EP1159619A2

EP1159619A2 - Methods of diagnosing and treating breast cancer

Info

Publication number: EP1159619A2
Application number: EP00916419A
Authority: EP
Inventors: David Mack; Kurt C. Gish
Original assignee: EOS Biotechnology Inc
Current assignee: EOS Biotechnology Inc
Priority date: 1999-03-15
Filing date: 2000-03-15
Publication date: 2001-12-05
Also published as: WO2000055629A3; CA2368152A1; AU3752700A; WO2000055629A2

Abstract

Described herein are methods that can be used for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. Also described herein are methods that can be used to screen candidate bioactive agents for the ability to modulate breast cancer. Additionally, methods and molecular targets (genes and their products) for therapeutic intervention in breast and other cancers are described. The methods involve the use of proteins like BCH1.

Description

NOVEL METHODS OF DIAGNOSING AND TREATING BREAST CANCER, COMPOSITIONS, AND METHODS OF SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER MODULATORS

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the identification of expression profiles and the nucleic acids involved in breast cancer, and to the use of such expression profiles and nucleic acids in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of breast cancer The invention further relates to methods for identifying and using candidate agents and/or targets which modulate breast cancer

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Breast cancer is a significant cancer in Western populations It develops as the result of a pathologic transformation of normal breast epithelium to an invasive cancer There have been a number of recently characterized genetic alterations that have been implicated in breast cancer However, there is a need to identify all of the genetic alterations involved in the development of breast cancer

Imaging of breast cancer for diagnosis has been problematic and limited In addition, dissemination of tumor cells (metastases) to locoregional lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor, five year survival rates drop from 80 percent in patients with no lymph node metastases to 45 to 50 percent in those patients who do have lymph node metastases A recent report showed that micrometastases can be detected from lymph nodes using reverse transcπptase-PCR methods based on the presence of mRNA for carcinoembryonic antigen, which has previously been shown to be present in the vast majority of breast cancers but not in normal tissues Liefers et al , New England J of Med 339(4) 223 (1998)

Thus, methods that can be used for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer would be desirable While academia and industry has made an effort to identi y novel sequences, there has not been an equal effort exerted to identify the function of the novel sequences For example, databases show the sequence of accession number W72838, but there no data correlating this sequence with a function, much less a disease state Accordingly, provided herein are methods that can be used in diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer Further provided are methods that can be used to screen candidate bioactive agents for the ability to modulate breast cancer Additionally, provided herein are molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in breast and other cancers

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods for screening for compositions which modulate breast cancer Also provided herein are methods of inhibiting proliferation of a cell, preferably a breast cancer cell Methods of treatment of cancer, as well as compositions, are also provided herein

In one aspect, a method of screening drug candidates comprises providing a cell that expresses an expression profile gene or fragments thereof Preferred embodiments of the expression profile gene are genes which are differentially expressed in cancer cells, preferably breast cancer cells, compared to other cells Preferred embodiments of expression profile genes used in the methods herein include but are not limited to the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2, fragments of the proteins of this group are also preferred In another embodiment, a nucleic acid is selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 1 1 , and most preferably in Figure 12 The method further includes adding a drug candidate to the cell and determining the effect of the drug candidate on the expression of the expression profile gene

In one embodiment, the method of screening drug candidates includes comparing the level of expression in the absence of the drug candidate to the level of expression in the presence of the drug candidate, wherein the concentration of the drug candidate can vary when present, and wherein the comparison can occur after addition or removal of the drug candidate In a preferred embodiment, the cell expresses at least two expression profile genes The profile genes may show an increase or decrease

Also provided herein is a method of screening for a bioactive agent capable of binding to a breast cancer modulator protein (BCMP), the method comprising combining the BCMP and a candidate bioactive agent, and determining the binding of the candidate agent to the BCMP Preferably the BCMP is a protein or fragment thereof selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2 In another embodiment, the protein is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 11 , and most preferably in Figure 12

Further provided herein is a method for screening for a bioactive agent capable of modulating the activity of a BCMP In one embodiment, the method comprises combining the BCMP and a candidate bioactive agent, and determining the effect of the candidate agent on the bioactivity of the BCMP Preferably the BCMP is a protein or fragment thereof selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2 In another embodiment, the protein is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 11 , and most preferably in Figure 12

Also provided is a method of evaluating the effect of a candidate breast cancer drug comprising administering the drug to a transgenic animal expressing or over-expressing the BCMP, or an animal lacking the BCMP, for example as a result of a gene knockout

Additionally, provided herein is a method of evaluating the effect of a candidate breast cancer drug comprising administering the drug to a patient and removing a cell sample from the patient The expression profile of the cell is then determined This method may further comprise comparing the expression profile to an expression profile of a healthy individual

Moreover, provided herein is a biochip comprising a nucleic acid segment which encodes a breast cancer protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2, or a fragment thereof, wherein the biochip comprises fewer than 1000 nucleic acid probes Preferably at least two nucleic acid segments are included In another embodiment, the nucleic acid selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10 more preferably Figure 11 , and most preferably in Figure 12

Furthermore, a method of diagnosing a disorder associated with breast cancer is provided The method comprises determining the expression of a gene which encodes a breast cancer protein preferably selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2 or a fragment thereof in a first tissue type of a first individual, and comparing the distribution to the expression of the gene from a second normal tissue type from the first individual or a second unaffected individual In another embodiment, the protein is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 11 , and most preferably in Figure 12

A difference in the expression indicates that the first individual has a disorder associated with breast cancer

In another aspect, the present invention provides an antibody which specifically binds to a breast cancer protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2, or a fragment thereof In another embodiment, the protein is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 11 , and most preferably in Figure 12 In a preferred embodiment, the fragment of BCH1 is selected from BCH1p1 and BCH1p2 Other preferred fragments for the breast cancer proteins are shown in the figures Preferably the antibody is a monoclonal antibody The antibody can be a fragment of an antibody such as a single stranded antibody as further described herein, or can be conjugated to another molecule In one embodiment, the antibody is a humanized antibody

In one embodiment a method for screening for a bioactive agent capable of interfering with the binding of a breast cancer protein (BCMP) or a fragment thereof and an antibody which binds to said BCMP or fragment thereof In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises combining a BCMP or fragment thereof, a candidate bioactive agent and an antibody which binds to said BCMP or fragment thereof The method further includes determining the binding of said BCMP or fragment thereof and said antibody Wherein there is a change in binding, an agent is identified as an interfering agent The interfering agent can be an agonist or an antagonist Preferably, the antibody as well as the agent inhibits breast cancer

In a further aspect, a method for inhibiting breast cancer is provided In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to a cell a composition comprising an antibody to a breast modulating protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2, or a fragment thereof In another embodiment, the protein is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12

Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 11 , and most preferably in Figure 12 The method can be performed in vitro or in vivo, preferably in vivo to an individual In a preferred embodiment the method of inhibiting breast cancer is provided to an individual with cancer As described herein, methods of inhibiting breast cancer can be performed by administering an inhibitor of breast cancer protein activity, including an antisense molecules, and preferably small molecules

Also provided herein are methods eliciting an immune response in an individual In one embodiment a method provided herein comprises administering to an individual a composition comprising a breast modulating protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2, or a fragment thereof In another embodiment, the protein is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 11 , and most preferably in Figure 12 In another aspect, said composition comprises a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding a breast modulating protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2, or a fragment thereof In another embodiment, the nucleic acid is selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 11 , and most preferably in Figure 12

Further provided herein are compositions capable of eliciting an immune response in an individual In one embodiment, a composition provided herein comprises a breast modulating protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2, or a fragment thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier In another embodiment, the protein is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 11 , and most preferably in Figure 12 In another embodiment, said composition comprises a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding a breast modulating protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3,

BCX3, BCA2 and BCR2, or a fragment thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier In another embodiment, the nucleic acid is selected from Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 11 , and most preferably in Figure 12

A method of neutralizing the effect of a breast cancer protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of BCR3, BCQ8, BCQ5, BCH1 , BCN1 , BCN2, BCN5, BC02, BCX2, BCJ7, BCY3, BCX3,

BCA2 and BCR2, or a fragment thereof, is also provided Preferably, the method comprises contacting an agent specific for said protein with said protein in an amount sufficient to effect neutralization In another embodiment, the protein is encoded by a nucleic acid selected from Figures

I , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or 12 Preferred nucleic acids are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure

I I , and most preferably in Figure 12

In another aspect of the invention, a method of treating an individual for breast cancer is provided In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to said individual an inhibitor of BCH1 In another embodiment, the individual is non-responsive to an anti-estrogen and is positive for estrogen receptor Optionally, the method further comprises administering an anti-estrogen to said individual

Also provided herein is method for determining the prognosis of an individual with breast cancer comprising determining the level of BCH1 in a sample, wherein a high level of BCH1 indicates a poor prognosis Moreover, in yet another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for determining whether an individual with breast cancer will be non-responsive to anti-estrogen therapies comprising determining the level of BCH1 wherein a high level of BCH1 indicates that an individual will be non- responsive Preferably, the methods herein are used to identify persons who are tamoxifen resistant

Novel sequences are also provided herein Other aspects of the invention will become apparent to the skilled artisan by the following description of the invention

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1 provides the Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, (incorporated in their entirety here and throughout the application where Accession numbers are provided), downregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue

Figure 2 provides the Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, downregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue

Figure 3 provides the Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, downregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue

Figure 4 provides the Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue Figure 5 provides the Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue

Figure 6 provides the Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue

Figure 7 provides the Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue Open reading frames in the sequences have been characterized as having a signal sequence (SS), a transmembrane domain (TM) or other

Figure 8 provides the Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue Specifically, one column shows the ratio of expression of the indicated gene in breast tumor tissue compared to other body tissues, and another column shows the ratio of expression of the indicated gene in breast tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue

Figure 9 depicts the Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue

Figure 10 depicts a preferred group of 1007 Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue

Figure 11 depicts a preferred group of 123 Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue

Figure 12 depicts a preferred group of 10 Accession numbers for genes, including expression sequence tags, upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal breast tissue

Figure 13 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCR3 The start and stop codons are underlined

Figure 14 shows an embodiment of an open reading frame of a nucleic acid encoding BCR3, wherein the start and stop codons are underlined Figure 15 shows an embodiment of an ammo acid sequence of BCR3 The signal peptide is underlined and the transmembrane domain is shaded In a preferred embodiment, a soluble form of BCR3 is provided wherein the signal peptide is deleted or preferably naturally cleaved, and the transmembrane domain is deleted, inactivated, or BCR3 is truncated to exclude the transmembrane domain

Figure 16 shows the ammo acid sequence of BCR3p1 and BCR3p2

Figure 17 shows the relative amount of expression of BCR3 in various samples of breast cancer tissue (dark bars) and many normal tissue types (light bars)

Figure 18 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCQ8 The start and stop codon are underlined

Figure 19 shows an embodiment of an open reading frame of a nucleic acid encoding BCQ8, wherein the start and stop codons are underlined

Figure 20 shows an embodiment of an ammo acid sequence of BCQ8 The signal peptide is underlined twice and the transmembrane domain is underlined In a preferred embodiment, a soluble form of BCQ8 is provided wherein the signal peptide is deleted, and the transmembrane domain is deleted, inactivated, or BCQ8 is truncated on either end as desired, to exclude the transmembrane domain

Figure 21 shows the ammo acid sequence of BCQ8p1 and BCQ8p2

Figure 22 shows the relative amount of expression of BCQ8 in various samples of breast cancer tissue (dark bars) and many normal tissue types (light bars)

Figure 23 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a differentially expressed protein provided herein, human BCQ5

Figure 24 shows an embodiment of an open reading frame of a nucleic acid encoding human BCQ5 Figure 25 shows embodiments of ammo acid sequences of BCQ5 by providing an alignment wherein human is above mouse which is above rat

Figure 26 shows the ammo acid sequence of BCQ5p1 , BCQ5p2 and BCQ5p3

Figure 27 shows the relative amount of expression of BCQ5 in various samples of breast cancer tissue, colorectal cancer tissue, angiogenesis models wherein tubes are formed from endothe al cells, and normal tissue types

Figure 28 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a differentially expressed protein provided herein, mouse BCQ5

Figure 29 shows an embodiment of an open reading frame of a nucleic acid encoding mouse BCQ5

Figure 30 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (partial mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a differentially expressed protein provided herein, rat BCQ5

Figure 31 shows an embodiment of a partial open reading frame of a nucleic acid encoding rat BCQ5

Figure 32 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCH1 Start and stop codons are underlined

Figure 33 shows an embodiment of an open reading frame of a nucleic acid encoding BCH1 , wherein start and stop codons are underlined

Figure 34 shows an embodiment of an ammo acid sequence of BCH1 In a preferred embodiment, isolated BCH1 excludes the signal sequence, ammo acids 1-19

Figure 35 shows the ammo acid sequence of BCH1 p1 and BCH1 p2 (below)

Figure 36 shows the relative amount of expression of BCH1 in various samples of breast cancer tissue

(dark bars) and many normal tissue types (light bars) Figure 37 shows a graph correlating expression of estrogen receptor (ER) (vertical bar) and BCH1 (horizontal bar) with localization to the nucleus (diamonds) or the cytoplasm (squares)

Figures 38A and 38B show breast carcinoma tissue specimens having high levels of BCH1 expression as indicated by antι-BCH1 antibodies

Figures 39A and 39B show samples taken from the tissues shown in Figures 38A and 38B respectively, wherein anti-estrogen receptor antibodies indicate that estrogen receptor is localized exclusively to the cytoplasm

Figures 40A and 40B show breast carcinoma tissue specimens having low levels of BCH1 expression as indicated by antι-BCH1 antibodies

Figures 41 A and 41 B show samples taken from the tissues shown in Figures 40A and 40B respectively, wherein anti-estrogen receptor antibodies indicate that estrogen receptor in low BCH1 expression tissue does not correlate with estrogen receptor localization

Figure 42 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCN1 Start and stop codons are shaded, and Accession number AA419622 sequence is underlined

Figure 43 shows an embodiment of an ammo acid sequence of BCN1 A putative transmembrane domain is predicted to be at least at approximately positions 201-217 and 67-83 The protein may be a type Ilia membrane protein and may have additional transmembrane domains

Figure 44 shows the ammo acid sequence of BCN1 p1 and BCN1 p2

Figure 45 shows the relative amount of expression of BCN1 in various samples of breast cancer tissue

(dark bars), colon cancer tissue (light bars) and many normal tissue types (medium light dotted bars)

Figures 46A-46D show an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCN2 Start and stop codons are shaded, and Accession number AA428090 sequence is underlined Figure 47 shows an embodiment of an ammo acid sequence of BCN2

Figure 48 shows the relative amount of expression of BCN2 in various samples of breast cancer tissue (dark bars), colon cancer tissue (light bars) and many normal tissue types (medium light dotted bars)

Figures 49A-49B show an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCN5 Start and stop codons are shaded, and

Accession number R51309 sequence is underlined

Figure 50 shows an embodiment of an ammo acid sequence of BCN5 A putative signal sequence is shaded and preferred sequence is underlined

Figure 51 shows the relative amount of expression of BCN5 in various samples of breast cancer tissue (dark bars), colon cancer tissue (light bars) and many normal tissue types (medium light dotted bars)

Figure 52 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BC02 Start and stop codons are underlined

Figure 53 shows an embodiment of an open reading frame of a nucleic acid encoding BC02

Figure 54 shows an embodiment of an am o acid sequence of BC02

Figure 55 shows an alignment of ammo acids for human BC02 above mouse BC02

Figure 56 shows the relative amount of expression of BC02 in various samples of breast cancer tissue (dark bars) and many normal tissue types (light bars)

Figure 57 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCX2 Start and stop codons are underlined

Figure 58 shows an embodiment of an open reading frame of a nucleic acid encoding BCX2

Figure 59 shows an embodiment of an ammo acid sequence of BCX2 Figure 60 shows the relative amount of expression of BCX2 in vaπous samples of breast cancer tissue (dark bars) and many normal tissue types (light bars)

Figure 61 shows the relative amount of expression of BCX2 in various samples of colon cancer tissue (light bars), non-cancer cell lines (dark bars) and many cell lines (medium light bars)

Figure 62 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCX3 Start and stop codons are underlined

Figure 63 shows an embodiment of an open reading frame of a nucleic acid encoding BCX3

Figure 64 shows an embodiment of an ammo acid sequence of BCX3

Figure 65 shows the relative amount of expression of BCX3 in various samples of breast cancer tissue (dark bars) and many normal tissue types (light bars)

Figure 66 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCA2 Start and stop codons are shaded, and Accession number D12485 sequence is underlined

Figure 67 shows an embodiment of an ammo acid sequence of BCA2

Figure 68 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid (mRNA) which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCR2 Start and stop codons are shaded, and Accession number AA609773 sequence is shown underlined

Figure 69 shows an embodiment of an ammo acid sequence of BCR2

Figure 70 shows the relative amount of expression of BCR2 in various samples of breast cancer tissue

Figure 71 shows the relative amount of expression of BCR2 in various samples of normal tissue types (light bars) Figure 72 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCJ7

Figure 73 shows an embodiment of a nucleic acid which includes a sequence which encodes a breast cancer protein provided herein, BCY3

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel methods for diagnosis and prognosis evaluation for breast cancer, as well as methods for screening for compositions which modulate breast cancer In one aspect, the expression levels of genes are determined in different patient samples for which either diagnosis or prognosis information is desired, to provide expression profiles An expression profile of a particular sample is essentially a "fingerprint" of the state of the sample, while two states may have any particular gene similarly expressed, the evaluation of a number of genes simultaneously allows the generation of a gene expression profile that is unique to the state of the cell That is, normal tissue may be distinguished from breast cancer tissue, and within breast cancer tissue, different prognosis states (good or poor long term survival prospects, for example) may be determined By comparing expression profiles of breast tissue in known different states, information regarding which genes are important (including both up- and down-regulation of genes) in each of these states is obtained The identification of sequences that are differentially expressed in breast cancer versus normal breast tissue, as well as differential expression resulting in different prognostic outcomes, allows the use of this information in a number of ways For example, the evaluation of a particular treatment regime may be evaluated does a chemotherapeutic drug act to improve the long-term prognosis in a particular patient Similarly, diagnosis may be done or confirmed by comparing patient samples with the known expression profiles Furthermore, these gene expression profiles (or individual genes) allow screening of drug candidates with an eye to mimicking or altering a particular expression profile, for example, screening can be done for drugs that suppress the breast cancer expression profile or convert a poor prognosis profile to a better prognosis profile This may be done by making biochips comprising sets of the important breast cancer genes, which can then be used in these screens These methods can also be done on the protein basis, that is, protein expression levels of the breast cancer proteins can be evaluated for diagnostic and prognostic purposes or to screen candidate agents In addition, the breast cancer nucleic acid sequences can be administered for gene therapy purposes, including the administration of antisense nucleic acids, or the breast cancer proteins

(including antibodies and other modulators thereof) administered as therapeutic drugs Thus the present invention provides nucleic acid and protein sequences that are differentially expressed in breast cancer, breast cancer, herein termed "breast cancer sequences" As outlined below, breast cancer sequences include those that are up-regulated (i e expressed at a higher level) in breast cancer, as well as those that are down-regulated (i e expressed at a lower level) in breast cancer In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer sequences are from humans, however, as will be appreciated by those in the art, breast cancer sequences from other organisms may be useful in animal models of disease and drug evaluation, thus, other breast cancer sequences are provided, from vertebrates, including mammals, including rodents (rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, etc ), primates, farm animals (including sheep, goats, pigs, cows, horses, etc) Breast cancer sequences from other organisms may be obtained using the techniques outlined below

Breast cancer sequences can include both nucleic acid and am o acid sequences In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer sequences are recombinant nucleic acids By the term "recombinant nucleic acid" herein is meant nucleic acid, originally formed in vitro, in general, by the manipulation of nucleic acid by polymerases and endonucleases, in a form not normally found in nature Thus an isolated nucleic acid, in a linear form, or an expression vector formed in vitro by ligating DNA molecules that are not normally joined, are both considered recombinant for the purposes of this invention It is understood that once a recombinant nucleic acid is made and remtroduced into a host cell or organism, it will replicate non-recombinantly, i e using the in vivo cellular machinery of the host cell rather than in vitro manipulations, however, such nucleic acids, once produced recombinantly, although subsequently replicated non-recombinantly, are still considered recombinant for the purposes of the invention

Similarly, a "recombinant protein" is a protein made using recombinant techniques, i e through the expression of a recombinant nucleic acid as depicted above A recombinant protein is distinguished from naturally occurring protein by at least one or more characteristics For example, the protein may be isolated or purified away from some or all of the proteins and compounds with which it is normally associated in its wild type host, and thus may be substantially pure For example, an isolated protein is unaccompanied by at least some of the material with which it is normally associated in its natural state, preferably constituting at least about 0 5%, more preferably at least about 5% by weight of the total protein in a given sample A substantially pure protein comprises at least about 75% by weight of the total protein, with at least about 80% being preferred, and at least about 90% being particularly preferred The definition includes the production of a breast cancer protein from one organism in a different organism or host cell Alternatively, the protein may be made at a significantly higher concentration than is normally seen, through the use of an inducible promoter or high expression promoter, such that the protein is made at increased concentration levels Alternatively, the protein may be in a form not normally found in nature, as in the addition of an epitope tag or amino acid substitutions, insertions and deletions, as discussed below

In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer sequences are nucleic acids As will be appreciated by those in the art and is more fully outlined below, breast cancer sequences are useful in a variety of applications, including diagnostic applications, which will detect naturally occurring nucleic acids, as well as screening applications, for example, biochips comprising nucleic acid probes to the breast cancer sequences can be generated In the broadest sense, then, by "nucleic acid" or

"oligonucleotide" or grammatical equivalents herein means at least two nucleotides covalently linked together A nucleic acid of the present invention will generally contain phosphodiester bonds, although in some cases, as outlined below, nucleic acid analogs are included that may have alternate backbones, comprising, for example, phosphoramidate (Beaucage et al , Tetrahedron 49(10) 1925 (1993) and references therein, Letsinger, J Org Chem 35 3800 (1970), Spπnzl et al , Eur J

Biochem 81 579 (1977), Letsinger et al , Nucl Acids Res 14 3487 (1986), Sawai et al, Chem Lett 805 (1984), Letsmger et al , J Am Chem Soc 110 4470 (1988), and Pauwels et al , Chemica Scπpta 26 141 91986)), phosphorothioate (Mag et al , Nucleic Acids Res 19 1437 (1991 ), and U S Patent No 5,644,048), phosphorodithioate (Bπu et al , J Am Chem Soc 111 2321 (1989), O- methylphophoroamidite linkages (see Eckstein, Oligonucleotides and Analogues A Practical

Approach, Oxford University Press), and peptide nucleic acid backbones and linkages (see Egholm, J Am Chem Soc 114 1895 (1992), Meier et al , Chem Int Ed Engl 31 1008 (1992), Nielsen, Nature, 365 566 (1993), Carlsson et al , Nature 380 207 (1996), all of which are incorporated by reference) Other analog nucleic acids include those with positive backbones (Denpcy et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 6097 (1995), non-ionic backbones (U S Patent Nos 5,386,023, 5,637,684, 5,602,240,

5,216,141 and 4,469,863, Kiedrowshi et al , Angew Chem Intl Ed English 30 423 (1991 ), Letsinger et al . J Am Chem Soc 110 4470 (1988), Letsinger et al , Nucleoside & Nucleotide 13 1597 (1994), Chapters 2 and 3, ASC Symposium Series 580, "Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research", Ed Y S Sanghui and P Dan Cook, Mesmaeker et al , Bioorganic & Medicinal Chem Lett 4 395 (1994), Jeffs et al , J Biomolecular NMR 34 17 (1994), Tetrahedron Lett 37 743 (1996)) and non- πbose backbones, including those described in U S Patent Nos 5,235,033 and 5,034,506, and Chapters 6 and 7, ASC Symposium Series 580, "Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research", Ed Y S Sanghui and P Dan Cook Nucleic acids containing one or more carbocyclic sugars are also included within one definition of nucleic acids (see Jenkins et al , Chem Soc Rev (1995) pp169- 176) Several nucleic acid analogs are described in Rawls, C & E News June 2, 1997 page 35 All of these references are hereby expressly incorporated by reference These modifications of the πbose- phosphate backbone may be done for a variety of reasons, for example to increase the stability and half-life of such molecules in physiological environments or as probes on a biochip

As will be appreciated by those in the art, all of these nucleic acid analogs may find use in the present invention In addition, mixtures of naturally occurring nucleic acids and analogs can be made, alternatively, mixtures of different nucleic acid analogs, and mixtures of naturally occurring nucleic acids and analogs may be made

Particularly preferred are peptide nucleic acids (PNA) which includes peptide nucleic acid analogs

These backbones are substantially non-ionic under neutral conditions, in contrast to the highly charged phosphodiester backbone of naturally occurring nucleic acids This results in two advantages First, the PNA backbone exhibits improved hybridization kinetics PNAs have larger changes in the melting temperature (Tm) for mismatched versus perfectly matched basepairs DNA and RNA typically exhibit a 2-4°C drop in Tm for an internal mismatch With the non-ionic PNA backbone, the drop is closer to 7-9°C Similarly, due to their non-ionic nature, hybridization of the bases attached to these backbones is relatively insensitive to salt concentration In addition, PNAs are not degraded by cellular enzymes, and thus can be more stable

The nucleic acids may be single stranded or double stranded, as specified, or contain portions of both double stranded or single stranded sequence As will be appreciated by those in the art, the depiction of a single strand ("Watson") also defines the sequence of the other strand ("Crick"), thus the sequences described herein also includes the complement of the sequence The nucleic acid may be DNA, both genomic and cDNA, RNA or a hybrid, where the nucleic acid contains any combination of deoxyπbo- and πbo-nucleotides, and any combination of bases, including uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosme, guanine, inosine, xanth e hypoxanthine, isocytosme, isoguanme, etc As used herein, the term "nucleoside" includes nucleotides and nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, and modified nucleosides such as ammo modified nucleosides In addition, "nucleoside" includes non-naturally occurring analog structures Thus for example the individual units of a peptide nucleic acid, each containing a base, are referred to herein as a nucleoside A breast cancer sequence can be initially identified by substantial nucleic acid and/or ammo acid sequence homology to the breast cancer sequences outlined herein Such homology can be based upon the overall nucleic acid or ammo acid sequence, and is generally determined as outlined below, using either homology programs or hybridization conditions

The breast cancer sequences of the invention can be identified as follows Samples of normal and tumor tissue are applied to biochips comprising nucleic acid probes The samples are first microdissected, if applicable, and treated as is know in the art for the preparation of mRNA Suitable biochips are commercially available, for example from Affymetπx Gene expression profiles as described herein are generated, and the data analyzed

In a preferred embodiment, the genes showing changes in expression as between normal and disease states are compared to genes expressed in other normal tissues, including, but not limited to lung, heart, brain, liver, breast, kidney, muscle, prostate, small intestine, large intestine, spleen, bone, and placenta In a preferred embodiment, those genes identified during the breast cancer screen that are expressed in any significant amount in other tissues are removed from the profile, although in some embodiments, this is not necessary That is, when screening for drugs, it is preferable that the target be disease specific, to minimize possible side effects

In a preferred embodiment, breast cancer sequences are those that are up-regulated in breast cancer, that is, the expression of these genes is higher in breast carcinoma as compared to normal breast tissue "Up-regulation" as used herein means at least about a two-fold change, preferably at least about a three fold change, with at least about five-fold or higher being preferred All accession numbers herein are for the GenBank sequence database and the sequences of the accession numbers are hereby expressly incorporated by reference GenBank is known in the art, see, e g , Benson, DA, et al , Nucleic Acids Research 26 1-7 (1998) and http //www ncbi nlm nih gov/ In addition, these genes were found to be expressed in a limited relative amount or not at all in heart, brain, lung, liver, kidney, prostate, small intestine, testes, fibroblasts and spleen

In a preferred embodiment, breast cancer sequences are those that are down-regulated in breast cancer, that is, the expression of these genes is lower in breast carcinoma as compared to normal breast tissue "Down-regulation" as used herein means at least about a two-fold change, preferably at least about a three fold change, with at least about five-fold or higher being preferred Breast cancer proteins of the present invention may be classified as secreted proteins, transmembrane proteins or mtracellular proteins In a preferred embodiment the breast cancer protein is an mtracellular protein Intracellular proteins are involved in all aspects of cellular function and replication (including, for example, signaling pathways), aberrant expression of such proteins results in unregulated or deregulated cellular processes For example, many intracellular proteins have enzymatic activity such as protein kmase activity, protein phosphatase activity, protease activity, nucleotide cyclase activity, polymerase activity and the like Intracellular proteins also serve as docking proteins that are involved in organizing complexes of proteins, or targeting proteins to various subcellular localizations, and are involved in maintaining the structural integrity of organelles

An increasingly appreciated concept in characterizing intracellular proteins is the presence in the proteins of one or more motifs for which defined functions have been attributed In addition to the highly conserved sequences found in the enzymatic domain of proteins, highly conserved sequences have been identified in proteins that are involved in protein-protein interaction For example, Src- homology-2 (SH2) domains bind tyrosine-phosphorylated targets in a sequence dependent manner PTB domains, which are distinct from SH2 domains, also bind tyrosine phosphorylated targets SH3 domains bind to proline-πch targets In addition, PH domains, tetratπcopeptide repeats and WD domains to name only a few, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions Some of these may also be involved in binding to phospho pids or other second messengers As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, these motifs can be identified on the basis of primary sequence, thus, an analysis of the sequence of proteins may provide insight into both the enzymatic potential of the molecule and/or molecules with which the protein may associate

In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer sequences are transmembrane proteins Transmembrane proteins are molecules that span the phospholipid bilayer of a cell They may have an intracellular domain, an extracellular domain, or both The intracellular domains of such proteins may have a number of functions including those already described for intracellular proteins For example, the intracellular domain may have enzymatic activity and/or may serve as a binding site for additional proteins Frequently the intracellular domain of transmembrane proteins serves both roles For example certain receptor tyrosine kmases have both protein kmase activity and SH2 domains In addition, autophosphorylation of tyrosmes on the receptor molecule itself, creates binding sites for additional SH2 domain containing proteins Transmembrane proteins may contain from one to many transmembrane domains For example, receptor tyrosine kmases, certain cytokine receptors, receptor guanylyl cyclases and receptor seπne/threonine protein kmases contain a single transmembrane domain However, various other proteins including channels and adenylyi cyclases contain numerous transmembrane domains Many important cell surface receptors are classified as "seven transmembrane domain" proteins, as they contain 7 membrane spanning regions Important transmembrane protein receptors include, but are not limited to insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor, human growth hormone receptor, glucose transporters, transferπn receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, leptm receptor, mterleukin receptors, e g IL-1 receptor, I L-2 receptor, etc

Characteristics of transmembrane domains include approximately 20 consecutive hydrophobic ammo acids that may be followed by charged ammo acids Therefore, upon analysis of the ammo acid sequence of a particular protein, the localization and number of transmembrane domains within the protein may be predicted

The extracellular domains of transmembrane proteins are diverse, however, conserved motifs are found repeatedly among various extracellular domains Conserved structure and/or functions have been ascribed to different extracellular motifs For example, cytokine receptors are characterized by a cluster of cysteines and a WSXWS (W= tryptophan, S= seπne, X=any am o acid) motif Immunoglobulin-like domains are highly conserved Mucm-like domains may be involved in cell adhesion and leucine-πch repeats participate in protein-protein interactions It is understood that the transmembrane domains may be removed to create soluble proteins herein

Many extracellular domains are involved in binding to other molecules In one aspect, extracellular domains are receptors Factors that bind the receptor domain include circulating ligands, which may be peptides, proteins, or small molecules such as adenosine and the like For example, growth factors such as EGF, FGF and PDGF are circulating growth factors that bind to their cognate receptors to initiate a variety of cellular responses Other factors include cytokmes, mitogenic factors, neurotrophic factors and the like Extracellular domains also bind to cell-associated molecules In this respect, they mediate cell-cell interactions Cell-associated ligands can be tethered to the cell for example via a glycosylphosphatidyl ositol (GPI) anchor, or may themselves be transmembrane proteins Extracellular domains also associate with the extracellular matrix and contribute to the maintenance of the cell structure Breast cancer proteins that are transmembrane are particularly preferred in the present invention as they are good targets for immunotherapeutics, as are described herein In addition, as outlined below, transmembrane proteins can be also useful in imaging modalities

In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer proteins are secreted proteins, the secretion of which can be either constitutive or regulated These proteins have a signal peptide or signal sequence that targets the molecule to the secretory pathway Secreted proteins are involved in numerous physiological events, by virtue of their circulating nature, they serve to transmit signals to various other cell types The secreted protein may function in an autocπne manner (acting on the cell that secreted the factor), a paracnne manner (acting on cells in close proximity to the cell that secreted the factor) or an endocrine manner (acting on cells at a distance) Thus secreted molecules find use in modulating or altering numerous aspects of physiology Breast cancer proteins that are secreted proteins are particularly preferred in the present invention as they serve as good targets for diagnostic markers, for example for blood tests

A breast cancer sequence is initially identified by substantial nucleic acid and/or ammo acid sequence homology to the breast cancer sequences outlined herein Such homology can be based upon the overall nucleic acid or ammo acid sequence, and is generally determined as outlined below, using either homology programs or hybridization conditions

As used herein, a nucleic acid is a "breast cancer nucleic acid" if the overall homology of the nucleic acid sequence to the nucleic acid sequences encoding the ammo acid sequences of the figures is preferably greater than about 75%, more preferably greater than about 80%, even more preferably greater than about 85% and most preferably greater than 90% In some embodiments the homology will be as high as about 93 to 95 or 98% Homology in this context means sequence similarity or identity, with identity being preferred A preferred comparison for homology purposes is to compare the sequence containing sequencing errors to the correct sequence This homology will be determined using standard techniques known in the art, including, but not limited to, the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Adv Appl Math 2 482 (1981 ), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, J Mol Biool 48 443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, PNAS USA 85 2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wl), the Best Fit sequence program described by Devereux et al , Nucl Acid Res 12 387-395 (1984), preferably using the default settings, or by inspection

In a preferred embodiment, the sequences which are used to determine sequence identity or similarity are selected from the sequences set forth in the figures In one embodiment the sequences utilized herein are those set forth in the figures In another embodiment, the sequences are naturally occurring allelic variants of the sequences set forth in the figures In another embodiment, the sequences are sequence variants as further described herein

One example of a useful algorithm is PILEUP PILEUP creates a multiple sequence alignment from a group of related sequences using progressive, pairwise alignments It can also plot a tree showing the clustering relationships used to create the alignment PILEUP uses a simplification of the progressive alignment method of Feng & Doolittle, J Mol Evol 35 351-360 (1987), the method is similar to that described by Higgms & Sharp CABIOS 5 151-153 (1989) Useful PILEUP parameters including a default gap weight of 3 00, a default gap length weight of 0 10, and weighted end gaps

Another example of a useful algorithm is the BLAST algorithm, described in Altschul et al , J Mol Biol 215, 403-410, (1990) and Karlin et al , PNAS USA 90 5873-5787 (1993) A particularly useful BLAST program is the WU-BLAST-2 program which was obtained from Altschul et al , Methods in Enzymology, 266 460-480 (1996), http //blast wustl/edu/blast READE html] WU-BLAST-2 uses several search parameters, most of which are set to the default values The adjustable parameters are set with the following values overlap span =1 , overlap fraction = 0 125, word threshold (T) = 11 The HSP S and HSP S2 parameters are dynamic values and are established by the program itself depending upon the composition of the particular sequence and composition of the particular database against which the sequence of interest is being searched, however, the values may be adjusted to increase sensitivity A % ammo acid sequence identity value is determined by the number of matching identical residues divided by the total number of residues of the "longer" sequence in the aligned region The "longer" sequence is the one having the most actual residues in the aligned region (gaps introduced by WU-Blast-2 to maximize the alignment score are ignored)

Thus, "percent (%) nucleic acid sequence identity" is defined as the percentage of nucleotide residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the nucleotide residues of the se A preferred method utilizes the BLASTN module of WU-BLAST-2 set to the default parameters, with overlap span and overlap fraction set to 1 and 0 125, respectively The alignment may include the introduction of gaps in the sequences to be aligned In addition, for sequences which contain either more or fewer nucleosides than those of the figures, it is understood that the percentage of homology will be determined based on the number of homologous nucleosides in relation to the total number of nucleosides Thus, for example, homology of sequences shorter than those of the sequences identified herein and as discussed below, will be determined using the number of nucleosides in the shorter sequence

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid homology is determined through hybridization studies Thus, for example, nucleic acids which hybridize under high stringency to the nucleic acid sequences which encode the proteins identified in the figures, or their complements, are considered a breast cancer sequence High stringency conditions are known in the art, see for example Maniatis et al , Molecular

Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2d Edition, 1989, and Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, ed Ausubel, et al , both of which are hereby incorporated by reference Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances Longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher temperatures An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen, Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes,

"Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid assays" (1993) Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5-10°C lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength pH The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH and nucleic acid concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium (as the target sequences are present in excess, at Tm,

50% of the probes are occupied at equilibrium) Stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1 0 M sodium ion, typically about 0 01 to 1 0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7 0 to 8 3 and the temperature is at least about 30°C for short probes (e g 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60^°C for long probes (e g greater than 50 nucleotides) Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide

In another embodiment, less stringent hybridization conditions are used, for example, moderate or low stringency conditions may be used, as are known in the art, see Maniatis and Ausubel, supra, and Tijssen, supra

In addition, the breast cancer nucleic acid sequences of the invention are fragments of larger genes, i e they are nucleic acid segments "Genes" in this context includes coding regions, non-coding regions, and mixtures of coding and non-coding regions Accordingly, as will be appreciated by those in the art, using the sequences provided herein, additional sequences of the breast cancer genes can be obtained, using techniques well known in the art for cloning either longer sequences or the full length sequences, see Maniatis et al , and Ausubel, et al , supra, hereby expressly incorporated by reference

Once the breast cancer nucleic acid is identified, it can be cloned and, if necessary, its constituent parts recombined to form the entire breast cancer nucleic acid Once isolated from its natural source, e g , contained within a plasmid or other vector or excised therefrom as a linear nucleic acid segment, the recombinant breast cancer nucleic acid can be further-used as a probe to identify and isolate other breast cancer nucleic acids, for example additional coding regions It can also be used as a

"precursor" nucleic acid to make modified or variant breast cancer nucleic acids and proteins

The breast cancer nucleic acids of the present invention are used in several ways In a first embodiment, nucleic acid probes to the breast cancer nucleic acids are made and attached to biochips to be used in screening and diagnostic methods, as outlined below, or for administration, for example for gene therapy and/or antisense applications Alternatively, the breast cancer nucleic acids that include coding regions of breast cancer proteins can be put into expression vectors for the expression of breast cancer proteins, again either for screening purposes or for administration to a patient

In a preferred embodiment, nucleic acid probes to breast cancer nucleic acids (both the nucleic acid sequences encoding peptides outlined in the figures and/or the complements thereof) are made The nucleic acid probes attached to the biochip are designed to be substantially complementary to the breast cancer nucleic acids, i e the target sequence (either the target sequence of the sample or to other probe sequences, for example in sandwich assays), such that hybridization of the target sequence and the probes of the present invention occurs As outlined below, this complementarity need not be perfect, there may be any number of base pair mismatches which will interfere with hybridization between the target sequence and the single stranded nucleic acids of the present invention However, if the number of mutations is so great that no hybridization can occur under even the least stringent of hybridization conditions, the sequence is not a complementary target sequence Thus, by "substantially complementary" herein is meant that the probes are sufficiently complementary to the target sequences to hybridize under normal reaction conditions, particularly high stringency conditions, as outlined herein A nucleic acid probe is generally single stranded but can be partially single and partially double stranded The strandedness of the probe is dictated by the structure, composition, and properties of the target sequence In general, the nucleic acid probes range from about 8 to about 100 bases long, with from about 10 to about 80 bases being preferred, and from about 30 to about 50 bases being particularly preferred That is, generally whole genes are not used In some embodiments, much longer nucleic acids can be used, up to hundreds of bases

In a preferred embodiment, more than one probe per sequence is used, with either overlapping probes or probes to different sections of the target being used That is, two, three, four or more probes, with three being preferred, are used to build in a redundancy for a particular target The probes can be overlapping (i e have some sequence in common), or separate

As will be appreciated by those in the art, nucleic acids can be attached or immobilized to a solid support in a wide variety of ways By "immobilized" and grammatical equivalents herein is meant the association or binding between the nucleic acid probe and the solid support is sufficient to be stable under the conditions of binding, washing, analysis, and removal as outlined below The binding can be covalent or non-covalent By "non-covalent binding" and grammatical equivalents herein is meant one or more of either electrostatic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic interactions Included in non-covalent binding is the covalent attachment of a molecule, such as, streptavidm to the support and the non- covalent binding of the biotinylated probe to the streptavidm By "covalent binding" and grammatical equivalents herein is meant that the two moieties, the solid support and the probe, are attached by at least one bond, including sigma bonds, pi bonds and coordination bonds Covalent bonds can be formed directly between the probe and the solid support or can be formed by a cross linker or by inclusion of a specific reactive group on either the solid support or the probe or both molecules Immobilization may also involve a combination of covalent and non-covalent interactions

In general, the probes are attached to the biochip in a wide variety of ways, as will be appreciated by those in the art As described herein, the nucleic acids can either be synthesized first, with subsequent attachment to the biochip, or can be directly synthesized on the biochip

The biochip comprises a suitable solid substrate By "substrate" or "solid support" or other grammatical equivalents herein is meant any material that can be modified to contain discrete individual sites appropriate for the attachment or association of the nucleic acid probes and is amenable to at least one detection method As will be appreciated by those in the art, the number of possible substrates are very large, and include, but are not limited to, glass and modified or functionalized glass, plastics (including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, TeflonJ, etc ), polysacchaπdes, nylon or nitrocellulose, resins, silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses, plastics, etc In general, the substrates allow optical detection and do not appreciably fluorescese A preferred substrate is described in copendmg application entitled A Reusable Low Fluorescent Plastic Biochip, U S Application Serial No 09/270,214, filed March 15, 1999, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety

Generally the substrate is planar, although as will be appreciated by those in the art, other configurations of substrates may be used as well For example, the probes may be placed on the inside surface of a tube, for flow-through sample analysis to minimize sample volume Similarly, the substrate may be flexible, such as a flexible foam, including closed cell foams made of particular plastics

In a preferred embodiment, the surface of the biochip and the probe may be derivatized with chemical functional groups for subsequent attachment of the two Thus, for example, the biochip is derivatized with a chemical functional group including, but not limited to, ammo groups, carboxy groups, oxo groups and thiol groups, with ammo groups being particularly preferred Using these functional groups, the probes can be attached using functional groups on the probes For example, nucleic acids containing ammo groups can be attached to surfaces comprising ammo groups, for example using linkers as are known in the art, for example, homo-or hetero-bifunctional linkers as are well known (see 1994 Pierce Chemical Company catalog, technical section on cross-linkers, pages 155-200, incorporated herein by reference) In addition, in some cases, additional linkers, such as alkyl groups (including substituted and heteroalkyl groups) may be used

In this embodiment, the oligonucleotides are synthesized as is known in the art, and then attached to the surface of the solid support As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, either the 5' or 3' terminus may be attached to the solid support, or attachment may be via an internal nucleoside

In an additional embodiment, the immobilization to the solid support may be very strong, yet non- covalent For example, biotinylated oligonucleotides can be made, which bind to surfaces covalently coated with streptavidm, resulting in attachment Alternatively, the oligonucleotides may be synthesized on the surface, as is known in the art For example, photoactivation techniques utilizing photopolymeπzation compounds and techniques are used In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acids can be synthesized in situ, using well known photolithographic techniques, such as those described in WO 95/25116, WO 95/35505, U S Patent Nos 5,700,637 and 5,445,934, and references cited within, all of which are expressly incorporated by reference, these methods of attachment form the basis of the Affimetrix GeneChip™ technology

In a preferred embodiment, breast cancer nucleic acids encoding breast cancer proteins are used to make a variety of expression vectors to express breast cancer proteins which can then be used in screening assays, as described below The expression vectors may be either self-replicating extrachromosomal vectors or vectors which integrate into a host genome Generally, these expression vectors include transcriptional and translational regulatory nucleic acid operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the breast cancer protein The term "control sequences" refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism The control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes, for example, include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, and a πbosome binding site Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers

Nucleic acid is "operably linked" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotem that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence, or a πbosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation Generally, "operably linked" means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous Linking is accomplished by gation at convenient restriction sites If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice The transcriptional and translational regulatory nucleic acid will generally be appropriate to the host cell used to express the breast cancer protein, for example, transcriptional and translational regulatory nucleic acid sequences from Bacillus are preferably used to express the breast cancer protein in Bacillus Numerous types of appropriate expression vectors, and suitable regulatory sequences are known in the art for a variety of host cells In general, the transcriptional and translational regulatory sequences may include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, πbosomal binding sites, transcriptional start and stop sequences, translational start and stop sequences, and enhancer or activator sequences In a preferred embodiment, the regulatory sequences include a promoter and transcriptional start and stop sequences

Promoter sequences encode either constitutive or inducible promoters The promoters may be either naturally occurring promoters or hybrid promoters Hybrid promoters, which combine elements of more than one promoter, are also known in the art, and are useful in the present invention

In addition, the expression vector may comprise additional elements For example, the expression vector may have two replication systems, thus allowing it to be maintained in two organisms, for example in mammalian or insect cells for expression and in a procaryotic host for cloning and amplification Furthermore, for integrating expression vectors, the expression vector contains at least one sequence homologous to the host cell genome, and preferably two homologous sequences which flank the expression construct The integrating vector may be directed to a specific locus in the host cell by selecting the appropriate homologous sequence for inclusion in the vector Constructs for integrating vectors are well known in the art

In addition, in a preferred embodiment, the expression vector contains a selectable marker gene to allow the selection of transformed host cells Selection genes are well known in the art and will vary

The breast cancer proteins of the present invention are produced by culturing a host cell transformed with an expression vector containing nucleic acid encoding a breast cancer protein, under the appropriate conditions to induce or cause expression of the breast cancer protein The conditions appropriate for breast cancer protein expression will vary with the choice of the expression vector and the host cell, and will be easily ascertained by one skilled in the art through routine experimentation For example, the use of constitutive promoters in the expression vector will require optimizing the growth and proliferation of the host cell, while the use of an inducible promoter requires the appropriate growth conditions for induction In addition, in some embodiments, the timing of the harvest is important For example, the baculoviral systems used in insect cell expression are lytic viruses, and thus harvest time selection can be crucial for product yield Appropriate host cells include yeast, bacteria, archaebacteπa, fungi, and insect and animal cells, including mammalian cells Of particular interest are Drosophila melangaster cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeasts, E coli, Bacillus subtilis, Sf9 cells, C129 cells, 293 cells, Neurospora, BHK, CHO, COS, HeLa cells, THP1 cell line (a macrophage cell line) and human cells and cell lines

In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer proteins are expressed in mammalian cells Mammalian expression systems are also known in the art, and include retroviral systems A preferred expression vector system is a retroviral vector system such as is generally described in PCT/US97/01019 and PCT/US97/01048, both of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference Of particular use as mammalian promoters are the promoters from mammalian viral genes, since the viral genes are often highly expressed and have a broad host range Examples include the SV40 early promoter, mouse mammary tumor virus LTR promoter, adenovirus major late promoter, herpes simplex virus promoter, and the CMV promoter Typically, transcription termination and polyadenylation sequences recognized by mammalian cells are regulatory regions located 3' to the translation stop codon and thus, together with the promoter elements, flank the coding sequence Examples of transcription terminator and polyadenlytion signals include those derived form SV40

The methods of introducing exogenous nucleic acid into mammalian hosts, as well as other hosts, is well known in the art, and will vary with the host cell used Techniques include dextran-mediated transfection, calcium phosphate precipitation, polybrene mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, viral infection, encapsulation of the polynucleotιde(s) in posomes, and direct microinjection of the DNA into nuclei

In a preferred embodiment, breast cancer proteins are expressed in bacterial systems Bacterial expression systems are well known in the art Promoters from bacteπophage may also be used and are known in the art In addition, synthetic promoters and hybrid promoters are also useful, for example, the tac promoter is a hybrid of the trp and lac promoter sequences Furthermore, a bacterial promoter can include naturally occurring promoters of non-bacterial origin that have the ability to bind bacterial RNA polymerase and initiate transcription In addition to a functioning promoter sequence, an efficient πbosome binding site is desirable The expression vector may also include a signal peptide sequence that provides for secretion of the breast cancer protein in bacteria The protein is either secreted into the growth media (gram-positive bacteria) or into the peπplasmic space, located between the inner and outer membrane of the cell (gram-negative bacteria) The bacterial expression vector may also include a selectable marker gene to allow for the selection of bacterial strains that have been transformed Suitable selection genes include genes which render the bacteria resistant to drugs such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycm, neomycin and tetracyclme Selectable markers also include biosynthetic genes, such as those in the histidine, tryptophan and leucme biosynthetic pathways These components are assembled into expression vectors Expression vectors for bacteria are well known in the art, and include vectors for Bacillus subtilis, E coli, Streptococcus cremons, and Streptococcus lividans, among others The bacterial expression vectors are transformed into bacterial host cells using techniques well known in the art, such as calcium chloride treatment, electroporation, and others

In one embodiment, breast cancer proteins are produced in insect cells Expression vectors for the transformation of insect cells, and in particular, baculovirus-based expression vectors, are well known in the art

In a preferred embodiment, breast cancer protein is produced in yeast cells Yeast expression systems are well known in the art, and include expression vectors for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and C maltosa, Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces fragilis and K lactis, Pichia guillerimondn and P pastons, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Yarrowia lipolytica

The breast cancer protein may also be made as a fusion protein, using techniques well known in the art Thus, for example, for the creation of monoclonal antibodies, if the desired epitope is small, the breast cancer protein may be fused to a carrier protein to form an immunogen Alternatively, the breast cancer protein may be made as a fusion protein to increase expression, or for other reasons For example, when the breast cancer protein is a breast cancer peptide, the nucleic acid encoding the peptide may be linked to other nucleic acid for expression purposes

In one embodiment, the breast cancer nucleic acids, proteins and antibodies of the invention are labeled By "labeled" herein is meant that a compound has at least one element, isotope or chemical compound attached to enable the detection of the compound In general, labels fall into three classes a) isotopic labels, which may be radioactive or heavy isotopes, b) immune labels, which may be antibodies or antigens, and c) colored or fluorescent dyes The labels may be incorporated into the breast cancer nucleic acids, proteins and antibodies at any position For example, the label should be capable of producing, either directly or indirectly, a detectable signal The detectable moiety may be a radioisotope, such as ³H, ¹ C, ³²P, ³⁵S, or ¹²⁵l, a fluorescent or chemiluminescent compound, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamme, or luciferin, or an enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase, beta- galactosidase or horseradish peroxidase Any method known in the art for conjugating the antibody to the label may be employed, including those methods described by Hunter et al , Nature, 144 945 (1962), David et al , Biochemistry. 13 1014 (1974), Pain et al , J Immunol Meth . 40 219 (1981), and Nygren, J Histochem and Cvtochem , 30 407 (1982)

Accordingly, the present invention also provides breast cancer protein sequences A breast cancer protein of the present invention may be identified in several ways "Protein" in this sense includes proteins, polypeptides, and peptides As will be appreciated by those in the art, the nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be used to generate protein sequences There are a variety of ways to do this, including cloning the entire gene and verifying its frame and ammo acid sequence, or by comparing it to known sequences to search for homology to provide a frame, assuming the breast cancer protein has homology to some protein in the database being used Generally, the nucleic acid sequences are input into a program that will search all three frames for homology This is done in a preferred embodiment using the following NCBI Advanced BLAST parameters The program is blastx or blastn The database is nr The input data is as "Sequence in FASTA format" The organism list is "none" The "expect" is 10, the filter is default The "descriptions" is 500, the "alignments" is 500, and the "alignment view" is pairwise The "Query Genetic Codes" is standard (1) The matrix is BLOSUM62, gap existence cost is 11 , per residue gap cost is 1 , and the lambda ratio is 85 default This results in the generation of a putative protein sequence

Also included within one embodiment of breast cancer proteins are ammo acid variants of the naturally occurring sequences, as determined herein Preferably, the variants are preferably greater than about

75% homologous to the wild-type sequence, more preferably greater than about 80%, even more preferably greater than about 85% and most preferably greater than 90% In some embodiments the homology will be as high as about 93 to 95 or 98% As for nucleic acids, homology in this context means sequence similarity or identity, with identity being preferred This homology will be determined using standard techniques known in the art as are outlined above for the nucleic acid homologies

Breast cancer proteins of the present invention may be shorter or longer than the wild type am o acid sequences Thus, in a preferred embodiment, included within the definition of breast cancer proteins are portions or fragments of the wild type sequences herein In addition, as outlined above, the breast cancer nucleic acids of the invention may be used to obtain additional coding regions, and thus additional protein sequence, using techniques known in the art In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer proteins are derivative or variant breast cancer proteins as compared to the wild-type sequence That is, as outlined more fully below, the derivative breast cancer peptide will contain at least one ammo acid substitution, deletion or insertion, with ammo acid substitutions being particularly preferred The am o acid substitution, insertion or deletion may occur at any residue within the breast cancer peptide

Also included in an embodiment of breast cancer proteins of the present invention are ammo acid sequence variants These variants fall into one or more of three classes substitutional, msertional or deletional variants These variants ordinarily are prepared by site specific mutagenesis of nucleotides in the DNA encoding the breast cancer protein, using cassette or PCR mutagenesis or other techniques well known in the art, to produce DNA encoding the variant, and thereafter expressing the

DNA in recombinant cell culture as outlined above However, variant breast cancer protein fragments having up to about 100-150 residues may be prepared by in vitro synthesis using established techniques Ammo acid sequence variants are characterized by the predetermined nature of the variation, a feature that sets them apart from naturally occurring allelic or interspecies variation of the breast cancer protein ammo acid sequence The variants typically exhibit the same qualitative biological activity as the naturally occurring analogue, although variants can also be selected which have modified characteristics as will be more fully outlined below

While the site or region for introducing an ammo acid sequence variation is predetermined, the mutation per se need not be predetermined For example, in order to optimize the performance of a mutation at a given site, random mutagenesis may be conducted at the target codon or region and the expressed breast cancer variants screened for the optimal combination of desired activity Techniques for making substitution mutations at predetermined sites in DNA having a known sequence are well known, for example, M13 primer mutagenesis and PCR mutagenesis Screening of the mutants is done using assays of breast cancer protein activities

Ammo acid substitutions are typically of single residues, insertions usually will be on the order of from about 1 to 20 am o acids, although considerably larger insertions may be tolerated Deletions range from about 1 to about 20 residues, although in some cases deletions may be much larger

Substitutions deletions, insertions or any combination thereof may be used to arrive at a final derivative Generally these changes are done on a few ammo acids to minimize the alteration of the molecule However, larger changes may be tolerated in certain circumstances When small alterations in the characteristics of the breast cancer protein are desired, substitutions are generally made in accordance with the following chart

Chart I Original Residue Exemplary Substitutions Ala Ser

Arg Lys

Asn Gin, His

Asp Glu

Cys Ser Gin Asn

Glu Asp

Gly Pro

His Asn, Gin lie Leu, Val Leu He, Val

Lys Arg, Gin, Glu

Met Leu, He

Phe Met, Leu, Tyr

Ser Thr Thr Ser

Trp Tyr

Tyr Trp, Phe

Val lie, Leu

Substantial changes in function or immunological identity are made by selecting substitutions that are less conservative than those shown in Chart I For example, substitutions may be made which more significantly affect the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the alteration, for example the alpha-helical or beta-sheet structure, the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or the bulk of the side chain The substitutions which in general are expected to produce the greatest changes in the polypeptide's properties are those in which (a) a hydrophilic residue, e g seryl or threonyl is substituted for (or by) a hydrophobic residue, e g leucyl, isoleucyl, phenylalanyl, valyl or alanyl, (b) a cysteine or prolme is substituted for (or by) any other residue, (c) a residue having an electropositive side chain, e g lysyl, argmyl, or histidyl, is substituted for (or by) an electronegative residue, e g glutamyl or aspartyl, or (d) a residue having a bulky side chain, e g phenylalanme, is substituted for (or by) one not having a side chain, e g glycme

The variants typically exhibit the same qualitative biological activity and will elicit the same immune response as the naturally-occurring analogue, although variants also are selected to modify the characteristics of the breast cancer proteins as needed Alternatively, the variant may be designed such that the biological activity of the breast cancer protein is altered For example, glycosylation sites may be altered or removed

Covalent modifications of breast cancer polypeptides are included within the scope of this invention One type of covalent modification includes reacting targeted ammo acid residues of a breast cancer polypeptide with an organic deπvatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the N-or C-termmal residues of a breast cancer polypeptide Deπvatization with bifunctional agents is useful, for instance, for crosslinkmg breast cancer to a water-insoluble support matrix or surface for use in the method for purifying anti-breast cancer antibodies or screening assays, as is more fully described below Commonly used crosslinkmg agents include, e g , 1 ,1-bιs(dιazoacetyl)-2- phenylethane, glutaraldehyde, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, for example, esters with 4-azιdosalιcylιc acid, homobifunctional imidoesters, including disuccmimidyl esters such as 3,3'-dιthιobιs(succιnιmιdyl- propionate), bifunctional maleimides such as bιs-N-maleιmιdo-1 ,8-octane and agents such as methyl- 3-[(p-azιdophenyl)dιthιo]propιoιmιdate

Other modifications include deamidation of glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues to the corresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues, respectively, hydroxylation of prolme and lysme, phosphoryiation of hydroxyl groups of seryl, threonyl or tyrosyl residues, methylation of the α-amino groups of lysme, arginme, and histidine side chains [T E Creighton, Proteins Structure and Molecular Properties, W H Freeman & Co , San Francisco, pp 79-86 (1983)], acetylation of the N-terminal amine, and amidation of any C-terminal carboxyl group

Another type of covalent modification of the breast cancer polypeptide included within the scope of this invention comprises altering the native glycosylation pattern of the polypeptide "Altering the native glycosylation pattern" is intended for purposes herein to mean deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in native sequence breast cancer polypeptide, and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the native sequence breast cancer polypeptide

Addition of glycosylation sites to breast cancer polypeptides may be accomplished by altering the ammo acid sequence thereof The alteration may be made, for example, by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more seπne or threonine residues to the native sequence breast cancer polypeptide (for O-hnked glycosylation sites) The breast cancer ammo acid sequence may optionally be altered through changes at the DNA level, particularly by mutating the DNA encoding the breast cancer polypeptide at preselected bases such that codons are generated that will translate into the desired ammo acids

Another means of increasing the number of carbohydrate moieties on the breast cancer polypeptide is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to the polypeptide Such methods are described in the art, e g , in WO 87/05330 published 11 September 1987, and in Aplm and Wπston, breast cancer

Cπt Rev Biochem , pp 259-306 (1981)

Removal of carbohydrate moieties present on the breast cancer polypeptide may be accomplished chemically or enzymatically or by mutational substitution of codons encoding for ammo acid residues that serve as targets for glycosylation Chemical deglycosylation techniques are known in the art and described, for instance, by Hakimuddm, et al , Arch Biochem Biophys , 259 52 (1987) and by Edge et al , Anal Biochem , 118 131 (1981) Enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate moieties on polypeptides can be achieved by the use of a variety of endo-and exo-glycosidases as described by Thotakura et al., Meth Enzymol , 138 350 (1987)

Another type of covalent modification of breast cancer comprises linking the breast cancer polypeptide to one of a variety of nonprotemaceous polymers, e g , polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner set forth in U S Patent Nos 4,640,835, 4,496,689, 4,301 ,144, 4,670,417, 4,791 ,192 or 4,179,337

Breast cancer polypeptides of the present invention may also be modified in a way to form chimeric molecules comprising a breast cancer polypeptide fused to another, heterologous polypeptide or ammo acid sequence In one embodiment, such a chimeric molecule comprises a fusion of a breast cancer polypeptide with a tag polypeptide which provides an epitope to which an anti-tag antibody can selectively bind The epitope tag is generally placed at the ammo-or carboxyl-terminus of the breast cancer polypeptide The presence of such epitope-tagged forms of a breast cancer polypeptide can be detected using an antibody against the tag polypeptide Also, provision of the epitope tag enables the breast cancer polypeptide to be readily purified by affinity purification using an anti-tag antibody or another type of affinity matrix that binds to the epitope tag In an alternative embodiment, the chimeric molecule may comprise a fusion of a breast cancer polypeptide with an immunoglobulm or a particular region of an immunoglobulm For a bivalent form of the chimeric molecule, such a fusion could be to the Fc region of an IgG molecule Various tag polypeptides and their respective antibodies are well known in the art Examples include poly-histidine (poly-his) or poly-histidine-glycme (poly-his-gly) tags, the flu HA tag polypeptide and its antibody 12CA5 [Field et al , Mol Cell Biol , 8 2159-2165 (1988)], the c-myc tag and the 8F9, 3C7, 6E10, G4, B7 and 9E10 antibodies thereto [Evan et al , Molecular and Cellular Biology, 5 3610-3616 (1985)], and the Herpes Simplex virus glycoprotein D (gD) tag and its antibody [Paborsky et al ,

Protein Engineering, 3(6) 547-553 (1990)] Other tag polypeptides include the Flag-peptide [Hopp et al , BioTechnology, 6 1204-1210 (1988)], the KT3 epitope peptide [Martin et al , Science, 255 192-194 (1992)], tubulm epitope peptide [Skinner et al , J Biol Chem , 266 15163-15166 (1991)], and the T7 gene 10 protein peptide tag [Lutz-Freyermuth et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87 6393-6397 (1990)]

Also included with the definition of breast cancer protein in one embodiment are other breast cancer proteins of the breast cancer family, and breast cancer proteins from other organisms, which are cloned and expressed as outlined below Thus, probe or degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sequences may be used to find other related breast cancer proteins from humans or other organisms As will be appreciated by those in the art, particularly useful probe and/or PCR primer sequences include the unique areas of the breast cancer nucleic acid sequence As is generally known in the art, preferred PCR primers are from about 15 to about 35 nucleotides in length, with from about 20 to about 30 being preferred, and may contain inosine as needed The conditions for the PCR reaction are well known in the art

In addition, as is outlined herein, breast cancer proteins can be made that are longer than those depicted in the figures, for example, by the elucidation of additional sequences, the addition of epitope or purification tags, the addition of other fusion sequences, etc

Breast cancer proteins may also be identified as being encoded by breast cancer nucleic acids Thus, breast cancer proteins are encoded by nucleic acids that will hybridize to the sequences of the sequence listings, or their complements, as outlined herein

In a preferred embodiment, when the breast cancer protein is to be used to generate antibodies, for example for immunotherapy, the breast cancer protein should share at least one epitope or determinant with the full length protein By "epitope" or "determinant" herein is meant a portion of a protein which will generate and/or bind an antibody or T-cell receptor in the context of MHC Thus, in most instances, antibodies made to a smaller breast cancer protein will be able to bind to the full length protein In a preferred embodiment, the epitope is unique, that is, antibodies generated to a unique epitope show little or no cross-reactivity In a preferred embodiment, the epitope is selected from BCH1p1 , BCH1 p2, BCR3p1 , BCR3p2, BCQ8p1 , BCQ8p2, BCQ5p1 , BCQ5p2, BCN1p1 , BCN1p2, wherein BCH1 p1 and BCH1p2 are preferred In one embodiment the epitope or fragment of BCH1p1 is conjugated to KLH or BSA

In one embodiment, the term "antibody" includes antibody fragments, as are known in the art, including Fab, Fab₂, single chain antibodies (Fv for example), chimeric antibodies, etc , either produced by the modification of whole antibodies or those synthesized de novo using recombinant DNA technologies

Methods of preparing polyclonal antibodies are known to the skilled artisan Polyclonal antibodies can be raised in a mammal, for example, by one or more injections of an immunizing agent and, if desired, an adjuvant Typically, the immunizing agent and/or adjuvant will be injected in the mammal by multiple subcutaneous or intrapentoneal injections The immunizing agent may include the BCH1 or fragment thereof or a fusion protein thereof It may be useful to conjugate the immunizing agent to a protein known to be immunogenic in the mammal being immunized Examples of such immunogemc proteins include but are not limited to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, and soybean trypsm inhibitor Examples of adjuvants which may be employed include Freund's complete adjuvant and MPL-TDM adjuvant (monophosphoryl Lipid A, synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate) The immunization protocol may be selected by one skilled in the art without undue experimentation

The antibodies may, alternatively, be monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies may be prepared using hybridoma methods, such as those described by Kohler and Milstem, Nature, 256 495 (1975) In a hybridoma method, a mouse, hamster, or other appropriate host animal, is typically immunized with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing agent Alternatively, the lymphocytes may be immunized in wfro The immunizing agent will typically include the BCH1 polypeptide or fragment thereof or a fusion protein thereof Generally, either peripheral blood lymphocytes ("PBLs") are used if cells of human origin are desired, or spleen cells or lymph node cells are used if non-human mammalian sources are desired The lymphocytes are then fused with an immortalized cell line using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell [Godmg, Monoclonal Antibodies Principles and Practice, Academic Press, (1986) pp 59-103] Immortalized cell lines are usually transformed mammalian cells, particularly myeloma cells of rodent, bovine and human origin Usually rat or mouse myeloma cell lines are employed The hybridoma cells may be cultured in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, immortalized cells For example, if the parental cells lack the enzyme hypoxanthme guanine phosphonbosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthme, aminopteπn, and thymidine ("HAT medium"), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells

In one embodiment, the antibodies are bispeαfic antibodies Bispecific antibodies are monoclonal, preferably human or humanized, antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different antigens In the present case, one of the binding specificities is for the breast cancer protein or a fragment thereof, the other one is for any other antigen, and preferably for a cell-surface protein or receptor or receptor subunit, preferably one that is tumor specific

In a preferred embodiment, the antibodies to breast cancer are capable of reducing or eliminating the biological function of breast cancer, as is described below That is, the addition of anti-breast cancer antibodies (either polyclonal or preferably monoclonal) to breast cancer (or cells containing breast cancer) may reduce or eliminate the breast cancer activity Generally, at least a 25% decrease in activity is preferred, with at least about 50% being particularly preferred and about a 95-100% decrease being especially preferred

In a preferred embodiment the antibodies to the breast cancer proteins are humanized antibodies Humanized forms of non-human (e g , murine) antibodies are chimeric molecules of immunoglobulins, immunoglobulm chains or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab')₂ or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulm Humanized antibodies include human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues form a complementary determining region (CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity In some instances, Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulm are replaced by corresponding non-human residues Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulm and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulm consensus sequence The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulm constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulm [Jones et al , Nature, 321 522-525 (1986), Riechmann et al , Nature, 332 323-329 (1988), and Presta, Curr Op Struct Biol . 2 593-596 (1992)]

Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more ammo acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human

These non-human ammo acid residues are often referred to as import residues, which are typically taken from an import variable domain Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers [Jones et al , Nature, 321 522-525 (1986), Riechmann et al , Nature, 332 323-327 (1988), Verhoeyen et al , Science. 239 1534-1536 (1988)], by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody Accordingly, such humanized antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U S Patent No 4,816,567), wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies

Human antibodies can also be produced using various techniques known in the art, including phage display libraries [Hoogenboom and Winter, J Mol Biol , 227 381 (1991 ), Marks et al , J Mol Biol , 222 581 (1991 )] The techniques of Cole et al and Boerner et al are also available for the preparation of human monoclonal antibodies (Cole et al , Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R Liss, p 77 (1985) and Boerner et al , J Immunol , 147(1 ) 86-95 (1991 )1 Similarly, human antibodies can be made by introducing of human immunoglobulm loci into transgenic animals, e g , mice in which the endogenous immunoglobulm genes have been partially or completely inactivated Upon challenge, human antibody production is observed, which closely resembles that seen in humans in all respects, including gene rearrangement, assembly, and antibody repertoire This approach is described, for example, in U S Patent Nos 5,545,807, 5,545,806, 5 569,825, 5,625,126, 5,633,425,

5,661 ,016, and in the following scientific publications Marks et al , Bio/Technology 10, 779-783 (1992), Lonberg et al , Nature 368 856-859 (1994), Morrison, Nature 368, 812-13 (1994), Fishwild et al , Nature Biotechnology 14, 845-51 (1996), Neuberqer, Nature Biotechnology 14, 826 (1996), Lonberg and Huszar, Intern Rev Immunol 13 65-93 (1995)

By immunotherapy is meant treatment of breast cancer with an antibody raised against breast cancer proteins As used herein, immunotherapy can be passive or active Passive immunotherapy as defined herein is the passive transfer of antibody to a recipient (patient) Active immunization is the induction of antibody and/or T-cell responses in a recipient (patient) Induction of an immune response is the result of providing the recipient with an antigen to which antibodies are raised As appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the antigen may be provided by injecting a polypeptide against which antibodies are desired to be raised into a recipient, or contacting the recipient with a nucleic acid capable of expressing the antigen and under conditions for expression of the antigen

In a preferred embodiment the breast cancer proteins against which antibodies are raised are secreted proteins as described above Without being bound by theory, antibodies used for treatment, bind and prevent the secreted protein from binding to its receptor, thereby inactivating the secreted breast cancer protein

In another preferred embodiment, the breast cancer protein to which antibodies are raised is a transmembrane protein Without being bound by theory, antibodies used for treatment, bind the extracellular domain of the breast cancer protein and prevent it from binding to other proteins, such as circulating ligands or cell-associated molecules The antibody may cause down-regulation of the transmembrane breast cancer protein As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the antibody may be a competitive, non-competitive or uncompetitive inhibitor of protein binding to the extracellular domain of the breast cancer protein The antibody is also an antagonist of the breast cancer protein Further, the antibody prevents activation of the transmembrane breast cancer protein In one aspect, when the antibody prevents the binding of other molecules to the breast cancer protein, the antibody prevents growth of the cell The antibody also sensitizes the cell to cytotoxic agents, including, but not limited to TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1 , INF-γ and IL-2, or chemotherapeutic agents including 5FU, vmblastme, actmomycin D, cisplatm, methotrexate, and the like In some instances the antibody belongs to a sub-type that activates serum complement when complexed with the transmembrane protein thereby mediating cytotoxicity Thus, breast cancer is treated by administering to a patient antibodies directed against the transmembrane breast cancer protein

In another preferred embodiment, the antibody is conjugated to a therapeutic moiety In one aspect the therapeutic moiety is a small molecule that modulates the activity of the breast cancer protein In another aspect the therapeutic moiety modulates the activity of molecules associated with or in close proximity to the breast cancer protein The therapeutic moiety may inhibit enzymatic activity such as protease or protein kmase activity associated with breast cancer In a preferred embodiment, the therapeutic moiety may also be a cytotoxic agent In this method, targeting the cytotoxic agent to tumor tissue or cells, results in a reduction in the number of afflicted cells, thereby reducing symptoms associated with breast cancer Cytotoxic agents are numerous and varied and include, but are not limited to, cytotoxic drugs or toxins or active fragments of such toxins Suitable toxins and their corresponding fragments include diptheπa A chain, exotoxin A chain, πcin A chain, abπn A chain, curcin, crotin, phenomycm, enomycm and the like Cytotoxic agents also include radiochemicals made by conjugating radioisotopes to antibodies raised against breast cancer proteins, or binding of a radionuc de to a chelatmg agent that has been covalently attached to the antibody Targeting the therapeutic moiety to transmembrane breast cancer proteins not only serves to increase the local concentration of therapeutic moiety in the breast cancer afflicted area, but also serves to reduce deleterious side effects that may be associated with the therapeutic moiety

The breast cancer antibodies of the invention specifically bind to breast cancer proteins By "specifically bind" herein is meant that the antibodies bind to the protein with a binding constant in the range of at least 10^"4- 10^-6 M^"1, with a preferred range being 10⁷ - 10^"9 M

In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer protein is purified or isolated after expression Breast cancer proteins may be isolated or purified in a variety of ways known to those skilled in the art depending on what other components are present in the sample Standard purification methods include electrophoretic, molecular, immunological and chromatographic techniques, including ion exchange, hydrophobic, affinity, and reverse-phase HPLC chromatography, and chromatofocusmg For example, the breast cancer protein may be purified using a standard anti-breast cancer antibody column Ultrafiltration and diafiltration techniques, in conjunction with protein concentration, are also useful For general guidance in suitable purification techniques, see Scopes, R , Protein Purification, Spπnger-Verlag, NY (1982) The degree of purification necessary will vary depending on the use of the breast cancer protein In some instances no purification will be necessary

Once expressed and purified if necessary, the breast cancer proteins and nucleic acids are useful in a number of applications

In one aspect, the expression levels of genes are determined for different cellular states in the breast cancer phenotype, that is, the expression levels of genes in normal breast tissue and in breast cancer tissue (and in some cases, for varying seventies of breast cancer that relate to prognosis, as outlined below) are evaluated to provide expression profiles An expression profile of a particular cell state or point of development is essentially a "fingerprint" of the state, while two states may have any particular gene similarly expressed, the evaluation of a number of genes simultaneously allows the generation of a gene expression profile that is unique to the state of the cell By comparing expression profiles of cells in different states, information regarding which genes are important (including both up- and down- regulation of genes) in each of these states is obtained Then, diagnosis may be done or confirmed does tissue from a particular patient have the gene expression profile of normal or breast cancer tissue

"Differential expression," or grammatical equivalents as used herein, refers to both qualitative as well as quantitative differences in the genes' temporal and/or cellular expression patterns within and among the cells Thus, a differentially expressed gene can qualitatively have its expression altered, including an activation or mactivation, in, for example, normal versus breast cancer tissue That is, genes may be turned on or turned off in a particular state, relative to another state As is apparent to the skilled artisan, any comparison of two or more states can be made Such a qualitatively regulated gene will exhibit an expression pattern within a state or cell type which is detectable by standard techniques in one such state or cell type, but is not detectable in both Alternatively, the determination is quantitative in that expression is increased or decreased, that is, the expression of the gene is either upregulated, resulting in an increased amount of transcript, or downregulated, resulting in a decreased amount of transcript The degree to which expression differs need only be large enough to quantify via standard characterization techniques as outlined below, such as by use of Affymetπx GeneChip™ expression arrays, Lockhart, Nature Biotechnology, 14 1675-1680 (1996), hereby expressly incorporated by reference Other techniques include, but are not limited to, quantitative reverse transcπptase PCR, Northern analysis and RNase protection As outlined above, preferably the change in expression (i e upregulation or downregulation) is at least about 50%, more preferably at least about 100%, more preferably at least about 150%, more preferably, at least about 200%, with from 300 to at least 1000% being especially preferred

As will be appreciated by those in the art, this may be done by evaluation at either the gene transcript, or the protein level, that is, the amount of gene expression may be monitored using nucleic acid probes to the DNA or RNA equivalent of the gene transcript, and the quantification of gene expression levels, or, alternatively, the final gene product itself (protein) can be monitored, for example through the use of antibodies to the breast cancer protein and standard immunoassays (ELISAs.e tc ) or other techniques, including mass spectroscopy assays, 2D gel electrophoresis assays, etc Thus, the proteins corresponding to breast cancer genes, i e those identified as being important in a breast cancer phenotype, can be evaluated in a breast cancer diagnostic test

In a preferred embodiment, gene expression monitoring is done and a number of genes, i e an expression profile, is monitored simultaneously, although multiple protein expression monitoring can be done as well Similarly, these assays may be done on an individual basis as well

In this embodiment, the breast cancer nucleic acid probes are attached to biochips as outlined herein for the detection and quantification of breast cancer sequences in a particular cell The assays are further described below in the example

In a preferred embodiment nucleic acids encoding the breast cancer protein are detected Although DNA or RNA encoding the breast cancer protein may be detected, of particular interest are methods wherein the mRNA encoding a breast cancer protein is detected The presence of mRNA in a sample is an indication that the breast cancer gene has been transcribed to form the mRNA, and suggests that the protein is expressed Probes to detect the mRNA can be any nucleotide/deoxynucleotide probe that is complementary to and base pairs with the mRNA and includes but is not limited to oligonucleotides, cDNA or RNA Probes also should contain a detectable label, as defined herein In one method the mRNA is detected after immobilizing the nucleic acid to be examined on a solid support such as nylon membranes and hybridizing the probe with the sample Following washing to remove the non-specifically bound probe, the label is detected In another method detection of the mRNA is performed in situ In this method permeabihzed cells or tissue samples are contacted with a detectably labeled nucleic acid probe for sufficient time to allow the probe to hybridize with the target mRNA Following washing to remove the non-specifically bound probe, the label is detected For example a digoxygenm labeled πboprobe (RNA probe) that is complementary to the mRNA encoding a breast cancer protein is detected by binding the digoxygenm with an anti-digoxygenm secondary antibody and developed with nitro blue tetrazolium and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-ιndoyl phosphate

In a preferred embodiment, any of the three classes of proteins as described herein (secreted, transmembrane or intracellular proteins) are used in diagnostic assays The breast cancer proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, modified proteins and cells containing breast cancer sequences are used in diagnostic assays This can be done on an individual gene or corresponding polypeptide level In a preferred embodiment, the expression profiles are used, preferably in conjunction with high throughput screening techniques to allow monitoring for expression profile genes and/or corresponding polypeptides

As described and defined herein, breast cancer proteins, including intracellular, transmembrane or secreted proteins, find use as markers of breast cancer Detection of these proteins in putative breast cancer tissue or patients allows for a determination or diagnosis of breast cancer Numerous methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art find use in detecting breast cancer In one embodiment, antibodies are used to detect breast cancer proteins A preferred method separates proteins from a sample or patient by electrophoresis on a gel (typically a denaturing and reducing protein gel, but may be any other type of gel including isoelectπc focusing gels and the like) Following separation of proteins, the breast cancer protein is detected by immunoblotting with antibodies raised against the breast cancer protein Methods of immunoblotting are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art

In another preferred method, antibodies to the breast cancer protein find use in in situ imaging techniques In this method cells are contacted with from one to many antibodies to the breast cancer proteιn(s) Following washing to remove non-specific antibody binding, the presence of the antibody or antibodies is detected In one embodiment the antibody is detected by incubating with a secondary antibody that contains a detectable label In another method the primary antibody to the breast cancer proteιn(s) contains a detectable label In another preferred embodiment each one of multiple primary antibodies contains a distinct and detectable label This method finds particular use in simultaneous screening for a plura lty of breast cancer proteins As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, numerous other histological imaging techniques are useful in the invention

In a preferred embodiment the label is detected in a fluorometer which has the ability to detect and distinguish emissions of different wavelengths In addition, a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) can be used in the method

In another preferred embodiment, antibodies find use in diagnosing breast cancer from blood samples As previously described, certain breast cancer proteins are secreted/circulating molecules Blood samples, therefore, are useful as samples to be probed or tested for the presence of secreted breast cancer proteins Antibodies can be used to detect the breast cancer by any of the previously described immunoassay techniques including ELISA, immunoblotting (Western blotting), immunoprecipitation, BIACORE technology and the like, as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art In a preferred embodiment, in situ hybridization of labeled breast cancer nucleic acid probes to tissue arrays is done For example, arrays of tissue samples, including breast cancer tissue and/or normal tissue, are made In situ hybridization as is known in the art can then be done

It is understood that when comparing the fingerprints between an individual and a standard, the skilled artisan can make a diagnosis as well as a prognosis It is further understood that the genes which indicate the diagnosis may differ from those which indicate the prognosis

In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, modified proteins and cells containing breast cancer sequences are used in prognosis assays As above, gene expression profiles can be generated that correlate to breast cancer severity, in terms of long term prognosis Again, this may be done on either a protein or gene level, with the use of genes being preferred As above, the breast cancer probes are attached to biochips for the detection and quantification of breast cancer sequences in a tissue or patient The assays proceed as outlined for diagnosis

In a preferred embodiment, any of the three classes of proteins as described herein are used in drug screening assays The breast cancer proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, modified proteins and cells containing breast cancer sequences are used in drug screening assays or by evaluating the effect of drug candidates on a "gene expression profile" or expression profile of polypeptides In a preferred embodiment, the expression profiles are used, preferably in conjunction with high throughput screening techniques to allow monitoring for expression profile genes after treatment with a candidate agent, Zlokarnik, et al , Science 279, 84-8 (1998), Held, 1996 #69

In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, modified proteins and cells containing the native or modified breast cancer proteins are used in screening assays That is, the present invention provides novel methods for screening for compositions which modulate the breast cancer phenotype As above, this can be done on an individual gene level or by evaluating the effect of drug candidates on a "gene expression profile" In a preferred embodiment, the expression profiles are used, preferably in conjunction with high throughput screening techniques to allow monitoring for expression profile genes after treatment with a candidate agent, see Zlokarnik, supra Having identified the differentially expressed genes herein, a variety of assays may be executed In a preferred embodiment, assays may be run on an individual gene or protein level That is, having identified a particular gene as up regulated in breast cancer, candidate bioactive agents may be screened to modulate this gene's response, preferably to down regulate the gene, although in some circumstances to up regulate the gene "Modulation" thus includes both an increase and a decrease in gene expression The preferred amount of modulation will depend on the original change of the gene expression in normal versus tumor tissue, with changes of at least 10%, preferably 50%, more preferably 100-300%, and in some embodiments 300-1000% or greater Thus, if a gene exhibits a 4 fold increase in tumor compared to normal tissue, a decrease of about four fold is desired, a 10 fold decrease in tumor compared to normal tissue gives a 10 fold increase in expression for a candidate agent is desired

As will be appreciated by those in the art, this may be done by evaluation at either the gene or the protein level, that is, the amount of gene expression may be monitored using nucleic acid probes and the quantification of gene expression levels, or, alternatively, the gene product itself can be monitored, for example through the use of antibodies to the breast cancer protein and standard immunoassays

In a preferred embodiment, gene expression monitoring is done and a number of genes, i e an expression profile, is monitored simultaneously, although multiple protein expression monitoring can be done as well

In this embodiment, the breast cancer nucleic acid probes are attached to biochips as outlined herein for the detection and quantification of breast cancer sequences in a particular cell The assays are further described below

Generally, in a preferred embodiment, a candidate bioactive agent is added to the cells prior to analysis Moreover, screens are provided to identify a candidate bioactive agent which modulates breast cancer, modulates breast cancer proteins, binds to a breast cancer protein, or interferes between the binding of a breast cancer protein and an antibody

The term "candidate bioactive agent" or "drug candidate" or grammatical equivalents as used herein describes any molecule, e g , protein, oligopeptide, small organic molecule, polysacchaπde, polynucleotide, etc , to be tested for bioactive agents that are capable of directly or indirectly altering either the breast cancer phenotype or the expression of a breast cancer sequence, including both nucleic acid sequences and protein sequences In preferred embodiments, the bioactive agents modulate the expression profiles, or expression profile nucleic acids or proteins provided herein In a particularly preferred embodiment, the candidate agent suppresses a breast cancer phenotype, for example to a normal breast tissue fingerprint Similarly, the candidate agent preferably suppresses a severe breast cancer phenotype Generally a plurality of assay mixtures are run in parallel with different agent concentrations to obtain a differential response to the various concentrations Typically, one of these concentrations serves as a negative control, i e , at zero concentration or below the level of detection

Candidate agents encompass numerous chemical classes, though typically they are organic molecules, preferably small organic compounds having a molecular weight of more than 100 and less than about 2,500 daltons Preferred small molecules are less than 2000, or less than 1500 or less than 1000 or less than 500 D Candidate agents comprise functional groups necessary for structural interaction with proteins, particularly hydrogen bonding, and typically include at least an amme, carbonyl, hydroxyl or carboxyl group, preferably at least two of the functional chemical groups The candidate agents often comprise cyclical carbon or heterocyclic structures and/or aromatic or polyaromatic structures substituted with one or more of the above functional groups Candidate agents are also found among biomolecules including peptides, sacchaπdes, fatty acids, steroids, puπnes, pyrimidmes, derivatives, structural analogs or combinations thereof Particularly preferred are peptides

Candidate agents are obtained from a wide variety of sources including libraries of synthetic or natural compounds For example, numerous means are available for random and directed synthesis of a wide variety of organic compounds and biomolecules, including expression of randomized oligonucleotides Alternatively, libraries of natural compounds in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant and animal extracts are available or readily produced Additionally, natural or synthetically produced libraries and compounds are readily modified through conventional chemical, physical and biochemical means Known pharmacological agents may be subjected to directed or random chemical modifications, such as acylation, alkylation, esteπfication, amidification to produce structural analogs

In a preferred embodiment, the candidate bioactive agents are proteins By "protein" herein is meant at least two covalently attached am o acids, which includes proteins, polypeptides, ohgopeptides and peptides The protein may be made up of naturally occurring ammo acids and peptide bonds, or synthetic peptidomimetic structures Thus "ammo acid", or "peptide residue", as used herein means both naturally occurring and synthetic am o acids For example, homo-phenylalanme, citrullme and noreleuc e are considered ammo acids for the purposes of the invention "Ammo acid" also includes imino acid residues such as prolme and hydroxyprolme The side chains may be in either the (R) or the (S) configuration In the preferred embodiment, the ammo acids are in the (S) or L-configu ration If non-naturally occurring side chains are used, non-ammo acid substituents may be used, for example to prevent or retard in vivo degradations

In a preferred embodiment, the candidate bioactive agents are naturally occurring proteins or fragments of naturally occurring proteins Thus, for example, cellular extracts containing proteins, or random or directed digests of protemaceous cellular extracts, may be used In this way libraries of procaryotic and eucaryotic proteins may be made for screening in the methods of the invention

Particularly preferred in this embodiment are libraries of bacterial, fungal, viral, and mammalian proteins, with the latter being preferred, and human proteins being especially preferred

In a preferred embodiment, the candidate bioactive agents are peptides of from about 5 to about 30 ammo acids, with from about 5 to about 20 ammo acids being preferred, and from about 7 to about 15 being particularly preferred The peptides may be digests of naturally occurring proteins as is outlined above, random peptides, or "biased" random peptides By "randomized" or grammatical equivalents herein is meant that each nucleic acid and peptide consists of essentially random nucleotides and ammo acids, respectively Since generally these random peptides (or nucleic acids, discussed below) are chemically synthesized, they may incorporate any nucleotide or ammo acid at any position The synthetic process can be designed to generate randomized proteins or nucleic acids, to allow the formation of all or most of the possible combinations over the length of the sequence, thus forming a library of randomized candidate bioactive protemaceous agents

In one embodiment, the library is fully randomized, with no sequence preferences or constants at any position In a preferred embodiment, the library is biased That is, some positions within the sequence are either held constant, or are selected from a limited number of possibilities For example, in a preferred embodiment, the nucleotides or ammo acid residues are randomized within a defined class, for example, of hydrophobic ammo acids, hydrophilic residues, steπcally biased (either small or large) residues, towards the creation of nucleic acid binding domains, the creation of cysteines, for cross-linking, prolmes for SH-3 domains, seπnes, threonmes, tyrosmes or histidmes for phosphorylation sites, etc , or to puπnes, etc In a preferred embodiment, the candidate bioactive agents are nucleic acids, as defined above

As described above generally for proteins, nucleic acid candidate bioactive agents may be naturally occurring nucleic acids, random nucleic acids, or "biased" random nucleic acids For example, digests of procaryotic or eucaryotic genomes may be used as is outlined above for proteins

In a preferred embodiment, the candidate bioactive agents are organic chemical moieties, a wide variety of which are available in the literature

After the candidate agent has been added and the cells allowed to incubate for some period of time, the sample containing the target sequences to be analyzed is added to the biochip If required, the target sequence is prepared using known techniques For example, the sample may be treated to lyse the cells, using known lysis buffers, electroporation, etc , with purification and/or amplification such as PCR occurring as needed, as will be appreciated by those in the art For example, an in vitro transcription with labels covalently attached to the nucleosides is done Generally, the nucleic acids are labeled with biotm-FITC or PE, or with cy3 or cy5

In a preferred embodiment, the target sequence is labeled with, for example, a fluorescent, a chemiluminescent, a chemical, or a radioactive signal, to provide a means of detecting the target sequence's specific binding to a probe The label also can be an enzyme, such as, alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase, which when provided with an appropriate substrate produces a product that can be detected Alternatively, the label can be a labeled compound or small molecule, such as an enzyme inhibitor, that binds but is not catalyzed or altered by the enzyme The label also can be a moiety or compound, such as, an epitope tag or biotin which specifically binds to streptavidm

For the example of biotin, the streptavidm is labeled as described above, thereby, providing a detectable signal for the bound target sequence As known in the art, unbound labeled streptavidm is removed prior to analysis

As will be appreciated by those in the art, these assays can be direct hybridization assays or can comprise "sandwich assays", which include the use of multiple probes, as is generally outlined in U S

Patent Nos 5,681 ,702, 5,597,909, 5,545,730, 5,594,117, 5,591 ,584, 5,571 ,670, 5,580,731 , 5,571 ,670, 5,591 ,584, 5,624,802, 5,635,352, 5,594,118, 5,359,100, 5,124,246 and 5,681 ,697, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference In this embodiment, in general, the target nucleic acid is prepared as outlined above, and then added to the biochip comprising a plurality of nucleic acid probes, under conditions that allow the formation of a hybridization complex

A variety of hybridization conditions may be used in the present invention, including high, moderate and low stringency conditions as outlined above The assays are generally run under stringency conditions which allows formation of the label probe hybridization complex only in the presence of target Stringency can be controlled by altering a step parameter that is a thermodynamic variable, including, but not limited to, temperature, formamide concentration, salt concentration, chaotropic salt concentration pH, organic solvent concentration, etc

These parameters may also be used to control non-specific binding, as is generally outlined in U S Patent No 5,681 ,697 Thus it may be desirable to perform certain steps at higher stringency conditions to reduce non-specific binding

The reactions outlined herein may be accomplished in a variety of ways, as will be appreciated by those in the art Components of the reaction may be added simultaneously, or sequentially, in any order, with preferred embodiments outlined below In addition, the reaction may include a variety of other reagents may be included in the assays These include reagents like salts, buffers, neutral proteins, e g albumin, detergents, etc which may be used to facilitate optimal hybridization and detection, and/or reduce non-specific or background interactions Also reagents that otherwise improve the efficiency of the assay, such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, anti-microbial agents, etc , may be used, depending on the sample preparation methods and purity of the target

Once the assay is run, the data is analyzed to determine the expression levels, and changes in expression levels as between states, of individual genes, forming a gene expression profile

The screens are done to identify drugs or bioactive agents that modulate the breast cancer phenotype Specifically, there are several types of screens that can be run A preferred embodiment is in the screening of candidate agents that can induce or suppress a particular expression profile, thus preferably generating the associated phenotype That is, candidate agents that can mimic or produce an expression profile in breast cancer similar to the expression profile of normal breast tissue is expected to result in a suppression of the breast cancer phenotype Thus, in this embodiment, mimicking an expression profile, or changing one profile to another, is the goal In a preferred embodiment, as for the diagnosis and prognosis applications, having identified the differentially expressed genes important in any one state, screens can be run to alter the expression of the genes individually That is, screening for modulation of regulation of expression of a single gene can be done, that is, rather than try to mimic all or part of an expression profile, screening for regulation of individual genes can be done Thus, for example, particularly in the case of target genes whose presence or absence is unique between two states, screening is done for modulators of the target gene expression

In a preferred embodiment, screening is done to alter the biological function of the expression product of the differentially expressed gene Again, having identified the importance of a gene in a particular state, screening for agents that bind and/or modulate the biological activity of the gene product can be run as is more fully outlined below

Thus, screening of candidate agents that modulate the breast cancer phenotype either at the gene expression level or the protein level can be done

In addition screens can be done for novel genes that are induced in response to a candidate agent After identifying a candidate agent based upon its ability to suppress a breast cancer expression pattern leading to a normal expression pattern, or modulate a single breast cancer gene expression profile so as to mimic the expression of the gene from normal tissue, a screen as described above can be performed to identify genes that are specifically modulated in response to the agent Comparing expression profiles between normal tissue and agent treated breast cancer tissue reveals genes that are not expressed in normal tissue or breast cancer tissue, but are expressed in agent treated tissue

These agent specific sequences can be identified and used by any of the methods described herein for breast cancer genes or proteins In particular these sequences and the proteins they encode find use in marking or identifying agent treated cells In addition, antibodies can be raised against the agent induced proteins and used to target novel therapeutics to the treated breast cancer tissue sample

Thus, in one embodiment, a candidate agent is administered to a population of breast cancer cells, that thus has an associated breast cancer expression profile By "administration" or "contacting" herein is meant that the candidate agent is added to the cells in such a manner as to allow the agent to act upon the cell, whether by uptake and intracellular action, or by action at the cell surface In some embodiments, nucleic acid encoding a protemaceous candidate agent (i e a peptide) may be put into a viral construct such as a retroviral construct and added to the cell, such that expression of the peptide agent is accomplished, see PCT US97/01019, hereby expressly incorporated by reference

Once the candidate agent has been administered to the cells, the cells can be washed if desired and are allowed to incubate under preferably physiological conditions for some period of time The cells are then harvested and a new gene expression profile is generated, as outlined herein

Thus, for example, breast cancer tissue may be screened for agents that reduce or suppress the breast cancer phenotype A change in at least one gene of the expression profile indicates that the agent has an effect on breast cancer activity By defining such a signature for the breast cancer phenotype, screens for new drugs that alter the phenotype can be devised With this approach, the drug target need not be known and need not be represented in the original expression screening platform, nor does the level of transcript for the target protein need to change

In a preferred embodiment, as outlined above, screens may be done on individual genes and gene products (proteins) That is, having identified a particular differentially expressed gene as important in a particular state, screening of modulators of either the expression of the gene or the gene product itself can be done The gene products of differentially expressed genes are sometimes referred to herein as "breast cancer proteins", "breast cancer modulating proteins" "BCP" or a "BCMP" In one embodiment, BCMP is termed BCH1 In one embodiment, BCH1 can be identified as described for identifying breast cancer proteins herein In a preferred embodiment, BCH1 is depicted in Figure 34 The BCMP may be a fragment, or alternatively, be the full length protein to the fragment shown herein

Preferably, the BCMP is a fragment of approximately 14 to 24 amino acids long More preferably the fragment is a soluble fragment

In other preferred embodiments herein, the breast cancer protein or nucleic acid encoding a breast cancer protein may be selected from any sequence provided in the figures including those wherein the accession numbers are provided Preferred sequences are in Figure 10, more preferably Figure 11 and most preferably Figure 12 Preferred sequences are also selected from the group consisting of BCH1 , BCA2, BCJ7, BCN1 , BCN5, BC02, BCQ5, BCR2, BCR3, BCQ8, BCN2, BCX3, BCX2 and BCY3 Most preferably, the sequence is selected from the group consisting of BCH1 , BCA2, BCJ7, BCN1 , BCN5, BC02, BCQ5, BCR2, BCX2 and BCY3 It is understood that any protein can also be selected from any subset of this group of proteins, for example, BCH1 can be selected from the whole group, or from the subset of BCH1 and BCN1

In one embodiment the breast cancer proteins are conjugated to an immunogenic agent as discussed herein In one embodiment the breast cancer protein is conjugated to BSA

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, screening for modulators of expression of specific genes can be done This will be done as outlined above, but in general the expression of only one or a few genes are evaluated

In a preferred embodiment, screens are designed to first find candidate agents that can bind to differentially expressed proteins, and then these agents may be used in assays that evaluate the ability of the candidate agent to modulate differentially expressed activity Thus, as will be appreciated by those in the art, there are a number of different assays which may be run, binding assays and activity assays

In a preferred embodiment, binding assays are done In general, purified or isolated gene product is used, that is, the gene products of one or more differentially expressed nucleic acids are made In general, this is done as is known in the art For example, antibodies are generated to the protein gene products, and standard immunoassays are run to determine the amount of protein present Alternatively, cells comprising the breast cancer proteins can be used in the assays

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the methods comprise combining a breast cancer protein and a candidate bioactive agent, and determining the binding of the candidate agent to the breast cancer protein Preferred embodiments utilize the human breast cancer protein, although other mammalian proteins may also be used, for example for the development of animal models of human disease In some embodiments, as outlined herein, variant or derivative breast cancer proteins may be used

Generally, in a preferred embodiment of the methods herein, the breast cancer protein or the candidate agent is non-diffusably bound to an insoluble support having isolated sample receiving areas (e g a microtiter plate, an array, etc ) The insoluble supports may be made of any composition to which the compositions can be bound, is readily separated from soluble material, and is otherwise compatible with the overall method of screening The surface of such supports may be solid or porous and of any convenient shape Examples of suitable insoluble supports include microtiter plates, arrays, membranes and beads These are typically made of glass, plastic (e g , polystyrene), polysacchaπdes, nylon or nitrocellulose, teflon™, etc Microtiter plates and arrays are especially convenient because a large number of assays can be carried out simultaneously, using small amounts of reagents and samples The particular manner of binding of the composition is not crucial so long as it is compatible with the reagents and overall methods of the invention, maintains the activity of the composition and is nondiffusable Preferred methods of binding include the use of antibodies (which do not steπcally block either the ligand binding site or activation sequence when the protein is bound to the support), direct binding to "sticky" or ionic supports, chemical crosslinkmg, the synthesis of the protein or agent on the surface, etc Following binding of the protein or agent, excess unbound material is removed by washing The sample receiving areas may then be blocked through incubation with bovine serum albumin (BSA), casein or other innocuous protein or other moiety

In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer protein is bound to the support, and a candidate bioactive agent is added to the assay Alternatively, the candidate agent is bound to the support and the breast cancer protein is added Novel binding agents include specific antibodies, non-natural binding agents identified in screens of chemical libraries, peptide analogs, etc Of particular interest are screening assays for agents that have a low toxicity for human cells A wide variety of assays may be used for this purpose, including labeled in vitro protein-protein binding assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, immunoassays for protein binding, functional assays (phosphorylation assays, etc ) and the like

The determination of the binding of the candidate bioactive agent to the breast cancer protein may be done in a number of ways In a preferred embodiment, the candidate bioactive agent is labelled, and binding determined directly For example, this may be done by attaching all or a portion of the breast cancer protein to a solid support, adding a labelled candidate agent (for example a fluorescent label), washing off excess reagent, and determining whether the label is present on the solid support Various blocking and washing steps may be utilized as is known in the art

By "labeled" herein is meant that the compound is either directly or indirectly labeled with a label which provides a detectable signal, e g radioisotope, fluorescers, enzyme, antibodies, particles such as magnetic particles, chemiluminescers, or specific binding molecules, etc Specific binding molecules include pairs, such as biotin and streptavidm, digoxm and antidigoxm etc For the specific binding members, the complementary member would normally be labeled with a molecule which provides for detection, in accordance with known procedures, as outlined above The label can directly or indirectly provide a detectable signal

In some embodiments, only one of the components is labeled For example, the proteins (or protemaceous candidate agents) may be labeled at tyrosine positions using ¹²⁵l, or with fluorophores Alternatively, more than one component may be labeled with different labels, using ¹²⁵l for the proteins, for example, and a fluorophor for the candidate agents

In a preferred embodiment, the binding of the candidate bioactive agent is determined through the use of competitive binding assays In this embodiment, the competitor is a binding moiety known to bind to the target molecule (i e breast cancer), such as an antibody, peptide, binding partner, ligand, etc Under certain circumstances, there may be competitive binding as between the bioactive agent and the binding moiety, with the binding moiety displacing the bioactive agent

In one embodiment, the candidate bioactive agent is labeled Either the candidate bioactive agent, or the competitor, or both, is added first to the protein for a time sufficient to allow binding, if present Incubations may be performed at any temperature which facilitates optimal activity, typically between 4 and 40°C Incubation periods are selected for optimum activity, but may also be optimized to facilitate rapid high through put screening Typically between 0 1 and 1 hour will be sufficient Excess reagent is generally removed or washed away The second component is then added, and the presence or absence of the labeled component is followed, to indicate binding

In a preferred embodiment, the competitor is added first, followed by the candidate bioactive agent Displacement of the competitor is an indication that the candidate bioactive agent is binding to the breast cancer protein and thus is capable of binding to, and potentially modulating, the activity of the breast cancer protein In this embodiment, either component can be labeled Thus, for example, if the competitor is labeled, the presence of label in the wash solution indicates displacement by the agent Alternatively, if the candidate bioactive agent is labeled, the presence of the label on the support indicates displacement

In an alternative embodiment, the candidate bioactive agent is added first, with incubation and washing, followed by the competitor The absence of binding by the competitor may indicate that the bioactive agent is bound to the breast cancer protein with a higher affinity Thus, if the candidate bioactive agent is labeled, the presence of the label on the support, coupled with a lack of competitor binding, may indicate that the candidate agent is capable of binding to the breast cancer protein

In a preferred embodiment, the methods comprise differential screening to identity bioactive agents that are capable of modulating the activity of the breast cancer proteins In this embodiment, the methods comprise combining a breast cancer protein and a competitor in a first sample A second sample comprises a candidate bioactive agent, a breast cancer protein and a competitor The binding of the competitor is determined for both samples, and a change, or difference in binding between the two samples indicates the presence of an agent capable of binding to the breast cancer protein and potentially modulating its activity That is, if the binding of the competitor is different in the second sample relative to the first sample, the agent is capable of binding to the breast cancer protein

Alternatively, a preferred embodiment utilizes differential screening to identify drug candidates that bind to the native breast cancer protein, but cannot bind to modified breast cancer proteins The structure of the breast cancer protein may be modeled, and used in rational drug design to synthesize agents that interact with that site Drug candidates that affect breast cancer bioactivity are also identified by screening drugs for the ability to either enhance or reduce the activity of the protein

Positive controls and negative controls may be used in the assays Preferably all control and test samples are performed in at least triplicate to obtain statistically significant results Incubation of all samples is for a time sufficient for the binding of the agent to the protein Following incubation, all samples are washed free of non-specifically bound material and the amount of bound, generally labeled agent determined For example, where a radiolabel is employed, the samples may be counted in a scintillation counter to determine the amount of bound compound

A variety of other reagents may be included in the screening assays These include reagents like salts, neutral proteins, e g albumin, detergents, etc which may be used to facilitate optimal protein-protein binding and/or reduce non-specific or background interactions Also reagents that otherwise improve the efficiency of the assay, such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, anti-microbial agents, etc , may be used The mixture of components may be added in any order that provides for the requisite binding

Screening for agents that modulate the activity of breast cancer proteins may also be done In a preferred embodiment, methods for screening for a bioactive agent capable of modulating the activity of breast cancer proteins comprise the steps of adding a candidate bioactive agent to a sample of breast cancer proteins, as above, and determining an alteration in the biological activity of breast cancer proteins "Modulating the activity of breast cancer" includes an increase in activity, a decrease in activity, or a change in the type or kind of activity present Thus, in this embodiment, the candidate agent should both bind to breast cancer proteins (although this may not be necessary), and alter its biological or biochemical activity as defined herein The methods include both in vitro screening methods, as are generally outlined above, and in vivo screening of cells for alterations in the presence, distribution, activity or amount of breast cancer proteins

Thus, in this embodiment, the methods comprise combining a breast cancer sample and a candidate bioactive agent, and evaluating the effect on breast cancer activity By "breast cancer activity" or grammatical equivalents herein is meant one of the breast cancer's biological activities, including, but not limited to, cell division, preferably in breast tissue, cell proliferation, tumor growth, transformation of cells In one embodiment, breast cancer activity include activation of breast cancer protein, BCH1 , for example, or a substrate thereof by the breast cancer protein An inhibitor of breast cancer activity is the inhibition of any one or more breast cancer activities

In a preferred embodiment, the activity of the breast cancer protein is increased, in another preferred embodiment, the activity of the breast cancer protein is decreased Thus, bioactive agents that are antagonists are preferred in some embodiments, and bioactive agents that are agonists may be preferred in other embodiments

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides methods for screening for bioactive agents capable of modulating the activity of a breast cancer protein The methods comprise adding a candidate bioactive agent, as defined above, to a cell comprising breast cancer proteins Preferred cell types include almost any cell The cells contain a recombinant nucleic acid that encodes a breast cancer protein In a preferred embodiment, a library of candidate agents are tested on a plurality of cells

In one aspect, the assays are evaluated in the presence or absence or previous or subsequent exposure of physiological signals, for example hormones, antibodies, peptides, antigens, cytokmes, growth factors, action potentials, pharmacological agents including chemotherapeutics, radiation, carcmogenics, or other cells (i e cell-cell contacts) In another example, the determinations are determined at different stages of the cell cycle process In this way, bioactive agents are identified Compounds with pharmacological activity are able to enhance or interfere with the activity of the breast cancer protein In one embodiment, "breast cancer protein activity" as used herein includes at least one of the following breast cancer activity, binding to a breast cancer protein, activation of a breast cancer protein or activation of substrates of a breast cancer protein by a breast cancer protein

In one embodiment, a method of inhibiting breast cancer cell division is provided The method comprises administration of a breast cancer inhibitor

Neutralizing means that activity of a protein is either inhibited or counter acted against so as to have substantially no effect on the cell

In another embodiment, a method of inhibiting tumor growth is provided The method comprises administration of a breast cancer inhibitor

In a further embodiment, methods of treating cells or individuals with cancer are provided The method comprises administration of a breast cancer inhibitor

in one embodiment, a breast cancer inhibitor is an antibody as discussed above In another embodiment, the breast cancer inhibitor is an antisense molecule Antisense molecules as used herein include antisense or sense oligonucleotides comprising a singe-stranded nucleic acid sequence (either RNA or DNA) capable of binding to target mRNA (sense) or DNA (antisense) sequences for breast cancer molecules A preferred antisense molecule is for BCH1 or for a ligand or activator thereof Antisense or sense oligonucleotides, according to the present invention, comprise a fragment generally at least about 14 nucleotides, preferably from about 14 to 30 nucleotides The ability to derive an antisense or a sense oligonucleotide, based upon a cDNA sequence encoding a given protein is described in, for example, Stem and Cohen (Cancer Res 48 2659, 1988) and van der Krol et al (BioTechniques 6 958, 1988)

Antisense molecules may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleotide sequence by formation of a conjugate with a ligand binding molecule, as described in WO 91/04753 Suitable ligand binding molecules include, but are not limited to, cell surface receptors, growth factors, other cytokmes, or other ligands that bind to cell surface receptors Preferably, conjugation of the ligand binding molecule does not substantially interfere with the ability of the ligand binding molecule to bind to its corresponding molecule or receptor, or block entry of the sense or antisense oligonucleotide or its conjugated version into the cell Alternatively, a sense or an antisense oligonucleotide may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence by formation of an oligonucleotide- hpid complex, as described in WO 90/10448 It is understood that the use of antisense molecules or knock out and knock in models may also be used in screening assays as discussed above, in addition to methods of treatment

The compounds having the desired pharmacological activity may be administered in a physiologically acceptable carrier to a host, as previously described The agents may be administered in a variety of ways, orally, parenterally e g , subcutaneously, intrapeπtoneally, mtravascularly, etc Depending upon the manner of introduction, the compounds may be formulated in a variety of ways The concentration of therapeutically active compound in the formulation may vary from about 0 1-100 wt % The agents may be administered alone or in combination with other treatments, i e , radiation

The pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in various forms, such as granules, tablets, pills, suppositories, capsules, suspensions, salves, lotions and the like Pharmaceutical grade organic or inorganic carriers and/or diluents suitable for oral and topical use can be used to make up compositions containing the therapeutically-active compounds Diluents known to the art include aqueous media, vegetable and animal oils and fats Stabilizing agents, wetting and emulsifying agents, salts for varying the osmotic pressure or buffers for securing an adequate pH value, and skin penetration enhancers can be used as auxiliary agents

Without being bound by theory, it appears that the various breast cancer sequences are important in breast cancer Accordingly, disorders based on mutant or variant breast cancer genes may be determined In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for identifying cells containing variant breast cancer genes comprising determining all or part of the sequence of at least one endogeneous breast cancer genes in a cell As will be appreciated by those in the art, this may be done using any number of sequencing techniques In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides methods of identifying the breast cancer genotype of an individual comprising determining all or part of the sequence of at least one breast cancer gene of the individual This is generally done in at least one tissue of the individual, and may include the evaluation of a number of tissues or different samples of the same tissue The method may include comparing the sequence of the sequenced breast cancer gene to a known breast cancer gene, i e a wild-type gene The sequence of all or part of the breast cancer gene can then be compared to the sequence of a known breast cancer gene to determine if any differences exist This can be done using any number of known homology programs, such as Bestfit, etc In a preferred embodiment, the presence of a a difference in the sequence between the breast cancer gene of the patient and the known breast cancer gene is indicative of a disease state or a propensity for a disease state, as outlined herein

In a preferred embodiment, the breast cancer genes are used as probes to determine the number of copies of the breast cancer gene in the genome

In another preferred embodiment breast cancer genes are used as probed to determine the chromosomal localization of the breast cancer genes Information such as chromosomal localization finds use in providing a diagnosis or prognosis in particular when chromosomal abnormalities such as translocations, and the like are identified in breast cancer gene loci

Thus, in one embodiment, methods of modulating breast cancer in cells or organisms are provided In one embodiment, the methods comprise administering to a cell an anti-breast cancer antibody that reduces or eliminates the biological activity of an endogenous breast cancer protein Alternatively, the methods comprise administering to a cell or organism a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a breast cancer protein As will be appreciated by those in the art, this may be accomplished in any number of ways In a preferred embodiment, for example when the breast cancer sequence is down-regulated in breast cancer, the activity of the breast cancer gene is increased by increasing the amount of breast cancer in the cell, for example by overexpressmg the endogenous breast cancer or by administering a gene encoding the breast cancer sequence, using known gene-therapy techniques, for example In a preferred embodiment, the gene therapy techniques include the incorporation of the exogenous gene using enhanced homologous recombination (EHR), for example as described in PCT/US93/03868, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety Alternatively, for example when the breast cancer sequence is up-regulated in breast cancer, the activity of the endogeneous breast cancer gene is decreased, for example by the administration of a breast cancer antisense nucleic acid

In one embodiment, the breast cancer proteins of the present invention may be used to generate polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to breast cancer proteins, which are useful as described herein Similarly, the breast cancer proteins can be coupled, using standard technology, to affinity chromatography columns These columns may then be used to purify breast cancer antibodies In a preferred embodiment, the antibodies are generated to epitopes unique to a breast cancer protein, that is, the antibodies show little or no cross-reactivity to other proteins These antibodies find use in a number of applications For example, the breast cancer antibodies may be coupled to standard affinity chromatography columns and used to purify breast cancer proteins The antibodies may also be used as blocking polypeptides, as outlined above, since they will specifically bind to the breast cancer protein

In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective dose of a breast cancer or modulator thereof is administered to a patient By "therapeutically effective dose" herein is meant a dose that produces the effects for which it is administered The exact dose will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertamable by one skilled in the art using known techniques As is known in the art, adjustments for protein degradation, systemic versus localized delivery, and rate of new protease synthesis, as well as the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, drug interaction and the severity of the condition may be necessary, and will be ascertamable with routine experimentation by those skilled in the art

A "patient" for the purposes of the present invention includes both humans and other animals, particularly mammals, and organisms Thus the methods are applicable to both human therapy and veterinary applications In the preferred embodiment the patient is a mammal, and in the most preferred embodiment the patient is human

The administration of the breast cancer proteins and modulators of the present invention can be done in a variety of ways as discussed above, including, but not limited to, orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, mtranasally, transdermally, intrapeπtoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonary, vagmally, rectally, or mtraocularly In some instances, for example, in the treatment of wounds and inflammation, the breast cancer proteins and modulators may be directly applied as a solution or spray

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a breast cancer protein in a form suitable for administration to a patient In the preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are in a water soluble form, such as being present as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which is meant to include both acid and base addition salts "Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt" refers to those salts that retain the biological effectiveness of the free bases and that are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succmic acid, fumaπc acid, tartaπc acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandehc acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like "Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts" include those derived from inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like Particularly preferred are the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethyiamine, tπpropylamine, and ethanolamine

The pharmaceutical compositions may also include one or more of the following carrier proteins such as serum albumin, buffers, fillers such as microcrystallme cellulose, lactose, corn and other starches, binding agents, sweeteners and other flavoring agents, coloring agents, and polyethylene glycol Additives are well known in the art, and are used in a variety of formulations

In a preferred embodiment, breast cancer proteins and modulators are administered as therapeutic agents, and can be formulated as outlined above Similarly, breast cancer genes (including both the full-length sequence, partial sequences, or regulatory sequences of the breast cancer coding regions) can be administered in gene therapy applications, as is known in the art These breast cancer genes can include antisense applications, either as gene therapy (i e for incorporation into the genome) or as antisense compositions, as will be appreciated by those in the art

In a preferred embodiment, breast cancer genes are administered as DNA vaccines, either single genes or combinations of breast cancer genes Naked DNA vaccines are generally known in the art Brower, Nature Biotechnology, 16 1304-1305 (1998)

In one embodiment, breast cancer genes of the present invention are used as DNA vaccines Methods for the use of genes as DNA vaccines are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and include placing a breast cancer gene or portion of a breast cancer gene under the control of a promoter for expression in a breast cancer patient The breast cancer gene used for DNA vaccines can encode full-length breast cancer proteins, but more preferably encodes portions of the breast cancer proteins including peptides derived from the breast cancer protein In a preferred embodiment a patient is immunized with a DNA vaccine comprising a plurality of nucleotide sequences derived from a breast cancer gene Similarly, it is possible to immunize a patient with a plurality of breast cancer genes or portions thereof as defined herein Without being bound by theory, expression of the polypeptide encoded by the DNA vaccine, cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells and antibodies are induced which recognize and destroy or eliminate cells expressing breast cancer proteins

In a preferred embodiment, the DNA vaccines include a gene encoding an adjuvant molecule with the

DNA vaccine Such adjuvant molecules include cytokmes that increase the immunogenic response to the breast cancer polypeptide encoded by the DNA vaccine Additional or alternative adjuvants are known to those of ordinary skill in the art and find use in the invention

In another preferred embodiment breast cancer genes find use in generating animal models of breast cancer As is appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, when the breast cancer gene identified is repressed or diminished in breast cancer tissue, gene therapy technology wherein antisense RNA directed to the breast cancer gene will also dimmish or repress expression of the gene An animal generated as such serves as an animal model of breast cancer that finds use in screening bioactive drug candidates Similarly, gene knockout technology, for example as a result of homologous recombination with an appropriate gene targeting vector, will result in the absence of the breast cancer protein When desired, tissue-specific expression or knockout of the breast cancer protein may be necessary

It is also possible that the breast cancer protein is overexpressed in breast cancer As such, transgenic animals can be generated that overexpress the breast cancer protein Depending on the desired expression level, promoters of various strengths can be employed to express the transgene

Also, the number of copies of the integrated transgene can be determined and compared for a determination of the expression level of the transgene Animals generated by such methods find use as animal models of breast cancer and are additionally useful in screening for bioactive molecules to treat breast cancer

It is understood that the examples described herein in no way serve to limit the true scope of this invention, but rather are presented for illustrative purposes All references and sequences of accession numbers cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety

EXAMPLE Expression studies were performed herein on both the protein and nucleic acid level Results are provided in the figures

An expeπment was performed to examine the correlation (if any) between BCH1 protein and estrogen receptor (ER) expression and localization Antibodies against BCH1 protein were obtained by immunization in rabbits with 15-mer synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of BCH1 Anti-ER antibodies were purchased commercially Approximately 50 breast carcinoma tissue specimens (5 micron serial sections, paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry Of these, ~40% were positive for BCH1 expression, ~35% were positive for ER Protein levels were scored from 1 to 5 by immunohistochemistry, with 5 representing the highest expression Co- expression of BCH1 and ER is shown in Figure 37

Of the ER+ tumors (n=108), about one-half have predominantly nuclear localizations of ER, one-half predominantly cytoplasmic Interestingly, while the BCH1+/ER+ tumors were no more prevalent than by chance, without exception tumors with high levels of BCH1 (IHC score = 4 or 5) showed exclusively localization of ER to the cytoplasm, with exclusion from the nucleus (see Figures 38 and 39) (n=16, p<5 x 10⁷), whereas low expression of BCH1 had no correlation with ER localization and was often associated with nuclear ER (see Figures 40 and 41)

Currently, ER expression is an important clinical prognostic marker for breast cancer Because signaling through ER to activate most estrogen-responsive genes is believed to require translocation of activated ER to the nucleus, high expression of BCH1 is predicted to correlate with functionally- negative ER in ER+ tumors Since ER- correlates with poor prognosis, BCH1 may also be a valuable prognostic marker, as it may also correlate with poor prognosis, or to no-responsiveness to anti- estrogen therapies (e g , tamoxifen), since approximately 50% of the ER+ patients do not respond to tamoxifen Tamoxifen works against the effects of estrogen on these cells It is often called an "anti- estrogen " As a treatment for breast cancer, the drug slows or stops the growth of cancer cells that are already present in the body As adjuvant therapy, tamoxifen has been shown to help prevent the original breast cancer from returning and also prevent the development of new cancers in the opposite breast

Recent publications report that ER can signal through the Ras/Raf/MAP kmase Since many of the proteins in this signaling cascade reside in the cytoplasm, increased BCH1 expression may correlate with, or even cause, ER to remain in the cytoplasm, thereby altering the signaling of ER through the MAP kmase pathway This may be an explanation for the subset of ER+ patients who do not respond to tamoxifen

Furthermore, BCH1 may have a casual role in ER translocation to the nucleus, by either directly or indirectly preventing nuclear translocation, thereby eliminating or altering responsiveness of the cell to estrogens or their analogs

Claims

CLAIMS We claim

1 A method of screening drug candidates comprising a) providing a cell that expresses an expression profile gene which encodes a protein selected from the group consisting of BCH1 , BCA2, BCJ7, BCN1 , BCN5, BC02, BCQ5, BCR2, BCX2 and BCY3 or a fragment thereof, b) adding a drug candidate to said cell, and c) determining the effect of said drug candidate on the expression of said expression profile gene

2 A method according to claim 1 wherein said determining comprises comparing the level of expression in the absence of said drug candidate to the level of expression in the presence of said drug candidate, wherein the concentration of said drug candidate can vary when present, and wherein said comparison can occur after addition or removal of the drug candidate

3 A method according to claim 1 wherein the expression of said profile gene is decreased as a result of the introduction of the drug candidate

4 A method of screening for a bioactive agent capable of binding to a breast cancer modulator protein (BCMP), wherein said BCMP is BCH1 or a fragment thereof, said method comprising combining said BCMP and a candidate bioactive agent, and determining the binding of said candidate agent to said BCMP

5 A method for screening for a bioactive agent capable of modulating the activity of a breast cancer modulator protein (BCMP), wherein said BCMP is BCH1 or a fragment thereof, said method comprising combining said BCMP and a candidate bioactive agent, and determining the effect of said candidate agent on the bioactivity of said BCMP

6 A method of evaluating the effect of a candidate breast cancer drug comprising a) administering said drug to a patient, b) removing a cell sample from said patient, and c) determining the expression profile of said cell 7 A method according to claim 6 further comprising comparing said expression profile to an expression profile of a healthy individual

8 A biochip comprising a nucleic acid segment encoding BCH1 or a fragment thereof, wherein said biochip comprises fewer than 1000 nucleic acid probes

9 A method of diagnosing breast cancer comprising a) determining the expression of a gene encoding BCH1 or a fragment thereof in a first tissue type of a first individual, and b) comparing said expression of said gene from a second normal tissue type from said first individual or a second unaffected individual, wherein a difference in said expression indicates that the first individual has breast cancer

10 An antibody which specifically binds to BCH1 , or a fragment thereof

11 The antibody of Claim 10 wherein said fragment is BCH1 p1 or BCH1p2

12 The antibody of Claim 10, wherein said antibody is a monoclonal antibody

13 The antibody of Claim 10, wherein said antibody is a humanized antibody

14 The antibody of Claim 10, wherein said antibody is an antibody fragment

15 A method for screening for a bioactive agent capable of interfering with the binding of a breast cancer modulator protein (BCMP) or a fragment thereof and an antibody which binds to said BCMP or fragment thereof, said method comprising a) combining a BCMP or fragment thereof, a candidate bioactive agent and and an antibody which binds to said BCMP or fragment thereof, and b) determining the binding of said BCMP or fragment thereof and said antibody

16 A method for inhibiting breast cancer, said method comprising administering to a cell a composition comprising an antibody to BCH1 or a fragment thereof

17 The method of Claim 16 wherein said cell is a cell of an individual 18 The method of Claim 17 wherein said individual has cancer

19 The method of Claim 16 wherein said fragment is selected from the group consisting of BCH1p1 and BCH1 p2

20 The method of Claim 16 wherein said antibody is a humanized antibody

21 The method of Claim 16 wherein said antibody is an antibody fragment

22 A method for inhibiting breast cancer in a cell, wherein said method comprises administering to a cell a composition comprising antisense molecules to BCH1

23 A peptide consisting essentially of BCH1 p1

24 A composition comprising the peptide of Claim 23

25 A peptide consisting essentially of BCH1 p2

26 A composition comprising the peptide of Claim 25

27 A method of eliciting an immune response in an individual, said method comprising administering to said individual a composition comprising BCH1 or a fragment thereof

28 A method of eliciting an immune response in an individual, said method comprising administering to said individual a composition comprising a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding BCH1 or a fragment thereof

29 A composition capable of eliciting an immune response in an individual, said composition comprising BCH1 or a fragment thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier

30 A composition capable of eliciting an immune response in an individual, said composition comprising a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding BCH1 or a fragment thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 31 A method of treating an individual for breast cancer comprising administering to said individual an inhibitor of BCH1

32 The method of Claim 31 wherein said inhibitor is an antibody

33 The method of Claim 31 wherein said individual is non-responsive to an anti-estrogen and is positive for estrogen receptor

34 The method of Claim 33 wherein said method further comprises administering an anti- estrogen

35 A method for determining the prognosis of an individual with breast cancer comprising determining the level of BCH1 in a sample, wherein a high level of BCH1 indicates a poor prognosis

36 A method for determining whether an individual with breast cancer will be non-responsive to anti-estrogen therapies comprising determining the level of BCH1 wherein a high level of BCH1 indicates that an individual will be non-responsive

37 A method of neutralizing the effect of a BCH1 , or a fragment thereof, comprising contacting an agent specific for said protein with said protein in an amount sufficient to effect neutralization