based alloys relatively expensive are.
Insgesamt ergibt sich demnach der Wunsch, alternative Legierungen für Glühstiftkerzen bereitzustellen, die neben einem Preisvorteil gegenüber den aus der EP 0 523 062 B1 bekannten Kobaltbasislegierungen, einen höheren Schmelzpunkt, eine bessere Verarbeitbarkeit beim Draht- und Wendelherstellen sowie eine bessere Zunderbeständigkeit aufweisen.Overall, there is a desire for alternative alloys to provide for glow plugs next to one Price advantage over those known from EP 0 523 062 B1 Cobalt-based alloys, a higher melting point, a better one Processability in wire and coil manufacturing as well have better scale resistance.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe durch eine Glühstiftkerze der eingangs genannten Art gelöst, die dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass die als Regelelement dienende Widerstandswendel aus einer Eisenbasislegierung besteht, die während aller Betriebszustände der Widerstandswendel eine kubisch innenzentrierte Kristallstruktur beibehält.According to the invention, this object is achieved by a glow plug of the type mentioned, characterized in that is that the resistance coil serving as a control element consists of an iron-based alloy that works during all operating conditions the resistance helix is a cubically centered Maintains crystal structure.
Die starke Temperaturabhängigkeit des elektrischen Widerstands dieser Eisenbasislegierungen hängt mit dem Phänomen des Ferromagnetismus zusammen. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit ist extremal bei metallischen Legierungen mit der höchsten Sättigungsmagnetisierung. Dies geht meistens einher mit einer hohen Curie-Temperatur. Die Curie-Temperatur bestimmt den anomalen Temperaturbereich des Widerstandes und trägt ebenfalls zu einem hohen Temperaturwiderstandskoeffizienten bei.The strong temperature dependence of the electrical resistance of these iron based alloys depends on the phenomenon of ferromagnetism together. The temperature dependence is extremal for metallic alloys with the highest saturation magnetization. This usually goes hand in hand with a high one Curie temperature. The Curie temperature determines the abnormal one Temperature range of resistance and also contributes to a high temperature resistance coefficient.
Aus diesem Grund kommen neben den Kobaltbasislegierungen aus dem Stand der Technik nur Eisen und dessen Legierungen in Frage. Gerade reines Eisen zeigt aber bei erhöhter Temperatur in einem Fenster zwischen 900°C und 1400°C einen Phasenübergang von α-Eisen zu γ-Eisen, d. h. von einer kubisch innenzentrierten Kristallstruktur zu einer kubisch flächenzentrierten Kristallstruktur. Es kommt deshalb nicht in Frage, da damit die Zerrüttungsphänomene auftreten. Durch Zulegieren kann dieses γ-Gebiet "abgeschnürt" werden, so dass die resultierende erfindungsgemäße Eisenbasislegierung im gesamten Temperaturbereich einphasig bleibt, d. h. eine kubisch innenzentrierte Kristallstruktur aufweist. Diese Kristallstruktur weist per se eine im Vergleich zu einer kubisch flächenzentrierten Kristallstruktur geringere Verfestigung auf und ist damit per se im Vergleich zu den eingangs erwähnten kubisch flächenzentrierten Kobaltbasislegierungen leichter verarbeitbar.For this reason, in addition to the cobalt-based alloys the state of the art only iron and its alloys in Question. Pure iron in particular shows at elevated temperature a phase transition in a window between 900 ° C and 1400 ° C from α-iron to γ-iron, d. H. from a cubic centered Crystal structure to a face centered cubic Crystal structure. It is therefore out of the question so that the disruptive phenomena occur. By alloying this γ region can be "pinched off" so that the resulting iron-based alloy according to the invention as a whole Temperature range remains single phase, d. H. a cubically centered Has crystal structure. This crystal structure per se has a face-centered versus cubic Crystal structure has less solidification and is thus per se in comparison to the cubic mentioned at the beginning face-centered cobalt-based alloys easier to process.
Typischerweise weisen die erfindungsgemäßen Legierungen einen Temperaturfaktor größer 6 auf und bei nicht ganz so hohen Anforderungen an die Zunderbeständigkeit einen Temperaturfaktor größer 7.The alloys according to the invention typically have one Temperature factor greater than 6 and with less demanding requirements a temperature factor to the scale resistance greater than 7.
Als der Eisenbasislegierung zuzulegierende Metalle kommen vorzugsweise Aluminium und/oder Chrom und/oder Titan und/oder Vanadium und/oder Molybdän in Betracht. Bevorzugt sind wegen der einfacheren Herstellung jedoch binäre Legierungen.Metals to be added to the iron-based alloy preferably aluminum and / or chromium and / or titanium and / or Vanadium and / or molybdenum. Are preferred because the simpler manufacture, however, binary alloys.
In bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispielen, die weiter unten eingehend diskutiert werden, enthält die Eisenbasislegierung entweder zwischen ca. 1,25 und ca. 2,00 Gew.% Vanadium oder zwischen ca. 2,00 und ca. 3,50 Gew.% Molybdän oder zwischen ca. 1,00 und ca. 2,00 Gew.% Titan.In preferred embodiments, detailed below contains the iron-based alloy either between about 1.25 and about 2.00% by weight of vanadium or between approx. 2.00 and approx. 3.50% by weight of molybdenum or between approx. 1.00 and about 2.00% by weight of titanium.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen Glühstiftkerze ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Dabei zeigt die Figur einen Längsschnitt durch den brennraumseitigen Bereich einer Glühstiftkerze in vergrößerter Darstellung.An embodiment of a glow plug according to the invention is shown in the drawing and in the following Description explained in more detail. The figure shows one Longitudinal section through the combustion chamber area of a glow plug in an enlarged view.
Die Legierungen gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung wurden durch Schmelzen von ARMCO-Eisen als Ausgangsmaterial hergestellt. Unter ARMCO-Eisen versteht man hierbei ein im Großbetrieb hergestelltes technisch reines Eisen, d.h. ein Eisen mit einem Eisengehalt von 99,80 bis 99,90 Gew.%. Der Schmelze wurden dann jeweils die Metalle Aluminium, Chrom, Titan, Vanadium bzw. Molybdän zulegiert, sodass die in der Tabelle gezeigten Legierungen hergestellt wurden. Selbstverständlich weisen die hergestellten Legierungen die herstellungsbedingten Verunreinigungen auf. The alloys according to the present invention were made by Melting of ARMCO iron as a starting material. ARMCO irons are understood to be large-scale operations manufactured technically pure iron, i.e. an iron with a Iron content from 99.80 to 99.90% by weight. The melt were then the metals aluminum, chrome, titanium, vanadium or molybdenum, so that those shown in the table Alloys were made. Of course point the alloys produced the production-related impurities on.
Die in der Tabelle mit "CF8" bezeichnete Legierung bildet eine Legierung aus dem Stand der Technik gemäß der EP 0 523 062 B1 und ist eine Kobaltbasislegierung, die einen Anteil von 8 Gew.% Eisen aufweist. Diese Legierung wurde als Referenz hergezogen, um die Legierungen gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung mit dem Stand der Technik zu vergleichen. Die Tabelle zeigt dabei den spezifischen Widerstand bei 1000°C und bei 20°C, die Zunderdicke dz bei einer Wärmebehandlung von einer Dauer von 1 Stunde bei 1100°C in Luft, den Schmelzpunkt Tm, die Curie-Temperatur Tc sowie die Widerstandsänderung bei Raumtemperatur durch Zulegieren von 1,00 Gew.% des entsprechenden Zulegierungsmetalles.The alloy designated "CF8" in the table forms one Alloy from the prior art according to EP 0 523 062 B1 and is a cobalt base alloy that has a share of 8 % By weight of iron. This alloy was used for reference around the alloys according to the present invention to compare with the state of the art. The table shows the specific resistance at 1000 ° C and at 20 ° C, the scale thickness dz with a heat treatment of a duration of 1 hour at 1100 ° C in air, the melting point Tm, the Curie temperature Tc and the change in resistance at room temperature by alloying 1.00% by weight of the corresponding Zulegierungsmetalles.
Nachdem das Ausgangsmaterial geschmolzen wurde, wurde die Schmelze in eine Kokille abgegossen und der Gusskörper auf eine Dicke von 6 mm warmgewalzt. Danach wurde der warmgewalzte Draht gezogen, oberflächenbearbeitet und auf einen Durchmesser von 0,35 bis 0,5 mm gezogen.After the starting material was melted, the The melt is poured into a mold and the cast body is opened hot rolled to a thickness of 6 mm. After that, the hot-rolled was Wire drawn, surface processed and to a diameter drawn from 0.35 to 0.5 mm.
In diesem Zustand wurden dann Wendeln gewickelt. Nach einem ersten Erhitzen über 1000°C liegt der sogenannte "weiche" Zustand vor. Die in der Tabelle aufgeführten Werte beziehen sich auf diesen Zustand.In this state, coils were then wound. After one the first heating above 1000 ° C is the so-called "soft" state in front. Obtain the values listed in the table on this state.
In den Fällen, in denen die Zunderdicke nicht angegeben ist, muß von einer ungleichförmigen Verzunderung und damit einer Oxidpenetration in großen Teilen des Querschnitts ausgegangen werden, was sich ungünstig auf Standzeit und längerfristiges Widerstandsverhalten auswirkt.In cases where the scale thickness is not specified, must have a non-uniform scaling and thus one Oxide penetration assumed in large parts of the cross section become what is unfavorable on downtime and longer term Resistance behavior affects.
Alle Legierungen zeigten einen nahezu hysteresefreien Verlauf des spezifischen Widerstandes beim Erwärmen von Raumtemperatur auf 1200°C und darauffolgendem Abkühlen von 1200°C auf Raumtemperatur. Deswegen kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass die in der Tabelle aufgeführten Legierungen im gesamten Temperaturbereich einphasig waren oder dass andere Phasenanteile vernachlässigbar gering waren. Den höchsten Temperaturwiderstandskoeffizienten zeigte eine Eisenbasislegierung mit 1,50 Gew.% Titan gefolgt von einer Eisenbasislegierung mit 1,25 Gew.% Vanadium und einer Eisenbasislegierung mit 2,00 Gew.% Molybdän.All alloys showed an almost hysteresis-free course the specific resistance when heating room temperature to 1200 ° C and then cooling from 1200 ° C Room temperature. Therefore it can be assumed that the alloys listed in the table over the entire temperature range were single phase or that other phase portions were negligible. The highest temperature resistance coefficient showed an iron base alloy at 1.50 % By weight of titanium followed by an iron-based alloy with 1.25 % By weight vanadium and an iron-based alloy with 2.00% by weight Molybdenum.
Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Elemente Aluminium und Chrom im Vergleich zu den Elementen Titan, Vanadium und Molybdän weniger günstige Eigenschaften aufwiesen. Dies lag zum einen daran, dass Aluminium eine zu hohe Widerstandsänderung aufwies und zum anderen daran, dass beim Zusatz von Chrom zu hohe Chrommengen benötigt werden, um die Forderung nach Einphasigkeit zu erreichen.It has been shown that the elements aluminum and chrome in the Less compared to the elements titanium, vanadium and molybdenum had favorable properties. On the one hand, this was because that aluminum showed too high a change in resistance and secondly because the addition of chromium is too high Amounts of chrome are needed to meet the requirement for single phase to reach.
Zur Erreichung einer begrenzten Zunderbeständigkeit sind die Eisenbasislegierungen mit Molybdänanteil besonders begünstigt, da deren Zunderdicken nur ungefähr 1/10 bis 1/25 der Zunderdicken von reinem Eisen bzw. von der Kobaltbasislegierung mit 8 Gew.% Eisen (CF8). Die höchsten Schmelztemperaturen wiesen die Eisenbasislegierungen mit Vanadiumgehalt auf. Deren Schmelztemperaturen lagen bei ca. 1530°C.To achieve a limited scale resistance, the Iron-based alloys with molybdenum content particularly favored, because their scale thicknesses are only about 1/10 to 1/25 of Scale thicknesses of pure iron or of the cobalt-based alloy with 8 wt.% iron (CF8). The highest melting temperatures showed the iron-based alloys with vanadium content on. Their melting temperatures were around 1530 ° C.
Alle Eisenbasislegierungen gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung lassen sich im Prinzip genauso wie Reineisen verarbeiten und weisen damit die für ferritische Werkstoffe bekannten niedrigen Verfestigungen auf. Alle hergestellten Legierungen mussten bei der Verarbeitung des 6 mm dicken Drahtes zu Drähten mit 0,3 bis 0,5 mm Durchmesser nicht zwischengeglüht werden. Die dabei erzielten Festigkeiten waren ähnlich zu den Festigkeiten, die mit einer Kobaltbasislegierung mit 8 Gew.% Eisen erzielt werden können, d. h. bei Festigkeiten ≤ 1000 N/mm2. Dies hatte zur Folge, dass die Wendeln im harten Zustand gewickelt werden können. Aufgrund der geringeren Verfestigung traten beim Wickeln der Wendeln keine Probleme auf.In principle, all iron-based alloys according to the present invention can be processed in the same way as pure iron and thus have the low strengthening known for ferritic materials. All the alloys produced did not have to be annealed when the 6 mm thick wire was processed into wires with a diameter of 0.3 to 0.5 mm. The strengths achieved were similar to the strengths that can be achieved with a cobalt-based alloy with 8% by weight of iron, ie with strengths of ≤ 1000 N / mm 2 . As a result, the coils could be wound in a hard state. Due to the lower strengthening, no problems occurred when winding the coils.
Insgesamt lässt sich sagen, dass mit den Legierungen gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung zwar ein um einen Faktor von ca. 1,5 niedrigerer Temperaturwiderstandskoeffizienten im Vergleich zu den den Stand der Technik bildenden Kobaltbasislegierungen aus der EP 0 523 062 B1 aufweisen, was jedoch als noch nicht kritisch anzusehen ist. Sie zeigen jedoch gegenüber den den Stand der Technik bildenden Legierungen mehrere physikalische-technisch vorteilhafte Eigenschaften auf und sind insgesamt wesentlich billiger.Overall, it can be said that with the alloys according to of the present invention is a factor of approx. 1.5 lower temperature resistance coefficient in comparison to the prior art cobalt-based alloys from EP 0 523 062 B1, but what as is not yet to be viewed critically. However, they show opposite the alloys forming the state of the art several advantageous physical and technical properties on and are much cheaper overall.
So weisen die Legierungen eine geringere Gefahr von Aufschmelzungen durch den um bis zu 50°C höheren Schmelzpunkt auf. Des Weiteren haben sie eine wesentlich höhere Verzunderungsbeständigkeit, so dass geringere Ansprüche an den hermetischen Abschluss innerhalb der Glühstiftkerze gestellt werden kann. Ferner weisen sie eine bessere Verarbeitbarkeit beim Herstellen von Drähten und beim Wickeln dieser Drähte zu Wendeln auf.The alloys therefore have a lower risk of melting due to the melting point which is up to 50 ° C higher on. Furthermore, they have a much higher resistance to scaling, so lower demands on the hermetic Completion can be placed inside the glow plug can. They also have better processability when making wires and when winding these wires too Spirals up.
Im folgenden wird auf den genauen Aufbau der Glühstiftkerzen eingegangen.The following is on the exact structure of the glow plugs received.
Die gezeigte Figur ist eine Originalreproduktion der Figur 1
der EP 0 523 062 B1 und stellt eine Glühstiftkerze 10 dar,
die zur Anordnung in einem nicht dargestellten Brennraum
luftverdichtender Brennkraftmaschinen vorgesehen ist. Diese
Glühstiftkerze 10 besitzt ein rohrförmiges Metallgehäuse 11,
in dessen Längsbohrung 12 ein Glühstift 13 mit einem Teil
seiner Länge abdichtend festgelegt ist. Dieser Glühstift 13
hat ein korrosionsbeständiges, dünnwandiges Glührohr 14, welches
an seinem brennraumseitigen Ende mit einem Boden 15 verschlossen
ist. In dem Innenraum 16 des Glührohres 14 erstreckt
sich ein elektrisches Widerstandselement 17, das sich
in axialer Richtung erstreckt. Das Widerstandselement 17 ist
dabei in ein Isoliermaterial 18 eingebettet. Ferner ist das
elektrische Widerstandselement 17 brennraumfern mit einem Anschlussteil
19 für den elektrischen Strom versehen und brennraumseits
elektrisch leitend und fest mit dem Boden 15 des
Glührohrs 14 verbunden.The figure shown is an original reproduction of Figure 1
EP 0 523 062 B1 and represents a
Das elektrische Widerstandselement 17 besteht dabei aus zwei
in Reihe verbundenen Widerstandswendeln 20 und 21. Die brennraumseitige
Widerstandswendel 20 dient dabei als Heizelement
und die brennraumferne Widerstandswendel 21 wirkt in Folge
ihres hohen positiven Temperatur-Widerstandskoeffizienten bekannterweise
als Regelelement, wo hingegen die als Heizelement
dienende Widerstandswendel 20 in bekannter Weise aus einem
Drahtmaterial mit im wesentlichen temperaturunabhängigen
Widerstandsverhalten besteht, wird die als Regelelement wirkende
Widerstandswendel 21 aus einer Eisenbasislegierung gewählt,
die während aller Betriebszustände der Glühstiftkerze
10 eine kubisch innenzentrierte Kristallstruktur beibehält.The
Eine innenzentrierte Struktur der Eisenbasislegierung eines
solchen als Regelelement dienenden Widerstandselementes 21
ist beispielsweise dann gegeben, wenn die Legierung zwischen
ca. 1,25 und 2,0 Gew.% Vanadium oder zwischen 2,00 und 3,50
Gew.% Molybdän oder zwischen ca. 1,00 und 2,00 Gew.% Titan
enthält. Es sind jedoch auch Mischungen von diesen Zusätzen
möglich. Werden die Beimengungen an Zulegiermetallen unterschritten,
würde keine kubisch innenzentrierte Struktur vorliegen
und/oder wäre die Legierung würde im interessierenden
Temperaturintervall nicht einphasig sein. Werden jedoch die
Beimengungen an Zulegiermetallen überschritten, so werden die
die spezifischen Widerstände zu hoch und damit die Temperaturwiderstandskoeffizientenen
für die Anwendung in den Regelwendeln
ungeeignet. Selbstverständlich gelten diese beiden
Aussagen nur für binäre Legierungssysteme.An inner-centered structure of an iron-based alloy
Es versteht sich von selbst, dass bei den in Rede stehenden
erfindungsgemäßen Legierungen Verunreinigungen bzw. Verarbeitungszuschläge,
wie sie bei der Herstellung von Eisenbasislegierungen
verwendet werden, bei den vorstehenden Angaben vernachlässigt
worden sind.
Claims (10)
dadurch gekennzeichnet , dass die aus einer Eisenbasislegierung bestehende, als Regelelement dienende Widerstandswendel (21) während aller Betriebszustände der Glühstiftkerze (10) eine kubisch innenzentrierte Kristallstruktur beibehält.Glow plug (1) for arrangement in the combustion chamber of air-compressing internal combustion engines, with an electrical resistance element (17) which is composed of two resistance coils (20, 21) connected in series, of which the resistance coil (20) on the combustion chamber side serves as a heating element and the resistance coil remote from the combustion chamber ( 21) acts as a control element due to its high positive temperature-resistance coefficient and consists of an iron-based alloy,
characterized in that the resistance filament (21) consisting of an iron-based alloy and serving as a control element maintains a cubic, inner-centered crystal structure during all operating states of the glow plug (10).
dadurch gekennzeichnet , dass die Eisenbasislegierung einen Temperaturwiderstandskoeffizienten größer 6 aufweist.Glow plug (10) according to claim 1,
characterized in that the iron-based alloy has a temperature resistance coefficient greater than 6.
dadurch gekennzeichnet , dass die Eisenbasislegierung einen Temperaturfaktor größer 7 aufweist.Glow plug (10) according to claim 2,
characterized in that the iron-based alloy has a temperature factor greater than 7.
dadurch gekennzeichnet , dass die Eisenlegierung zwischen ca. 1,25 und 2,00 Gew.% Vanadium enthält.Glow plug (10) according to one of claims 1 to 3,
characterized in that the iron alloy contains between approximately 1.25 and 2.00% by weight of vanadium.
dadurch gekennzeichnet , dass die Eisenlegierung zwischen ca. 2,00 und 3,50 Gew.% Molybdän enthält. Glow plug (10) according to one of claims 1 to 3,
characterized in that the iron alloy contains between about 2.00 and 3.50% by weight of molybdenum.
dadurch gekennzeichnet , dass die Eisenlegierung zwischen ca. 1,00 und 2,00 Gew.% Titan enthält.Glow plug (10) according to one of claims 1 to 3,
characterized in that the iron alloy contains between about 1.00 and 2.00% by weight of titanium.
dadurch gekennzeichnet , dass die Glühstiftkerze mit einem rohrförmigen Metallgehäuse (11) umgeben ist, in dessen Längsbohrung (12) ein Glühstift (13) mit einem Teil seiner Länge abdichtend festgelegt ist, wobei der Glühstift (13) ein dünnwandiges, an seinem brennraumseitigen Ende mit einem Boden (15) verschlossenes Glührohr (14) aufweist, in dessen Innenraum sich in axialer Richtung das elektrische Widerstandselement (17) erstreckt.Glow plug (10) according to one of claims 1 to 6,
characterized in that the glow plug is surrounded by a tubular metal housing (11), in the longitudinal bore (12) of which a glow plug (13) is fixed with a part of its length, the glow plug (13) having a thin-walled end at its combustion chamber end has a bottom (15) closed glow tube (14), in the interior of which the electrical resistance element (17) extends in the axial direction.
dadurch gekennzeichnet , dass das elektrische Widerstandselement (17) in ein Isoliermaterial (18) eingebettet ist.Glow plug (10) according to claim 7,
characterized in that the electrical resistance element (17) is embedded in an insulating material (18).
dadurch gekennzeichnet , dass das elektrische Widerstandselement (17) brennraumfern mit einem Anschlußteil (19) für den elektrischen Strom versehen ist.Glow plug (10) according to claim 7,
characterized in that the electrical resistance element (17) is provided with a connection part (19) for the electrical current remote from the combustion chamber.
dadurch gennzeichnet ,
dass das elektrische Widerstandselement (17) brennraumseitig elektrisch leitend und fest mit dem Boden (15) des Glührohrs (14) verbunden ist.Glow plug (10) according to claim 7,
characterized by
that the electrical resistance element (17) on the combustion chamber side is electrically conductive and firmly connected to the bottom (15) of the glow tube (14).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10060273A DE10060273C1 (en) | 2000-12-05 | 2000-12-05 | Glow plug for use in combustion chamber of IC engine comprises a dielectric resistance element composed of two resistance coils, one of which maintains a body-centered cubic crystal structure during all operational states |
| DE10060273 | 2000-12-05 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1213540A2 true EP1213540A2 (en) | 2002-06-12 |
| EP1213540A3 EP1213540A3 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
| EP1213540B1 EP1213540B1 (en) | 2007-01-24 |
Family
ID=7665768
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01126795A Expired - Lifetime EP1213540B1 (en) | 2000-12-05 | 2001-11-09 | Sheated element glow plug for internal combustion engines |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1213540B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE352753T1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE10060273C1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10310255A1 (en) * | 2003-03-05 | 2004-09-16 | E.G.O. Elektro-Gerätebau GmbH | Electric heating with a contact hot plate |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10314218A1 (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2004-10-14 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh & Co. Kg | Electric heating element |
| DE102010004345B4 (en) * | 2010-01-11 | 2018-02-22 | Viessmann Werke Gmbh & Co Kg | Electrode for flame monitoring on a heating burner |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2802625A1 (en) | 1978-01-21 | 1979-07-26 | Beru Werk Ruprecht Gmbh Co A | GLOW PLUG |
| DE3825012A1 (en) | 1988-07-22 | 1990-01-25 | Beru Werk Ruprecht Gmbh Co A | MATERIAL FOR AN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE ELEMENT WITH POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT |
| EP0523062A1 (en) | 1990-03-31 | 1993-01-20 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Sheathed-element glow plug for internal combustion engines. |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2806195B2 (en) * | 1993-01-14 | 1998-09-30 | 株式会社デンソー | Glow plug |
-
2000
- 2000-12-05 DE DE10060273A patent/DE10060273C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-11-09 EP EP01126795A patent/EP1213540B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-09 DE DE50111946T patent/DE50111946D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-09 AT AT01126795T patent/ATE352753T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2802625A1 (en) | 1978-01-21 | 1979-07-26 | Beru Werk Ruprecht Gmbh Co A | GLOW PLUG |
| DE3825012A1 (en) | 1988-07-22 | 1990-01-25 | Beru Werk Ruprecht Gmbh Co A | MATERIAL FOR AN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE ELEMENT WITH POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT |
| EP0523062A1 (en) | 1990-03-31 | 1993-01-20 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Sheathed-element glow plug for internal combustion engines. |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10310255A1 (en) * | 2003-03-05 | 2004-09-16 | E.G.O. Elektro-Gerätebau GmbH | Electric heating with a contact hot plate |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE10060273C1 (en) | 2001-12-13 |
| ATE352753T1 (en) | 2007-02-15 |
| EP1213540B1 (en) | 2007-01-24 |
| DE50111946D1 (en) | 2007-03-15 |
| EP1213540A3 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
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