EP1159606A1 - Fire detection apparatus - Google Patents

Fire detection apparatus

Info

Publication number
EP1159606A1
EP1159606A1 EP00909453A EP00909453A EP1159606A1 EP 1159606 A1 EP1159606 A1 EP 1159606A1 EP 00909453 A EP00909453 A EP 00909453A EP 00909453 A EP00909453 A EP 00909453A EP 1159606 A1 EP1159606 A1 EP 1159606A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
array
saw
gases
fire
vapours
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00909453A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Mark Philip Byfield
Gulam Mohammed Ismail
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Teledyne UK Ltd
Original Assignee
Marconi Applied Technologies Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB9905053.6A external-priority patent/GB9905053D0/en
Application filed by Marconi Applied Technologies Ltd filed Critical Marconi Applied Technologies Ltd
Publication of EP1159606A1 publication Critical patent/EP1159606A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
    • G01N29/022—Fluid sensors based on microsensors, e.g. quartz crystal-microbalance [QCM], surface acoustic wave [SAW] devices, tuning forks, cantilevers, flexural plate wave [FPW] devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/4481—Neural networks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
    • G06F18/20—Analysing
    • G06F18/25—Fusion techniques
    • G06F18/254—Fusion techniques of classification results, e.g. of results related to same input data
    • G06F18/256—Fusion techniques of classification results, e.g. of results related to same input data of results relating to different input data, e.g. multimodal recognition
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
    • G08B17/117—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means by using a detection device for specific gases, e.g. combustion products, produced by the fire
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
    • G08B25/002—Generating a prealarm to the central station
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/021—Gases
    • G01N2291/0215—Mixtures of three or more gases, e.g. air
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/021—Gases
    • G01N2291/0217—Smoke, combustion gases
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/025—Change of phase or condition
    • G01N2291/0256—Adsorption, desorption, surface mass change, e.g. on biosensors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/042—Wave modes
    • G01N2291/0423—Surface waves, e.g. Rayleigh waves, Love waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/042—Wave modes
    • G01N2291/0426—Bulk waves, e.g. quartz crystal microbalance, torsional waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
    • G01N2291/106—Number of transducers one or more transducer arrays

Definitions

  • This invention relates to fire detection apparatus and more particularly to
  • smoke detectors sense smoke generated during a fire from the burning
  • Heat detectors detect changes in temperature which occur during a fire.
  • the present invention seeks to provide an improved fire detection apparatus.
  • chemical sensor means including an array of SAW sensors responsive to gases and/or vapours produced when an incipient fire occurs in the environment in
  • a SAW sensor used in an array in the chemical sensor means includes a
  • the array of SAW sensors is
  • the SAW coatings may be selected
  • Non-polar vapours e.g. hexane, toluene, octane, etc.
  • BAW bulk acoustic wave or quartz micorbalance
  • SAWs are small devices and as multi-sensor array may be laid out on a single
  • SAW responses are due to comparable visco-elastic and mass based responses
  • vapours give a small mass change on the SAW or BAW device but can potentially
  • chemical sensor means is intended to detect an incipient fire in electrical circuitry and/or cabling, for example to be responsive to gases and/or vapours produced when a
  • means may be tailored so as to detect which of several possible electrical sources of a fire are involved. For example, it may be able to detect and discriminate between
  • remote monitoring means is included for communicating with the
  • SAW array This is particularly advantageous as it permits fire detection in
  • An antenna may be mounted on the SAW oscillator to transmit over short
  • the response from the SAW array may include an identifier
  • the array is contained within a
  • sampling means is included in a sampling
  • the sampling module may be simply a flexible tube and pump located to
  • the modular system permits optimisation of the fire
  • electrical apparatus will be housed in separate cabinets, each
  • a sampling module or modules may be
  • each cabinet included in each cabinet and arranged to acquire a sample from the cabinet and
  • the sensor module may be located outside the cabinet
  • a plurality of sensor modules may be
  • each having its own sampling module attached thereto each having its own sampling module attached thereto.
  • a single sensor module may be included in or near a cabinet and
  • Samples may be acquired continuously, as discrete samples or as batched samples, for example.
  • the modular approach may also be implemented by having a processor module which is arranged to accept inputs from one or more sensor modules.
  • processor module may be located in a physically remote region from the sensor
  • module provides a powerful tool to a user. It enables a large physical area to be
  • PCBs are included in a cabinet, it may be possible to distinguish which one or ones of these are likely to be the source of the problem. Different PCBs may have
  • array of SAW sensors may be tailored so as to distinguish between these.
  • An added benefit of the present invention is that it enables earlier detection of
  • Algorithms may be used for analysing the
  • the fire detection apparatus may include a display module for presentation of
  • a control signal may be provided to initiate shutdown of a region at which a fire has been detected. This is particularly applicable
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows fire detection apparatus in accordance with the
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are an explanatory diagrams relating to the operation of the
  • FIG. 4 schematically illustrates another apparatus in accordance with the
  • a fire detection apparatus is set up to monitor electrical
  • circuitry which is not enclosed within a housing.
  • the circuitry comprises
  • Each sensor module comprises an array of SAW sensors, each array
  • sensor module an uncoated SAW sensor as a reference, a temperature sensor and a
  • the sensor module 5 associated with housing 1 is connected to a sampling
  • module 10 which comprises a tube extending into the interior of the housing 1 and a pump which continuously circulates samples of air within the housing 1 over the
  • the sensor modules 6 is included within the second housing 2.
  • room temperatures means that they can be operated substantially continuously to give
  • sensor modules 5 to 9 are applied to a processor module 13 which applies statistical
  • fuzzy logic or a neural network may be implemented.
  • the status of the system is displayed at 14 for an
  • control circuit 15 which interfaces with the various electrical systems contained
  • control system 15 acts to shut down any region where an incipient fire is detected and
  • Each array of SAW sensors comprises different coatings which may for
  • Figure 2 illustrates the normalised response of an
  • Figure 3 shows the response of the SAW sensors to vapours emitted from an
  • FIG. 4 schematically shows a system having three SAW arrays 16, 17, 18
  • each include an antenna for communication via a wireless link with a remote processor 19.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Data Mining & Analysis (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
  • Evolutionary Biology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Computational Biology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Fire-Detection Mechanisms (AREA)
  • Fire Alarms (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

Abstract

Fire detection apparatus includes an array of SAW sensors which are responsive to gases and/or vapours produced when an incipient fire occurs to give early fire detection. The apparatus is particularly applicable to detection of overheating of circuitry on PCBs, for example.

Description

FIRE DETECTION APPARATUS
This invention relates to fire detection apparatus and more particularly to
apparatus which uses chemical sensor means to detect incipient fires.
There are many different types of fire detection apparatus on the market using
different forms of technology and sensor to raise an alarm when a fire starts. For
example, smoke detectors sense smoke generated during a fire from the burning
material. Heat detectors detect changes in temperature which occur during a fire.
The present invention seeks to provide an improved fire detection apparatus.
According to the invention, there is provided fire detection apparatus
comprising: chemical sensor means including an array of SAW sensors responsive to gases and/or vapours produced when an incipient fire occurs in the environment in
which the apparatus is intended to be used, and sampling means for delivering gases
and/or vapours to the array where they are detected.
By using the invention, it is possible to detect a fire at its very beginnings
before the onset of combustion and smoke generation. The use of chemical sensor
means, for example including those arrays employed in "electronic noses", enables
gas and/or vapour molecules produced due to overheating to be detected with great
sensitivity. This permits detection of fires at an early stage, enabling appropriate
action to be taken. A SAW sensor used in an array in the chemical sensor means includes a
coating which is tailored so as to absorb particular molecules. The added mass of the
molecules absorbed onto the SAW affects the transmission of an acoustic signal at its
surface, enabling the absorbed molecules to be detected. The array of SAW sensors is
made responsive to gases and/or vapours of interest by including different coatings on
different sensors of the array, to make them sensitive to vapours likely to be produced
in the particular environment in which the apparatus is to be used. An array of SAW
sensors of this type, each being coated with a material which selectively absorbs
volatiles, gives a very sensitive detection system. The SAW coatings may be selected
to give good discrimination of gases/vapours of interest. Examples of coatings
suitable for SAWs used in detecting incipient fires includes: Poly(isobutylene):
selective for non-polar vapours (e.g. hexane, toluene, octane, etc.) Poly(phenylsulphone): selective for polar vapours (e.g. acetone, methanol, etc.).
SAW sensors offer much greater sensitivity and thus lower detection limits
than BAW (bulk acoustic wave or quartz micorbalance) sensors. For example, a 260
MHZ SAW resonator demonstrates approximately one hundred times the sensitivity
of a BAW device. Also, because SAW sensors have greater sensitivity, one may
employ much thinner sensor layers than BAWs, giving faster vapour on/off kinetics
and hence quicker responses and recoveries.
SAWs are small devices and as multi-sensor array may be laid out on a single
chip, that is, the same piece of quartz. This saves costs, permits small size arrays to
be used, suitable for handheld instruments, and aids referencing for ageing and temperature compensation and reproducibility.
SAW responses are due to comparable visco-elastic and mass based responses
whereas a BAW device only provides a mass based response. Low molecular weight
vapours give a small mass change on the SAW or BAW device but can potentially
give rise to a larger SAW response if they bring about visco-elastic changes.
The invention is particularly advantageous for applications in which the
chemical sensor means is intended to detect an incipient fire in electrical circuitry and/or cabling, for example to be responsive to gases and/or vapours produced when a
PCB overheats. It is in situations such as these that early detection is highly desirable,
particularly where the electrical equipment is used in critical applications, for
example, on board aircraft, at sea or in underground tunnels. The chemical sensor
means may be tailored so as to detect which of several possible electrical sources of a fire are involved. For example, it may be able to detect and discriminate between
overheating in wiring connected to a PCB and overheating of circuitry and
components carried by the PCB itself. This enables an engineer investigating the
problem to more quickly and accurately diagnose its location.
Preferably, remote monitoring means is included for communicating with the
SAW array. This is particularly advantageous as it permits fire detection in
dangerous, hazardous and/or inaccessible areas. It is advantageous in less dangerous
environments but where fixed links between the SAW array and a remote processor or
monitor, for example, would be difficult or inconvenient to install. An antenna may be mounted on the SAW oscillator to transmit over short
distances, say of the order of tens of metres, at the actual operating frequency of the
device, say 260 MHZ . The response from the SAW array may include an identifier
code, which is particularly useful where several SAW arrays are included in the
system.
In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the array is contained within a
sensor module. Also it is preferred that sampling means is included in a sampling
module. The sampling module may be simply a flexible tube and pump located to
acquire a sample which is then transmitted to the array or a more complex sample
acquisition arrangement. The modular system permits optimisation of the fire
detection apparatus as a whole for a particular environment in which it is installed.
For example, typically, electrical apparatus will be housed in separate cabinets, each
cabinet including many PCBs, for example. A sampling module or modules may be
included in each cabinet and arranged to acquire a sample from the cabinet and
transmit it to a sensor module. The sensor module may be located outside the cabinet
or may also be included within the cabinet. A plurality of sensor modules may be
included in the cabinet, each having its own sampling module attached thereto. In
other embodiments, a single sensor module may be included in or near a cabinet and
arranged to receive the outputs from several sampling modules, either serially or
simultaneously. Samples may be acquired continuously, as discrete samples or as batched samples, for example.
The modular approach may also be implemented by having a processor module which is arranged to accept inputs from one or more sensor modules. The
processor module may be located in a physically remote region from the sensor
modules which, to minimise the transfer path of the volatiles to be sensed, are located
in or near the environment which is being monitored. The use of a separate processor
module provides a powerful tool to a user. It enables a large physical area to be
monitored by the fire detection apparatus. When an incipient fire is detected, an
operator may be alerted as to its physical location and even to a particular component
or components likely to be the seat of the incipient fire. Even where a large number
of PCBs, say, are included in a cabinet, it may be possible to distinguish which one or ones of these are likely to be the source of the problem. Different PCBs may have
different characteristic volatiles produced when they overheat and the coatings of the
array of SAW sensors may be tailored so as to distinguish between these.
An added benefit of the present invention is that it enables earlier detection of
fires than conventional smoke detectors, together with the ability to distinguish fires
from normal background gas signatures, reducing the number of false alarms and
increasing user confidence in the system. Algorithms may be used for analysing the
outputs of the arrays or array. This may be achieved through pre-training of the fire detection apparatus with standard samples or by programming it with known fire
"signatures".
The fire detection apparatus may include a display module for presentation of
information to an operator. This may take the form, for example, of a NDU. In addition, or alternatively, there may be means to provide a control signal to initiate shutdown of a region at which a fire has been detected. This is particularly applicable
to electrical systems. This enables the benefits of early detection achievable using the
present invention to be realised. Shutdown may be implemented before combustion
and smoke production occur, thus saving other parts of the electrical system from
additional damage.
Some ways in which the invention may be performed are now described by
way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 schematically shows fire detection apparatus in accordance with the
invention;
Figures 2 and 3 are an explanatory diagrams relating to the operation of the
SAW array included in the apparatus of Figure 1; and
Figure 4 schematically illustrates another apparatus in accordance with the
invention.
With reference to Figure 1, a fire detection apparatus is set up to monitor electrical
circuitry enclosed in three housings 1, 2 and 3 distributed around a room and some
additional circuitry 4 which is not enclosed within a housing. The circuitry comprises
stacks of PCBs which carry various components and conductive tracks together with
connections thereto and cabling encased in PNC and other plastics material. The
detection apparatus is modular in format and comprises a plurality of sensor modules 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Each sensor module comprises an array of SAW sensors, each array
consisting of between five and eight coated sensors and may also include within the
sensor module an uncoated SAW sensor as a reference, a temperature sensor and a
relative humidity sensor, these permitting changes in ambient conditions to be
accommodated.
The sensor module 5 associated with housing 1 is connected to a sampling
module 10 which comprises a tube extending into the interior of the housing 1 and a pump which continuously circulates samples of air within the housing 1 over the
SAW array. In the second housing 2, the sensor modules 6 is included within the
container itself and is connected to sampling modules 11 and 12 which takes samples
of the atmosphere within the housing 2 at two different points and then alternately
pass them over the SAW array in the sensor module 6.
Two sensor modules 7 and 8 are included within the third housing 3 being
located at different places within the housing 3. Finally, a further sensor module 9 is
located near the circuitry 4 located externally of the housings 1, 2 and 3.
The low power consumption of the SAW sensors and their ability to operate at
room temperatures means that they can be operated substantially continuously to give
complete monitoring of the environment in which they are located. The outputs of the
sensor modules 5 to 9 are applied to a processor module 13 which applies statistical
techniques to the received outputs to determine whether or not a volatile indicative of
incipient fire has been detected. In other embodiments, fuzzy logic or a neural network may be implemented. The status of the system is displayed at 14 for an
operator to monitor. In addition, when a fire is detected, an alarm signal is transmitted
to a control circuit 15 which interfaces with the various electrical systems contained
within the housings 1 to 3 and the electrical circuitry 4 outside the housing. The
control system 15 acts to shut down any region where an incipient fire is detected and
simultaneously send and alarm signal to the NDU 14 which presents a visual and audible warning to the user.
Each array of SAW sensors comprises different coatings which may for
example test for acetone, toluene and xylene vapours, which are typically generated
when over-heating in a PCB occurs. Figure 2 illustrates the normalised response of an
array having five SAW sensors, having coatings Z4, Z6, Z9, Z13 and Z19
respectively. It can be seen that each of these three vapours has a characteristic
response which readily identifies it when the outputs are considered as a combination.
Thus even with very low concentration of vapours, an incipient fire can be detected.
Figure 3 shows the response of the SAW sensors to vapours emitted from an
overloaded cable.
Figure 4 schematically shows a system having three SAW arrays 16, 17, 18
which each include an antenna for communication via a wireless link with a remote processor 19.

Claims

Claims
1. Fire detection apparatus comprising: chemical sensor means including an array of SAW
sensors responsive to gases and/or vapours produced when an incipient fire occurs in the
environment in which the apparatus is intended to be used, and sampling means for
delivering gases and/or vapours to the array where they are detected.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the array of SAW sensors is responsive to gases and/or vapours produced when an incipient fire occurs in electrical circuitry and/or cabling.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the array is responsive to gases and/or vapours
produced when a PCB overheats.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 or 3 wherein electrically circuitry and/or cabling is to be
monitored is contained within a cabinet.
5. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the array is contained within a
sensor module.
6. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the sampling means is included in a
sampling module.
7. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim and comprising a plurality of sensor
modules each comprising an array of SAW sensors responsive to gases/or vapours produced when an incipient fire occurs, the plurality of sensor modules being spatially distributed in a
region to be monitored for incipient fires.
8. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim and including a processor module for
receiving a signal from the array of SAW sensors.
9. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim and comprising a display unit for presenting visual information to a user.
10. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim and including means for initiating electrical shut-down in a region where an incipient fire is detected.
11. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim and including wireless communication
means for communication with the SAW array.
12. Fire detection apparatus substantially as illustrated in and described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
EP00909453A 1999-03-05 2000-03-06 Fire detection apparatus Withdrawn EP1159606A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9905053.6A GB9905053D0 (en) 1999-03-05 1999-03-05 Chemical sensor systems
GB9905053 1999-03-05
GB9916925 1999-07-20
GBGB9916925.2A GB9916925D0 (en) 1999-03-05 1999-07-20 Fire detection apparatus
PCT/GB2000/000770 WO2000054042A1 (en) 1999-03-05 2000-03-06 Fire detection apparatus

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1159606A1 true EP1159606A1 (en) 2001-12-05

Family

ID=26315222

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00909453A Withdrawn EP1159606A1 (en) 1999-03-05 2000-03-06 Fire detection apparatus

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1159606A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2002539511A (en)
AU (1) AU3173500A (en)
GB (1) GB2347502A (en)
WO (1) WO2000054042A1 (en)

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Publication number Publication date
GB2347502A (en) 2000-09-06
AU3173500A (en) 2000-09-28
WO2000054042A1 (en) 2000-09-14
JP2002539511A (en) 2002-11-19
GB0005269D0 (en) 2000-04-26

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