EP1183116B1 - Use of tensile stress for deforming a metal object in the form of a circumferential surface - Google Patents

Use of tensile stress for deforming a metal object in the form of a circumferential surface Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1183116B1
EP1183116B1 EP00935115A EP00935115A EP1183116B1 EP 1183116 B1 EP1183116 B1 EP 1183116B1 EP 00935115 A EP00935115 A EP 00935115A EP 00935115 A EP00935115 A EP 00935115A EP 1183116 B1 EP1183116 B1 EP 1183116B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
side wall
forming tool
contact
past
circumferential surface
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP00935115A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1183116A1 (en
Inventor
Johannes Vermeij
Hans Nicolaas Schaaper
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tata Steel Ijmuiden BV
Original Assignee
Corus Staal BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Corus Staal BV filed Critical Corus Staal BV
Publication of EP1183116A1 publication Critical patent/EP1183116A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1183116B1 publication Critical patent/EP1183116B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
    • B21D22/20—Deep-drawing
    • B21D22/30—Deep-drawing to finish articles formed by deep-drawing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
    • B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
    • B21D51/26—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects cans or tins; Closing same in a permanent manner
    • B21D51/2615—Edge treatment of cans or tins

Definitions

  • the invention relates firstly to a process for body necking a metal object which comprises a side wall in the form of a continuous circumferential surface, the object being moved, in a relative movement in the longitudinal direction of the circumferential surface, past a forming tool, in such a manner that the forming tool acts on the side wall and, in the process, deforms the side wall, the side wall coming into contact with a forming tool only on the outside.
  • a contact zone where the side wall and the forming tool come into contact with one another is defined on the side wall. That part of the side wall which, as seen in the direction of movement of the body, is situated beyond the contact zone is referred to as "the processed side", and that part of the side wall which is situated before the contact zone is referred to as "the unprocessed side".
  • a process as outlined in the preamble is described in EP-A-0,864,385.
  • a metal side wall is moved onto and into a profiled die as a result of being pushed in the processing direction.
  • a profiled die is to be used as the forming tool.
  • the side wall is subjected to an axial compressive load which may lead to instability of the side wall and increases the risk of undesirable deformation, and even collapsing, of the side wall on the unprocessed side.
  • the process referred to relates to a "body-necking" operation.
  • Body-necking is understood to mean the reduction of the circumference of a part of an object which is in the form of a circumferential surface over at least part of the height of the said part.
  • the body-necking operation referred to takes place without the use of an internal support body during the body-necking, such as a mandrel or ram. In the known process, this results in poor efficiency in the transfer of the shape of the profiled forming tool to the side wall. This is a consequence of the elasticity of the side wall itself: in the event of a single-sided axial load and in the absence of a support body, the side wall is pushed away from the forming tool on the processed side.
  • the deformation of the side wall then differs from the maximum achievable deformation for a given tool profile.
  • the use of a support body as a second forming tool to promote the shape transfer from a first forming tool is preferably avoided, since using a support body increases the risk of damage to the inner or outer surface of the side wall.
  • the object is at least pulled past the forming tool.
  • This ensures that, in a section of the side wall which, as seen in the direction of movement of the object, is located beyond a zone of contact with the forming tool, a tensile stress is generated during the deforming, with the result that the efficiency of the transfer of the tool profile to the side wall is increased in that section of the side wall which is situated beyond the contact zone.
  • the process according to the invention is combined with the known process. If the object is both pushed and pulled past the forming tool, a more efficient transfer of shape from the tool to the side wall both in front of and beyond the contact zone is achieved.
  • the process according to the invention is used, at least the same stress level is reached in the side wall in the viemity of the contact zone as in the known process, at a lower axial load.
  • Exerting a transverse pressure, at right angles to the circumferential surface and directed from the side wall towards the forming tool, to add to the pressure which is exerted on the side wall by the forming tool makes a further contribution to controlling the forces which are active in the deforming operation.
  • to exert this extra pressure in practice use is often made of the side wall itself as part of a pressure vessel, but the process according to the invention is not limited to this variant.
  • the process according to the invention differs from the process which, within the specialist metal-processing world, is known by the name of "deep-drawing", in that a deep-drawing operation uses both an internal and an external forming tool. Furthermore, for deep-drawing relatively soft material with a low yield stress, for example lower than 300 MPa. and an associated high elongation at break, is selected. Moreover, during a deep-drawing operation, it is impossible, or at least very uncommon, to combine the generation of a tensile stress in the side wall with the generation of axial compressive stress, i.e. for an object which is to be deep-drawn to be both pushed and pulled past the forming tool, as is the case in a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the process is preferably applied to a side wall consisting of hard material with a high yield stress of ⁇ 300 MPa, more preferably ⁇ 700 MPa.
  • the yield stress is a threshold stress above which plastic deformation occurs.
  • the invention is applied in an embodiment wherein the object has a wall thickness of less than 0.14 mm, and more preferably less than 0.10 mm.
  • the invention can be applied particularly after a wall ironing operation, whereas deep-drawing or re-drawing operations are commonly applied prior to wall ironing.
  • Wall-ironed steel is a fully hard material with a yield stress of ⁇ 700 MPa, as is known, for example, from EP-A-0,733,415.
  • an ironed wall is very thin (thinner than 0.14mm in case of aluminium and steel, or even thinner than 0.10 mm in case of steel), while the tangential loadability reduces with a third power of the wall thickness. Consequently, wall-ironed material, in particular steel is difficult to deform plastically. To enable sufficient stress to be generated in this material, it is important that the side wall should follow the shape of the die as efficiently as possible. This is accomplished by proceeding according to the process of the invention. Wall-ironed steel is widely used as material for packaging.
  • the process according to the invention consists of reducing the circumference of a side wall over at least part of the height during the deformation, the process known as "body-necking".
  • body-necking there is a high risk of undesirable wrinkling.
  • Undesirable wrinkling is caused by compressive stress in the tangential direction (in the transverse direction tangentially to the side wall).
  • the tangential stress must therefore be kept as low as possible. In practice, this is achieved, for example, by limiting the reduction in circumference to low levels.
  • the stress in, for example, the axial direction has to be increased in order to move back above the yield stress when the tangential stress is reduced.
  • a device for body necking a metal object which comprises a side wall in the form of a continuous circumferential surface, comprising a forming tool, which interacts with the side wall, for deforming at least part of the side wall during relative movement of the object past the forming tool, in such a manner that the side wall comes into contact with a forming tool only on the outside, on which tool an entry side and an exit side are defined, and a pusher element which can move with respect to the forming tool, in the direction from the entry side towards the exit side, to bring about the relative movement of the object past the forming tool whereby in use the pusher element is kept free from contact with the side wall when the side wall comes into contact with the forming tool, is characterized, according to the invention, in that the pusher element, on the exit side of the forming tool, can be coupled to the object and extends to at least the entry side of the forming tool.
  • the forming tool comprises, on the entry side, a substantially closed housing which, during deforming, interacts with the object to form a pressure vessel, with the object of bringing about the relative movement of the object past the forming tool. This ensures that a pushing force is exerted on the object on the unprocessed side, while a pulling force is exerted on the process side.
  • a substantially closed housing which, during deforming, interacts with the object to form a pressure vessel, with the object of bringing about the relative movement of the object past the forming tool.
  • a device which is easy to fit into the known device comprising a forming tool for body necking a metal object which comprises a side wall in the form of a continuous circumferential surface, comprising a forming tool, which interacts with the side wall, for deforming at least part of the side wall during relative movement of the object past the forming tool, in such a manner that the object comes into contact with a forming tool only on the outside, on which tool an entry side and an exit side are defined, and a centring means situated on the exit side of the forming tool for insertion into an open end of the metal object for pulling the metal object, is characterized in that there is an enclosing means, which interacts with the centring means and to which the object can be coupled in or close to the open end on the exit side of the forming tool interface in a clamping manner when clamped past the
  • Figure 1 diagrammatically depicts a side view of forces (indicated by means of straight arrows) and moments of force (indicated by means of curved arrows) which occur during the deformation of a side wall of an object.
  • Cross sections through a forming tool (1) and cross sections through part of a rim-necked side wall (2) in the vicinity of an open end are shown.
  • Part A of Fig. 1 relates to the known process. In the known process, compressive force d is exerted on the side wall (2) of the object in the direction of movement of the object with respect to the forming tool (1).
  • This compressive force d must at least cancel out all the oppositely directed forces (comprising the processing force and the frictional force), so that the side wall (2) of the object moves past the forming tool (1).
  • the force d also causes a couple ( K j ), which contributes to the side wall (2) following the contour of the forming tool on the entry side.
  • K j The magnitude of K 1 increases as the axial load used rises.
  • elasticity of the body itself results in a couple ( K 2 ) which is directed away from the forming tool being generated on the exit side, so that the side wall does not successfully follow the contour on the exit side of the forming tool.
  • the principal ideal of the process on which the invention is based is that the direction of K 2 can be reversed if a tensile stress is generated on that section of the side wall which, as seen in the direction of movement of the object, is situated beyond the contact zone, as a result of the object being pulled past the forming tool by force t .
  • This is indicated in part B of Fig. 1.
  • couple K 1 will be directed away from the forming tool on the entry side, owing to the elasticity of the side wall itself, leading to a reduction in the transfer of shape at the entry side.
  • Tests have shown that the transfer of shape is most efficient if a combination of tensile force t and compressive force d is used, as illustrated in Fig. 1, part C.
  • the two couples K 1 and K 2 can then be directed in such a manner that the side wall is forced to follow the contour of the forming tool.
  • the magnitudes of the couples can be adjusted on the basis of the values of the external forces t and d, and the application of a transverse pressure directed from the side wall towards the die. In practice, for the latter pressure it is usual to employ an excess pressure inside the object.
  • the value of t can be selected to be greater than, equal to or less than the value of d .
  • the values which are set will depend, inter alia, on the shape of the object, its materials properties and the desired change in shape.
  • Figures 2 and 3 relate to embodiments of the invention in which the diameter of a substantially cylindrical, continuous side wall provided with a base is reduced.
  • This operation is referred to by the term "body-necking”.
  • This body-necking operation is preceded by a rim-necking operation, in which the open end of the side wall, on the side remote from the base side, is narrowed as described, for example, in EP-A-0,750,953.
  • a can Prior to the rim-necking, a can is obtained, for example, by deep-drawing followed by wall-ironing, known by the acronym DWI. Necked cans obtained in this way are used, for example, as a packaging can for foodstuffs or personal care products.
  • the forming tool (1) which in this figure is shown as an annular, profiled die, forms part of a housing (11) which is substantially closed on the entry side and which will be referred to in the context of the present application by the term "necking housing".
  • a moveable pusher element (14) in this case a push-rod, is introduced on the unprocessed side through the open neck of the body.
  • tensile force t is exerted on that section of the side wall which, as seen in the direction of movement of the object, is situated beyond the contact zone.
  • a base support (12) In practice, it is sometimes desirable for a base support (12) to be used in order to support the base, since in deep-drawn and wall-ironed cans the base material has a relatively low yield stress compared to the (wall-ironed) side wall.
  • the push-rod shown does not come into contact with a section of the side wall which is situated in the contact zone, in contrast to a device which is known, for example from EP-A-0,852,974. Therefore, there is only contact between the side wall and a forming tool on the outside of the side wall.
  • a major advantage of the current device above the known device is that the object is easy to remove from the pusher element after it has moved completely past the forming tool. The removal operation is facilitated further by the fact that the object, after a complete body-necking operation during which the entire object is moved through the die, is situated entirely on the exit side with respect to the die, with an open neck directed towards the die.
  • the necking housing (11) in the device shown in Fig. 2 has an opening (9) which is suitable for connection to a pressure source.
  • the necking housing (11) interacts with the necked rim of the side wall to create a pressure vessel.
  • excess pressure compared to the pressure outside the object beyond the contact zone
  • the circumference of the necking housing (11), measured in cross section on the inside of the necking housing is the same as the external circumference of the object (2) which is to be deformed. This ensures that the pressure is transferred to the object only in the axial direction.
  • the excess pressure is vented through an opening (10) in the immediate vicinity of the zone of contact between the forming tool (1) and the side wall (2).
  • pusher element (14) would not have to act directly on a base of the object.
  • a vent opening similar to (10) would then have to be arranged on the exit side of the forming tool.
  • a circumference seen in cross section through the pusher element is complementary to the circumference of the neck shape, so that the pusher element and the object fit together reasonably tightly, for example in an almost gastight way.
  • FIG. 3 shows various views of cross sections through an alternative device which is suitable for carrying out the inventive process.
  • Part A shows a can which has previously been rim-necked and is provided with a base and side wall (2).
  • the rim neck is in contact with a centring means (4).
  • the external diameter of the centring means at the location where it is in contact with the object corresponds to the internal diameter of the neck.
  • the centring means is provided with a gas passage (6).
  • a closure sleeve (7) which can be displaced parallel to the longitudinal axis, is located concentrically around the centring means.
  • enclosing means (3) which enclose the neck of the body (2) through relative axial movement of the closure sleeve (7) around the centring means.
  • the enclosing means are released with the aid of springs (8) when the closure sleeve (7) is retracted.
  • the centring means In the securely clamped state, the centring means is suitable for transmitting force t to the side wall.
  • Part B of Fig. 3 shows the rim neck of the body (2) in the state in which it is clamped securely between the centring means (4) and an enclosing-means segment (3).
  • a cross section through the release springs (8) is shown in part C of Fig. 3. In this embodiment, four release springs are located in recesses in the centring means (4), and the enclosing means (3) are divided into four segments.
  • a base support (5) is used to generate axial compressive load on the side wall on the unprocessed side.
  • FIG. 3 the passage (6) would be used not as a passage for a pressurized medium, but rather as a passage for an internal forming tool (not shown).
  • the diameter of the forming tool where it is suitable for contact with the side wall, would be substantially equal to the diameter of the centring means 4.
  • deforming a side wall is understood to mean both congruent and non-congruent deformation.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
  • Adornments (AREA)
  • Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
  • Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
  • Discharge Heating (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
EP00935115A 1999-05-21 2000-05-19 Use of tensile stress for deforming a metal object in the form of a circumferential surface Expired - Lifetime EP1183116B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1012126 1999-05-21
NL1012126A NL1012126C2 (nl) 1999-05-21 1999-05-21 Gebruik van trekspanning voor het omvormen van een mantelvlakvormig metalen voorwerp.
PCT/EP2000/004745 WO2000071279A1 (en) 1999-05-21 2000-05-19 Use of tensile stress for deforming a metal object in the form of a circumferential surface

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1183116A1 EP1183116A1 (en) 2002-03-06
EP1183116B1 true EP1183116B1 (en) 2003-10-01

Family

ID=19769233

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00935115A Expired - Lifetime EP1183116B1 (en) 1999-05-21 2000-05-19 Use of tensile stress for deforming a metal object in the form of a circumferential surface

Country Status (11)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1183116B1 (da)
AT (1) ATE250994T1 (da)
AU (1) AU5071600A (da)
BR (1) BR0011279A (da)
DE (1) DE60005663T2 (da)
DK (1) DK1183116T3 (da)
ES (1) ES2208333T3 (da)
NL (1) NL1012126C2 (da)
TR (1) TR200103327T2 (da)
WO (1) WO2000071279A1 (da)
ZA (1) ZA200109156B (da)

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2036091A1 (de) * 1970-07-21 1972-01-27 Reichert, Werner, Dipl Ing , 5334 Ittenbach Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Be halters
US3812696A (en) * 1970-10-22 1974-05-28 Crown Cork & Seal Co Method of and apparatus for forming container bodies
DE3105538A1 (de) * 1980-03-13 1982-08-26 Sexton Can Co., Inc., 02149 Everett, Mass. Metallbehaelter
ES2030635T3 (es) * 1987-01-21 1993-01-01 Frattini S.P.A.-Costruzioni Meccaniche Perfeccionamiento en maquinas para dar forma conica y rebordear botes tipo aerosoles y similares.
NL1005340C2 (nl) * 1997-02-21 1998-08-26 Hoogovens Staal Bv Bodynecken wandgestrekte bus.
NL1000657C2 (nl) * 1995-06-26 1996-12-31 Hoogovens Staal Bv Matrijs en werkwijze voor het die-necken van een metalen romp.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL1012126C2 (nl) 2000-11-23
EP1183116A1 (en) 2002-03-06
WO2000071279A1 (en) 2000-11-30
DE60005663D1 (de) 2003-11-06
DK1183116T3 (da) 2004-02-09
AU5071600A (en) 2000-12-12
BR0011279A (pt) 2002-03-05
ES2208333T3 (es) 2004-06-16
ZA200109156B (en) 2002-11-28
ATE250994T1 (de) 2003-10-15
DE60005663T2 (de) 2004-07-29
TR200103327T2 (tr) 2002-09-23

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